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Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants in Communities of the Arari Itacoatiara Region - Brazilian Amazon

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Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants in Communities of the Arari Itacoatiara Region - Brazilian Amazon International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants in Communities of the Arari Itacoatiara Region - Brazilian Amazon Dra. Deolinda Lucianne Ferreira1, Dra. Maria Silvia de Mendonça2, Branca Flor Murrieta Lescano3, Dra. Maria Olívia de Albuquerque Ribeiro Simão4 1Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/ Doutora em Agronomia tropical pela Universidade Federal do Amazonas. 2Universidade Federal do Amazonas/Pós Doutorado na UT (USA) 3Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Graduada em Engenharia florestal 4Universidade Federal do Amazonas/Doutora em Biologia de Agua Doce e Pesca Interior pelo instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia Abstract: Ethnobotany links cultural and environmental factors with conceptions regarding plants and the uses that are made of them. A study was made in nine communities in the Arari region of the Itacoatiara municipality of Amazonas State, Brazil, using semi- structured interviews and participant observation to identify the medicinal plants, what they were used for and the age groups of holders of such knowledge. Holders of traditional knowledge were mostly women aged 55 or older (70%). During the survey, 384 references were obtained, involving 105 species from 40 botanical families. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, most commonly in the form of a tea. Illness symptoms were distinguished using the DATA-SUS classification. Stomach and throat ailments were the most cited. Plants were also used in the pursuit of mental well-being, as in combating the ´evil eye´. Some prominent species received ten or more references, and indices of Fidelity (0.8) and Order Significance (0.64) placing aloe (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.) in first place, followed by West Indian goosefoot (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.) (0.72 and 0.51) and mojito mint (Mentha villosa Huds) (0.66 and 0.43). Despite the existence of a large number of medicinal species and their widespread use among older people, few young people held medicinal plant knowledge. Some way of introducing traditional knowledge to this age group is needed. Keywords: traditional knowledge, economic botanic, fitoterapia, Itacoatiara 1. Introduction The populations classified as "traditional" are those whose space occupation model and use of natural resources focus The Amazon forest has high biological diversity and its mainly on subsistence, with weak links to commercial natural resources have formed the basis of the wealth of markets. Ethnobotanical studies can reveal the presence or societies that have existed for centuries in these ecosystems. absence of traditional knowledge related to information According to Diegues (1996), the use of plant resources is transfer regarding medicinal plants. Many authors (GOMES firmly embedded in the popular culture of traditional et al., 2014; LEITE et al., 2015; LIMA, 2015)have identified populations and is transmitted from parents to oral transmission as the main form by which knowledge of children.Ethnobotany contributes to the systematic medical plant use is transferred in such populations. This organization of botanical knowledge about the use of plant process occurs informally in day-to-day living. Most often, resources in the various biomes. In Brazil, ethnobotanical parents, grandparents or older members of the family pass research on medicinal plant use has occurred throughout the on such knowledge within the domestic group. This paper country, but has been especially strong in the northeast and presents a survey of the medicinal plants used by rural southeast of the country. Knowledge and use of medicinal communities along the Arari River, Itacoatiara, Amazonas plants are found even in urban areas of Amazonia. Silveiro state, Brazil. The uses of medicinal plants were investigated et al., (2012), studying urban backyards of Rio Branco city via recorded statements of the plant part employed, the form (Acre State), recorded 109 species of medicinal use. In the of preparation of homemade medicines and the age of municipality of Manacapuru-AM the use of medicinal plants knowledge-holder groups, allowing an analysis of the extent also remains an important tool in maintaining the health of of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. rural communities. Vasquez et al., (2015) reported the use of 171 species, while (CASSINO, 2010) (found 103 and 140 2. Material and Methods species in use in different communities in this municipality. Study Area Volume 9 Issue 2, February 2020 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: SR20207205216 DOI: 10.21275/SR20207205216 760 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 Figure 1: Study area location within the State of Amazonas, Brazil (Datum: Sirgas 2014) Obtaining secondary data Fertile botanical voucher specimens were collected after The Itacoatiara Municipal Secretariat of the Interior interviews with the respondent indicating the location in the provided geographic coordinates, socioeconomic data, community area of a particular plant. These are housed in number of households and the most recent population the herbarium of the Center for Advanced Studies, estimates for communities in the Arari River area. Itacoatiara/ University of Amazonas (CESIT/UEA), with numbers Hitam 4300- 4349. If sterile (lacking flower or Selection of respondents and sample composition fruit) plants were recorded only with photographs. Sampling was conducted using the non-probabalistic (snowball) method. Respondents who had been raised Identifications were made using local floras, comparison locally and also made use of medicinal plants were with species cited in scientific articles and the help of interviewed and then asked to identify other local residents experts. Scientific names were checked using the Tropicos as being holders of traditional knowledge concerning such database (http://www.tropicos.org) and List of Species of the plants. Communities’ visits were determined at random. Flora of Brazil. The taxon order follows APG III. Data collection occurred from September 2014 to May 2015. Diseases mentioned by respondents were classified Consent of all participants was obtained in all communities, according to ICD-10, International Statistical Classification with the signing of a formal agreement form. This form and of Diseases and Related Health Problems (WHO, 2000). the study itself, were both approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Amazonas (Protocol 3.1 Data analysis No. 745 524, of 06.08.2014). We used Excel to categorize plants by respondent groups, to 3. Interviews with Contributors, Collection and track frequency of plant species citations and to characterize Identification of Plant Species informants based on socioeconomic information. A Loyalty Index (LI) was calculated for each plant, based on the Interviews were conducted individually and took place agreement between different informant´s responses as to that mostly in the morning (and never later than 14:00). They plant’s main therapeutic property (FRIEDMAN et al., 1986). comprised questions relating to socio-economic aspects of Priority Ordering (PO) was also obtained for each plant, the respondents (age, gender, education, origin, marital combining data from the LI and the Relative Popularity status, number of residents in the house, activities Index (RPI) (ALBUQUERQUE; ANDRADE 2002; undertaken and benefits received), knowledge of plant AMARAL, 2008) resources in the region and their respective local customs. Contact with informants was maintained for an extended The Statistical Program PAST, Ward's method was used to period, allowing observation of the participants to confirm obtain pairwise similarities between the lists of medicinal their uses of plants in everyday life. This allowed the study plant species from each communities sampled on the Arari to reach well beyond detailed description of situational River, to obtain a cluster diagram. Similarity is calculated by the formula: components, and enter into an identification of the meaning, 푛푖푛푗 D = ∗ 푑²(퐺푖, 퐺푗) orientation and dynamics of each moment (SPRADLEY, ij 푛푖 +푛푗 1980). ni = number of elements of cluster i; nj = number of elements of cluster j; Gi = center of gravity of cluster i; Volume 9 Issue 2, February 2020 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: SR20207205216 DOI: 10.21275/SR20207205216 761 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 Gj = center of gravity of cluster j; Most respondents (61%) were retired. The remainder 푑²(퐺푖, 퐺푗) = Euclidian square of distance between Gi and worked in a variety of activities: housewife (8%), rural Gj. agriculturalists (19%), fisherfolk (3%), health workers (6%) and cooks (3%). The incomes of these women showed little The Ward method is also called the "Minimum Variance" variation. Most received benefits amounting to a minimum (MINGOTI, 2005). Groups are formed in the cluster wage (67%) that included retirement payment and other diagram by maximizing within-group homogeneity, based salaries. Fourteen percent of respondents received only on the within-group sum of squares. financial aid from federal income transfer programs (e.g., Bolsa Família, Bolsa Escola) and 19% had income of two Shannon Wiener diversity index and evenness index were minimum salaries resulting
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