Commercial Union Document No. 3.
COMMERCIAL UNION
BETWEEN THE
United States and Canada
SPEECH OF ERASTTTS WIMAN,
AT LAKE DUFFERIN, ONTARIO, JULY 1, 1887.
" To prohibit a great people fro?n ?naking all they can of every part of their t>toduce or employing their stock and industry in the way that they may % from consider most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most " rights oj mankind —Adam Smith.
TORONTO:
Printed by THE TORONTO NEWS COMPANY, Yonge Street, for ERASTUS WIMAN, NEW YORK. CANAt>iANA from the - , Chancellor COLLeCTlON Richardson QUeCN'S Memorial ^ Fund UNiveRsrry AT KlNQSTON
ONTARIO CANADA
The EDITH and LORNE PIERCE COLLECTION of CANADIANA
Queen's University at Kingston h-7£ZS
COMMERCIAL UNION
BETWEEN THE
United States and Canada.
SPEECH OF ERASTUS WIMAN,
AT LAKE DUFFERIN, ONTARIO, JULY 1, 1887.
" To prohibit a great people from making all they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they may consider most advantageous to themselves, is a i7ianifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind,"—AdAM Smith.
I
TORONTO
Printed by THE TORONTO NEWS COMPANY, Yonge Street, for ERASTUS WIMAN, NEW YORK.
COMMERCIAL UNION.
SPEECH OF ERASTUS WIMAN.
[The following speech was delivered by Mr. Wiman, at a public reception tendered to him at Lake Dufferin, Ontario, on. Dominion Day,
July 1, 1887.]
Mr. Wiman said his first duty was to was most remarkable. There was something express his heartiest appreciation of the deeply interesting in its discussion; it was kindness done him by his old friends in the easily stated, easily understood, and the re- counties of Peel and Dufferin, in thus tender- sults were so vitally important to interests so ing him such a splendid public reception. It vast, that really, next to one's own affairs, was alway s a matter of great pride that he was the subject had an attraction for individuals born in Canada, and to-day he was proud that that hardly anything else possessed. It now he had been born in the county of Peel. formed in Canada the topic of discussion, to After an absence of a third of a century, it a greater degree than all subjects of a public was a matter of great gratification to be wel- nature combined, and yet six months had comed back again to his native place in a hardly elapsed since it was really proposed manner so hearty, with a demonstration so as a practical measure. All attempts to stop marked, and under circumstances so peculiar. the discussion of so interesting a topic had It was, however, the peculiarity of the cir- failed. The worst motives had been charged cumstances attending this welcome, that to its promoters ; and disloyalty, selfishness, made the event possess anything of public ambition, love of notoriety, had been at- interest. He was willing to believe that a tributed to those who were advocating it. few of his old school-boy friends and their But these things were like the idle flutter neighbors might turn out on a holiday to of the leaves in the hurricane of public meet their old friend, and he felt that perhaps sentiment that swept through the land. the career he had tried to carry out in the A deep, abiding conviction had seized upon neighboring republic, and the success he had the public mind that this great question achieved in some things, might be a justifica- must be decided upon its merits. That, tion for a dozen or twenty of them to come to- sweeping away all party considerations, and gether and hear what a Peel county boy from putting aside all seltish and narrow interests, abroad had to say. But there was something the great broad question of the greatest good in the magnificent demonstration of to-day to the greatest number must prevail in a dis- far beyond any personal tribute. There was cussion of such a character. It was well a deeper and stronger sentiment animating that in the history of the couptry occasions the vast audience which had assembled, and should arise when men of all political parties many of whom had come from distances so should come together, and, for the public great. There was not only a manifest desire good, agree that a policy widely different to hear and understand, but an evidently from that of either of the great political divi- strong disposition to demonstrate, by some sions of the people should prevail. Politicians action, an interest in the movement which might, of course, be somewhat startled that had brought them together, namely, that of the people were leading them, instead of the trying to procure an enlarged trade relation politicians leading the people. But, in this with the neighboring country. The. cir- instance, as in all other great popular move- cumstance was, therefore, peculiar, and the ments, the politicians were quick enough to speaker was grateful beyond expression that, discern the course to pursue, and would soon in his native county, and among his old set their sails to the popular breeze, and be friends, he should have an opportunity of set- made instrumental in carrying into effect the ting forth what he conceived to be the enorm- expressed wishes of the people. It is true ous advantages of Commercial Union between that in the last few weeks in Ottawa there the United States and Canada The question had been little or no public discussion of the had taken a deep hold upon the public mind, question of unrestricted reciprocity with the and it possessed it to day to an extent that United States ; but, the speaker ventured to COMMERCIAL UNION.
say that no other subject occupied BO large 8 It was difficult to conceive of a topic of paoe in tin- private talk among members. t<> dreper Interest, or of wider range, than the exclusion of almost every other subject, it that which changed the, economm relation of two countries ho vast had been dlSOTUSed day in and day out ; ami M the United there was no doubt but thai the greatest states and Canada. EteoalUng grant events anxiety existed in the councils ol both poll- in history, their importance was measured tical parties as to tin- eventual offset which by the oonsequencea that resulted from tins question was likely to have upon the them. Occurrences hu< h as the Crusades, future of their teapeotli a organizations, ah the Reformation, the English Revolution, this showed bov< Intensely importanl 11 was the withdrawal of the American Colonies, thai the subject should be kepi as Ear out or the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic politics as possible; that it should In- dis- tood out on the historic panorama oussed on a Bcale <>f good to the oountry, of the world, because ol the stupendous to the to rather than good party, thai m< i oonsequenoea maaklnd that resulted from parties, and all shades oi political belief, them. Mankind almost universally should contribute ol their best to us proper alii i ted. and Interests Ol individuals, of eon: anderttandlng, and. it found advantageous, nihilities, and of whole nations, were shaped to Its promotion, al the proper time, it was or moulded by the Influences which sprang one of those questions thai oould afford to from these occurrences. Perhaps, ot these stand or fall on its merits, n needed not the events, that which affected the English
BUOnSOrship Ot any party, and, \ et would, of hi a manner most \ lalble to this gen- rumse, without thesupporl oi either party, eration, was the American Revolution. Conse- never be effectual. What was most di ol moment almost beyond conception is that it should bave the support ot the best had followed in the Old World as a result or men of both panics, and that, without DOS- at transact Ion. But la this (few sesslngany political signllleanoe whatever, it World, in this rasl continent, productive out should be thoroughly discussed ; the orklng even greater con thoroughly thrashed out, its whole bearing sequences, these almost beyond human esti- disclosed, its advantages revealed, its prob- mate, it seemed as if. in the unfolding ol the able effeota diSCOl ered. and. after a complete Providence ot Qod,the discovery ami devel- ami pei feet understanding of ail points possi- opment of America was the one thing Deeded hie, the question should he decided in Pallia- to fulfill the destiny of II is creature man, for ment, not on party lines, but on lines of without tins discovery, without this develop- whether or not it was good for the whole ment, mankind would never have presented country, [f this could be done, the greatest tie aspectol material, intellectual, or moral advantage would accrue, ami. tor ins own - which it presents to-day. The part, the speaker felt that the occasion which growth in ail tin- forces that contribute to brought them together was a most signifloant the world- progress, to human freedom, to one in the direction ot a mm political discus- the easy sustentatlon oi human life, tog l sion of the subject, for men of all SO health, to longevity, to the grow th of Intelli- politics seemed concerned in promoting this gence, to education, t<> literature, to religion demonstration, ami he was glad to be told in the present, and to eternal happiness in the that those most interested in this matter dif- future—the growth in all these Corct fered most w idely iu their political affiliations been Immeasurably advanced bythedi and beliefs. Having thus endeavored to tree ment ot a vast English-speaking people on the the discussion from any political bearing western shores of the Atlantic. It is unrie- whatever, Mr. W'iman said that the question ceei ary now to discuss whether this great de- of unrestricted reciprocity with the United velopment would or would not have occurred States was an exceedingly simple one. At had the allegiance of the American Colonies present both countries had a high tariff, and been maintained with fireat Britain. What- a line of Custom House officials along the ever opinions may be entertained on that border to enforce it. It was now proposed point, the fact remains that, up to this period, that, as between the United States and Can- the United States have demonstrated to all ada, there should be no tariff whatever; that the world, not only the power of self-govern- there should no of the people, by the people, ami for the be custom houses ; and that ment the barriers should be completely obliterated people, but they have developed a degree of that hitherto had prevented the freest inter- material progress far surpassing that of any course between the two countries. The other nation in the world. Xot withstanding proposition, while so exceedingly simple in its many most serious drawbacks— notwith- statement, was freighted with consequences standing a struggle for self-preservation the most tremendous in its possible effects. unparalleled in history, the progress of the It was a rare occasion in the history of nation in all that makes nations great, in communities when men should assemble all that makes them rich, powerful, and to discuss a question so vast in its con- influential, the United States to-day chal- sequences as that of Commercial "Union. lenges the admiration of all the world. Xot SPEECH OF EEASTUS WIMAN.
only does she challenge the admiration of vellous growth to the form of government the world, hut she attracts all the world. which prevailed. While due appreciation Emigration, such as the world has never was afforded to the natural advantages which seen, is this very year ponring people and the North American continent possessed for their wealth into her ports; capital from the working out of the problem of self-gov- all countries is here seeking investment; the ernment on the grandest scale, the general hest of skilled labor, the inventions of the in- disposition was to attribute the material de- genious, the highest forms of productive velopment of the continent to the genius of power from abroad, seek the shores where the people, because of their self-reliance, Providence, in its most broad and lavish way, energy and hopefulness, as resulting from a has prepared a storehouse of resources in republican form of government. How much natural products for the benefit of mankind. or how little this had to do with it would be In such weighty circumstances as these is found by the comparison with Canada, who found the results of the American Revolu- in the same period, under the wise and liberal tion—results so pregnant with the fullness rule of a monarchy, had also made substantial of time, as to weigh down the power progress. In the splendor of her cities, in the of belief, and, were they not unfolded magnitude of her public works, in the per- before us, to almost tax the power of human fection of her means of communication, in the imagination. Thus, the results of the Amer- completeness of her educational institutions, ican Revolution j ustify it as being regarded in the intelligence of her people, and, indeed, as one of the prime transactions of history, in all that goes to make up the greatness of a and, judged by its consequences, few events nation, Canada to-day occupies a position of have occurred of greater moment to the world prond pre-eminence. She, too, has been at large. Now, as associated with that grand working out in her own way the problem occurrence, the question of commercial union of self-government, and though she has between the United States and Canada has been constant in her allegiance to the a visible connection ; hence, the importance British crown, her people have enjoyed of the question which is now before you, and a freedom just as complete as those in the significance ol the occasion which causes the United States; her relative progress men to assemble to discuss it. A transaction has been just as great, and her prospects, so such as the American Revolution, followed far as future political condition is concerned, by consequences to the world's history so are just as safe, and just as enviable as those stupendous, is the measure by which may be of the people of the neighboring Republic. estimated a proportionate result to Canada The conclusion was, therefore, irresistible, if a commercial union between the English that it was not mainly to political advantages speaking people of this continent is consum- that the United States owed their remarkable mated. It is of the utmost importance, there, progress— it was not solely because the re- fore, that the people of Canada should rise to publican form of government possessed any a just comprehension of the magnitude of the talisman which a reponsible government question before them. It is not onlj'- a ques. under the British crown did not possess. It tion of to-day, or this year, or of the next ten was well that this could be said. It was provi- years, but it is a question for all time. It is dential that, side by side with each other, two not a matter of present politics, nor does it great communities had grown up on this con- affect protection or free trade. It takes in tinent, representing the two great forms of not only the present condition of the whole government, so that the world could see, that community, but their future, and the future under similar conditions of climate, resources, of their children's children. Hence, com and geographical location, both schemes for mercial union should be approached in no regulating human affairs were being fairly dogmatic manner, in no selfish or small spirit tested under new conditions and on the and conclusions should not be reached with- grandest scale. All future time could take out careful consideration. To decide on a note of the results of the experiment, and if question of such magnitude as that of en Canada were but true to herself, and availed larged international relations with a country herself of the advantages which the United so vast as the United States, is like deciding States commercially possessed, and the ac- on the question of predestination, regarding ceptance of which was now under discussion, which, as you will remember Charles Lamb hers would be the destiny to teach the ages remarked, " That there was a good deal to be hereafter, that on the broad continent of free said on both sides." Having thus endeavored America, side by side with a republic speak- to impress his hearers with the magnitude of ing the English language, governed by Eng- the question before them, and of the futility lish laws, and influenced by English liter- of reaching a hasty conclusion regarding it, ature, she worked out just as glorious a Mr. Wiman proceeded to say that, while the destiny under a monarchy, with British forms world at large watched the progress of the of government, imbued with British tradi- United States with admiration, there was a tions, and permeated with British loyalty. general disposition to attribute their mar- There was one advantage, however, which COMMERCIAL CMOS.
the United States had over Canada, Whioh prevailed, as between Canada ami tin- United had nothing of a political character in It, and States, a commercial condition preoiaely op- which, it n could be secured, would make posite that winch has prevailed between the success in Canada beyond a question. This Nations states themselves. The results to
advantage consisted of anresti toted oommei Canada have not 1 n, on the wlml, clal Intercourse between all parta ol the factory, commercially speaking, it is true count vy. The absence of custom houees along She has, in the mam, made progress, and most the borders of the a arlous States ol the Union, satisfactory progress, the result ol thi as againsi each other, had done more to make frugality ami energy <>f her people, and be the I'nited States a meat and prOSperOUS oause ol the richness <»f her soil ami tin nation, than bad a republican form of govei n reSOUroeS w it bin her domain. Jt is true that inent. The complete and unrestricted Inter h
some aii- sandy deserts, othei i are oapable
of communication within itself and a connec- minor artieles as eggs, poultry, butter, tion with the United States, of the greatest potatoes, fruits, vegetables, and all the magnitude and importance. The wonderful variety of products which Nova Scotia sup- system of waterways, with which nature has plies in such profusion, are in the best de- blessed the Dominion, have been amplified mand, at the highest prices. Any reasonable by vast expenditures to connect them one man, looking at the map, and knowing with another and to make them available. nothing of the economic relations that exist, The Canadian farmer is, to-day, paying the would immediately conclude that Providence interest on this investment. No one thing had intended New England to be supplied could happen which would benefit to a with these products by Nova Scotia and New greater degree the Canadian taxpayer than Brunswick. But this natural law is set aside the stimulation of the trade which will by governmental interference and taxation. thoroughly occupy these means of communi- Coming Westward, Mr. Wiman said, one cation. The contention is, that a complete is struck with the meagreness of the success interchange of products between the United of the French Canadian, in his attempts at States and Canada would contribute more progress, yet, in all the world, there is no in that direction than anything else. A class of people so well adapted for successful development within the Dominion itself manufacturing as the French Canadian. Blis would stimulate the traffic, and increase the industry, frugality, and contentment are tonnage of the railways enormously. An proverbial. The best evidence of the useful- equal development from outside would help ness of this element of our population as a in the same direction, and railways, canals, manufacturing class is seen in the fact that telegraphs, and every other avenue, of com- nearly two-thirds of the population of many munication and transportation would be large centres in the United States are found benefited by the activity which would result. to bo French Canadians. So much ao is this The heavy load of taxation, which Canadians the case that the French Canadian colony in have to bear, can only be justified by eventual the United States will, in the course of a few results in the shape of profit from the opera- years, exceed in number the French Can- tion of the facilities created by the public adians left in Canada. Now, why is it that expenditures. These profits would certainly these men cannot be employed in Canada be largely augmented by an increased de- itself, at Montreal and other centres, for the mand for what they have to sell. The in- purpose of manufacturing, and then send creased demand will certainly be the result the goods to the United States instead of obliterating the barriers which now of exporting the men themselves and giv- prevent these products from reaching a ing all the benefit of their industry and market so great as the United States. If, in frugality to a foreign land. Montreal is so the providence of God, one had looked for- situated that she ought to be one of the ward to the creation of a market full of ad- greatest centres of manufacturing industry vantage, nothing could have been planned in the world. She has abundant water power, which would better suit Canada than the abundant access both by sea and land and market which in the Union has been pro- canal to the markets of the world for raw vided. Take the matter of contiguity as a material. She has, to the west of her, means first advantage. Starting at Nova Scotia, of communication of the cheapest, most rapid, and going to British Columbia, Canada lies and most effective character. Providence alongside of centres of population that are at and man have both contributed to aftord to once the most opulent, the most progressive, her, the very perfection of facilities for man- the most liberal, and the most extravagant ufacturing everything needed in the great communities in the world. The fertile fields West and North West, of which she ought to of Nova Scotia teem with a power to produce. be the entrepot. Had there never been any Regular communication already exists be- division of this continent, and had the whole tween them and the great city of Boston. of Canada been included in the Declaration of All along the Nova Scotia coast steamboats, Independence, Montreal would be to-day the ships, and railways afford opportunity for grandest city on the continent. New York transportation of the cheapest, the most has not one tithe of the advantages possessed frequent, and the most effective kind. Nova by this great Canadian city. Even if the line Scotia is a region which will produce enor- of political demarcation had been the St. Law- mous quantities of products such as New rence, and even had the St. Lawrence been a England wants. New England, the most free navigable stream, Montreal to-day would densely populated portion of the United have exceeded in growth any city of the con- States, is comparatively barren of agri- tinent. If commercial union, or unrestricted cultural advantages, while her people aie so reciprocity, gives all the benefit which the occupied in other pursuits that they cannot obliteration of the political line would have give attention to the production of that afforded, there is no earthly reason why, with which sustains life; hence, supplies are all the advantages she possesses, she should drawn largely from the West, and in such not be fifty years hence the greatest centre COM.V/:i; of manufacturing activity in tin world. She shoes, in which labor forms so large an ele- has about her and within herbordera the bed ment. They ought to DS made in Toronto, class of population for manufacturing par. Montreal, and Hamilton, to much better ad- posses: she has within easy hail of her nearly vantage than St Haverhill or Lynn, if the cost every article of raw material which goes to of production has anything to do with the make up these manufactures. What an the matter at alL Brea In ths greet cotton man- elements which go to make up the bulk ot ufacture, are ad Cornwall, Thorold, and manufactures! They are wood, iron, water, Dundee just as Well located as Fall Uiveror coal, and labor. Does not Montreal : Providence' The OOSt of carrying cotton or all these in tlie most remarkable degree ' Al- coal to Cornwall is BO more than to any New most within Bight Oi her; 09 the one hand, England centre. Is there any oooaH are forests with sixty different rerlettos ei manic power possessed by the maimfas \\ tin. i- of wood; on the other hand, hills of iron ; it ti in New England that is not equally easy hail, the OOSJ ot Nova Scotia, and with 1 by the manufacturers in Canada, > the st. i.aw i (lowing at her feet Eoi iratec mm rounded as I hey are with every advantage ' power. she has means of < ommuiiieat ion which nature and locality can afford them unparalleled, and a 1 pie, frugal, contented Referring again to the advantages d con. and Industrious, what other adraats ttguity from an agricultural punt d view, .she ha\ e except that which Is now offered to Mr. Wiman insisted that no greater boon her. viz: the freest aoosss to the greatest could be conceived of than that which located market the world has OTer known, what is < 'anad.i alonj i market. He had true iii regard lo Montreal appllea with equal •.tailed out to sketch these advantagi fone, in proportion, to all other manufactur mem ii . Bd tia hut striking the tag centres in Che Dominion. This brings us population in French Canada he hat been to the hostility which the proposal of com- tempted to allude to manufacturing beoeuse mercial union lias met Willi at the hands of in that direction In fores, ,w an eiiornrius the manufacturing class In Canada. Mr. men! as the result of commercial Wiman said that n had always MCmed to union with the United states. Coming west, him that the chief dithVnlty which the ma OS however, Into Ontario, it did seem to him thai (actnring community in Canada had to SB* the grandest possible boon for the agricul- counter was the exceeding imallness of the tural element in his native Province would home market, so that any attempt to -Mm be tin ' t>le Intercourse e Itfa the ulate industries would either begat mono tinted States. A bMg residence m (few poly of the s orst kind, or result In Yoik and a OODStant contact with the people from undue competition. Nothing woald ot the American nation, had imbued him with benefit the manufactun ra so much as an open the he. let i hat no people were ao wall adapted new market m which they could find an oat to be consumers ot the produeta winch Can- let dor their products. With the advantages ada had to offer. Rich beyond compare In which Canada peculiarly possessea they the elements of ellt erpi'iM", productive forces, could compete successfully for the trade of and inventive genius, incomes in the United their own locality ami for their share of the states had reached a point t ir in excess of trade of the entire Union in their apodal those of any other people in the world. lines. What is it that the manufacturer of There are more people in New York who had the United states has which the Canadian $10,000 a year, or $200 a week, to spend on manufacturer lias not? It is not a fad that their living than in all the rest of the world three-fourths of the raw material which is beside. There were more people rolling in used in nearly all kinds of manufactures are wealth in the cities of the East and the West possessed by Canada in the largest degree I than had ever been dreamed of in ancient The raw material which lies within the days (or proportionately to numbers) in borders of Canada, and which is available at France, England and Germany. The rank all manufacturing centres at the minimum of and file of consumers were in a better finan- cost, gives to the Canadian manufacturer the cial position, were more liberal in their maximum of advantage. Take, for instance, expenditures, and had greater absorbing the great number of industries in which iron power than any other people. Now, this is an element. Would not, under commercial class of people want the products of the soil union, the iron mines of Canada be developed, of the best character, and no region was and made immediately available for the man- better calculated to produce them than the ufacture of every article in which iron forms Province of Ontario. The talk that, becau.se a part. Take the great range of manufac- Liverpool regulates the prices of the world, tures in which wood is the chief element, and as the surplus of the United States arc- such as furniture, agricultural implements, sent in that direction, no advantage would Ac. Why should not all these things be most come to Canada if the markets of the United advantageously produced here, where freight States were open to Canadian products has is at the cheapest, and the natural products been most freely indulged in ; but this does within such easy success. Take boots and not allude to the hundred articles that never SPEECH OE ERA ST US WIMAN. reach Liverpool. Take, for instance, eggs, son why more than half of all Canada could which are admitted free into the United manufacture would not be sold in the United States, and the result is, as Mr. G. B. Smith, States, not at Liverpool prices, but at a price of the Toronto Board of Trade, said at a meet- 10 to 15 cents per pound in advance of that. " ing of that body lately : The hens have done In speaking of incomes, Mr. Wiman said he more for Canada than the manufacturers knew lots of people with incomes of from have done." Fourteen million dozen of esgs $50,000 to $100,000 a year. Was it to be have gone from Canada into the United supposed that this class of people thought States during the last year because they were anything of 10 cents per pound on butter, or admitted free. The traffic in eggs has grown 50 cents extra on a pair of chickens? It to such an extent that gathering them for never enters into the calculation of the aver- shipment in such counties as Waterloo has age New Yorker what his living costs him. grown to be a regular branch of business. There is not a merchant in Broadway, or Eggs are about the only tiling admitted free Church Street, or Fourteenth Street, or in of an agricultural character. Suppose that Brooklyn, or Boston, or Buffalo, that ever the traffic in poultry were equally easy. thinks for an instant of such a trivial matter Have you ever heard what a broiler is ? asked as the price of living. There is not one of Mr. Wiman. A broiler i3 a spring chicken that vast number but is willing to pay the " more or less old. There are more " broilers highest price for a good article, and the con- produced in the State of Pennsylvania than tention is that Canada possesses to an eminent any other article of agricultural production. degree the power to produce profitably these The demand is not half supplied. If Canada good articles. It is certain that in the matter went into the chicken business, and did noth- of these and various other articles of con- ing else but produce "broilers," turkeys and sumption, the nearness of the market, the ducks, and if every farm in Canada was cov- low freight, and the great productive power ered with this class of food, it is believed that of the Canadian fields and farms, with the they Avould all be absorbed by the United thrift and industry of the people, would give States at prices that would pay a high profit. them advantages far in excess of those pos- But it is not in eggs and chickens alone that sessed by almost any State in the Union. the Canadian farmer would find his greatest States like Georgia and Mississippi, vast in profit. Take lauibs for instance. There is their productive forces, have not a tithe of not a household in the Middle States but once the advantages which Canada possesses. or twice in the week desires to have some Even Illinois and Missouri, rich as they are lamb. This delicacy and green peas, with in all material resources, are not as near to mint sauce, is, as you all know, one of the the great markets of the East as Canada, and greatest delicacies known, and there is no do not possess, as she does, variety of soil and earthly reason why thousands upon thou- climate suitable to the production of these sands of lambs should not be produced and salable products. exported from Canada to the United States. Then, take the article of fine cattle, in the It is asserted by well known agriculturists production of which Mr. Valancy Fuller has that Canada possesses in a peculiar manner distinguished himself. He is to-day the most the greatest advantages for sheep farming, distinguished man in America in the produc- and that early lambs are just as easily pro- tion of Jersey cattle, because of his natural duced, and are just as good an article, as any skill and ability, his courage, and command to be had elsewhere on this continent. The of means. He has made himself a name and United States will absorb it all at a high fame in the highest degree creditable to him. rate of profit. But aside from eggs, poultry In New York the other day, Mr. Wiman went and lamb, there is no market better than the on to say, that he stood at Mr. Fuller's side, ( United States for tine high grade butter, and and some of the greatest authorities in this nobody can produce it so well as the Canadian business of producing fine cattle said that farmers. Philadelphia butter is sold in New they lifted their hats to the Canadian boy York throughout the winter at 80 cents a who had taught them how to breed success- pound, and 50 to 60 cents is no extraordinary fully the finest cattle. One felt proud of a price for creamery butter. Here is a demand land which produced not only such men, but upon us for high grade butter from ten to such cattle. They had heard the story, no fifteen millions of people at our very doors. doubt, of that wonderful cow, Mary of St. The creameries of Canada are but in their in- Lambert, which, only six years old, has pro- fancy ; but, with commercial union, hundreds duced thirty-six pounds of butter in a week. of them would spriag into existence to meet They could fancy what that meant, and then the demand which would arise. It is true remember the craze that existed in the that a good deal of butter is now being made, United States among the higher farmers for and it is true that in Liverpool the price is cattle of that grade. If once the barriers more or less regulated ; but, if a high grade of were removed which hindered breeders in butter, such as Ohio and Pennsylvania yield, the United States from getting access to the could be produced in Canada, there is no rea- herds of Canada, Ontario would become one II) COMMERCIAL UNION. of the great cut Lit- producing countries, and w - re entirely abolished, tin production would the inchest pries could be realized. The he .stimulated and the demand const ant I v aiig absorptive power of the vast aggregationa of inented. Even if the price did not advance, iniiii;ii)ity accessible t<> i unarm In the United the possibility of selleng double thS amount states for even the lower grades of cattle la would be an advantage <>f the greatest conse evident. It was not to be supposed t hat the quince, Canada possesses to-dsjj In Barley, ranges of Texas, New BCexloo,and Wyoming, one ot the cleanest and most satisfactory of could tor an Instanl compete with the rich products ami do ad\ antage could tie so great pastOXagM Of Ontario in prodOOlng the finest to thegrovi ers ss its introduction Into the best gradea of cattle, cute from which adorned the markets free, There Is no denying this, ami Sunday dinner tables Ol ODS hundred thou. no argument can confute it. In this and In sand bomee Ln New $*ort and Philadelphia, all Other things, Canada should have the, where the eleineiit id cost m such matters md most complete im< roourse s Ith was not thought "I at all. and it it were ber neighbor. thonghl "t. Canada has tin- advantage Ln con UITO UtOX. Ugnltyand cheap productive powei i Hut of all articles in w Inch Canada imMi comers. b] natnreaad poor by policy iron takes the The trade In borset between the United lead. Look at the immense iron deposits ol States and Canada, was dniing 'he war one Nova Seotia, of Quebec, on the line of tin 01 of the greatest oontrtbntlng elements to the taw a, OB the St. Law icm e, and in the BSStei D ot tins of tin- prosperity country. To-day, many a Tow nshlps ; all along the hue Kingston farm boose stands which «,m Largely paid for i.bioke Railway, and on the Central by tin- prices realised [or g i borses dnrlng Ontario Railway, char throogb to Lake Reciprocity and during tin- m ar. The demand c, on tbs north shore of Lake superior for hoi -is tO-daj is ten I ;ine> What it was [Ol .mi miles, on Lake Winnipeg, on Big dnrlng the J ar. There IS no man of any con island, on Vancouver's [sland.aU lying dead sequence ^ bodoee not keep from one to three because you are walled out by a tariff, While, horses, and no people think so mm h ot fast in the lulled states, the BTCabBSl activity Tin cavalcade m Central. 1 "an mount - in n on. and fortunes are mam-yearly ami Prospeol p. ii ks are < iw elation to the bj its developments we sooruttflorfsmatesln beholder as to the love for horses In the i alt ( anai'.a make not a dollar. While hundreds of id states There la bo reason why Canada thousands of people are employed in ths neigh- should not produce ten bosses Whele she country in tin- development of iron prodncea one now sin possesses every ad* ami in its manufacture, we, who are blessed vantage ln the way of contiguity, pasturage with abundant Stores ol it, and with every and atea. If the Custom UOQBC win re facility for it« production, are without a part- moved, and a man could run Dp to Canada icle of adi antage, suppose the same activity from New- Yoik ami look over a string «>f pti \ ailed ill Nov a Scotia at SteJIarton and at horses, as he now does at Hulls Head and Londonderry, where coal and iron lay side by other places, ten horses would be sold where side as prevails Ln Pennsylvania, wbould one is now marketed. If. with the Improve there not be such prosperity in Neva Scotia as ment in breed through tin- Lmportatioavof she the place never knew, suppose up the Trent, best strains, there was an equal attention and back of your dear old Kingston, the same paid to the development ot '-pied by tin- en vitality existed as now pn\ ails on the south oouragemenl of racing, ami, at tin- same time, shore of Lake Superior, what do you suppose proper attention given i" the production of would be the result.' Why such a homo draft horses, such as the Clyde and the Per- market would be created as would absorb Cheron, there would he no limit to the nuns, agricultural products as much again as is l»er of horses that would he produced and now absorbed by the market created by sold. manufactures. Suppose 50,000 mint Then, take the article of Barley. The in- to woik in the ten years of free commerce troduction into the United States of the Teu- with the United stati s, what greet*! tonic element in such vast numbers had could come to the farmeis ot Canada.' He created a wonderful demand for heer, which lm m bet, too, that these men may come to be required an immense amouut of barley, which your customers without taxing your sub- wasyeaiiy on the increase. This barley can stance to support them. The manufactures he produced to greater advantage in Canada of Canada ate doubless a great blessing to than anywhere else, the climate aud soil be- you; it is true they make a home market for ing extremely favorable to it. Were the bar- your products to some extent. But every did. riers down, its nearness to the places where lar of produce you sell them, you an- taxed the great breweries are, such as Buffalo. Mil- twenty-five per cent, for their support. But of the Datural waukee,- Chicago, Toledo and New York, I with the full development would insure a market at all times of the larg- resources of Canada no such a tax would be est proportions. The duty of ten cents on necessary. The wealth that they would bring barley is a barrier in mauy ways, and if it into the Dominion by the sale of the aiticle : : SPEECH OF EBAST US WIMAN. 11 they develop would be added to the wealth of tance to the material progress and prosperity each of you individually. What better heri- of any country as iron, and when we consider tage could he left to your children who will the enormous amount we are importing, viz., take your places on the farms of these counties an average of $20,000,000 per annum, since than a near-by market in the United States for Confederation, making an aggregate for 20 all they can produce, and a home market years of $400,000,000, it is high time for us to within the Dominion itselfjas the result of the begin to consider what we can do to help for- development of our natural resources. But ward the development of so much wealth. it is not the farmers alone that would benefit How can we best do this 1 What single step by the developement of the mines of CaDada. would soonest develope our vast mineral re- The manufacturers themselves, some of whom sources. The first and best, and indeed only, are now so alarmed in their mistaken view of hope for their development, is that a free the possibilities of commercial union, would market may be created for them. This can be enormously benefited. What better chance only be done by unrestricted reciprocity with would be afforded all manufacturers of iron the United States. The Canadian market is than to have the raw material within easy too small for investment in mining operations, access ; What better chance would be af- and it is only such stimulating efforts as Par- foided to the man who makes collars and cuffs, liament has just completed, that even a single or he who makes boots and shoes, than to enterprise of this character can be promoted. have thousands of working men employed in To do this every farmer in the land, every those vast regions throughout Canada now builder, every blacksmith, indeed every con- silent and desolete and yet whose riches are sumer, has to be taxed by an increase in the beyond estimate. You may well ask for more revenue exacted at the Custom House. But details as to those deposits, and why it is that with a free market in the United States, they have not been heretofore developed. American capital would quickly find its way Let me read you, boiled down into twenty to Canadian iron mines, and do for them, lines a little catalogue of Canada riches in what it has already done for the mines of the iron taken from the essay of my good friend United States. Some figures as to the ac- John McDougall, of Montreal, read last tivity of the iron made in the United States winter before the Canadian Club. He says will give you an idea of what as the years " Iron is found in all the Provinces and Ter- go by Canada is missing. What think you ritories of the Dominion in unlimited quanti- will be the product of the American mills ties; the country is pre-eminently rich in the for this year, in the single item of steel rails ores of iron of every kind, and of the highest 1 will more than reach 2,000,000 of grade, equalling the Swedish and Russian in alone It quality, and is adapted for every purpose tons, an amount sufficient to lay more than that iron and steel are used for. Nova Scotia double the entire mileage of Canada, and suf- in is the richest in iron ores, and they are ficient to lay a continuous line of rail clear close proximity to almost unlimited quanti- Canada any share in ties of coal. New Brunswick has extensive around the globe. Has deposits of iron ores in Carlton county, and this prosperity which exists j ust across the, bog ores in Queens. Sunbury, Restigouche borderline.' Not a dollar. Why 1 Because and Northumberland counties. Iu the Prov- she has not a market. The tariff on pig iron ince of Quebec, near the city of Ottawa, there is a hill of iron which has been estimated to coming into the United States is $6.75 per contain 100 000,000 tons. The Haycock ton, and on steel rails it is $17 per ton. One mine is situated eight miles north-east of the cannot climb over this. A market is open city, and it has been estimated that it could she does not want any of yield an output of 100 tons of ore per day for into England, but 150 yearn, without being exhausted. Very this class of our products, either in a raw or valuable deposits of iron and bog ores are manufactured state. Our population is too found iu other parts of the Province. many small to consume it ourselves, and we have The Province of Ontario has enormous depos- either to face the conclusion of getting the its of iron ores of a superior quality ; many rich beds have been found in Manitoba and United States for a market, or allow our in the Northwest Territories. British Col- wealth to lie in the earth, as nature has in umbia is exceedingly rich in iron ores ; many the most lavish manner stored it away for us. of the deposits are found alonjr the coasts and islands, lying side by side with bituminous Recall the isolation, the banennessof Cana- coal of good quality." dian iron regions, and contrast them with the Did you in all your life ever hear read activity of the upper peninsula of Michigan, within so short a compass sixch a weight of whose total value of money output in 1883 wealth as these few lines express? Well was over $24,000,000 ! Listen to the story of may Emerson have said "America is another one or two mines as told in the following ex- name for opportunity. Its whole history ap- tract from a report on the Gogebic region, pears like a last effort of the Divine Provi- Michigan, a State just next door to Canada !" dence in behalf of the human race . For we "The Menominee Mining Company was or- here in Canada seem possessed with even ganized ten years ago, on the modest capital of $100,000, which, notwithstanding the ex- more than our share of this vast gift of Prov- tent of its operations, which cover the work- idence. ing of six mines, has never been increased. There is no other metal, of so much impor- The company has already paid to its stock- 12 COMMERCIAL UNION. holders $6,500,000! So great is the appreci- he removed to Cle.velatid, Ohio. There he ation <>f its shares that a single one has Mold engaged in the building pf docks on the i Ivor ;ih high as $6,750, upon a par of $1001 The and lake fronts, finally total output of its mines for the seven and engaged in the years up to 1883 was 1,669.929 toiiH. Take, manufacture ol iron. From this small begin for example, a stockholder In the Republic Ding grew the Cleveland Boiling Mill Com Company, who boughl bis shares they when pany. At the time id Mr. Chisholm'S death. were at their lowesi and held them. He may have purchased the original stock at $12, on Some three or four years ago, he had more a parol $25, and possibly lower, From that than live thousand operatives in his employ. point to it rose P326. Then the capital was His three sons, all Canadians, and all thor- Increased fi 8500,000 to f2,500.000, and ough trained him, snoceeded In the stock rose as high as $67, or $335 a .share by him the business, for the old stock. This profli floesnot t.ik< in- and the product of this linn last year to account the enormons dividends thai were reached the. enormous sum of $12,000,000. being paid in the meantime, frequently more i oi ' some the item i w inch com rise than one hundred per cent. The stork nt the p Cleveland Company has sold as low as six or this aggegate: seven dollars. i-r those figures It sdvanoad 100,000 tons Steel Kails.. to about $250. The company made an Increase $8,600,000 of capital similar to the Republic's, and its 150,000 tons Plfl Iron 8,000,000 in w snares sold as high as $40 and as lo^ an ." ii- Merchants' its is $14; presenl price aboul $20. Hot st. .I, boiler plate aside from the fluctuations of the market the and sheets 8,750 steady holders ol Cleveland have enjoyed 000 much largei returns than they could gel on! 40,000 tons Wire 8,400,000 of any other security. During the ps*1 six years this company has paid twodlvicb udnol With an Increased output ami an advance per 80 cent, and one ol 120 per « ent The in prices, their business will this year prob- Lake Buperior Company Is anothi r mine that ablj reach the high figure ol $16,000,000, a has made its stockholders neh. The capital of the company, originally half a mill mm was sum equal to the whole earnings of the Grand Increased to $1,500,000. The quotation of T k Railway, S corporation of 40,000 share the new .-t >ek has ranged froi holders, and at hast 50 per cent, more than Tbeold sold as hiK'i as* IOO, w e believe. The i.ake Superior Isoneol the big dividend pay- the whole earnings of the Canadian Pacific ers, and the steady holders ot Its stock have Hallway, to which you ha\ e donate I more been anabletOgel Aladdin's lamp out ot Um-ii than $100,000,000. All this was the growth ' minds ' ot a little more than twenty years, and 1 1n Now, what is the difference between the efforts of a poor, determined, and clear-headed iron o' BClohlgan and the iron ol Canada 1 Scotchman and his three Canadian sons. is it that on the south I.ake Why of Superior 'I h ink ol the business this One firm Of Ameri- such stupendous results have in en achieved can Canadians marly equalling the aggregate from Iron mines, and north of the lake there earnings of your two great systems of tail- has been nothing done 1 The answer Is simply way, whose combined capital reaches away that there has been a fiee market among sixty up beyond $800,000,000. These people are not millions \\ other, i f hatever for the ( ommercial union forty years sgo another Scotchman, named is achieved, Canadian iron properties have Carnegie, landed m New York, with his wife just as good a chance as the mining propel ties and two little boys. These constituted his of the United Mates; indeed they have whole earthly possessions. The father noon better. The great consumptive centr* died, and the boys, at a tender age, had to be more readily reached from Btellarton and shift as best they could to earn a living. A Londonderry, in Nova Scotia, from the Ot- little over twenty years ago they went into tawa regions, from the Trent valley, along the iron business. One of the two brothers re- the line of the Central ( Ontario and the King- cently died, and the other, Andrew Carnegie, ston and the Pembroke road, than from the now employs more than 7,000 men, and their peninsula of Michigan. The consequences of business will this year very nearly equal the such an opportunity to develop our resources combined earning of both your combined are simply enormous, and the individual Uiand Trunk and Canadian Pacific Railway opening afforded no one can over-estimate. systems. Do these Canadians or Scotchmen Let me tell you the story of two families of - greater ability on American soil than two Scotchmen in the United States, and on their own? Not a bit of it. They had what they have done in the iron trade : greater opportunities. They have a larger A little more than forty years ago Henry community to which to sell, and you only Chisholm landed in Montreal, with his wife, need the community for customers, to come from Scotland, with a single sovereign in his in for an equal share of their phenomenal pocket. With true Scotch thrift, he pro- success. ceeded at once to work. He lived in Mon- The conditions for the manufacture of iron treal for a number of years, during which in Canada are just as good as those in the time a number of sons were born; but the United States, and with an open maiket in United States seemed to offer greater oppor- that country, there is no telling how soon, and tunity to provide for his growing family, and to what extent Canada would prosper in her SPEECH OF EEASTUS WIMAK. 13 mining industries. Except in Nova Scotia waters of the Georgian Bay, is the most won- and Vancouver, Canada does not possess the derful copper bearing region known in the coal for the manufacture of iron, hut coke can world. In fact, it may be safe to say, that this he hrought as cheap from Connellsville, On- territory comprises as much copper, yes, tario, as it is now taken to Chicago, Joliet, and many times more than as much as is known Milwaukee. Canada possesses ore sufficient to exist in the whole United States. This re- to supply all the furnaces in the whole United gion, which is made up of almost continuous States. Why, then, is not the coke brought copper bearing regions, is more than sixty here and these mines worked? Because you miles in length, and crosses the Canadian have no market in which to sell your product. Pacific Bailway at Sugbury, where it is now I could name eight steel companies in the being opened and worked. On a great portion United States whose aggregate employees of the south end of this deposit, which is and their families are equal to the whole about forty or fifty miles south of Sugbury, population of the Northwest, from Pembroke nickel exists in unlimited quantities, and if a to the Pacific Ocean. They are, Cleveland market could be found for it, it is in Rolling Mill Company, Carnegie Bros. & Co., such abundance that the artillery of both, Cambria Iron Co., Bethlehem Iron Company, Great Britain and the United States could be Pennsylvania Steel Company, North Chicago manufactured from it. When it is considered Rolling Mill Company, Joltet Steel Company, that the whole supply of nickel in the United and Scranton Steel Company. These compa- States has been obtained from one small de- nies have about 40,000 employees, and with posit, owned by one man, located near Phila- their families constitute an army of 200,000 delphia, and yielding only two per cent, of this souls. These are only eight firms, and yet metal, some idea of the relative values of the their marketable annual product is vastly Canadian and American deposits may be had, more than the whole export trade of Canada. when it is known that this whole territory Why ? Because they have a market for their carries from five to ten per cent, of nickel product. There are hundreds of millions of tons of these REGARDING CANADIAN COPrER ORE. ores plainly in sight and above ground, and I But in addition to iron, let me tell you some- can look from my own piazza on Staten Island thing about Canadian copper, and how it at the smoke ascending from the furnaces to might be developed with a free market in the which they are shipped from these points, to be States. reduced and refined. Why is not this work In the native deposits of copper, Cana'da done and these furnaces built in Canada in- ranks above any known country in the stead of opposite my own door at Staten 1 world. It is found in many places in Nova Island ? Because the United States govern- Scotia, and nature in that place has perform- ment imposes a duty of three and a half ed the curious freak of uniting the copper cents per pound on the copper. This cuts with the coal, so that within five miles of the you off from the United States market, which town of Pictou, copper can be dug from the is a much higher one than the London ground seven times as rich as the Calumet market. Even the copper in the ore is taxed and Hecla mines (to which I will immedia bely two and one-half cents per pound, and the refer), and containg with it more than enough refined product has to shipped out of the coal to smelt it. It is not known that this country so as to obtain a rebate of the duty combination exists in any other place in the imposed when it is exported. Why cannot world. If we could count Newfoundland as these millions upon millions of nickel ore be a part of the Dominion, which it seems likely dug out and refined and sent to market 1 she will be if Commercial Union is achieved> Because the United States government im- we can there measure off five thousand square poses a duty of fifteen cents on every pound miles of copper bearing territory. It is found sent into her territory. Take a single illus- at many places in the Province of Quebec, tration. About twenty years ago a discovery and hear Sherbrooke large quantities are was made, not by man, but by a hog rooting mined and shipped to New York, where the the soil up, disclosing copper bearing rocks in copper is refined and exported to England- the upper peninsula of Michigan. A com- The sulphur is converted into sulphuric acid, pany was formed, with small beginnings, but which used by the famous Standard Oil Com- gradually increasing until an investment of pany in refining their oils. A very considera- $1,200,000 was put into the property, and ble amount of silver is also found in this ore. from this investment this company has paid There are many places along the line of the in dividends, upon this capital, the enormous Kingston and Pembroke road, or near to it, sum of $29,000,000 ; and its stock to-day is where valuable deposits of copper are found. selling upon the market for $22,000,000. A few miles north of Madoc there is a copper Their ore yields only from 4Ji to 5 percent, bearing vain more than one hundred feet in of copper, and with their enormous machinery width. It is found in many places along the they crush 2,200 tons of this ore per day. north shore of Lake Superior, and north of They have the finest stationary machinery Algoma Mills, within a few miles of the known anywhere upon the American con- 11 COMMERCIAL UNION. tinent, a single engine alone costing over your iron deposits When nearly all the rail- $100,000. The cylinders ol your largest road-, in the United States w III adopt iron for Locomotives are seventeen or eighteen inohea railroad ties in-t.ni oi wood. Tins has al- In diameter; the cylinder ol tins enormous ready commenced, and a number or miles ol machine is large enongta In diameter for the iron ties an- hud in tin- neighborhood or Phi in largest man this crowd to walk erecl li ladeiphia by the Pennsylvania road, and it. This is the Eamons Calnmel and Eleela within a few years at least the whole Company. Ten thousand people live in tlic prairl( section of the United Mate, wiD town at tins point, which Is owned wholly i>.v all be laid with iron cross ties. H.i mr, this company ; ami yet it does not pos will be roofed with Copper, so will her fortieth pari ol the enormous native re- bouses, ami you have the storehouses sources in this wonderful Heorgian Baydis greal enough to supply the demand tor ail tlict. Which is now hilt I how ling w lldenn M, these, even if (here W< re no others know n on can fnun the iro\ and DC DOUghl mm Dl at 02 the continent. What a mockery it is upon the per acre. When you think that the product ol gift of nature to these lands, upon which nickel alone through all this territory forms millions Of tons of copper and millions id tons a percentage as bigh as the copper does la of iron ate located, offered by the gofei mm Dl the Calomel and Beds mines, and that it for two dollars per acre, ami evoBhen pur- Lsa mineral stronger than si, .i. «in last [or- chasers not found. Tin- .same remarks arc ever In the atmosphere <>r even without applicable to lead. Lead d. posits miles in ozydizing, and oannot be affected by the Length an known to exist along the line of stronger! acids, it would seem that we were the Kingston ami Pembrok road, tin- Canada In danger ol being oalled wicked and slothfnl Pacific, ami the Central Ontario railways. servants, tor eithi r burying or allowing to be Net a pound Of these ores are being dug or buried not only one talent, but these man] simit, d. The lead works at Kingston send millions <>t talents, not deep m tin- earth, lmt forth no smoke to show a state ol activity. even naked and uncovered above ground. Tiny have no market in which t<> sell their Supposing that these mines were worked a« product. b» cause the tariff on lead going into the single Calumet and Heda Company the tinted states is more than halt as high as worked their ml nee, what think you would be the Whole pine of lead in the market. the changed condition of the 2,200 ton* pec "im.i: Mixi.i: \i>. day ot tins cue going OVet the Canada Pacific Railway' Tins single Industry, worked to But H "as not only in iion and COppet theextenl thai the Calumet and EeclaCeso- that Canada, by nature, possessed enormous pany work theirs, would fnrnisb ten trains wealth, and yet, by policy, was rendered per day of tiiie. n ears each, tor the single pooi in this regard, some development had Ltemot carrying away ore. Think oi ail the taken place, but SS a rule the bulk o! the additional business that would EoDbwin the minerals was as yet almost untouched In w .ike ( ,f tins enormous output, why doe- ;iii the matter of phosphates, which had already this activity ami lite exist On the south side a free mat kit, a rery oofadderable develop- of the lake where the earth Is made to yield ment had taken place. I "or instance, the Union np her treasure, ami tins death and solitude Mining Company, an American institution. exist directly north o! the lake in tin owned two thousand acres up the Ottawa Where nature lias been much more lavish Stiver, had spent £100,000 in plant, and yet. than she has on the south side.' sinirtly be- alter one year's operations, had declared a cause tiny have a market with .sixty millions dividend of 30 per cent. This was but a of people, with no tariff wall.- surrounding sample of what might be done, and If there the thirty-eighl states which comprise wen a permanently trie market in the that greal Republic. Nothing under the United states, the result could not fail to be sun but the enormous tariff wall which se- satisfactory. But aside from phosphates, parates you from them prevents as great a such minerals I, antimony, graph' scene <>t activity ami profit on your side as ite, gypsum, mica, salt, gold, and silver, I upon their side of the line. might point out exist in large and paying Quantities ; in addi- to you many other localities all along the tion there is arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, litho- north shore of Lake Superior, and even in the graphic stones, and oxydized iron of every far away British Columbia is copper enongh kind suitable for paint; materials for build- to roof the houses of the world and all its ing, stones for grindstones, millstones, and railroad trains. I might savin this connec- marbles Of various qualities; white quartz, tion that the great Pennsylvania railroad is silicious sandstone for making glass, soap- already getting ready to roof its cars with stone, emery—every one of which, with proper copper instead of sheet iron. Think of what development, should yield large returns, if a an enormous increase this -will make if all market existed for them, and if attention the railroads of this continent adopt this were given to their development by the In- substance for roofing. Think of the enor- troduction of foreign capital, enterprise, and mous iucrease in the demand there will be for a hopeful future. SPEECH OF ERASTUS WIMAN. 15 THE EFFECT ON LUMBER. because of their inaccessibility. The con- Mr. Wiman having, lie said, referred at such tiguity of Canada to such great lumber dis- length to the effects of commercial union tributing points as Oswego, Albany, and New upon the agricultural products of the country York on the one coast, and Portland and San j and the opportunities which it would give for Francisco on the other, will always give her enormous mineral development, felt that he a great advantage in the matter of lumber, could not do justice to other valuable assets while the vast means of communication from which Canada possessed, and which would be her upper lake ports to the treeless prairies enormously increased by an open market. of the West afford a provision as if Providence He could not, however, forbear alluding to intended that there should be no barrier the lumber trade, which, perhaps, more than between the two countries in the interchange anything else would be benefitted by freedom of this great and most valued product. Com- of access to the near-by markets of the United mercial union to-day would mean an increased States. Canada was blessed in her forests to value to Canada of every tree in all the vast a greater desrree than almost any country in forests within her border, and would result the world. It had been well said by A. T. in a greater activity, a more certain develop- Drummond that, excepting the Great Tri- ment, and a larger profit, than any other angular Pfairie east of the Rocky Mountains, event that could occur. the whole of Canada, up to the Northern THE FISH WEALTH OF CANADA. limit of the growth of trees, presented one vast forest area, except where it had been Few who live in the interior of Ontario haA r e cleared by the hand of man. Within this ever yet realized what an enormous element area there are ninety-five species of forest of wealth Canada possessed in her fisheries, trees. There are sixty-five species in the and how inadequately this great source of province of Ontario, and in British Columbia profit has been cultivated. The farmer may alone there are thirty-five species of forest plod the whole year long, and have his harvest trees, including no less than nineteen mem- season compressed within a few weeks ; but bers of the^pine family. Canada possesses in the fisherman finds a harvest in the sea every her forests enormous wealth. Her natural day in the year. Canada has the greatest market is that of the United States. The coast line of any country in the world, far ex- exaction of a tax of $2 on every thousand ceeding that of the United States, and, of feet of sawn lumber that enters this market, course, far exceeding that of any European is a barrier which ought to be removed. It country. Bounded by three oceans—the At- is not only a serious discrimination against lantic, the Arctic and the Pacific—besides Canada, but its mere existence is an im- numerous inland seas, the Dominion has pediment to the movement of trade which over 5,500 miles of sea-coast, washed by stands in the way of its activity. In view of waters abounding in the most valuable fishes the enormous growth of the United States, of all kinds. Setting aside the 3,000 miles and the meagreness of their wood supply, it of coast in British Columbia, and the numer- is of the utmost importance to them that ous seas of the great Northwestern Territory, Canada should be available for the purposes the old Provinces of Confederation have of giving them that which they need. It is 2.500 miles of sea coast; and as the Hon. Peter said that in twenty-five years there will be Blitchell once said, the fisheries of Canada, as hardly any timber left in the United States, a national possession, were inestimable, and and, as Mr. Butterworth has pointed out, as a field of industry and enterprise they were protection there of their forests means their inexhaustible. All the vast region referred total destruction. One of the strongest to abounds in fish of the most valuable kind, arguments in favor of unrestricted reciprocity and from the geographical location in the ex- in the United States is found in the advocacy treme North, will always continuerto hold an of the free admission of lumber. The enor- enormous advantage. The Arctic current mous aggregation of population at the chief which washes the coast of Labrador, New. centres, the necessity for the creation of foundland and Canada, chilling the atmos- homes, and the heavy burden which, to the phere, and bearing on its bosom the huge ice man in moderate circumstances, a tax of the argosies, is the source of the vast fish wealth kind imposes, makes the argument a strong which has been drawn upon for ages, and one, that the freest admission of such an es- which promises to continue for ages to come. sential as lumber should be possible. The This cold current brings with it the food on wealth of Canada in her forests would be which the fish thrive, and the supply is one therefore made much more available should that can never fail. These Arctic seas swarm the customs barrier be broken down, and the with minute forms of life, which, according to hope is entertained that, following this event, Professor Hind, constitute in many places a the opening up of the vast regions of timber living mass -a vast ocean of living slime. land would yield not only a diiect return, but The all-pervading life which exists there result in the development of localities, the affords the true solution of the problem of the value of which was hitherto unknown, source of food which gives sustenance to 16 COMM/:i;c/.lI. USION. countless millions of fish which swarm i In- dian resources. \o sentimental considera- northern seas. In man] countries of t lie tions should stand in the way of the largest world, with far less value in their fisheries, and meat comprehensive policy, winch would great portions of communities are supplied soon, -t bring to Canada the greatest develop with food from the sea, hut our wealth in nun t of her enormous resources. When one this regard has been hut slightly relied ii|> <" Would seem B I 1 III 1 It H 1 W aste ; \ ct such is the but a step to annexation. These two consld condition in the \ast fishing regions si era t ions form the strongest argument that Canada. The su stent at ion of life in the United can be found against the policy of freedom In stati -and < In Canada would be rendered fax trade on the .North American ontinent ; but more easy if the enormous contributions when one Offn SlderS how \ast are the inte which the sea could oiler levied were upon i this continent to be developed, and The wealth of the sea Ifl fOX man's use, and at are the b. nefits to the Dominion Canada could partn Ipate m tliat wealth to a that this development would bring forth, greater degree than an] other i oontry In the the interests of the tow manufacturers In world, it the mat-k< ts ol the United Btates Great Britain, likely tO be affected by dis w ere open to her. Ail thai Ls at eded crimination, are as a drop Is the bucket, it tmnai capital, additional enterprise, and an would pay Canada well to guarantee the such as state, open market, the United profli which ei cry t cporter of Brittsb goods affords, and such a development would take had ever made for the balance of his life, place in the grow th of the fishery Intei i st as rather than that there should be any Impedi- the w oi Id has mv, | ment to a union. < oiniin reially Speaking, be Mr. Uiin. in -aid it was impossible for him tw een tin two great countries of this contin- to do full justice to the greatness of the ent. How many people do you suppose WOUld theme that was before them. He li.nl hur- be affected wen- Canada to admit United riedly and in a very Imperfect manner at Btates manufactures free, and stiii exact a tempted t<> sketch the results ol »• duly on English goods 1 Certainly the ex- anion to sevi ral great products which Canada io Canada ol goods to tx affected possessed. He had tiled to show that the would not exceed a thousand In number, it farming Interest, by the op. aing op of the might be doubted whether theie are live markets Ol the United states, would he hundred establishments In the whole of Great greatly enhanced; by the development ol our Britain thai have a huge Interest In wares mineral resources the country vastly en- exported hither. From a pretty close rela- riched; and by the growth in the lumber tion with numerous manufacturing firms in trade, and a larger attention given to the vast England, Mr. Wiman said he believed that fishing possibilities which we possessed, an they would hail with delight any movement enormous increase secured to the country in by which the Canadians would be benefitted, her wealth-producing power, in the discus- and if. by a commercial union with < !anada, a sion which had taken place regarding com- reduction in the United States tai iff was In- mercial union there had been a great deal of duced, the advantages would be man cheap. talk about patriotism; but as be un- tar greater than the disadvantages resulting derstood it, the highest form of patriotism from discrimination in Canada. In other consisted in the love of one's country, and in words, the power of absoiption of British seeking to advance its best andlargest inte- goods throughout the continent, by a read- rests. It was impossible to conceive a higher justment of the tariff Of the two countries, patriotism than that •which -would develops would be far greater than under the existing in the largest degree the resources now la- highly protective policy which prevails in tent, and imparl to vast regions of country Canada as against the goods of all nations. now desolate and inactive the greatest activ- It was, however, hardly worth con.-.idering ity and development. It was impossible to that the interests of British manufacturers conceive that true patriotism should for- and British merchants should stand as a per- ever stand in the way of the country's best manent barrier against the free admission of interests. Love of British institutions, and American goods into Canada, provided that of British connection, was in no respect im- Into the vast markets of the United States perilled by the largest development of Cana- could be secured the free admission of every SPEECH OF EEASTUS WIMAN. product which Canada possessed, aud of made one, so far as trade was concerned, every manufacture which she could produce. what a progress the world would make : there As in all great movements of this kind some would be no feeling that money was leaving serious results would no doubt follow, and the United States when it came to Canada. injuries would have to be inflicted, but as the The ebb and flow of commerce would bring world moves on, progress must not be re- it, or twice Its value, back again. That tarded by such considerations. A great rail- Canada, with a great ready market, would way line affects many a farm, cutting it often produce in ten years five times as much diagonally in two. The enforcement of a uni- as she now yields no one doubts. If her versal law affects many an interest, but that fields and farrrs were put to her largest which achieves the greatest good to the point of production; if her fisheries and her greatest number is the standard by which all forests were made to yield the proportion to these matters are regulated. Commercial the commerce of the continent which their union with the Cnited States would confer, value bears to the total wealth of the world ; if in a greater degree, a greater good, upon a her mines, the giant power that is now asleep, greater number, than almost anything it is awoke to the wealth-producing force which possible to conceive of, while the advantages they possess ; and if our manufacturers could are so numeious, the possibilities so great, shake off the timid fears which now encom- and the progress of nearly all material inte- pass them, and, standing up like men, meet rests so manifest as resulting from it, that it the incoming tide of prosperity in proper t eeras difficult to regard with any seriousness spirit, and seek advantage in the larger mar- the objections urged against it. kets afforded them—if all these elements In a very imperfect way, Mr. Wiman said, could be thus developed, what better pros- he had attempted to sketch the advantages to pect need one desire for one's country. Giving Canada of free markets in the United States, to the United States, as you then would, five and the free development in Canada that would or ten limes the value that you now give result therefrom. He felt that he had done them, there would also be an absorptive the subject scant justice, because of its mag- power of what they have to offer. Their nitude. It was impossible on any one occa manufactures would, of course, find a market sion to compress all that ought to be said, or here; their merchants would trade in this could be said, reararding this vast question. direction, and they would seek, by every If a great war were necessary to accomplish a means that they possessed, to develop their puroose so vast as could be got by commercial commerce in the northern part of the .union, a great war would be Justified. Eng- continent, just as they are now doing land, many a time, has spent millions of in the western and southern portions treasure and thousands of lives, to accomplish of it. Of course, it will be said that an object far less comprehensive than would if the Yankee manufacturer and the be accomplished by complete freedom of trade Yankee merchant are let free into Canada on the great continent of America. In the he will crowd out the Canadian manu- United States it has been said that, so far as facturer and the Canadian merchant. Well, advantage was concerned, the benefits which all that need be said in reply to that is that if would accrue to them from free intercourse Canadians cannot hold their own when the with Canada would, from a financial point of conditions are all equal, they don't deserve view, be far greater than that which resulted the name of Canadians. It's the first time in from retaining within the Union the South- the history of this mighty country that such ern States, which, as you know, was done an admission has been made. If the pluck by a vast expenditure of blood and treasure. and spirit which conquered Canada has de- It has only just began to dawn upon the pal ted from it, it is time we introduced some minds of thinking people in the United new material. If the sons of the sturdy back- States, that Canada was even a larger coun- woodsman, who attacked the giant forests and try than their own ; that in variety of re- hewed out his way from povertv and hardship source in riches of all kinds, she possessed to comfort and prosperity amid such tremen- the poteutiaUties of a growth quite as great, dous disadvantages, are not now able to com- if not greater, than of their own country. To pete with these Yankees on everything they participate in that development, and to aid it undertake, then it is time to build a high wall by every legitimate means, woii'd be a great and keep out any body that can teach her 'advantage to the United States. Canada was people something else than how to grow rich 'in a certain sense a treasure house from by trading jack-knives with, each other, and which could be d' awn just the things that the how to rise to be a great people except by United States most needed, and which could lifting yourselves up by your boot straps. be made in the highest degree contributory The talk that any class of Canadians cannot to her progress. If, as Grip in his last splendid hold their own against any other people on "cartoon suggests, the genius of the age could the broad face of the earth finds no echo in sweep away the long line of custom houses the minds of that vast host of our fellow- between the two countries, and they could be countrymen who have already found a home 2 18 COMMERCIAL UNION. In the u&iteAfittatea. Hundreds of thousand! patrimony in the future. \mi r df Canadians in the United Btatet find do mother knows full well that while aucb s difficulty in holding then? own side by aide struggle Impends, the attractions of tl willi the Yankees. AjfV w in kineii, an me- market across the border will have tu be chanics, as skillrd laborers, as railroad men n slated to retain her child beside bar, t<> have <>f trust iiim telegraph operators, la positions ami to soothe ber declining .\ cars, snd repay, responsibility, andtootarpying the very besl by in- steady anpport, in ber old age, for ber places In the land, yon And every bere snl devotion to lii tu in his childhood i if there I be oattl e born ( lanadlan, n But, the little one that lays In her ways respected, alw sya sell reaper ting, some Little girl If the char blue I times -imicwhai assertive, bnl always self< the httic baby girl look Inquiringly Into reliant, and abundantly able to bold bis own (in mother's anxious [ace, what fate does \ wliat ni I B*ier< in a lair Held. Have you Bl rcalt/ed there I Why, If bet brothers and hall ,,| an enonnoos aumberot Canadians there srs the hoys the lit i lt hhorhood are hav- who )ia\ e already sonsjht the benefits of oom> ing the countiy, huw hopeless Is her life merolal union wltb the i nited Btates. it likciv to in. Theobanees for tin- babv girl may be doubted it iii the blstory ol any ooun. are immensely U isened for s oaefnl woman- try—especially a young country so large a i I. The sweet love that brightens life may proportion of the total population lias In ho Dever oome t<» her. The delicious odors of shoil a lime sou-hi home outside ol it. mow n seem. • i «• 1 ii. are seme figures by the c< asna showing |0V( . of tin forest the the enormous leapsaod 1 ida in the Increase ted with that most Joyous pari of life, oi the Canadian element In the neighboring w hen love and betrothal thiowsahalo overall Republic: th> world. The budding womanhood will Census of I860 Canadians In C. 8., 249,970 wait in vain for the Sturdy fanner boy who I ol 1870 should win hit . ami the life that should be census of 1880 717,187 full of joy. of noble companionship, may go Census of I8£ sd 950,000 out wiiii loneliness and sadness. Mothers it ma] be readily believed that now. in must think of these things, and with far fully one million of our ow n ] pie seeing vision which a mother's love will have hit Canada, and have taken up promnt, should take an Interest in thi* their Abode in a foreign land -a million movement, the effect of which would be to out of :ti\e millions what a tremendous keep the boys at home, ami thus secure the proportion for a counti [>piu< *a and the future of the sweel girls ' f advantages thai Canada - air land. Qod bless then all, and the most dea erate efforts are being made to help forward the good cause thai will fulfil attract Immigration, surely there is some- the mothers holy prayer for conteotmenl thins; wrong when one recalls the fact that and happiness ol tb bo bar. No notw Ithstanding the enormona exp< nditures ealamll • bappt d to community which bave been made, and the hea\ y burden than not t . beep the young men at homi ol taxation which all in Canada have to carry, any statesmanship that results in making that the beat and mosl promising portion of Ca attractive to her yonng the population seek a home and a future else- men than the neighboring nation where. If commercial union coul lure, no matter how btilliant it may plish nothing else than keep our young men he In other respects Nothing would so at houie.it would be a boon oi the greatest much tend to keep her young men at bomeas magnitude. For there is not a mother in this unrestricted reciprocity with the United ut dreads the day when her States. Fri 6 markets fOT I 'ana Man products buy, her precious boy, will look with longing in the constellation of commonwealths just •rder. What is the future over the border would bring Bucb a i on the farm for the little blue-eyed baby that for effort bere that success and contentment looks up into its mother's face. The vista of would soon take the Jure and dis- the future to the mother, if the little one content. Talk of patriotism—prate of loyalty his is a boy. that be will at best inherit his —why, he is the only patriot that seeks father's fate. She knows how hard the country's good— he Is only truly loyal who father has had to work to get them a seeks the enrichment of the vast army of living; how early and how late he has producers that make up the wealth o had to toil to make ends meet; how dreadful ada ; and if this can be accomplished without ]ia> been the burden of the store debt, getting making any change in his allegiance— if. larger every year; and with what foreboding under the British flag, with a sturdy love for the yearly interest on the mortgage is con- British traditions, he can accomplish the templated. She. too, well knows how careful revolution that opens up the markel she has to be with every dollar she expends. vast continent, in the name of all that is aud -with what frugality and closeness they great and all that is good, why should he not all have to live in order to leave her boy any be permitted to do bo .'