DOCSLIB.ORG

Longshore Sediment Transport Rates on a Reef-Fronted Beach: Field Data and Empirical Models Kaanapali Beach, Hawaii Dolan Eversole and Charles H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Longshore Sediment Transport Rates on a Reef-Fronted Beach: Field Data and Empirical Models Kaanapali Beach, Hawaii Dolan Eversole and Charles H Journal of Coastal Research 19 0 000±000 West Palm Beach, Florida Season 0000 Longshore Sediment Transport Rates on a Reef-Fronted Beach: Field Data and Empirical Models Kaanapali Beach, Hawaii Dolan Eversole and Charles H. Fletcher Department of Geology and Geophysics School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawaii 1680 East West Rd. POST 721 Honolulu, HI 96822, USA [email protected] ¯[email protected] ABSTRACT EVERSOLE, D. and FLETCHER, C.H., 2003. Longshore sediment transport rates on a reef-fronted beach: ®eld data and empirical models Kaanapali Beach, Hawaii. Journal of Coastal Research, 19(0), 000±000. West Palm Beach (Flor- ida), ISSN 0749-0208. Longshore sediment transport (LST) measured at monthly beach pro®les on Kaanapali Beach, Maui is compared to three predictive models. We observe cumulative net sediment transport rates of approximately 29,379 64400 m3/yr to the north and 22,358 61300 m3/yr to the south for summer and winter respectively. Kaanapali Beach experiences a net annual rate of 7,021 6700 m3/yr to the north and a gross annual rate of 51,736 65100 m3/yr. Transport models, namely CERC (1984), CERC, 1991 (GENESIS) and KAMPHIUS (1991) predict net annual LST rates at 3 3 103 percent, 77 percent and 6 3 103 percent of the observed rates respectively. The success of the Genesis model is attributed to its ability to account for short-term changes in near-shore parameters. The use of CERC (1984) is prone to practical errors in its application including use of the recommended K coef®cient and wave averaging that may signi®cantly overestimate LST. The use of KAMPHIUS (1991) is more sensitive to beach slope and wave period than CERC (1984) and may over-predict transport on steep sloped beaches with high wave energy. Presence of fringing reef signi®cantly affects the ability of LST models to accurately predict sediment transport. When applying CERC (1984, 1991) and KAMPHIUS (1991) formulas, functional beach pro®le area available for sediment transport is assumed much larger than actually exists in Kaanapali. None of the models evaluated account for the presence of a reef system. This may contribute to overestimations of LST as they assume the entire pro®le is mobile sediment. However, the fact that CERC (1991) underestimates the observed transport implies that environmental parameters employed in these models (such as wave height, direction and period) play a more substantial role than the in¯uence of the reef in model results. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Longshore sediment transport, sediment transport modeling, fringing reef, beach pro- ®les, coastal erosion, Hawaii, beaches. INTRODUCTION We describe the dominant spatial and temporal patterns of sediment transport and volume variability and evaluate Many coastal science and engineering studies attempt to three commonly used Longshore Sediment Transport (LST) predict rates of longshore and cross-shore sediment trans- formulas: (CERC, 1984; KAMPHIUS, 1991; and The Army port. The scope of predictive formulas are largely empirical Corps of Engineers (ACOE) Generalized Model For Simulat- and re¯ect results based on ®eld studies from around the ing Shoreline Change (GENESIS) model (CERC, 1991). We world (KOMAR and INMAN, 1970; DEAN, 1989; BODGE and ®nd the CERC (1991) model ®ts observations of LST best KRAUS, 1991; KRAUS et al., 1991; SHORT, 1999). Researchers while the CERC (1984) and KAMPHIUS (1991) models are have found that sediment concentration and transport at the prone to overestimate the observed longshore transport by breaker line is strongly in¯uenced by breaker type and thus roughly an order of magnitude. wave energy (KANA and WARD, 1980; NIELSEN, 1984; VAN RIJN, 1993). Field techniques for measuring total and sus- pended longshore sediment transport include sediment trac- ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING er, impoundment and streamer traps. Here we employ the Kaanapali Beach is located on the west coast of the island impoundment technique for comparison with three predictive of Maui, Hawaii in the lee of the dominant northeast trade longshore transport models. winds. Meteorological conditions of this coast are variable but The near-shore sediment transport system of Kaanapali typically calm with moderate trade winds and infrequent but Beach, Maui is examined using 13 monthly beach surveys. strong onshore storm winds (Kona Storms). The surrounding islands shelter the area from most swells except for three 02120 received and accepted in revision 21 November 2002. pronounced swell windows. The southern swell window rang- Longshore Sediment Transport Rates on a Reef-Fronted Beach Figure 1. Kaanapali Location Map and Swell Windows. es from approximately 1808 to 2208, west swells 2608 to 2808 spur and groove features in the reef slope at depths of 10±20 while the northern swell window extends from 3508 to 308 m. At approximately 500 m intervals, the fringing reef is bro- (Figure 1). ken by shore-normal channels (Aawa) that direct the ¯ow of The area is exposed to an opposing bi-modal swell regime nearshore water and sediment seaward (Figure 2). The fring- that subjects the beach system to seasonal wave forcing from ing reef constitutes a geologic framework that plays a signif- opposite directions, while west swells rarely enter their re- icant role in the stability and replenishment of the beach sys- spective swell window. North Paci®c deep-water swells in the tem in this area. The southern portion of the study area is winter months can exceed 10 m in height with periods of up largely fronted by fringing fossil coral reef that restricts the to 25 s. Similarly south swells are commonly 1 to 3 m but sub-aqueous beach pro®le area actively involved in sediment can exceed 6 m in height with periods of up to 22 s ARMS- transport and can be idealized as a perched beach atop a TRONG (1983). Kona storms are locally produced low-pressure fossil reef. This shallow fringing reef truncates the surface systems that approach from the south or southwest. Kona area of the beach pro®le, reducing the total area that is avail- storms can generate wave heights up of 3 to 5 m and periods able for sediment exchange and mobilization. of 8 to 14 s. Although these storms occur infrequently, they The study area consists of a 4.6 km continuous carbonate are the cause of extensive coastal damage to south and west beach that is bisected by a prominent basalt headland, Kekaa facing shorelines (MAKAI OCEAN ENGINEERING,INC. and Point. Kekaa Point divides the area into two distinct littoral SEA ENGINEERING INC., 1991; ROONEY and FLETCHER, cells, the Honokowai cell to the north and the Kaanapali cell 2000). to the south with seasonal sediment impoundment occurring Shallow fringing reef (,1 m depth) dominates the northern on both sides. The beach is composed of moderately-sorted and southern extents of the study area with deeper outcrops carbonate sand with a minor basalt component (, 10 percent) of fossil reef (5±10 m depth) observed intermittently in the and a median grain size diameter of 0.23 mm. The beach central area. The fringing reef is composed of fossil reefal generally displays a steep foreshore slope (vertical: horizon- limestone and beachrock that dominate the reef ¯at and shal- tal) mean 1:8, and a gentler backshore (sub-aerial) slope low reef segments. Encrusting coralline algae and branching mean of 1:11. The foreshore slope was applied as input to the corals are found at deeper regions of the reef front forming LST models described. Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 19, No. 0, 0000 Eversole and Fletcher Figure 3. Cumulative pro®le volume change. Cumulative alongshore Figure 2. Kaanapali Beach fringing reef (gray shading), reef channels, volume change derived from pro®le volumes (vol , vol , etc.) Winter cu- beach survey locations and transport study area. 1 2 mulative volume change calculated from pro®le vol1 to vol5, while summer is calculated from vol5 to vol1. Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 19, No. 0, 0000 Longshore Sediment Transport Rates on a Reef-Fronted Beach Table 1. Beach pro®les March, 2000 to April 2001. Note the larger volumes and volume ranges of pro®les 5 and 6. Maximum Minimum Volume Mean Mean Volume Net Volume Volume Volume Range Volume Rate Change Change Pro®le (m3/m) (m3/m) (m3/m) (m3/m) (m3/m/month) (m3/m) 1 29.23 9.26 19.97 18.26 20.22 22.83 2 94.71 83.37 11.34 87.64 20.54 26.97 3 137.80 112.17 25.63 128.35 0.99 12.91 4 476.42 349.83 126.59 396.96 27.50 297.49 5 707.66 552.36 155.30 651.81 5.47 71.16 6 733.00 625.62 107.38 685.14 7.00 90.96 7 379.11 244.52 134.59 317.91 0.33 4.24 8 222.70 165.94 56.76 185.64 21.42 218.44 9 206.82 45.88 160.94 126.47 24.70 261.15 10 107.13 92.16 14.97 98.50 20.48 26.18 11 305.80 261.58 44.22 283.22 0.35 4.50 Mean 309.13 231.15 77.97 270.90 20.06 20.84 METHODOLOGY integrate over the entire area and reduce the effect of sea- sonal outliers, we calculate the cumulative net sum along- Monthly Beach Surveys shore as a proxy for longshore transport rates (Figure 3). Observations of monthly beach pro®le changes were col- lected at a series of 11 shore-normal beach pro®le transects Wave Data situated along the length of the study area. Thirteen monthly Wave parameters such as height, period and direction are surveys were performed from March, 2000 to April, 2001.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessing Long-Term Changes in the Beach Width of Reef Islands Based on Temporally Fragmented Remote Sensing Data
    Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 6961-6987; doi:10.3390/rs6086961 OPEN ACCESS remote sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Article Assessing Long-Term Changes in the Beach Width of Reef Islands Based on Temporally Fragmented Remote Sensing Data Thomas Mann 1,* and Hildegard Westphal 1,2 1 Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-421-2380-0132; Fax: +49-421-2380-030. Received: 30 May 2014; in revised form: 7 July 2014 / Accepted: 18 July 2014 / Published: 25 July 2014 Abstract: Atoll islands are subject to a variety of processes that influence their geomorphological development. Analysis of historical shoreline changes using remotely sensed images has become an efficient approach to both quantify past changes and estimate future island response. However, the detection of long-term changes in beach width is challenging mainly for two reasons: first, data availability is limited for many remote Pacific islands. Second, beach environments are highly dynamic and strongly influenced by seasonal or episodic shoreline oscillations. Consequently, remote-sensing studies on beach morphodynamics of atoll islands deal with dynamic features covered by a low sampling frequency. Here we present a study of beach dynamics for nine islands on Takú Atoll, Papua New Guinea, over a seven-decade period. A considerable chronological gap between aerial photographs and satellite images was addressed by applying a new method that reweighted positions of the beach limit by identifying “outlier” shoreline positions.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Parks Snorkeling Surfing Fishing
    Things to do in Florida Nature Parks Snorkeling Surfing Fishing Nature Parks Green Cay This nature center is the county’s newest nature canter that over- looks 100 acres of constructed wetland. Wakodahatchee Wetlands Is a park in Delray Beach with a three-quarter mile boardwalk that crosses between open water ponds and marches. Patch Reef Park & DeHoernle Park Parks in Boca Raton that have an abundant of sports and recreation facilities. Morikami Museum & Japanese Gardens The gardens at this Japanese cultural center in Delray Beach in- clude paradise garden, various styles of rock and Zen gardens, and a museum. Gumbo Limbo This Nature Center and Environmental Complex includes an indoor museum with fish tanks with fish, turtles, and other sea life. It is also known for rehabilitating and protecting sea turtles. *More information and website links are located on the last page. Snorkeling Blowing Rocks This is an environmental preserve on Jupiter Island in Hobe Sound. This peaceful, barrier island sanctuary is known for large-scale, native coastal habitat restoration. Lantana Beach Lantana is a coastal community in Palm Beach and 10 feet off shore there is a pretty good areas to snorkel. Red Reef Park A 67-acre oceanfront park in Boca Raton for swimming, snorkeling, and surf fishing that includes a nature center. Lauderdale-by-the-Sea Is known as “The Shore Diving Capital of South Florida”. There are two coral reef lines that are just a short swim from the beach. John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park The first undersea park that encompasses about 70 natural square miles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic, Social and Icon Value of the Great Barrier Reef Acknowledgement
    At what price? The economic, social and icon value of the Great Barrier Reef Acknowledgement Deloitte Access Economics acknowledges and thanks the Great Barrier Reef Foundation for commissioning the report with support from the National Australia Bank and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. In particular, we would like to thank the report’s Steering Committee for their guidance: Andrew Fyffe Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg Finance Officer Director of the Global Change Institute Great Barrier Reef Foundation and Professor of Marine Science The University of Queensland Anna Marsden Managing Director Prof. Robert Costanza Great Barrier Reef Foundation Professor and Chair in Public Policy Australian National University James Bentley Manager Natural Value, Corporate Responsibility Dr Russell Reichelt National Australia Bank Limited Chairman and Chief Executive Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Keith Tuffley Director Stephen Fitzgerald Great Barrier Reef Foundation Director Great Barrier Reef Foundation Dr Margaret Gooch Manager, Social and Economic Sciences Stephen Roberts Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Director Great Barrier Reef Foundation Thank you to Associate Professor Henrietta Marrie from the Office of Indigenous Engagement at CQUniversity Cairns for her significant contribution and assistance in articulating the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander value of the Great Barrier Reef. Thank you to Ipsos Public Affairs Australia for their assistance in conducting the primary research for this study. We would also like
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Reef Observations from a Manned Submersible Off Southeast Florida
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 44(2): 1041-1050, 1989 ARTIFICIAL REEF OBSERVATIONS FROM A MANNED SUBMERSIBLE OFF SOUTHEAST FLORIDA Eugene A, Shinn and Robert I. Wicklund ABSTRACT Examination of 16artificial reef structures with a two-person submersible in depths ranging from 30 to 120 m (100-400 ft) indicated that the highest numbers offish are found around reefs in water shallower .than 46 m (150 ft). Fewer fish, especially those with tropical coral reef affinities, below 46 m was probably caused by a thermocline, observed on all dives deeper than 43 m (140 ft). During 4 days in September 1987, temperatures from the surface down to approximately 43 m were 30° to 31°C (86°-88°F), whereas below 43 m the temperature dropped as low as 1O.6°C(51°F) at 120 m (390 ft). Algae and reef community encrusters (gorgonians, bryozoans, branching sponges, and corals), abundant on shallower structures, were absent below 46 m. Structures that penetrated above the thermocline, such as two upright oil "rigs" and a hopper barge, were also effective reefs. The open structure and high profile of the rigs enhance their use as artificial reefs by providing a range of well-aerated habitats. Any effect of substrate or post-deployment age on fish abundance could not be documented. Wood appeared to be a more effective fish-concentrating material but has a shorter useful life than does steeL The greatest diversity and numbers of fish were observed at the Miami sewer outfalL Numerous derelict ships and other material have been placed off southeast Florida for the purpose of enhancing fish stocks and sportsfishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Upwelling As a Source of Nutrients for the Great Barrier Reef Ecosystems: a Solution to Darwin's Question?
    Vol. 8: 257-269, 1982 MARINE ECOLOGY - PROGRESS SERIES Published May 28 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. / I Upwelling as a Source of Nutrients for the Great Barrier Reef Ecosystems: A Solution to Darwin's Question? John C. Andrews and Patrick Gentien Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia ABSTRACT: The Great Barrier Reef shelf ecosystem is examined for nutrient enrichment from within the seasonal thermocline of the adjacent Coral Sea using moored current and temperature recorders and chemical data from a year of hydrology cruises at 3 to 5 wk intervals. The East Australian Current is found to pulsate in strength over the continental slope with a period near 90 d and to pump cold, saline, nutrient rich water up the slope to the shelf break. The nutrients are then pumped inshore in a bottom Ekman layer forced by periodic reversals in the longshore wind component. The period of this cycle is 12 to 25 d in summer (30 d year round average) and the bottom surges have an alternating onshore- offshore speed up to 10 cm S-'. Upwelling intrusions tend to be confined near the bottom and phytoplankton development quickly takes place inshore of the shelf break. There are return surface flows which preserve the mass budget and carry silicate rich Lagoon water offshore while nitrogen rich shelf break water is carried onshore. Upwelling intrusions penetrate across the entire zone of reefs, but rarely into the Lagoon. Nutrition is del~veredout of the shelf thermocline to the living coral of reefs by localised upwelling induced by the reefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Coral Populations on Reef Slopes and Their Major Controls
    Vol. 7: 83-115. l982 MARINE ECOLOGY - PROGRESS SERIES Published January 1 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. l l REVIE W Coral Populations on Reef Slopes and Their Major Controls C. R. C. Sheppard Australian Institute of Marine Science, P.M.B. No. 3, Townsville M.S.O.. Q. 4810, Australia ABSTRACT: Ecological studies of corals on reef slopes published in the last 10-15 y are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on controls of coral distributions. Reef slope structures are defined with particular reference to the role of corals in providing constructional framework. General coral distributions are synthesized from widespread reefs and are described in the order: shallowest, most exposed reef slopes; main region of hermatypic growth; deepest studies conducted by SCUBA or submersible, and cryptic habitats. Most research has concerned the area between the shallow and deep extremes. Favoured methods of study have involved cover, zonation and diversity, although inadequacies of these simple measurements have led to a few multivariate treatments of data. The importance of early life history strategies and their influence on succession and final community structure is emphasised. Control of coral distribution exerted by their dual nutrition requirements - particulate food and light - are the least understood despite being extensively studied Well studied controls include water movement, sedimentation and predation. All influence coral populations directly and by acting on competitors. Finally, controls on coral population structure by competitive processes between species, and between corals and other taxa are illustrated. Their importance to general reef ecology so far as currently is known, is described. INTRODUCTION ecological studies of reef corals beyond 50 m to as deep as 100 m.
    [Show full text]
  • Bienvenido a Uno De Los Parques Acuáticos Más Grandes Y Más
    THE REEF ATLANTIS 22 PLAYA PARADISE THE COVE Acceso sólo para DOLPHIN ATLANTIS CAY huéspedes de Cove y Reef ENTRADAS AL RAPIDS RIVER 25 Bienvenido a uno de los parques acuáticos más 35 grandes y más espectaculares del mundo. 2 31 1 23 Sáquele el máximo a su visita usando este mapa de ROYAL doble cara y la guía informativa. Encontrará todos TOWERS 9 3 PLAYA los toboganes, piscinas, atracciones de río y COVE opciones para comer en el parque acuático, además 8 20 4 de sugerencias e información general que le 34 vendrán muy bien. ¡Diviértase! 7 32 14 15 5 POWER TOWER 17 19 (TORRE DEL PODER) 16 ATRACCIÓN RAPIDS RIVER 10 12 1 & 2 Entradas a Rapids River 7 Salida de los toboganes 11 3-8 Salidas de Rapids River de Power Tower 9 Final de Rapids River 13 TOBOGANES ACUÁTICOS 26 MAYAN TEMPLE MAYAN TEMPLE POWER TOWER (TEMPLO MAYA) (TEMPLO MAYA) (LA TORRE DEL PODER) 10 Leap of Faith (Salto de Fe) 14 The Abyss (El Abismo) 11 Serpent Slide (La Serpiente) 15 The Surge (El Oleaje) 12 Challenger Slide 16 The Drop (La Caída) 24 (Los Toboganes Retadores) 17 The Falls 18 29 13 Jungle Slide (La Caída Montaña Rusa) 21 (Los Toboganes Selváticos) 28 33 PISCINAS 18 Piscina Royal Baths 23 Piscina Baths Colonnade 21 Piscina Mayan Temple 24 Piscina Grotto 30 (Templo Maya) (Sólo Asientos 22 Piscina Cascades Preferenciales) (Acceso sólo para huéspedes 25 Piscina Cain en The Cove de Cove y Reef) (Acceso sólo para 6 huéspedes de The Cove) PLAYA LAGUNA PISCINAS PARA NIÑOS PLAYAS PARADISE SUR 19 Piscina Ripples Playa Cove 20 Piscina Splashers Playa Paradise Playas Laguna
    [Show full text]
  • Tips for a Snorkeling Adventure in the Virgin Islands National Park During Your Visit, You Have the Exciting Opportunity to Snor
    Tips For A Snorkeling Adventure In The Virgin Islands National Park During your visit, you have the exciting opportunity to snorkel on a coral reef and discover the underwater world. This is a wonderland where plants and animals interact to form a living coral reef community. If you start your adventure in Trunk Bay, be certain to follow the underwater trail starting from the north lifeguard stand. Markers along the trail pro­ vide information on corals and reef ecology. St. John offers many exciting snorkeling spots. Beginners should confine themselves to bays with lifeguard services; Hawksnest Bay, Trunk Bay, and Cinnamon Bay. Advanced snorkelers may want to explore Leinster Bay, Haulover Bay, Salt Pond Bay, Lameshure Bay, or Reef Bay. To make sure your adventure is a safe one please follow these safety tips and ask a lifeguard or park ranger for information. - Always swim and snorkel with a buddy. Take a friend for safety but also to share the discoveries and excitment of the underwater world. - The cool water can be deceiving; prevent sunburn by wearing a T-shirt while snorkeling. - Obtain instructions on use of snorkel equipment before setting out. - Relax, do not over extend yourself while snorkeling. - Secure your valuables before you enter the water. Possibly have a friend watch out for your belongings while you are in the water. - While fish feeding may be a fun activity this causes the fish to be aggressive and nip at unsuspecting snorkelers. Please let the fish exist in their natural environment. - Become familiar with but avoid touching the black sea urchins and fire coral.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scripps Oceanography 100 Island Challenge Developing Conservation Targets for Coral Reefs Globally
    The Scripps Oceanography 100 Island Challenge Developing conservation targets for coral reefs globally Principal Investigator: Stuart Sandin ([email protected]) Co-Principal Investigator: Jennifer Smith ([email protected]) Project Coordinator: Brian Zgliczynski ([email protected]) Website: 100IslandChallenge.org SUMMARY Coral reefs cover less than 0.1% of the Earth’s surface, yet are estimated to support greater than 25% of marine biodiversity. For the hundreds of millions of people living adjacent to coral reefs, this productive ecosystem provides important shoreline protection and critical food security. Alarmingly, a combination of local human influences and global climatic changes are altering the structure and functioning of many reef ecosystems. For years, our team at Scripps Institution of Oceanography has been working to establish a regional scale perspective of coral reef health, investigating how reefs are structured, how they change over time, and how we can better manage them in the face of global change. To accelerate this crucial effort, we have established a large-scale field campaign across the tropical Pacific and beyond that will generate critical data about reef ecosystems through time. By using a collection of survey technologies coupled with ecological theory and quantitative models, we will gain important insights into the relative condition of coral reefs from across locations, using large-scale geographic scope to provide context for comparisons across locations. By developing a rigorous and repeatable sampling protocol, especially with the inclusion and sharing of high-resolution data (fish, benthic, oceanographic) and novel reef visualization products (i.e., large-area ‘photomosaics’), we can inform and educate managers and other stakeholders about how their coral reefs function and what is needed to ensure that reefs persist into the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Fishing and Diving New Jersey Reefs
    A GUIDE TO THIRD EDITION FISHING AND DIVING NEW JERSEY REEFS Revised and Updated DGPS charts of NJ’s 17 reef network sites, including 3 new sites Over 4,000 patch reefs deployed A GUIDE TO FISHING AND DIVING NEW JERSEY REEFS Prepared by: Jennifer Resciniti Chris Handel Chris FitzSimmons Hugh Carberry Edited by: Stacey Reap New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Fish and Wildlife Bureau of Marine Fisheries Reef Program Third Edition: Revised and Updated Cover Photos: Top: Sinking of Joan LaRie III on the Axel Carlson Reef. Lower left: Deploying a prefabricated reef ball. Lower right: Bill Figley (Ret. NJ Reef Coordinator) holding a black sea bass. Acknowledgements The accomplishments of New Jersey's Reef Program over the past 25 years would not have been possible with out the cooperative efforts of many government agencies, companies, organizations, and a countless number of individuals. Their contributions to the program have included financial and material donations and a variety of services and information. Many sponsors are listed in the Reef Coordinate section of this book. The success of the state-run program is in large part due to their contributions. New Jersey Reef Program Administration State of New Jersey Jon S. Corzine, Governor Department of Environmental Protection Mark N. Mauriello, Acting Commissioner John S. Watson, Deputy Commissioner Amy S. Cradic, Assistant Commissioner Division of Fish and Wildlife David Chanda, Director Thomas McCloy, Marine Fisheries Administrator Brandon Muffley, Chief, Marine Fisheries Hugh Carberry, Reef Program Coordinator Participating Agencies The following agencies have worked together to make New Jersey's Reef Program a success: FEDERAL COUNTY U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Oceanography in Coral Reef Environments: Wave and Mean Flow Dynamics at Small and Large Scales, and Resulting Ecological Implications
    PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY IN CORAL REEF ENVIRONMENTS: WAVE AND MEAN FLOW DYNAMICS AT SMALL AND LARGE SCALES, AND RESULTING ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Justin Scott Rogers December 2015 © 2015 by Justin S Rogers. All Rights Reserved. Re-distributed by Stanford University under license with the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 United States License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/ This dissertation is online at: http://purl.stanford.edu/fj342cd7577 ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Stephen Monismith, Primary Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Rob Dunbar I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Oliver Fringer I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Curt Storlazzi Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies. Patricia J. Gumport, Vice Provost for Graduate Education This signature page was generated electronically upon submission of this dissertation in electronic format.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Barrier Reef
    PAPUA 145°E 150°E GULF OF PAPUA Dyke NEW GUINEA O Ackland W Bay GREAT BARRIER REEF 200 E Daru N S General Reference Map T Talbot Islands Anchor Cay A Collingwood Lagoon Reef N Bay Saibai Port Moresby L Reefs E G Island Y N E Portlock Reefs R A Torres Murray Islands Warrior 10°S Moa Boot Reef 10°S Badu Island Island 200 Eastern Fields (Refer Legend below) Ashmore Reef Strait 2000 Thursday 200 Island 10°40’55"S 145°00’04"E WORLD HERITAGE AREA AND REGION BOUNDARY ait Newcastle Bay Endeavour Str GREAT BARRIER REEF WORLD HERITAGE AREA Bamaga (Extends from the low water mark of the mainland and includes all islands, internal waters of Queensland and Seas and Submerged Lands Orford Bay Act exclusions.) Total area approximately 348 000 sq km FAR NORTHERN Raine Island MANAGEMENT AREA GREAT BARRIER REEF REGION CAPE Great Detached (Extends from the low water mark of the mainland but excludes lburne Bay he Reef Queensland-owned islands, internal waters of Queensland and Seas S and Submerged Lands Act exclusions.) Total area approximately 346 000 sq km ple Bay em Wenlock T GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK (Excludes Queensland-owned islands, internal waters of Queensland River G and Seas and Submerged Lands Act exclusions.) Lockhart 4000 Total area approximately 344 400 sq km Weipa Lloyd Bay River R GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK 12°59’55"S MANAGEMENT AREA E 145°00’04"E CORAL SEA YORK GREAT BARRIER REEF PROVINCE Aurukun River A (As defined by W.G.H.
    [Show full text]