Tropical Asian Streams Zoohenthos, Ecology and Conservation

• $ j;;;, " ili ltD. if.:!:. HONG KONG UNIVERSITY PRESS Hong Kong University Press 14/F Hing WaJ Centre 7 Tm Wan Praya Road Aberdeen, Hong Kong

© Hong Kong UOlverslty Press 1999

ISBN 962 209 469 4

All fights reserved. No portIon of this publicatIOn may be reproduced or transmitted 10 any form or by any means, electromc or mechamcal, mcludmg photocopy, recordmg, or any information storage or retrieval system, WIthout permISSIOn 10 wfltmg from the pubhsher.

Printed 10 Hong Kong by Nordica Prmtmg Co. Ltd. Conten:ts

Preface xu

1 Introduction 1

2 Scope 7

3 Ecological Overview 13 • Geomorphic Setting 13 Southeast Asia 13 The Indian Subcontinent 15 China 17 The East Indies 20 • Climate 20 • Discharge Regime 24 • Hydrochemistry 31 Composition 31 Spatial and temporal variation 36 -v Contents

• Transported Inorganic Load 39 • Transported Organic Load 42 • Benthic Organic Matter 46 Inputs and standing stocks 46 Decomposition and heterotrophy 48 • Primary Production 50 Phytoplankton 50 Periphyton 51 Macrophytes 53 • Zooplankton 54 • Zoobenthos 55 Composition in large rivers 55 Composition and distinctive elements in small rivers 57 Longitudinal zonation and microdistribution 59 Functional organization and the River Continuum Concept 63 Seasonality 70 Life-hIstory patterns and production 72 • Fish 75 Composition 75 Breeding 79 Feeding 82 • Floodplain Ecology 86 Biota and productivity 86 River-floodplain interactions 90

4 The Zoobenthos: A Systematic Review 93 • Key to Macroinvertebrate Groups 93 • Lower Invertebrates 99 Porifera 99 Cnidaria 100 Turbellaria 102 Nemertea 105 Nematoda 105 Nematomorpha 106 Ectoprocta (Polyzoa) 107 Polychaeta 111 Oligochaeta 112 Hirudinea 118 Branchio bdellida 127

VI Contents

• 129 Prosobranchia 129 Pulmonata 142 147 • Crustacea 161 Deca poda: Caridea 162 : Brachyura 177 Other 186 • Chelicerata 188 Hydrachnida 190 • Introduction to the Aquatic 197 • Ephemeroptera 207 216 o ligoneuriidae 233 Heptageniidae 235 Leptophlebiidae 253 Ephemerellidae 264 Caenidae 275 Ephemeridae 281 Polymitarcyidae 287 Potamanthidae 288 • Odonata 291 Zygoptera 303 Anisoptera 310 • Plecoptera 316 Perlidae 323 Peltoperlidae and Styloperlidae 328 Nemouridae 330 Leuctridae and other Plecoptera 332 • Heteroptera 334 Nepomorpha 338 Gerromorpha 351 • Trichoptera 356 373 376 377 381 386 389 392 395

VII Contents- 397 400 403 H ydropsychidae 405 421 Lepidostoma tidae 425 429 433 Helicopsychidae 434 Limnocentropodidae, Phyrganopsychidae, , , , and 435 Other 442 • Coleoptera 444 Dytiscidae 456 Gyrinidae 460 Noteridae and other Adephaga 462 Hydraenidae 464 Hydrophiliodea 464 Scirtidae 469 Eulichadidae and Ptilodactylidae 471 Psephenidae 472 Elmidae 476 Other Dryopoidea 482 Lampyridae and other Polyphaga 483 • Diptera 484 Nematocera: Tipulidae and Tanyderidae 490 Nematocera: Blephariceridae, Deuterophlebiidae and Nymphomyiidae 494 Nematocera: Simuliidae 495 Nematocera: Ceratopogonidae 498 Nematocera: Chironomidae 499 Other Nematocera 505 Brachycera 507 • Minor Aquatic Orders 509

5 Anthropogenic Threats 519 • River Regulation 521 River regulation in China 522 River regulation elsewhere in tropical i\"ia 537

VIII Contents

• Drainage-Basin Management 549 Tropical deforestation and river fisheries 555 • Pollution 558 • Extinctions 563 • Prospects 573

6 Experimental Design and Detection of Anthropogenic 577 Impacts in Streams • Choice of Biomonitors 578 • Confounding Effects of Environmental Variability In Streams 580 Longitudinal variation 580 Small-scale spatial heterogeneity 584 Inter-stream variability 585 Temporal variation in stream communities 587 • BACI and Beyond-BACI Designs 589 • Significance of Confounding Effects 590 Statistical power 591 Statistical errors and the 'burden of proof' 592 • Recommended Strategies 593

7 Process-Orientated Studies in Stream Ecology 597 • Descriptive Studies that Reveal Patterns 598 • Experimental Studies 602 • Restoration and Mitigation of Environmental Impacts 605 Restoration 605 Mitigation of stream-flow regulation 606 • Integrated Approaches to Stream and Drainage Basin Management 608 • Recommended Strategies 609

8 Concluding Remarks 611

References 617

Subject Index 777

Organism Index 789 -IX Introduction

We know surprisingly little about the ecology of tropical freshwaters in general, and tropical Asian rivers and streams in particular. This is despite the dependence of humans, livestock and agriculture upon streams and rivers in a region which is poor in natural lakes. The reliance is increased by the monsoonal climate of much of tropical Asia: rainfall and hence stream-flow patterns are strongly seasonal with marked wet and dry seasons. As a result, the region experiences periods of drought and water scarcity interspersed by times of plenitude when damaging floods may occur. This pattern has spurred attempts to regulate or control the flow of streams and rivers, a practice which has been prevalent for many centuries and has reached an apotheosis in recent schemes to dam the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) and Mekong Rivers. It is not surprising, therefore, that few - if any - rivers in tropical Asia remain in their original state. Ever-more ambitious river- engineering projects, driven by demands from burgeoning populations, are being undertaken to contribute to economic development which (it is hoped) will be fuelled by cheap hydroelectric power. These schemes will increase the magnitude and extent of human impacts on streams and rivers, many of which are already degraded by pollution and modification of their drainage basins by forest clearance, overgrazing, !2:J:lcal ASian Streams Zoobenthos, Ecology anc',::~o'1servatlo(1 urbanizatlOn and so on. Habitats have become altered in ways which we do not understand or appreciate fully simply because little was known about them before any changes took place. Loss of biodiversity is a matter for particular concern yet, apart from a few charismatic species (river dolphins, and certain fish such as the mahseer), threats of extinction and the concomitant requirement to frame effective conservation measures have received scant attention. There is thus a need to improve understanding of rivers and streams - whether man- modified or not - in order to provide the information required to predict the impacts of planned developments. We must also formulate environmental management practices which will ameliorate or reverse habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity. A necessary first step is to organize the scattered and often fragmentary information that is already available, so as to make apparent what is known about tropical Asian rivers and what we have yet to find out. That is one of the four main alms of this book. Its importance stems from the fact that the result" of much tropical freshwater research are not disseminated adequately because they are communicated in the form of reports or articles in journals with restricted local or regional circulation (Wilhams, 1988; 1994). Consequently, a great deal of worthwhile work is neglected. Boon (1995) has illustrated this point by analysing the references (n :: 1,356) cited in a recent publication on the Inland Waters of Tropical Asia and Australia: Conservation and Management (Dudgeon & Lam, 1994). Only 30% were from widely-circulated, international journals; most (56%) were from regional journals (22%), reports and theses (25%), or conference proceedings (9%), with the remainder cited from books (14%). There are at least two ways of approaching the study of nature. One tactic is to investigate a habitat or any circumscribed local environment with the aim of producing an inventory of the organisms found there, preferably with some indication of their relative abundance or population densities. Such data underpin efforts directed towards the conservation of biodiversity. The second approach concentrates upon what the organisms are doing in the habitat, and might involve measuring attributes of groups of which have similar interactions or use the same resources - such as predators or the animals which eat algae - but which are not necessarily closely related. In the first case we are asking descriptive questions: 'Which organisms live in the habitat? How many are there?' We label them using a scientific name, but without additional information this does not provide

2 IntroductIon us with any understanding of what is going on in the habitat. In the second case we ask: 'What are the organisms doing?' - a functional question. The two approaches are complementary, with the descriptive approach often preceding the functional one, but they are nonetheless distinct. The ecological literature exhibits a clear dichotomy between these approaches, and books tend to focus on either one or the other. If the main goal is to introduce the reader to descriptive studies and to assist in their execution, an identification manual (with keys and line drawings) would be the usual publication. If the functional approach is adopted, an introduction to ecological patterns and the processes bringing them about would be the subject of the text. In this book, a combination of both approaches is taken. Firstly, the features of tropical Asian running waters are addressed by adopting a functional approach to review their physical and chemical features, transport processes, the importance and fate of allochthonous and autochthonous orgamc matter, land-water interactions (particularly on floodplains), and the interactions between major groups of primary producers, consumers and decomposers. It is probably impossible for any individual to do justice to all aspects of stream ecology in a review, and my familiarity with smaller rivers and streams and benthic ecology may have led to an overemphasis on certain topics. Likewise, considerable space has been given to examples from Hong Kong where I have spent most of my research career. That said, I have attempted to review adequately all of the available literature and - given the lacunae in our knowledge of certain important processes (e.g. nutrient spiralling) and elements of the biota in Asian streams (e.g. the biofilm, the hyporheic fauna) - a fully-comprehensive treatment of stream ecology in the region is still some way off. The functional approach used for the review which constitutes the first part of this book then gives way to a systematic review of the benthic macroinvertebrates, or zoo benthos, of tropical Asian streams and rivers. These are typically the most diverse fauna of running-water habitats, and are used widely as biomonitors of environmental change in Australia, North America and Europe. The intention here is to provide information about - and keys to - the major taxa so as to facilitate their identification and quantification in streams and rivers throughout tropical Asia. The examples illustrated in this section are mostly Hong Kong species, but the keys and supporting biological data were written to be applicable beyond the territory. It is hoped that they will provide a basis for ecological studies or will underpin the use of the zoo benthos as biomonitors of water quality and habitat

3 !!::2E.!.coi ASian Streams Zoobe'ltho5, Ecology and S:::>nservatlon conditions. Thus the second goal of this book is to serve as a tool to further the descriptive study of zoobenthos in tropical Asian streams and rivers. The third objective of the book IS to review the anthropogenic threats to streams and rivers in the region. Such threats are all- pervasive, and thus such a review cannot be exhaustive. Particular attention has been paid to case studIes, including the Mekong River and streams in southern China. This review is followed by an account of sampling techniques and a description of experimental designs and sampling strategies needed for the detection of human impacts and environmental change in streams. This section i~ included because of the urgent need for well-designed, unambiguou'i studies of human impacts on streams in Asia. Resources for environmental monitoring and protection efforts are always limited; it therefore behoves us to undertake well-designed studies that test hypotheses about impacts (or, indeed, any ecological process) in a clear, parslmonious, objective and unambiguous fashion. Statistical analysis of the magnitude of putative impacts are also facilitated by good experimental design. The fourth goal of this book is therefore to alert researchers to some sampling strategies and experimental designs which will improve their ability to separate the effects of changes caused by human impacts from those resulting from natural spatial or temporal variations in streams. Application of these designs should improve our ability to detect impacts, and reduce the chances of declaring that a change is due to anthropogenic influences when in fact it has not. Suggestions are also made as to the types of process-orientated ecological studies which are needed to inform the efforts of those charged with managing, restoring or mitigating unpacts upon rivers and streams. The four objectives of this book are complementary and, it is hoped, will provide useful information and some of the methodological tools needed by researchers in the region. Much good science in Asia has been undertaken by individuals and small teams working on limited budgets under less-than-ideal conditions. While funding constraints are unlikely to disappear at any time in the near future, a shortage of books and journals, restricted library budgets and time limitations prevent many scientists from keeping abreast of the literature dealing with the systematics of the organisms they study, the ecology of the habitats where they are found, and the methodological approaches best suited to their investigation. This book was written to provide such information.

4 Introduction

In summary, the four goals of this book are: 1. To review the ecology of Asian rivers and streams, adopting a functional approach to describe the interactions between physico- chemical factors, transport processes, the origins and fate of organic matter, and major elements of the stream biota. An additional objective is to provide a compendium or guide to the relevant but widely-scattered ecological literature. 2. To provide a systematic account of the composition of the zoobenthos to facilitate their identification and further study; 3. To give an account of the major human impacts upon tropical Asian streams and rivers. 4. To suggest appropriate research strategies for assessing environmental impacts and undertaking process-orientated investigations of stream ecology.

Throughout this book, the terms 'river' and 'stream' are used interchangeably, with 'stream' being the preferred generic label for running waters. Where one term is used in preference to the other in describing a particular water course, it should be understood that a stream is simply a small river.

5 Scope

In 1984, the Brazilian limnologist J.G. Tundisi wrote of the general perception that our knowledge of tropical freshwaters was far less than was required to understand the mechanisms and processes operating in these ecosystems (Tundisi, 1984). It is certainly less than is desirable and needed for their proper conservation and management (Williams, 1988; 1994). A perennial obstacle to tropical research, Tundisi asserted, was difficulty in obtaining even the basic literature. He exhorted colleagues to disseminate information in the form of reviews and critical syntheses on a regional basis. Such regional syntheses could deal with systematics, biological processes, and ecosystem functioning drawing upon the limited examples available. In that spirit, this book was written. The freshwater ecology of tropical Asia is not well known (Fernando, 1984a; Dudgeon & Lam, 1994; Boon, 1995; Dudgeon, 1995a), despite Dussart's (1974) review of the pre-1970 literature concerning to inland waters of the region. Lotic habitats (i.e. rivers and streams) have received less attention than standing waters (Crisman & Streever, 1995), notwithstanding the fact that an Asian biologist (Hora, 1923, 1927, 1936) was among the earliest investigators of the stream fauna. For example, Lim (1980) has drawn attention to the

7 ASian Streams Zoobenthos, r-rrW)r", and C )nservatlon paucity of mformation on Malaysian freshwaters, while Radhakrishna (1984) described the study of the inland waters of the Indian subcontinent as '... a virgin field .. .', stating that '. .. the basic knowledge concerning the systematics and ecology of various groups of aquatic animals is still unsatisfactory'. An exception to this generalization is Sri Lanka where the freshwater fauna is better known systematically than that of other tropical countries (Mendis & Fernando, 1962; Fernando, 1984b; 1990). Here too, however, new fish species are still being discovered (Pethiyagoda, 1994) and studies of the ecology of streams and rivers of the island are not well advanced. Information on the ecology of tropical Asian rivers and streams is fragmentary, and there have been few attempts to gather data about entire communities within particular habitats or to investigate temporal changes over seasonal and annual cycles (but see Bishop, 1973; Furtado & Mori, 1982; Dudgeon, 1992a). Even basic information - such as the longitudinal zonation of fauna - has yet to be gathered for the major rivers of the region. Tropical Asian rivers are made up of a variety of habitats and are host to a diverse array of organisms but, at present, we have no complete studies of any tropical Asian river system of any size. What variety of organisms occur in which habitat type is known in a few cases only, and we have yet to measure how much each habitat contributes to the productivity of the river as a whole. The picture is complicated by the fact that certain fishes and shrimps use various habitats at different times, and some of these habitats are inundated for part of the year only. Further complexity is introduced by year-to-year variations in rainfall which alter the extent and duration of floodplain inundation, and the magnitude of land-water interactions. Furthermore, much of the available data have been generated from studies which were initiated after habitats had become polluted, and were concerned more with documenting the extent of local species loss or environmental degradation than with the composition or functional relationships of the lotic biota. This reflects, in part, a paucity of support for basic ecological research, but is probably due also to the lack of an overall conceptual structure that might serve as a theoretical underpinning for studies of river and stream ecosystems. The importance of this point can be understood by considering the development of lotic ecology. The first, widely-available, English-language text dealing with lotic ecology was Noel Hynes' encyclopedic The Ecology of Running Waters published in 1970 (Hynes, 1970). A wide range of information from an extensive array of sources was synthesized in that volume, providing

8 a well-integrated overview of the field. Hynes' work contributed a firm foundation of knowledge and thereby facilitated the development of innovative research strategies that would further our understanding of lotic habitats. Later investigations gave rise to an appreciation that rivers and streams are the focus of catchment processes, subject to the behaviour of elements within the drainage basin (Hynes, 1975; Vannote et at., 1980; Davies & Walker, 1986). Fish and other animals can range widely throughout the aquatic system exploiting different resources, or may use the same resource at different times or places. It therefore became evident that the appropriate focus for understanding and managing rivers and streams was the drainage basin as a whole rather than the aquatic environment (or segments of it) in isolation. This focus was made explicit in the River Continuum Concept (Vannote et at., 1980; Minshall et al., 1983, 1985) which has stimulated research by stream biologists in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand during the last 15 years, and provided a unifying structure against which ideas could be generated and hypotheses tested (e.g. Cushing et al., 1995). Conceptual advances such as this have initiated the transformation of freshwater science from a primarily descriptive discipline to one which has a predictive component that can be brought to bear in formulating strategies for basic and applied research including river conservation and management. Of particular relevance in this book will be the use of the River Continuum Concept (RCC) to provide an underlying structure for a review of our knowledge of streams and rivers in tropical Asia. My main objectives will be to summarize what is known about these lotic habitats, and to show where data are lacking. An additional aim will be to determine whether and how tropical Asian streams and rivers differ from their counterparts elsewhere. The geographical scope of this book is tropical Asia, a region which lacks discrete physical boundaries but can be defined approximately as those areas experiencing a monsoonal climate and possessing a fauna belonging chiefly to the Oriental Region. The area encompassed extends from west of the Indus River eastward along the Himalaya Mountains to the China Sea at the mouth of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River), and eastward in the Indies into Wallacea to include Sulawesi (the Celebes) and New Guinea (Fig. 2.1). The incorporation of China south of the Chang Jiang in the Oriental Region follows Banarescu (1972), and concords with demarcation line between the Palaearctic and Oriental mammal fauna of eastern China (Huang, 1985). Coincidentally, this division is consistent with the observation

9 that two rice crops each year are possible south of the Chang Jiang, but only one north of it (Yang & Morse, 1987). Studies on the biogeography of Chinese fishes (Li, 1981) and Asian (Schmid, 1966; Dudgeon, 1987a; Yang & Morse, 1988) confirm that the northern boundary (around 30oN) represents a transition zone for the freshwater fauna. The inclusion of New Guinea is justified on the basis that the great majority of the island's fauna (especially insects) is of Oriental derivation (Gressitt, 1982). For example, the freshwater palaemonid and atyid shrimps of New Guinea include mainly species with a wide geographical distribution, the island forming the eastern - not western - limits of their range (Holthuis, 1982).

11 Concluding Remarks

Even if the research strategies advocated in Chapters 6 and 7 of this book were taken up by biologists, stream conservation will be possible only when they are combined with a move beyond the bailiwick of science into the political arena. If they are to succeed, ecologically- viable management strategies for tropical Asian streams must take account of socioeconomic contexts; in particular, the pressure of increasing human populations and the desire for economic growth which drive development and urbanization. While the 1997 depression of Asian economies may slow growth temporarily, it will do nothing to lessen the forces driving such growth. Socioeconomic advancement in many tropical countries must proceed as a way of reducing poverty, disease and deprivation, and the '. . . fact that the safeguarding of biodiversity is a desirable goal for the whole world is meaningless to the tens of millions who live on the edge of starvation .. .' (Zuckerman, 1992) is inescapable. Unfortunately, development almost inevitably brings in its train new environmental problems. There is thus every likelihood that ecosystems will continue to be degraded and biodiversity will decline until such a time that they can be assigned an economic value and factored into the costs of developments (Dudgeon et al., 1994). This means that the 'indirect use value' of environmental

611 Tropical ASian Streams Zoobenthos, Ecology and Conservation functions provided by stream ecosystems needs to be estimated (Aylward & Barbier, 1992; Dugan, 1994b); i.e. some economic value must be put on streams. A stress can be placed upon high-value functions such as fisheries support, since river fisheries provide the principal source of protein for many rural societies (Dugan, 1994b). Putting an economic value on the biota and its functions will not, on its own, prevent further degradation of tropical Asian stream ecosystems. Neither will publication of more and better research, or a more frequent adoption of experimental approaches to stream ecology. Inevitably, scientists will have to address political issues in order to influence policy-makers and the populace at large. If we are to be effective in this regard, we must ensure that the scientific data and predictions about ecological change and environmental impacts are rigorous. If we lack understanding of the processes and mechanisms underlying observed patterns or changes in streams, or if we use inadequate designs to test for environmental impacts, then compelling and ngorous scientific assessments or predictions are not possible, and disputes are promoted. Any uncertainty arising from poor design or inadequate functional understanding means that reasonable arguments can be made for and against the incidence of a 'real' effect because of the lack of unequivocal evidence. Ecologists and conservationists cannot be effective in the political arena unless they have at hand rigorous and unbiased data - based upon appropriate monitoring designs and research strategies - which can be analysed unequivocally thereby avoiding disputes among interested parties. If we fail to rise to this challenge, then we will witness a dilution of the scientific input into public debates that incorporate the wider socioeconomic or political issues relating to stream conservation and management. To be effective advocates of stream ecosystems, we must enhance (and maintain) the rigour of our research strategies. Decision-makers in government and state organizations must be informed of our findings and made aware of a number of key facts (after Williams, 1994): 1. That stream ecosystems (indeed, all inland waters) are of considerable economic, cultural, aesthetic, educational and scientific value. 2. Water resources can be (and are being) significantly degraded in value, sometimes irreparably so. 3. The conservation and management of stream ecosystems both for present and future generations is manifestly in the interests of the government or state. 4. Effective conservation and management of stream ecosystems is

612 Concluding Remarks

possible only when based upon a thorough scientific knowledge of them.

To conclude, we must assess impacts and undertake ecological process-orientated studies in as rigorous a manner as is possible. Obviously, better management of ecological resources will occur if there is an improved understanding of the organization and function of aquatic systems - especially if 'ecological health' can be invoked as a goal of environmental management (Courtemanch, 1994). In this regard it is important that we address the nature of the link between aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The existence of such a link is implicit in the RCC, yet we do not know the form of the relationship between these two variables, nor do we know how much biodiversity (if any) can be lost before ecosystem functioning is impaired. Perhaps there is much redundancy in functional roles among different taxa so that replacement of one by another is possible. If so, it might be argued that species- or generic-level identification of (say) benthic invertebrates is irrelevant in many instances. If, however, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity are inextricably linked, then our options and approaches to environmental management must take full account of this fact. We do not know which of these possibilities matches reality more closely and, while wise counsel dictates that we assume that all components of biodiversity have functional significance, in the longer term we must determine whether this is, in fact, the case. The relationship between biodiversity and ecological function is fundamental, and one which we should understand sufficiently well to allow prediction of the wider consequences of species loss. Decision-makers and the public are certain to expect us to be able to accomplish this much. Our knowledge of the ecology of tropical Asian streams is nowhere near as complete as we would like, but stream biologists will nevertheless be asked for their professional judgement about possible environmental impacts on habitats, and ways by which impacts might be mitigated. Clearly, we will have to give advice in situations were data are ambiguous, or even lacking, because a delay in offering an opinion could lead to irreversible changes in ecosystems. It is, for example, most unlikely that industrial development or civil-engineering projects along the banks of tropical Asian rivers will cease until scientists have at hand all of the data they need to render an informed opinion about the consequences of a proposed development. Moreover, this assumes that research funding to obtain such information will become

613 Tr0plcol ASian Streams Zoobenthos, Ecology and Conservation available; past experience gives us little confidence that funding will ever be anything but extremely limited. Pollution and river regulation are often irreversible processes and a delay in proffering advice may mean that streams are degraded beyond their capacity to recover. It thus behooves us to provide scientific advice whenever and wherever possible, notwithstanding the uncertainty with which we make our judgements. The information provided should be appropriately focused, achieving a balance between the ideal and the achievable, recognizing the functioning of river basins and not merely river channels (Boon, 1992). Clearly, it will be helpful if the input is unequivocal, authoritative and simple (but not simplistic). A pragmatic approach is essential (and has been advocated to marine biologists by Warwick, 1993), although we must be mindful of the words of Slobodkin (1988) that ' ... it is by no means obvious that crudely imperfect advice is more valuable than none at all'. We should, of course, maintain the highest levels of scientific rigor and objectivity, but a refusal to participate in public debate and decision-making processes because we lack some of the data will do nothing to prevent the on-going despoliation of streams and rivers throughout tropical Asia. Notwithstanding the need for more research, decisions taken by legislators and politicians concerning tropical Asian rivers will have a greater impact on the future of these ecosystems than any amount of ecological work. The biological solutions to many environmental problems are within reach, given the political will and suitable legislation. To quote McNeely (1987): ' ... environmentalists often behave as if the progression from knowledge to action should somehow be automatic, but experience has taught the hard lesson that conduct of governments is not directly guided by ecological science, or even objective logic ... '. Moreover, ecologically-viable management strategies will fail if they do not address socioeconomic and cultural contexts, or are considered in isolation from the aspirations of the local populace. The implications are clear: we must continue to contribute to the academic development of stream biology, but make greater efforts to disseminate our knowledge of river ecosystems and communicate with those planning large-scale developments as well as those whose activities have a direct effect on the ecosystems at issue. As Caldwell (1985) puts it: ' ... what is needed, but is not present, is a popular movement, fundamentally political, to translate the 'oughts' and 'shoulds' of environmental findings and declarations into workable and widely acceptable programmes of action ... .'. Development of effective dialogue which will influence or affect politicians will not be easy and

614 Concluding Remarks may divert efforts away from research. Nevertheless, further habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity will result from a failure to engage in wide-ranging discourse. We must now weigh our priorities. Should we increase output of learned papers, while ignoring the realpolitik of conservation and management in tropical Asia? Or, should we devote more effort to communicating the relevance and importance of our science, even if this means we spend less time publishing research papers? It may be argued that this choice is a false dichotomy, but I believe that a more focused approach to our science is required. It is no longer appropriate (if, indeed, it ever was) to devote ourselves solely to spawning manuscripts which begin with statements like 'Not much is known about the bi"ology of ... .'. There must be a greater attempt to generate ideas, hypotheses or theories which will have direct application to stream conservation and management. Perhaps this change will come about only when we recognize many of the engineering projects along Asian rivers for what they are: giant, unreplicated, experiments in environmental management. They should be treated as such, and studied so that we can learn from them how to better understand and ameliorate their environmental effects. This approach may provide our best chance of preserving many stream ecosystems into the next century and beyond.

615 Subiectlndex

To facilitate use of this book, the index includes bnef defmitions of terms which may be unfamiliar to the general reader. Entries relating to invertebrate anatomy indicate places in the text where body parts are figured or structures are described.

Abdominal markings (of larval Aquarium trade 146, 566 Baetidae) 223 ArtifiCial propagatiOn (see also Acidity (see also pH) 85 Aquaculture; ex SItu conservation) Air movements (see also Monsoons) 530, 531 22 Artificial (and/or introduced) Alkalinity 36, 38, 130, 163 substrates 71, 585, 594 Aluminium 37 Antennal spine (of Decapoda) 164 BACI designs 589-590, 593, 594 Apotome (of ) 368 Bangladesh National Flood Action Appendix interna (of Decapoda) 164 Plan 539, 554, 568 Appraisal optimism 544, 545 Barrages 81, 538, 541, 564, 569 Aptery 317,333,335 Farakka Barrage 538 of Heteroptera 342, 343, 350, 351, Basis (of Decapoda) 164 353, 355 Bedload transport 39, 40 Aquaculture (see also Artificial Benthic organic matter (see also propagation) 17, 78, 528, 531, Detritus) 46-49 545, 565, 573 Bicarbonate 32, 34, 35, 36, 130

777 Sub,eel Index

Biodiversity 2, 75, 180, 540, 545, Check dams 551 555, 556, 557, 563, 564, 566, Chelipeds (= chelate peraeopods of 573,577,598,609,611,613,615 Decapoda) 162 Bwindicators (see also Bio- China (geomorphic setting) 17-20 momtoring; Environmental impact CITES 565 assessment) 174, 194, 562 Climate (of tropical Asia) 20-24 'Biologically dead' 560 Clypeus (of insects) 450 Biomass 47,49,50,52, 55, 57, 66, Collector-gatherer functional-feeding 68, 73, 74, 85, 87, 88, 91, 156, group 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 254, 172, 295, 485, 551, 579 275, 350, 364, 495, 499 Biomonitoring (see also BIO- Collectors (see Collector-gatherer and indicators; Environmental impact Filter-feeder functional-feeding assessment) 3, 364, 562, 578, groups) 579, 597, 602, 604 Commensals 128, 156, 201, 209, Bivalves as egg repositories for fish 501 156 Competition 84,85, 131,517,603, Bivalves as hosts for Hirudinea, 604, 609 Hydrachmda, etc. 126, 156, 190, Container habitats 469, 507 209, 233 Conservation 2, 7, 9,61, 89, 521, Blackwaters 32, 38, 89, 91, 563, 529,530,539,541,549,555,563- 564, 566 573,577,578,580,591,592,598, Branchiostegal spine (of Decapoda) 599,602,608,609,611-615 164 Coprophagy 495 Branchiostegal suture (of Decapoda) Courtship behaviour (see Mating 164 behaviour) Brood chamber (of Bivalvia) 149, Coxa (of insect legs) 203 155, 159, 160 CPOM (= coarse particulate organic Brood pouch (of Gastropoda) 130, matter; see also Detritus) 45,46, 133, 135, 141 67 Bubble-nest building 80, 88 Ctenidia (of Bivalvia) 148 Buffer strips (see also Riparian forest) 601 Dactyl (of Decapoda) 164 Burrowing behaviour (of Dams (see also Barrages; Reservoirs) Ephemeroidea) 286, 287 62, 81, 409, 521-549, 551, 553, Byssus (of Bivalvia) 153, 154, 161 564, 568, 569, 571, Bakun 540 Calcium 32, 34, 35,36, 38, 130, Chang Jiang Low Dam 525, 489, 508 526, 530, 531 Carpus (of Decapoda) 164 Chenderoh 563 Case-bUilding habits (of caddisflies) Chisapani Gorge 553 363, 429 Danjiangkou 531 Cavernicolous (see Hypogean) Gezhouba (see Chang Jiang Low Cephalic fans (= labral fans of Dam) Simuhidae) 495, 496 Kratie 543 Cervical gills (of Plecoptera) 319 Lam Dom Noi 543

778 Subleet Index

Mangla 41, 554 Dispersal 198, 296, 445, 608 Manwan 542 Disturbance (see also Flood flows; Nam Ngum 56, 542, 545, 544, Spates) 71, 556, 583, 603-605, 546 610 Nam Pong 543, 547 'press' disturbance 583 Nam Theun 543, 544, 545 'pulse' disturbance 583 Pa Mong 541, 543 DOM (= dissolved orgamc matter) Pak Mun 546 44, 543 Prek Thonot 543 Drainage basin management 549- Sardar Sarovar 538 558, 608-610 Srepok 543 Drift (of stream animals) 71, 75 Stung Battambang 543 Drumming behavIOur (of Plecoptera) Stung Treng 543 316 Tarbela 41, 554 Tehri 553 East Indies (geomorphic setting) 20 Xeset 544 Ecdysis (of msects) 199 Yali Falls 545 Economic and SOCIal Commission for Damaging fishing practices 557 Asia and the Pacific 541 Defensive compounds (secreted by Economic valuation (of the aquatic Coleoptera) 456 environment) 611, 612 Deforestation (see also Forest cover; Ectoparasites (see also Parasites) Logging) 1,30,35,40,519,528, 119, 126, 127, 128, 149, 152, 545,549-552,555-558,564,571 190, 495, 498, 501 Deposit-feeders 64, 65, 112 Ectosymbiosis (= livmg on the bodies Descriptive studies of stream ecology of other animals; see also Phoresy) 598-602 128, 323, 501 Detritus 42-44,46-49, 66, 68-70, Egg repositories (for fish) 156 87-89, 128, 131, 160, 209, 235, ElectrocutIOn (fishing by e1ectncity) 265, 286, 289, 311, 316, 323, 557 328, 331, 346, 372, 390, 392, Electrophoretic studies (of 395, 400, 405, 421, 430, 437, Ephemeroptera) 237, 243 441, 468, 470, 471, 477, 491, Elytra (of Coleoptera) 448 501, 508, 512, 551, 600, 603 Endopodite (of Decapoda) 164 Dietary composition Environmental impact assessment of fishes 82-86 540, 545, 577-595 of Hydropsychidae 405, 421 Environmental variability (see of Odonata 70, 298 Variability) of Plecoptera 323, 331 Erosion (see also SiltatIOn; Direct development (of larvae) 58, Sedimentation) 16, 18,40, 519, 59,111,174,175,179-181 549-554, 571, 601 Discharge regime 15-18, 23, 24- Ex situ conservation 530,566,568 31,33-37,39,40,42,43,45,46, Exopodlte (of Decapoda) 164 50, 53, 71, 430, 527, 532-534, Exotic species (see Introduced species) 538,539,541,553,554,559,606 Experimental deSign in stream Disease (see also Parasites) 497, 537 ecology 577-595, 602-605

779 Subject Index

Expenmental management 604 551, 554, 564, 568, 570-573, Explosives (use for fIshing) 557 574, 580, 5 LJ 9, 601, 607 Extinctions 2, 81, 155, 528, 532, Flow regulatIOn (see Stream-flow 546, 547, 563-572, 608 regulation) Fore-trochantJn (of Trichoptera) Feeding behaviour (see also Dietary 367 composition; Filter-feedmg) Forest cover (~{ e also Deforestation; of Heteroptera 335 Loggmg; Reforestation) 549- of fish 82-86 551, 554, 555 Femur (of insect legs) 203 Forest fires 89 Filter-feeders and filter feeding 64- Fouling of water-supply lines 107, 68,112,235,289,364,382,405, 154 495, 501 FPOM (fine particulate orgamc Fishenes 78, 81, 83, 89, 91, 172, matter) 44, 45, 67 519, 527, 533, 534, 539, 540, Frontal processes (of EphemerOldea) 542, 545, 546, 555-558, 563- 281

567, 574, 612 Frontoclypeus ! of Hydropsychidae) Fish breedmg (see also MIgration by 416 fishes) 77, 79-82, 83, 91, 529- Fruit consumptIon by fish 80 530, 537, 546-547, 558, 565- Functional-feeding groups 65-67, 566, 599 209, 378, 492, 493 fIsh commumty compositlOn 75-79 FIsh feeding 82-86 Galea-Iacima i of insect maxillae) FIsh hosts (of glochidia larvae) 149, 202 155 Gallery forest (-iee Ripanan forest) Fish kills 533, 557, 559, 560, 564 GEMS (Global EnVIronmental Fish ladders, fish passes and fishways Momtoring Scheme) 558, 559 530, 531, 533, 539, 547 Generalist functional-feeding group Floatmg islands 53 64,65 Flood Action Plan (see Bangladesh GIll tufts (of In sect larvae) 203 National Flood Action Plan) Global warming 564 Flood control (see also Stream-flow GlochIdmm larva (of ) regulatIOn) 18, 91, 521, 524, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156 525, 532, 539, 554, 571, 606 Glossae (of insect labmm) 317 Flood flows (see also Spates) 14,15, Gonopods (of freshwater ) 17, 18, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 180 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 72, 78, 81, Grand Canal (Chma) 17,522,524, 82, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 521, 524, 535 525, 532, 536, 539, 549-551, Greenhouse effect 564 554, 568, 571, 606 Floodplams (see also Wetlands) 8, Habitat specLdization (see also 16,18,20,35,37,42-44,50,53, Microdistriblltion) 54,56,72,79,80,82,85,86-91, of aquatic Insects 70 100, 115, 135, 149, 457, 525, of Odonata 298 529, 537, 539, 540, 547, 549- of fishes 83-84

780 Subleel Index

of freshwater crabs 181 Indian Subcontinent (geomorphic of Hydropsychidae 420-421 setting) 15-17 Habitat restoration 572, 573, 605, Indirect use value (10 economic 606 valuation) 611, 612 Hemelytra (of Heteroptera) 335 Inter-basin transfers (of water; see Hepatic spine (of Decapoda) 164 also Water-transfer schemes) Hermaphroditism 80, 138, 142, 523, 524, 534-537, 538 149, 151, 177 Intermediate hosts and vectors (of Heterogeneity (see also Variability) parasites; see also Parasites) 18, 41, 62, 63, 71, 584, 594 130, 143, 146, 178, 349, 537 Heterotrophic community In tersegmental fold (of metabolism 48-49 Hydropsychidae) 416 Hora, Sunder Lal 55 Introduced species 63, 77, 78, 100, Hydranth (of freshwater Cnidaria) 135, 136, 140, 145, 146, 152, 101 154, 155, 162, 172, 178, 350, Hydrochemistry 31-39 517, 571, 572, 573, 574 Hydrofuge hairs (of aquatic Introduced substrates (see Artificial insects) 200 substrates) Hydrographs (see also Discharge Ionic composltlon (of stream water; regime) 25 see also Nutrients) 31-36 Hygropetric animals (living on wet Ionic composition, spatial and rock surfaces) 352 temporal variations 36-39 Hydropower generation (see also Iron 37 Dams) 521-549 Irrigation 136,521-523,525,530, Hynes, H.B. Noel 8 532, 535, 537-538, 540, 541, Hypogean animals (living in 544,547-548,550,553-554,564 underground water; see also Ischium (of Decapoda) 164 Hyporheic fauna) 103, 167, 171, 177, 179, 185, 186, 187 King Mahasena (of ancient Sri Hypopharyngeal teeth (of Scirtidae) Lanka) 540 470 Hypopharynx (of insect mouthparts) Labium (of Insect mouthparts) 202, 202 204 Hyporheic fauna (living in saturated Labrum (of Insect mouthparts) 202, sediments beneath streams; see 204 also Hypogean animals) 3, 56, Lakes 71, 161, 190, 197, 316, 333 Chenhu 87 Hypostomium (of Simuliidae) 496 Dongting 10, 18,520,526,528, 529, 530, 550 IFIM (In-stream Flow Incremental Le Grand Lac 14, 15, 79, 88, Methodology; see Stream-flow 541, 549 regulation) 606, 607 Mainit 136 Imago (of insects) 199 Murray 15 Incisor area (of insect mandibles) Poyang 10, 18, 87, 520, 526, 202 528, 529 -731 Sub/ect Index

Sidenreng 89 of Decapoda 60, 174 Tasek Bera (Swamp) 89 of HeterOptf ra 354 Tempe 89 of riverine birds 570 Larval development (see Direct of zoobenthos 8, 59-63 development) Luminescence (of insects) 483 Leaf litter (see also Detntus) 43,46, 48, 64, 66-68, 172, 181, 265, Macrophytes 53, 54, 66, 86, 87, 309, 405, 430, 471, 509, 582 88, 517 Leaf-minmg (by ChIronomidae) Madicolous (se~ Hygropetric) 501 MagneSIUm 32, 34-36, 38 Legislation (for envIronmental Mahathir Molumad, Dr 540 protectIOn and pollutIOn control) Malicky, Hans 381 534, 560, 561, 577, 614 1vlanagement I see Drainage-basin Life cycles and life histories 199 management i of BivalVia 149-152 Mandibles (of insect mouthparts) of Coleoptera 445, 458-459, 202,204 461, 466, 474, 477 Nlandlbular tusks (of EphemerOidea) of Decapoda 174-177,178,179, 281 180, 181 Mangroves ] 66, 177, 355 of Dlptera 490, 495, 497, 499, Mao Zedong 534 500-501, 502, 507 Marsupium (se,~ Brood chamber) of Ephemeroptera 238, 253, Mating and courtship behavIOur 286, 289 of aquatic Coleoptera 458 of Ectoprocta 109 of Ephemeroptera 208, 275 of fishes (see Fish breeding) of Heteroprera 336 of Gastropoda 130, 134, 135, of Lampyrid.le 484 138, 139, 140-141, 142-143 of Macrobrachlum 176 of Hlrudmea 118 of Odonata 296 of Hydrachnida 190, 193 of Plecoptera 316 of Lepidoptera 517 of Trichoptera 363 of Megaloptera 513 Mating and egg brooding behavIOur of Odonata 295-298, 303 of Belostomatidae 349 of Plecoptera 317, 318 Mating swarms of Ponfera 99 of Ephemeroptera 208 of Tnchoptera 363, 379, 381, Maxillae (of Illsect mouthparts) 391-392, 419-420, 424, 429, 202,204 430 Mekong Committee (serviced by the of zoo benthos 72-75, 589 Mekong Secretariat) 541, 542, Lithology 31, 32, 34, 35, 37 545, 546, 548 Loggmg (see also Deforestation) 61, Mekong SecretarIat (see also Mekong 552, 556, 557, 569 Committee) 541,542,547,548, Long-distance water transfers 534- 608 537 Merus (of Decapoda) 164, 165, 183 Longitudinal changes and zonation Mesh-Size (of flltering nets spun by m fish commumties 83-84 Tnchoptera) 70, 405

782 Subiect Index

Mesopleuron (of Xiphocentronidae) Neustic animals (living on the water 368, 396 surface) 59, 188, 197, 198,334, Mesothorax (of insects) 203 338, 351, 453, 46~ 492, 509 Metathorax (of insects) 203 NItrogen (and nitrates) 32-37, 43, Microdistribution (see also Habitat 86, 200 specialization) Nordic influences (on dam building of Hydropsychidae 419, 420- m Asia) 544, 545 421 Nuchal plate or scute (of Helobdella) of Psephenidae 474 121, 122 of zoo benthos 71-72 Nutrients (m stream water; see also Migration Ionic compositIOn) 32, 33, 36, by Decapoda 60,174-175,176, 37, 51, 52, 53, 54, 86, 90, 130, 179 143, 53~ 578, 581, 602 by fishes 77, 79-82, 83, 85, Nutrient spIralling 3, 602 530-531, 533-534 537, 542, 544-547, 549, 558, 563-565, Ocelli (of insects) 202 599 Orgamc load (of unpolluted streams) by Odonata 297-298 42-46 Migratory Species ConventIOn 565 Organic matter inputs 46-48 Mitigation of environmental impacts Oviparous (or oviparity = 'egg 606-610 laymg') 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, Molar area (of insect mandibles) 140, 141, 142 202 OvoviVIparous (or ovovivIpary = Monoecious (see also 'live-bearing') 130, 133, 134, Hermaphroditism) 142 135, 138, 140, 141, 149, 154, Monsoons (see also Rainfall) 17, 159, 160 18,21,22,24,27-29,31,36,39- 41,43,44,51,54,55,59,70-72, P:B (= productIOn: bIOmass; see also 81, 82, 85, 99, 109, 151, 152, Secondary production) 73, 74 174, 175, 180, 297, 298, 409, PlR (= primary productIOn/ 459,461,534,539,551,552,554 community respiratIOn) 49, 66, Mouthbrooding 80 67 Mouthparts (of insects) 202, 204 Paraglossae (of labium m insects) Multiplate samplers 585 317 Muscle scars (of Bivalvia) 148 Parasites (see also Intermediate hosts) 106, 107, 119, 126, 127, 128, Narmada Valley Development 130, 143, 149, 152, 156, 178, Project 538 190, 194, 349, 364, 381, 495, National Commission of Floods 498, 501, 512, 53~ 54~ 571 (India) 554 Parasitoids 518 National People's Congress Parthenogenetic speCIes (producmg (China) 524, 528 young from unfertilized eggs) National Water Development Agency 129, 131, 140, 141, 275 (India) 538 Peat swamp (see also Swamp) 89, Needham, Joseph 523 563

783 Peraeopods (of Decapoda) 162, 164 348, 364, )73, 377, 379, 381, Periphyton 47, 49, 51-53, 64, 67, 392, 437, 442, 458, 461, 484, 89, 90, 131, 138, 143, 474, 477 499, 501, 507, 509, 512, 603 pH (see also Acidlty; Alkalinity) 32, Pnmary production (see also 34, 36-38, 88, 130, 174 Photosyntheqis) 49, 50-54, 66, 85, PHABSIM (see Stream-flow 87, 90-91 regulation) 606, 607 Prolegs (of insc!ct larvae) 204 Phoresy (see also Ectosymbiosls) Propodus (of Decapoda) 164 501, 503 Prostheca (of lIlsect mandlbles) 202 Phosphates (and phosphorus) 32, Protandrous hermaphrodltes (change 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 52, 86 sex from male to female) 118, Photosynthesis (see also Pnmary 129, 138, 177 production) 42, 43, 49, 537 Protection forests 551 Phytoplankton 43, 50-52, 55, 67, Prothorax (of msects) 203 70, 87, 90, 91, 533 Protogynous htrmaphrodites (change Planktol1lc larval stages (suppressed; sex from fl!male to male) 80 see Dlrect development) PseudorephcatIOn 581-583, 584, Plantation agriculture 551, 557 586-587, 5~)3 Plastron (a physical gdl for msect resplratlOn) 200, 339-341, 345, Rainfall (see al~o Monsoons) 8, 15, 350, 448, 449, 477, 518 16,17,20,21,23,24,26-31,34, Pneumostome (of pulmonate 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 54, gastropods) 142 72, 84, 86, 419, 522, 523, 532, Poisons (use m fishmg) 557 548,551,552,561,564,580,607 Pollution 2,48,54,60, 61-62, 64, Ramsar slte (protected under the 66, 81, 107, 112, 143, 220, 223, Ramsar ConventIOn) 89 225, 275, 502, 519-521, 527, Recommended strategles (for 532-534, 556, 557, 558-563, envlfonmental impact 564-565, 567, 568, 574, 578, assessment) 593-595 580, 614 Recommended stra tegles (for Polymorphism (see also Sexual mitigatIOn of envlfonmental dimorphism) lmpacts) 609-610 of Gastropoda 134 Recovery (from disturbance; see also of Heteroptera 335, 351 Restoration) 71, 583, 584, 605, of Odonata 296 609, 610 Postgenal cleft (of Slmulildae) 496 Reforestation (see also Dramage- Potassium 31, 35, 36, 194 basin management) 551 Power analysls (see also Statlstical ReserVOIr, Kinndi Oya 540 power) 595 ReserVOIrs 41. 62, 151, 522-524, Precipitation (see Ramfall) 527, 529, 531, 532, 534, 539- Predators (and the predator 540, 545, 550-551, 553-554 functIOnal-feeding group) 2,64- Resource parrillonmg (see Habitat 69, 70, 71, 100, 112, 126, 127, specializatIOn) 142, 156, 188, 190, 201, 208, Respira tIOn (of aquatic msects) 209, 216, 298, 316, 334, 346, 199-200, 209

78.1 Sublectlndex

Restoration (see also Recovery) 73, 39, 40, 42-45, 50, 51, 54-57, 573, 598, 605-606 60-62, 70, 77, 81, 86, 87, 89, Riparian forest (see also Buffer 91, 112, 142, 520, 537, 538, strips) 90, 569, 570 553, 554, 559, 564, 568, 569, Riparian zone (see also Buffer 571, 573, 598 strips) 66, 356, 483, 569, 581, Godavari 10, 14, 17, 55, 559, 607 564 Rivers (see also Streams) Gombak 31, 36, 37, 41-47, 52, Achankovil 47 61, 62, 71, 73, 419 Balui 540 HanJIang 18, 19 Baram 556 Han 20 Bariro 20, 86 Hongshui He 30 Beas 16 Hog 25 Beijiang 18, 19 Indus 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 35, 41, Bhagirathi 553 43, 45, 186, 519, 520, 538, Black 15 553, 554, 564, 568, 569 Boac 560 Irrawaddy 10, 13-15, 35, 142, Burda 159 520, 547, 569 Brahmaputra 10, 13, 14, 16,24, Jhelum 16, 186, 554 26, 35, 39, 40, 42-45, 55, 86, Jiulongjiang 18, 19 520, 538, 553, 568 Kabul 16 Cauvery 10, 17, 34. 520 Kahajan 20 Champanala 53, 54 Kampar 20 Chang Jiang 1, 9-11, 13-15, Kapuas 77, 88, 566 17, 18, 28-30, 34, 35, 40, 43, Karnali 553 45, 50, 54, 56-58, 77, 81, Karnapuh 568 86-88, 100, 102, 112-115, Kaveri 55 138, 139, 161, 443, 502, 520, Kelantan 25 522, 524-526, 528-537, 549- Kibune 419, 420 551, 564, 571, 572, 598, 607 Klang 25, 27 (see also Three Gorges Khas 568 Scheme) Komering 88 Chao Phraya 10, 14, 76, 520, Krishna 10, 14, 17,25, 70, 172, 560, 567, 569 548 Chao Phya 25, 572 Kwai 32,34 Cho-shui 25 Lam Tsuen 36, 41, 44-47, 62, Chenab 10, 16, 520 63, 66, 68, 581 Ci Manuk 520 Lawe Konaweha 15 Citarum 560 Luni 27, 520 Clear 15 Mae Nam Yom 520 Damodar 25 Mahakan 20 Diguil 20 Mahanadi 10, 17, 50, 520 Dongjiang 18, 19, 533, 534 Mahaweli 25, 522, 539, 540 Fly 15,20,34,86,558,567,599 Mas 520 Ganges 10, 13-16, 26, 35, 37, Meghna 568

785 Sub,eel Index

11ekong 1,4,10,13-15,24,26- Yamuna 554 28,30,34,37,40,43,55,56, Yangtze (see Chang Jiang) 58, 72, 75, 76, 79, 80, 81, 87, Yujiang 30 88, 138, 139, 520, 541-549, Zhujiang 10, 14, 18, 19,28,30, 555,560,564-566,569,571- 34, 35, 50, 53, 55-57, 61, 7~ 573, 598, 607, 608 (see also 82, 105, 112-115, 151, 522, 11ekong River flow regulation 532-534, 559, 564, 565, 520 541-549) ZhuJiang - flow regulation 11enik 539 532-534 11in Jiang 520 River Continuum Concept (RCC) 11mJiang 18, 19, 30 9, 44, 45, 63-70, 90, 91, 575, 11USI 20, 38 582, 600-602, 608, 613 Nanpan JIang 30 River regulation 521-549 Narmada 10,28, 107, 520, 538 in China 522-537 Negara 86 of the 11ekong 541-549 Neyyar 47, 69 Rostrum Ogan 88 of Decapoda 98 Pachayar 47 of Gastropoda 133 Pahang 15 of Heteroptera 335 Pearl (see ZhuJiang) Rotenone 557, 604 Perak 25, 27, 563 Pisang 160 Sarawak Forest Department 556 Polangm 25 Scraper functional-feeding group Pulan 20 64, 65, 67, 68, 405, 439, 499 Purari 20, 28, 32-34, 40, 558 Seasonality (see also Life cycles and Ravi 16 life histories) 523, 529, 537, Red 10, 14, 15, 40, 520 539, 542, 544, 549, 551, 564, Rokan 20 566, 569, 571-572, 580, 587- Salween 10,14, 76, 77, 139, 520 588, 594, 598, 606-607, 609 Sampean 25 of climate 20-24 Se San 25, 543, 545 of fishes 79-82 (see also Fish SepIk 10, 20, 34, 82, 85, 520, breeding) 574 on floodplains 86-89 Solo 20, 27, 32-35, 37, 41 of hydrochemistry 36-38 Strickland 89 of macrophytes 54 Surabaya 520 of organic load 43 Sutlej 16 of periphyton 52 Tapi 28 of phytoplankton 50-51 Theun (Nam Thuen) 544, 545 of stream discharge 24-31 Tjiudjung 25 of zoo benthos 70-72 TonIe Sap 14, 15, 88, 541, 543 of zooplankton 54-55 Tulangbawang 520 Secondary production 54, 69, 73, Tuntang 62 74, 90, 238, 502, 579, 598, 609 Walawe 25, 27 Sediment characteristics 41,42,63, Xijiang 18, 19, 30 71, 420, 530

786 Subleel Index

Sedimentary organics 47, 48 Streams (see also Rivers) Sedimentation (see also Erosion; Tai Po Kau Forest 36,37,41,44, Siltation) 41, 172, 530, 545, 45,47-49,51-53,63,73,74 550, 554, 556 Stream-flow regulation 519, 521- Serial discontinuity concept 602 549, 606, 607, 609 Sewage (see also Pollution) 35, 50, Stylocerite (of Decapoda) 164 54, 62, 559, 561 Sulphates 32, 35, 87 Sex reversal (see also Sungai (see Rivers) Hermaphroditism) 80, 118, 129, Surfactant (causes 'skimming') 354, 138, 177 484 Sexual dimorphism Suspended load (see Transported of aquatic Coleoptera 461 load) of Ephemeroptera 208,210,288 Swamp, Tasek Bera of Macrobrachium 176 Swamps (see also Floodplains) 15, of Odonata 296 16, 18, 20, 38, 58, 79, 86-91, Shredder functional-feeding group 563, 568, 572 64-69, 265, 328, 331, 364, 429, Swarming behaVIOur 430 of Conxidae 350 Silica 35, 36 of Dytlscidae 460 Siltation (of lakes and rivers; see also of Ephemeroptera mayfhes 208 Erosion; Sedimentation) 549, of Gerridae 352 550, 554, 558, 571 of Odonata 296, 298 Size-frequency method (for estimating of Trichoptera 363, 392, 409 production) 74 of Velildae 353 Snowmelt 16, 18, 24, 26, 27 Swedish InternatIOnal Development Sodium 32, 35, 36 Authority 542 Southeast Asia (geomorphic setting) 13-15 Tai Po Kau Forest Stream (see Spates (see also Disturbance; Flood Streams) flows) 48, 71, 72, 151, 152,297, Tarsal claws (of insect legs) 203 419 Tarsus (of insect legs) 203 Spatial variation in and among Tasek Bera Swamp 89 streams 59-63, 580-587 Temperature 16,20,23,48,49. 81, Species introductions (see Introduced 174, 442, 477, 533, 537, 546, species) 564, 589 Stable-isotope techniques 600 influence on life histones 72-73, Statistical analysis of time-series 103, 141, 151, 174, 176, 286, data 584 392, 459, 513 Statistical errors 591-593 influence on longitudmal zonation Statistical power 591-592, 595 60-62, 84, 286, 296, 297 Statoblasts (of Ectoprocta) 109, 111 influence on Plecoptera 318, Stem-boring (by Lepidoptera) 516 333 Stemmata (of insects) 202 Temporal variation in streams 587- Storm tracks (see also Typhoons) 589 22 T eneral insects 296

787 T erntonal beha VlOur (of dragonflies) Wetlands Management Programme 296 (of the 11~kong Secretanat) Three Gorges Scheme 17, 29, 81, 608 524, 525-532, 553, 572, 607 Wheeler, Raymond 541 Tibla (of msect legs) 203 White waters 32 Transported load 33, 39-46 Wildlife Conservation Act (of Inorgamc load 39-42 Thatland) 567 Orgamc load 42-46 Wildlife Fund of Thailand 565 Trochanter (of insect legs) 203 Wing pads (of insect larvae) 203 Trout streams 186 Wood-boring animals (see also Type-I statIstical errors 591-593 Xylophagous) 287, 289, 501, Type-II statistical errors 591-593 502 Typhoons 21, 22, 27 World Bank 528, 538, 542, 548 Wu Chen-fu 123 Umbo (of Bivalvia) 147, 148 Xylophagous (= wood eating; see also Variabllity Wood-bonng animals) 493 in dlscharge 27-31 in ionic composition 36-49 Yu the Great (Emperor of China) among streams 585-587 523, 524 along streams 59-63, 580-584 on small spatIal scales 63, 584- Zooids 585 of Ectoprocta 107, 108 in time 587-589 of Entoprocra 111 of Naidida~ 116 Wallace's Line 77 Zoobenthos (g~neral ecology) 55- Wallacea 9 75 Water allocation strategies (see also composition in large rivers 55- Stream-flow regulation) 607, 57 609 composition in small rivers 57- Water sharing (among nations) 539 59 Water-transfer schemes 532, 534- distinctive features in Asia 57- 537 59 Weaver, John 426, 427 functional organization 63-70 Weber's Line 77 life histories 72-75 Wetlands (including swamps; see also longitudinal zonation 59-63 Floodplams) 15,16, 18,20,38, microdistribution 63 53, 58, 79, 86-91, 86-91, 539, production 73-75 563, 568, 570-573, 607 seasonality 70-72 Wetlands International (Indonesla) Zooplankton 54, 55, 70, 104, 161, 89 533, 579, 533

788 - Organism Index

Aaptosyax grypus 546 Acrogomphus 293 Abacaria 359, 405, 406, 415 Acroneurta 328 Abaria 358, 395 Acroneuriinae 321, 328 Ablabesmyia 504 Acrydium 510 Acanthacorydalis 512 Acttnolaimus 106 Acanthametropodinae 217 Acutlcosta 155, 157 Acanthametropus 217 Adamletta 140 Acanthopotamon 185 Adeleana 185 Acarina (see Hydrachnida) Adephaga 445,446,448,456-464 Acentrella 217,219,223,224,227 Adiantum remforme 529 Acerella 264, 272 Adlcella 361, 422 Acetes 163 Admarthrella 360, 426 Acheilognathinae 156 Adtnarthrum 360, 426 Aciagrion 292 Adriennella 354 Acipenser dabryanus 529 Aegiltpslcola 354 Acipenser sinensis 530 Aeolosoma 113, 118 Acisoma 294, 315 Aeolosomatidae 117, 118 Aclinocera 508 Aeschnophlebla 293, 311 Acmella 139 Aeshnidae 293,295,299, 300, 302, Acostaea 159 310, 311 Acricotopus 504 Aeshnoidea 293 Acrididae 509 Aesobla 447, 481

789 Aethaloptera 405, 409 70, 99, 104, 115, 131, 201, 209, Aethephemera 218,283,284,285, 254, 265, 323, 331, 364, 378, 286 381, 384, 390, 392, 405, 430, Aethrzamanta 294 443, 448, 463, 494, 495, 501, Afghanurus 217, 235, 237, 238, 505, 507, 508, 509, 510, 517, 242, 243, 252 562, 579, 603 Afragapetus 357 Allagapetus 357 Afrmdella 109 Alligator smenS1S (= Yangtze Afrmdella homhayensis 110 allIgator) )28, 530, 568 Afrmdella phdippmensts 110 Alloeapmella 333 Afrmdella tanganYlkae 110 Allocotoeerus 446, 468 Afrindella testudmteola 110 Allogaster 294 Afromera 211,218,281,282,284, Allohelea 498 285 Allonats 113, 117 Afronurus 217,235,237,242,243, Allopaehrza 446, 459 246, 247, 252 Alloperla 333 Afroptstdtum 161 Allophyllus 80 Afropttlum 217,233 Allopotamon l85 Agabus 446, 459 Allosetodes 361, 422 Agapetinae 357, 377, 379 A llotorren tl cola 195 Agapetus 357, 377, 378, 379, 380 AllotrzssocladlUs 504 AgasslZla 517 Allowandesta 197 Agathon 494 Alluaudomyta 498 Agelellldae 188 Aloemma 136. 137 Agnetma 322, 323, 324, 325 Alpheidae 162, 163, 166, 167 Agoerodella 360, 426 Alpheus eyanotcles 163, 166, 167 Agoerodes 360, 426 Amarmus angel!cus 179 Agraphydrus 446, 468 Amarinus wolfereekt 179, 180 Agrap to co rzxa 350 Ambassldae 7h Agriocnemldmae 292 Ambassls wol/II 79 Agrzocnemls 292, 305 Ambia 517 Agrzomorpha 292 Amblemldae 154, 155 Agrionoptera 294 AmblYClpitIdae 76 AgnotYPldae 206, 518 Amblystegtum 495 Agrzotypus 518 AmeletIdae 216 Agyrthaeantha 293 Ameletus 216, 217 Aktyoshta 138 Amemboa 352 Akysidae 76 Amerzanna 144, 146 Alamltes 217, 231 Ametor 446, 468 Alathyrta 159 Ametropididae 217 Albia 195 Ametropus 217 Alboglosstphoma 122, 124, 126 Amtka 494 Aleedo 570 Amlsus 145 AlderflIes (see Neuroptera) Ammclmeus zhllJtangensls 105 Algae 2, 38, 42, 44, 51, 64, 67, Ampharetidae 111

790 Organism Index

Amphiaeschna 293 Anisocentropus 361, 429-431 Amphichaeta 117 Antsocentropus kirramus 430 Amphicnemidinae 292 Anisocentropus maculatus 430,431 Amphicnemis 292 Anisogammaridae 187 Amphigomphus 293 Antsogomphus 293, 311, 312 Amphinemura 320, 330 Anisokantropus 361, 429 Amphinemurinae 319, 330 Anisolintropus 361, 429 Amphiops 446, 468 Anisomontropus 361, 429 Amphipoda 58, 98, 186, 187 Anisopinae 339 Amphipsyche 359 Anisopleura 292, 303 Amphipsyche meridiana 418 Anisops 339 Amphipsychella 359 Anisoptera 65, 206, 293, 295, 300, Amphipterygidae 292, 295, 301, 310-316 305, 307 Annelida 65, 96, 112, 128 Amphiteryginae 292 356, 358, 363, 364, Amphithemis 294 386-421 Amphizoa 446, 463 Anodonta 126, 148, 150, 152, 155 Amphizoa sinica 463 Anodonta woodiana 148, 150, 152, Amphizoidae 446, 448, 450, 454, 155 463 Anormogomphus 293 Ampullariidae (= Pilidae) 132, 134, Anotogaster 294, 314 135, 136 Anser albifrons 529 Anabantidae 76, 88 Anser cygnoides 529 Anabas 77 Anseriglossa 357 Anacaena 446, 468 Antecaridina 166 Anachauliodes 512 Anthuridae 187 Anaciaeschna 293 Anttllocladtus 503, 504 Anacrunoecia 360, 426 Anttmelanta 140 Anactinae 293 Antocha 491, 493 Anagapetus 357 Anulotata 134 Anagenesia 218, 281, 284, 285 Aonyx cinereus 570 Anchytarsinae 447, 471, 472 Aparapotamon 185 Ancylidae 65, 135, 142, 143, 145, Apatania 361, 443 147 Apataniana 361, 443 Ancyronyx 447, 481 361, 372, 442, 443 Andersenella 352 Apateltna 361 Andrias davidianus 529 Apatidelta 361, 443 Aneckella 187 Aphanoneura 117 Anepeorinae 217, 242 Aphelocheirinae 337, 345 Anepeorus 209, 217, 240, 242 Aphelocheirus 343, 345, 346 Angilia 354 Aphelocheirus dudgeont 343 Angilovelia 354 Aphelocheirus malayensis 343 Anguillidae (see also Eels) 76 Aphelonecta 339 Angulyagra 134 Aphrovelta 354 Anisitsiellidae 196 Apistomyia 494

791 Organism Index

Aplatyphylax 360, 443 Arrenurus (Rhinophoracarus) luxatus Aplocheilidae 76 196 Apocrita 518 Arrenurus madaraszi 196 Apogonidae 76 Artabotrys 80 Apple snaIls (see Ampullanidae) Arxama 517 Apstlochorema 357, 376, 377 Asachtronomus 503, 504 Apsilochoreminae 357, 376 Asahaya 362, 441 Apterygota 97, 198 Ascalophomerus 361 Aptmocorts 345 Asclepios 353 Aquarzus 353 Asclerina 504 Araceae 519 Asellidae 187 Arachmda 97, 188-197 Astagomphus 293, 311, 312 Arachnothelphusa 185, 186 Asiatella 264 Araneae 98, 188-190 Astattcobdella 125, 126 Archibasts 292, 305 Astonurus 217,235,237,240,243, Archmeura 292 246, 250 Archtpelothelphusa 186 Asotocerus 361, 429 Arcidae 161 Assiminea 13 9 Arctdopsts 155 Assiminea latericea 13 7 Arconata 155, 157 Assiminea lutea 137 Arcteonais lomondt 114, 117 Assimineidae 133, 136, 137, 138, Arctoperlarta 317 139 Arctopsyche 359, 405, 407 Astaconephrops 162 Arctopsychinae (= Arctopsychldae) Asthenocnemis 293 359, 368, 390, 405, 407, 408 Asthenocoris 345, 346 Arctopsychodes 359, 405, 407 Asthenopodinae 218,282,286,287 Ardista 80 Astratodina 361, 443, 444 Argiinae 292 Asuragina 507 Argiolestes 292, 305 Atalophlebiinae 217, 218 Argiolestmae 292 Atax 195 Argyractmi 516 Athericidae 486, 490, 507 Argyroneta aquattca 188 Atherinidae 76 Arhynchobdelbda 119, 120, 121, Atherix 507 126 Athrtpsodes 361, 423 Ariidae 76, 78 Athripsodma 361, 422 Arzstichthys nobtlts 78, 531 Atomytella 360 Arrenundae 196 Atoperla 328 Arrenuroidea 194, 196 Atopopus 217,235,240,241,243, Arrenurus 195, 196 249, 250 Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) Atractides 195, 196 btcorntcodulus 196 Atracttdes (Atracttdes) conjunctus Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) rostratus 196 196 Atractides (Atractides) putthi 196 Arrenurus (Micruracarus) Atractides (Atractides) spatiosus gtbbertfrons 196 196 792 Organism Index

Atrichopogon 498 Baetidae no. 1 (from MalaysIa) Atrichops 507 233 Aturidae 196 Baetiella 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, Aturus 195 227,298 Aturus viduus 196 Baetis 217,219-223,225,231,232 Atya 167 Baetis (emmalis 225 Atyidae (see also Shrimps) 58, 65, Baetogordius 107 73,104,162,163,166-172,174- Baetoidea 217 177, 181, 570, 571 Baetopus 217,233 Atylotus 508 Bagridae 76 Atyoida 165, 166, 167, 169, 172, Bagous 448, 484 177 baiji (see Ltpotes vextllt(er) Atyoida pallipes 177 Bakousa 186 Atyoida serrata 172 Baltomorpha 359, 405, 409, 411 Atyopsis 166, 167, 169, 177 Baltotrichta 357, 382 Auloeodes 517 Bahtoridae 76, 77 Aulaeosolus 447, 478, 482 Balssiathelphusa 186 Aulodrilus 113, 114, 117 Balwantia 155 Aulodrilus pluriseta 114 Bandakia 195 Aulodrilus prothecatus 114 Bapttsta 354 Aulonogyrus 446, 461 Barba 217, 258, 261, 262 Aulophorus (urcatus 114 Barbaxonopsalbia 195 Austotriaena 362 Barbaxonopsalbia ptlosa 196 Austroallagma 292 Barbronta 119, 122, 126, 127, 119, Austrolestes 292 126, 127 Austrolimnius 447, 481, 482 Barbronia webert 122 Austropeplea 145 Barbus 82 Axonopsinae 196 Barbus melanampyx 82 Axonopsis 192, 195, 196 Barilius 77 Axonopsis baumi 196 Barytelphusa 185 Axonopsis hornseyi 196 Bathyonchus 106 Ayabeopsyche 360 Bathytinodes 358, 403 Azolla pinnata 54 Batissa 159, 160 Battssa vlOlacea 160 Bachorema 357 BatrachOldidae 76 Backswimmers (see Notonectidae) Batracobdella 122, 123, 126 Bacteria (see also Microbes) 48, Batracobdella gractlis 126 131 Batracobdella kasmtana 126 Badankia wendyae 196 Batracobdellotdes 126 Badidae 76 Bayadera 292, 303 Baeotendipes 504 Bdellocephala 103 Baetidae 62,65, 73,201,203,208, Beetles (see Coleoptera) 209, 213, 216, 217, 219-233, Behningiidae 212, 213, 218 234, 264, 265, 275 BehninglOdea 218 Baetidae genus indet. 234 Bellamya 134, 135

793 Orga r1l5m !~dex

Bellamymae 134 Brachycentndaf 65,360, 364, 370, Belomdae 76 435,437 Belontiidae 76 Brachycentrzelld 360 Belostoma 347 Brachycentrus 360, 437, 438 Belostomatidae 65, 335-337, 339, Brachycera 485,486,487, 507-509 345, 347, 349 Brachycerus 218, 275, 276, 280 Belostomatmae 348 BrachydiplaclJ18e 294 Belovtus 217, 235, 238 Brachydiplax 294, 315 Belptus 217 Brachygonia 294 362, 372, 442 Brachypogon 498 Berosus 446, 466, 467, 468, 514 Brachythemls 294, 316 Bezzia 498 Brachytroninae 293 Bharatalbta 195 Brachyura 9:). 177-186 Bharatalbta (japonalbta) darbyi Bradina 517 196 Bradmopyga 294 Bharatohydracarus 195 Brahmana 32~ BtblOCephala 494 Branchiobdellcl 129 Bmeurus 156 Branchiobdelbda 94, 97, 127-129 BlOmphalarza strammea 135, 146 BranchlObdeliidae 128 BIrds 119, 121, 126, 130,208,497, Branchtura 113, 115, 116, 117 528, 529, 570, 571, 572, 601 Branchiura soU'erbyi 114, 117 Btthynta L36 Bregmacerotidae 76 Btthynia {uchstana 137 Brtllia 504 Btthynta mtsella 13 7 Brotta 49,64, 112, 135, 140, 141, Bithyniidae 131, 132, 133, 134, 154 136, 137 Brotta hamanensts 49,64, 135, 141 Bivalvia 56, 57, 65, 96, 147-161 Bryozoa 108, 111 Blabendae 511 Bryphaenocladzus 504 BlackfIshes 79, 80 Bubalus bubalus 572 Blackfhes (see Simuilldae) Buccinidae 142 Blattodea 511, 512 Buchonomyia 504 Blenmidae 76 BuchonomYlinae 501, 504 Blepharicera 494 Bulimldae 136 Blepharicendae 486, 490, 494 Bulimus 136 Blue-green algae 38, 131 Bulinidae 147 Bogidtella 187 Bulmmae 147 BogidIeliidae 187 Bullastra 145 Borborophyes 341, 342 Burmagomphus 293, 311, 312 Boreochlus 504 Burmargtolestt's 292 Boreoheptagyta 504 Byrrhmus 447, 483 BothrlOneurum 113 Byssodon 497 Botta sldthimunki 566 Botocudo 356 Caconeura 29 3 Brachtdontes 154 Caconeurmae 293 BrachlOdrtlus hortensls 114 Caddlsfhes (see Tnchoptera)

794 Organtsm Index

Caenidae 60, 62, 65, 203, 204, Caobangia billeti 112 211, 213, 218, 265, 275-281 Capnta 333 Caenis 218, 275, 276, 279, 280, Capnlldae 317, 320, 333 281 Carcharhinidae 76 Caenis ntgropunetata 276 Careharias gangetzeus 571 Caenoeulis 218, 275, 276, 280 Cardmalfish 82 Caenodes 204,218,275,276,277, Cardiocladzus 501, 504 278, 281 Caridea 98, 162-177 Caenodes sp. 1 277 Caridina 58, 104, 129, 166-169, Caenodes sp. 2 278 171,174-176,570,167 Caenoidea 218 Cartdma laneezfrons 175 Caenomedia 218 Cartdma smghalensts 176, 570 Calamoceratidae 65,361,364,371, Cartdmzeola 104 429-432 Cartdmophtla 128, 129 Calcinemiinae 293 Caridinophtla unidens 128 Calienemia 293, 305 Cassitetttx 510 Calilestes 292 Cats 570 Calineuria 328 Cataclysta 517 Caliphaea 292 Catala eatala 78 Caliphaeinae 292 Catenula 104 Callionymidae 76 Catenulida 104 Caloeypha 292 Caterpillars (see Lepidoptera) Calonyx 195 Catfishes 77, 78, 82, 85, 88, 546, Calopterygidae 292, 295,297, 301, 565 308, 309 CatloearplO stamenS1S 563, 565 Calopteryginae 292 Catoxyethtra 357, 382 Calopterygoidea 292 Cattle leech 127 Calopteryx 292 Caudteulatus 155 Calyptobates 352 Cavoeorts 344, 345 Camaeinia 294 Celebagrtolestes 292 Cambaridae (see also Crayfish) 98, Celebophlebta 294 162 Celebothemts 294 Cambarinae 162 Centropomldae 76 Cambaroides 129, 162 Centroptella 217, 220, 227, 229 Cambaroidinae 162 Centropttlum 217, 229, 233 Campoeeras 146 Cephalaesehna 293, 311 Camptoeeras 142, 144 Cephalolimntus 447, 481 Camptoeerus austeni 144 Ceraclea 361, 422, 423, 424 Camptomastix 517 Ceradryops 447, 482, 483 Camptopterohelea 498 Cerasma 145 Caneroeaeea xenomorpha 179, 180 Ceratophyllaceae 517 Candidiopotamon 184, 185 Ceratophyllum 54, 517 Cantharoidea 448 Ceratophyllum demersum 54 Canthydrus 446, 462 Ceratopogonidae 65, 486, 487, Caobangia 111, 112 488, 488, 490, 498-499

795 Organism I~

Ceratopogoninae 488, 498 Chtmarra 356, 358, 387-389 Cerclon 292 Chtmarra sp. 1 387 Cerconychia 329 Chimarra sp. 2 387 Cercotmetlls 341 Chimarra sp. 3 387 CeriagYlon 292, 296, 305 Chimarra sp. 4 387 CerithlOidea 140 Chimarrhometla 352 Cerobrachys 218 Chimarrinae 358 Cervus duvaucelt 572 Chmonereis 111 Cervus eldl 572 Chinoperla 324, 327 Cervus shomburgkl 572 Chirocentrida~ 76 Cestoidea 102 Chironomidae 56, 57, 60, 65, 73, Ceylanopsyche 362, 441, 442 106, 190, 323, 456, 485, 486, Ceylonthelphusa 186 488, 490, 499-505 ChaCldae 76 Chironommae 57, 65, 489, 500- ChaetarthYla 446, 465, 468 502,504 Chaetocladlus 504 Chironomus ~O, 502, 504 Chaetogaster 113, 116, 117 Chirotonetes 234 Chalybeothemls 294 Chiusanophleh!a 217, 260 Chamberlatnta 155 Chlorella 100 Chamlongta 137 Chlorocyphidae 292, 295, 297, Channa marultus 81 300, 306, J08 Channa mlcropeltls 79 ChlorocyphincH' 292 Chanidae 76 ChlorogomphlIlae 291, 294, 313 Chanmdae (see also Snakeheads) Chlorogomphu" 294,295,313,314 76, 88 Chlorohydra LOO Chaoboridae 486, 490 Chlorolestidae 292 Chappuistdes 195 Chloroperlidae 317, 321, 333, 334 Chara 463 Chlorophyta ')2 Characoidea 77 Chloropsyche 359 Chasmogenus 446, 468 Chlorostracia 140 Chaudhurildae 76 Chopralla 2L""', 220, 227, 230, 231 Cheirochela 345, 346 Chordodes 107 Cheirochelmae 337, 346 Choroterpes 204, 217, 218, 254, Chelicerata 96, 97, 188-197 260-264 Choroterpes (C horoterpes) sp. 261 Chellpoda 508 Choroterpes (Euthraulus) sp. 263 Cherax 104, 162 Choroterptdes 218, 254, 258, 262 Chernovskua 504 Chromarcyinae 217 Cheumatopsyche 62, 74, 359,405, Chromarcys 217, 233, 234 406, 411-413, 416-419, 421 Chromarcys feurborm 234 Cheumatopsyche cYlseyde 74, 413, Chrysomelidae 448, 450, 456, 484 419 Chrysomeliode.l 448 Cheumatopsyche spmosa 419 Chrysopseudodon 156 Cheumatopsyche ventricosa 74, ChrysotYlchta 357, 382, 386 414, 419 Chulathelphusa 186

796 Organism Index

Chysops 508 Cnidaria 94, 95, 100-102 Cichlidae 77, 574 Cnodocentron 358, 395 Ciconza boyciana 529 Cobitidae 76 Ciconia nigra 529 Cochltophylax 362, 435 Ciliometra 352 Cockroaches (see Blattodea) Cincticostella 218, 264, 266, 266, Coelambus 459 268, 271, 274 Coeliccta 293, 305 Cinygma 217, 235, 241, 242, 253 Coelostoma 447, 465 Cinygmina 74,217,235,237,242, Coenagrton 292 243, 247, 249 Coenagrionidae 292, 293, 302, Cmygmoides 217, 235, 238 304, 305 Cinygmula 217, 235, 239, 241, Coenagrioninae 292 242, 252, 253 Coenagnonoidea 292, 293 Ctpangopaludina 134 Coleoptera 59, 60, 65, 73, 197, Ctrrhinus auratus 546 198,199,206,207,334,444-484 Cirrhmus lobatus 80 Collembola 97, 198,205,509,510, Cirrhinus molitorella 534 509, 510 Cirrhinus mrigala 78 Colobaea 509 Cirrodrilus 128, 129 Colpomera 360, 442 Claassenia 322, 324, 325, 328 Colymbetmae 446 Claasseniini 324 Compsoneurta 217,235,237,241, Cladocera 55 242, 243, 246, 250 Cladopelma 504 Compsoneurtella 235, 237, 246 Cladotanytarsus 504 Conchapelopia 504 Clariidae 76 Congridae 76 Clarius 77 Contradens 155 Clea 142 Convoluta anosttca 104 Clenchtella 138 Copelatus 446, 459 Clmocera 508 Copepoda 55 Clinohelea 498 Cop era 293, 305 Clinotanypus 504 Coptocatus 343, 345, 346 Cltthon 134 Corbtcula 61, 149, 151, 152, 158- Cltthon corona 134 160 Clithon retropictus 134 Corbtcula (luminalts 152, 158, Cltvitettix 510 159, 160 Cloeodes 217, 220, 229, 230, 231 Corbtcula (lummea 149, 151, 152, Cloeon 216, 217, 228, 229, 230, 158, 159, 160 233 Corbtcula japonzca 160 Clunio 504 Corbtcula leana 160 Clupanodon thrtssa 534 Corbicula manzlensls 160 Clupeidae 76, 531, 537, 564 CorblCulacea 159 Clypeocaenis 218, 275, 276, 280 CorblCulidae 58, 149, 151, 152, Clypeodytes 446, 459 153, 158-160 Cnemtsticta 293 Cordulegasteridae 291, 294, 295, Cnethocymatia 350 303, 313, 314 797 Cordulegasterinae 294, 313, 314 Crunoecza 360 Corduiegasteroidea 294 Crunoectella :;60 Corduliidae 291, 294, 298, 300, Crustacea 65, 96, 97, 126, 128, 303, 315, 316 161-188 Cordylophora 100, 101 CryphlOps 17l Corixidae 65, 335, 336, 338, 349, Cryptobates 352 350 Cryptochtronomus 501, 504 Corixinae 349, 350 Cryptopenella 218, 260, 262-264 Conxoidea 338 Cryptoperla 329 Corvospongtlla 99 Cryptopotamoll 178, 181, 185 Corydahdae 65,512-515,512-515 Cryptopotamoll anacoluthon 178, Corynoneura 504 181 Cosmopseudodon 156 Cryptotendtpes 503, 504 Coutterella 164, 168, 171 Ctenacroscelis 491, 492 Coutterella tonkmensts 168 Ctempocorzs :A5, 346 Crabs 58, 64, 97, 98, 104, 111, CtenochauilOde5 512 126, 129, 131, 161, 162, 177- Ctenodesma 156 186, 497 Ctenopharyngo3on idella 78, 531 Cranes 529 CulicIdae 65, 485, 486, 490, 499 Craneflies (see Tipulidae) Cultcoides 49~ Crangonyctrdae 187 Culmenella 146 Crangonyx 187 Cuneopsts 156, 157, 156, 157 Craspedacusta 100, 101 Curculionidae 448, 450, 453, 484 Craspedacusta smensts 100 CurculionOlde.l 448, 449 Craspedacusta sowerbit 100 Currothelphusa 186 Cratl11a 294, 316 Curupmna 494 Crayfish (see also Cambandae) 104, Cuspidanidae 161 129, 162 Cuspldevia 447, 482 Cremnoconchus 136 Cyathura 18 7 Cremtts 446, 468 Cybister 446, 459 Crickets (see Grylhdael Cyclochetlichth)'s enoplos 79 Crzcotopus 504 Cyclogomphus 293 Crmltella 218, 264, 268, 271 Cyclophaea 292 Crzotettlx 510 Cyclotropts 139 Cnstaria 155, 158, 155, 158 C:ylmdrostethinae 353 Crocodiles (see also AllIgator; Cylmdrostethus 353 Gharial; Crocodylus) 567, 568 Cylmdrothelphusa 185 Crocodylus mmdorensts 568 C:ylindrotomina~ 491, 493 Crocodylus novaegumeae 89, 568 Cylloepus 481 Crocodylus palustrzs 568 Cymatla 350 Crocodylus porosus 568 Cymatiinae 350 Crocodylus szamensls 568 Cymodetta 18 7 Crocothemls 294, 316 Cynogale benl1ettu 570 Cruciferae 87 Cynoglossidae 76 CrunoblOdes 360 Cyperaceae 87, 569

798 Orgonlsm Index

Cyphon 447, 470 381,390,392,395,494,507,509 Cyprinidae (see also Major carp) Dtaurora 156 75, 76, 7~ 82, 8~ 88, 546-547 Dteeratoeephala bosehmat 104 Cyrano 292 Dtcranomyta 491, 493 Cyrenobatissa 159, 160 Dieranopselaphus 447, 476 Cyrenobatissa subsuleata 160 Dieranota 491, 493 Cyrenodonax 159, 160 Dterephemera 284 Cyrnopsis 359 Dterotendipes 504 Cystobranehus 126 Digoniostoma 136 Dtna 122, 125, 127 Dampfitriehia 357 Dina Japomca 122 Damselflies (see Odonata; Zygoptera) Dinarthrella 360, 426 Dasyatidae 76, 566, 567 Dinarthrena 360, 426 Dasyatis ehaophraya 567 Dinarthrodes 360, 426, 427 Dasyhelea 499 DtnarthropsIs 360, 426 Dasyheleinae 488, 498, 499 Dtnarthrum 360, 425-427, 429 Dasytegia 360 Dineutus 446, 461 Davidioides 293 Dinobdella 124, 126, 127 Davidius 293, 312 Dtnomyta 360, 426 Davidraena 446, 464 Dlotopsis 494 Decapoda 58, 60, 72, 78, 94, 97, Dlplaetna 294 98, 128, 161-188, 537 Diplacodes 294, 296, 315, 316 Deer, brow-antlered 572 Dtplectrona 359, 405, 407, 408 Deer, Chinese water 529 Diplectronella 359, 405, 408 Deer, swamp 572 Dlplectroninae 359,369,405,407, Detelia 294, 316 408 Delavaya 138 Dtplex 359, 405, 408 Demanietta 185 Diplodontus 195 Demieryptoehironomus 503, 504 Dtploglossa 357 Dendrocoelidae 103 Diplonyehus 335, 347-349 Dendroeoelopsis 103 Diplonyehus rusttcum 335, 348 Dero 113, 114, 116, 117 Dtplopseudodon 156 Dero digitata 114, 117 Dipseudopsidae 65,358,364,367, Dero dorsalis 114 403-404 Dero nivea 114 Dtpseudopsis 358, 403, 404 Deroneetes 446, 459 Diptera 59, 60, 65, 73, 106, 194, Derris 557 198, 199, 200, 202, 205, 433, Deuterophlebia 494, 495 437, 484-509, 512 Deuterophlebiidae 486, 489, 490, Dipteromtmus 217 494 DipterophleblOdes 218, 260 Devadatta 292, 305, 306 Dtscomya 155, 156 Diamesa 504 Disparoeypha 292 Diamesinae 500, 504 Disparocyphinae 292 Diaphoroeoris 345, 346 Disparonerinae 293 Diatoms 51, 52, 61, 71, 128, 131, Disparoneura 293, 305

799 Orgonlsm Index

Dtstotrephes 341 Drunella gilliesi 271 Dtxa 505 Drunella uenoi 271 Dixidae 65, 486, 490, 505 Drupeus 476 Djalmabattsta 504 DryopIdae 65, 197,445,447,452, DobsonflIes (see Megaloptera) 455, 482, 483 Dollchocephala 508 Dryopoidea 447, 449, 482 Doltchohelea 498 Dryopomorphus 448, 481 Dollchopeza 491, 492 Dryops 447, 482, 483 DolichopodIdae 486, 509 Dubttogomphus 293 Doltchopus 509 Dugesia 102-104 Doloctanes 358, 388, 389 Dugesta andamanensts 102 Dolomedes 188, 189, 518 Dugesta annandalei 102 Dolomedes pallttarsts 189 Dugesia bactriana 102 Dolomedidae 188 Dugesia burmaensis 102 Dolomyta 358, 388 Dugesia indica 102 Dolophtltella 358 Dugesta Japonica 102 Dolophtlodes 358, 388, 389 Dugesta lindbergi 102 Dolopsyche 358, 388 Dugesia nannophallus 102, 104 Dolphins 89, 528, 530, 547, 568, Dyaperla 324 569, 89 Dysphaea 292 Dolphin, Chinese rIver (see Ltpotes DytIscidae 65, 446, 448, 449, 450, vextlltfer) 454, 456-460, 462, 463 Dolphin, gangetic (see Platamsta Dytiscinae 446 gangettca) Dolphin, Irrawaddy (see Orcaella Eatonigenia 218, 281, 284, 285 brevtrostrts) Ecdyonuridae (see Heptageniidae) Dolphin, whitefin (see Ltpotes Ecdyonurini 238, 243, 246, 248, vextlltfer) 250, 252, 238, 243 Dolphins, Indus (see Platamsta Ecdyonuroides 235, 237 mmor) Ecdyonurus 217, 237, 242, 246, Donaciinae 448, 450, 484 248, 252, 253 Doryialmidae 106 Echinobaetts 209, 217, 226, 227 Dorylmmus 106 Echinobaetis phagas 227 Dostlta 99 Echmohelea 498 Downeshelea 498 Echo 310 DragonflIes (see Odonata; Ecnomidae 65, 358, 369, 400-403 Anisoptera) 197, 198,208,291, Ecnomus 358, 400-403 295-298, 311 Ecnopsyche 359, 405, 406, 416 Dreissemdae 154 Ecpolopsts 195 Drepanocentron 358, 395 Ectopria 447, 474, 475, 476 Drepanosttcta 293, 305 Ectoprocta 95, 107-111, 424 Dromothelphusa 185 Edtdtehlta 358, 388, 389 Drunella 218,264,265,268,271, Edmundsula 218, 259, 261 272 Edoneus 166, 167 Drunella corpulenta 271 Edpercwalta 377

800 Organism Index

Eels 78, 537 Eoneureclipsis 358, 394, 395 Etchhornia crassipes 54, 63 Eonychus 447, 482 Einfeldia 504 Eoophy~ 516, 517 Eiseniella 113 Eopolymltareys 287 Ekadanta 139 Eothremma 361, 439 Elamenopsis introverta 179 Eotrechinae 352 Elattoneura 293 Eotreehus 352 Electragapetus 357 Epallagidae 292 Eleetrogena 74, 217, 237, 242, Epalzeorhynehos bleolor 566 243, 247, 248, 252 Epelron 217, 237, 238, 252 Eleetrogena sp. 74 Epeorella 217, 237, 249 Eleotridae 76, 78 Epeorus 74, 217, 237, 239, 242- Elephants 572 245, 252, 253, 298 Elliptera 491, 493 Epeorus sp. 74, 244 Elmidae 60, 65, 445, 447, 452, Ephaeerella 218, 264, 268, 272 455, 456, 457, 476-482 Ephemera 74, 218, 281-286 Elminae 447, 477, 481 Ephemera (Aethephemera) nadtnae Elminthidae (see Elmidae) 286 Elmomorphus 447, 483 Ephemera (Aethephemera) Elodes 447, 470 pletlpennis 286 Elongarta 156 Ephemera (Ephemera) sptlosa 74, Elophila 517 283 Emmerieiopsis 136 Ephemerella 70, 218, 264, 265, Empididae 65, 486, 490, 507, 268, 272, 274 508 Ephemerella (?) naslri 272 Enallagma 292 Ephemerella (?) wah ens IS 274 Eneentridophorus 195 Ephemerellidae 65,212, 213, 214, Enchytraeidae 114,115, 116 218, 264-275 Enehytraeus sp. 114 Ephemerelltna 218, 264-266, 275 Enekella 187 Ephemerellina ornate 265 Endoehironomus 504 Ephemerelltna stnensls 265 198 Ephemerellina xtaostmaensls 265 Engraulididae 76 Ephemerellinae 218, 264 Enhydrinae 446, 461 Ephemendae 60,65, 73, 211, 213, Enieurus 570 218, 281-286, 289 Enzthares 339 Ephemerinae 218, 281, 284-286 Enoehrus 446, 466, 467, 468 Ephemeroidea 209,210,218,281, Ensidens 156 282 Entognatha 97 Ephemeroptera 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, Entomovelia 355 65, 72, 73, 106, 197-200, 202, Entoprocta 111 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, Eobraehyeentrus 360, 437 210, 207-290, 365, 501, 503 Eodinarthrum 360, 426 Ephoron 218, 282, 287 Eogomphus 293 Ephydatla 99 Eomystra 357 Ephydridae 486, 489, 508

801 Organism Index

Eplgomphmae 293 Eulichadidae 447, 452, 456, 471- Eptlampra 511 472 Epilamprinae 511 Eullchas 447, 471, 472 Eptllchas 447, 471, 472 Eunapius 99 Epiophlebia 291, 293 Eupera 161 EplOphlebiidae 293, 300 Euphaea 74, 292, 296, 298, 303, Eplsetodes 361, 423 304 Eplthemls 294 Euphaea decorata 74, 296, 298, Epoicocladius 501, 503, 504 304 Epophthalmta 294, 314 Euphaeidae 292, 295, 296, 298, Eretes 446, 459 300, 303, 304, 306 Enocera 491 Eurylophella 218, 264, 265, 266 Enochetr 177, 178, 179, 182 Euscelimena 510 ErlOChetr formosa 177 Euslmultum 497 Eriochetr hepuensis 178 Eusiriidae 187 Enochetr Japontcus 177, 178 Eusmittia 504 Enochetr leptognathus 177 Euthraulus 218, 260, 263, 264 Enochetr recta 177 Euthyplociidae 287 Enochetr sinensis 177, 178 Euthyplociinae 213,218,282,287, Erioptera 491, 493 289 Eristma 517 Evanophanes 361, 443 Ernodes 362, 442 Exopalaemon 164 Erotesis 361 Exopterygota 198 Erpobdella 119, 122, 125, 127 Eylais 195 Erpobdellidae 119, 120, 121, 122, Eylaoidea 191, 194 127 Eyriesia 134 Esakia 353 Esamthelphusa 186 Fairbankia 137 Esme 293 Fansipangana 357, 373, 376 Esolus 447, 481, 482 Faunus ater 141 Eteone 111, 112 Felicitomyia 495 Etheriidae 150, 152, 159 Felis planiceps 570 Etrocorema 321, 324, 326 Felis viverrina 570 Etroplus 77 Feltrta 195 Eubastlissa 360, 442, 443 Feltrtella 195 Eubrianacinae 447, 475 Fenouilia 13 8 Eubnanax 74, 447, 473-475 Ferrtssia 135, 147 Eubnanax sp. 74, 474 Ferrissia baconi 135 Eubriinae 447, 473, 475, 476 Ferrissiidae (see AncyJidae) 142 Eucapnopsis 333 Ftcus 80 Eucinetoidea 447, 449 Ftlopaludma 134 Eucta Javana 188 Fingernail clams (see Sphaeriidae) Eugenia 80, 89 Fireflies (see Lampyridae) Euholognatha 317 Fishes 8, 9, 11, 38, 58, 61, 64, 75- Euktefferiella 504 86, 87, 88, 89, 100, 126, 149,

802 Organism Index

188, 477, 528, 530, 531, 533, Gavialtdium 510 534, 537, 542, 547, 549, 551, Gavialis gangettcus 568 556, 558, 563-567, 570, 571, Gecarcinucidae 180, 181, 183, 184, 574, 579, 599, 603, 607 185 Fishflies (see Megaloptera) Gecarcinucoidea 180, 183, 184, Fishing eagles 570 185 Fittkauimyia 504 Gecarcinucus 185 Flacourtiaceae 88 Geese 529 Flatworms (see Turbellaria) Getthusa 186 Flavohelodes 447, 470 Gelastocoridae 337, 350, 351 Flies (i.e. 'true' flies: see Diptera) Gelatmella toanensts 109, 110 Flukes (see Trematoda) Gellatmella 109 Fluviopupa 138 Geloma 159 Folga 324 Geoparnus 447, 483 Fonticola 103 Georgtum 361, 429, 430, 432 Fontinalis 495 Georgtum Japonzcum 430, 432 Forbesopomus 136 Georgtum sp. 432 Forctpomyia 498, 499 Geonssidae 447, 451, 454, 468, Forcipomyiinae 488, 498, 499 469 Forktails 570 Geortssus 447, 469 Formosita 323 Geosesarma 179, 183, 184 Fredericella 109, 110 Geosesarma malayanum 179 Fredericella sultana 110 Geosesarma notophorum 179 Fredericellidae 109, 110, 109, 110 Geothelphusa 184, 185 Frogs (sse also Tadpoles) 126, Gerreidae 76 567 Gerridae 188,335,336,338,351- Fukienogomphus 293, 312 353 Fungi (see also Microbes) 48 Gerrinae 352, 353 Furcaperla 327 Gems 353 Gerriselloides 352 Gabbia 136 Gerroidea 338 Galba 145 Gerromorpha 65, 334, 336, 338, Galta 358 351-356 Gammaridae 186, 187 Gestroiella 345, 346 Gammarus 187 Gharials (see also Crocodiles) 567, Gammarus pulex 186 568 Gangetica 139 Gibosta 328 Ganonema 361, 429, 430 Gigantometra 351, 353 Ganonema extensum 430 Gigantometra gtgas 351 Garra 77 Gilliesta 218, 260 Gastrocentrella 361 Glauconomidae 161 Gastrocentrides 361, 440 Glauconomya 161 Gastrogomphus 293, 312 G leevmkta 186 Gastropoda 56, 57, 65, 72, 96, Globaria 468 129-147, 181 Glossamta gJellerupi 82

803 9rgan,sm Ir~

Glosslphoma 118, 119, 122, 124, Graminae 87 126, 119, 122, 124, 126 Grammeubrta 476 Glosslphoma heterocltta 126 Granuleubrta 447, 476 Glosstphoma webert 118 Graphelmts 447, 477, 481 Glossiphonlldae 118-122,126,156 Graphosolus 447, 482 Glossoscolecidae 113, 115 Grapsidae 177-179,182,183,184 Glossosoma 357, 377-379 Grasshoppers (See Orthoptera) 509 Glossosomatidae 65, 357, 358, Gratta 217, 225, 227 364, 366, 377-380 Greyflshes 80, 81 Glossosomatinae 357, 377, 379 Grouse locust~ (see Tetrigidae) Glyphtdrtlus 113 Grouvellmus 447, 481 Glyphotaeltus 361, 443 Grus japonenw: 529 Glyptophysa 146 Grus leucoger.1JIus 529 Glyptotendlpes 504 Gryllidae 51 L Gnathobdelhda 119 Gryllotalpa 5] 1 Gnathopogon argentatus 82 Gryllotalpidae 198, 511 Gnathotrichta 357 Gubernatortana 185 Gobiidae 76, 78 Gumeaxonopsi~ 195 Gobioididae 76 Gumaga 362, 441 Goddardobdella 120 Gundlacll1a L-+ 7 Goera 361, 439, 440 Gunungiella 358, 388, 389 Goendae 361, 369, 435, 439, 441 Guota 138 Goermella 360 Gymnolaemat.l 109, 110 Goerodella 360, 426 Gynacantha 293, 311 Goerodes 360, 425-429 Gynacanthaesc/'na 293 Goerodes doltgung 426, 428 Gynacanthinae 293 Goerodes emarginatus 425 Gyraulus 144. 146 Goerodma 360, 426 Gyraulus com 'exiusculus 144 Golden dragon fish (see Scleropages Gynnidae 65, 334, 446, 448, 450, formosus) 453, 457, 460-462 Gomphaeschninae 293 Gyrininae 446, 461 Gomphidae 291, 293, 295, 296, Gyrinocheilidae 76 297, 302, 311-314 Gyrmulus 462 Gomphtdta 293, 311, 312 Gyrinus 462 Gomplndtctmus 293 Gomphinae 293 Haasodonta 156 GomphOldea 293 HabrophleblOdes 218, 254, 256, Gomphosttlbla 497 260,262 Gomphus 312 HabrophleblOd,'s gilltest 256 Gondraena 446, 464 Haemadipsidae 119 Gonomyta 491, 493 Haematopota 508 GordlOnus 107 Haemonats 1 ] 3, 117 Gordtus 107 Haemopidae I 19, 127 Gouramles (see also Anabantidae; Haemulidae 76 Osphronemidae) 78 Hageniinae 293

804 Organism Index

Hagenoides 293 Helophoridae 447, 452, 455, 468, Hairworms (see Nematomorpha) 469 Halacaridae 191, 194 Helophorus 447, 469 Halewisia 138 Helostomatidae 76 Haliplidae 65, 446, 448, 450, 453, Helotrephes 341 457, 463, 467 Helotrephidae 65, 335, 337, 339- Haltplus 446, 463 341, 337, 339-341 Halobates 353 Helotrephinae 341 Halobatinae 353 Hemerodromta 508 Halophytes 53 Hemianax 293 Haloveliinae 354 Hemiclepsis 123, 126 Hammatorrhina 494 Hemicordulia 294 Haplotaxidae 113, 115 Hemiptera (see Heteroptera) 57, Haplotaxis 113, 115 197-199,202,206,207,334,365 Haraldta 447, 482 Hemirhamphldae 76 Harmandia 156 Heptagenta 217, 237, 238, 241, Harnischia 501, 504 242,252 Hebndae 338, 355 Heptagenta-ally (from Sulawesi) Hebnnae 355 238 Hebroidea 355 Heptageniid lineages (groups i- Hebrus 355 iii) 242 Hedotettix 510 Heptageniidae 65, 73, 212, 213, Hedyselmis 447, 481 217, 235-253 Heleidae (see Ceratopogonidae) Heptagenllnae 217,242,246,251, Heleniella 504 252 Heleocoris 345, 346 Herbertorossia 74, 359, 405, 407, Heliaeschna 293 415, 417, 419, 421 Helichus 447, 482, 483 Herbertorossta quadrata 74, 415, Helicopsyche 362, 366, 435, 436 417, 419, 421 Helicopsychidae 65, 362, 364,434- Hercostomus 509 436, 441 Herophydrus 446, 459 Heltcorbis 146 Hesperoconopa 491, 493 Heltogomphus 74, 293, 296, 297, Heteratracttdes 195 311, 312, 313 Heterobates 353 Heliogomphus scorpio 74, 296, Heteroceridae 447, 451, 456, 483 297, 311, 313 Heterocerus 447, 483 Heliosmylus 512 Heterocleptes 355 Helius 491, 493 Heterocleptinae 355 Hellyethira 357, 382, 386 Heterogenesia 284 Helminthidae (see Elmidae) Heteronatas 294, 316 Helobdella 121, 122, 126 Heterophaea 292 Helobdella stagnalis 126 Heteropneustidae 76 Helochares 446, 468 Heteroptera 57, 59, 65, 188, 197, Helodidae (see Scirtidae) 198, 199, 202, 206, 207, 334- Helopeltarium 446, 468 356, 365

805 9I.gon;sm II~

Heterothelphusa 186 Hyalidae 187 Heterotrephes 341 Hyalmella 109, 110 Heterotnssoc!adlus 504 Hyalmella diU'L1 l1IenSIS 11 0 Heudeana 156, 158 Hyalmella mdlca 110 Hexagema 284 Hyalinella ml1luta 110 Hexagema phthppma 284 Hyalocentropus 358 Hexageminae 218, 281, 284, 285, Hyalopsyche 358, 403 286 Hyalopsycheltd 358, 403 HexagenOldea 217 Hyboella 510 Hexampponacarus 197 Hybomltra 508 Hexatoma 491, 493 Hybos 508 Hexaxonopis 195 Hydatlcus 446, 459 Htlsa (see Tenualosal Hydatoma11lcus 359, 405, 411, Himalagrton 292 412, 415 Htmalayum 497 Hydatopsyche 74, 359, 405, 415, Htmalopsyche 357, 373, 375, 376 416, 419, 420 Htmantura (see Dasyatts) Hydatopsyche meltl 74, 419, 420, Htppeutls 144, 146 419, 420 Hippeutls cantonensls 144 Hydnocarpus SO, 88 Hippeutls umbtltcalts 144 Hydnocarpus :mthelmmthlca 88 Hlrudmana 124, 125, 126, 127 Hydra 100 Hirudmea 65, 96, 118-127, 128, Hydrachna 195 156 Hydrachmda <)8, 156, 188, 190- Hirudlmdae 119-122, 126, 127 197 HIrudo 125, 126, 127 Hydrachnoide.l 194 Hlsaura 358, 388 Hydraena 446, 464, 465 Hislopta 109, 110 Hydraentdae 65, 197, 445, 446, Hislopia cambodglensls 110 451, 454, 464, 465 Hislopta lacustns 110 HydraphantOlJL'a 194, 196 Hislopta malayensls 110 Hydndae 100 Hislopia mOl1lhfonms 110 Hydrilla vertlullata 54, 517 Hlsloplldae 110 Hydrobastleus 294, 316 Holocentro/JUs 359, 397, 399 Hydroblldae 18, 133, 136, 138 Holometopus 177 Hydrobloldes 136 Holorusta 491, 492 HydrobtomorfJ/'a 446, 468 Holthulstana 186 Hydrobiosidae 357,364,366,376, Homallum brevldens 88 377 Homalopteridae (see Bahtondael HydroblOsmae 357, 376 Homalosolus 447, 482 Hydrobius 446, 468 Homoeogenus 447, 475 Hydrocanthus 446, 457, 462 Horata 494 Hydrocassls 446, 468 Hormella 505 Hydrochara 4-+6, 468 Huananpotamon 185 Hydrochantace,le 517 Huoma 294 Hydrochldae ·+47, 453, 455, 468, Hyale 187 469

806 Organism Index

Hydrochus 447, 469 Hydroscaphidae 445, 446, 448, Hydrocoptus 460, 462 451, 453 Hydrocyphon 74, 447, 470, 471 Hydrotilinae 357 Hydrocyphon sp. 74 Hydrotrephes 341 Hydrodroma 195, 196 Hydrous 468 Hydrodroma monticola 196 Hydrovatus 446, 458, 459 Hydrodromidae 196 Hydrovolzta 195 Hydroglyphus 446, 459 Hydrovolzioidea 194 Hydroida 100 Hydrozoa 101 Hydromanicus 359,405,411,412, Hygrobates 195, 196 416, 417 Hygrobates (Hygrobates) ltmi 196 Hydromermis 106 Hygrobatidae 196 Hydrometra 355 Hygrobatoidea 192, 194, 196 Hydrometridae 338, 355 Hygrobta 446, 464 Hydrometrinae 355 Hygrobia davidi 464 Hydrometroidea 355 Hygrobiidae 446, 448, 450, 454, Hydronebrius 446, 459 464 Hydronema 359, 405, 407, 409 Hylaeothemts 294 Hydrophilidae 65, 445, 446, 453, Hymenoptera 198, 206, 518 455, 457, 464-468, 469, 514 Hymenoptychts 517 Hydrophilinae 446, 465, 468 Hymenosomatidae 179, 180, 182 Hydrophiloidea 446, 449, 451, Hyphoporus 446, 459 455, 464, 468 Hyphovatus 446, 460 Hydrophtlomtma 446, 466, 468 Hyphydrus 446, 459 Hydrophtlus 446, 468 Hypodmarthrum 360, 425, 426 Hydroporinae 446, 459 Hypophthalmtchthys molttnx 78, Hydroporus 446, 460, 462 531 Hydropotes inermis 529 Hyrcanmae 355 Hydropsyche 74, 359, 405, 409, Hyrcanus 355 411, 412, 414, 416-421 Hyrtdella 159 Hydropsyche chekiangana 74, 417, Hyriidae 149, 154, 155, 159 419, 420, 421 Hynopsls 156, 157, 156, 157 Hydropsyche tsudai 420 Hyrtanella 218, 264, 265, 266, Hydropsychidae 60, 65, 70, 73, 274 359, 364, 368, 369, 390, 401, 405-421 Ibanum 185 Hydropsychinae 359, 369, 405, Ibisia 507 408, 411-419 Ichthyophaga 570 Hydropsychodes 359, 405, 411, Ictinogomphus 293,311,312,314 416 Ictinogomphus pertmax 314 357, 381, 382, 384 Idtocarus 343, 345, 346 Hydroptilidae 65, 357, 358, 364, Idtocnemts 293 366,369,378,381-386,401,421 Idionychinae 294 HydrortSsota 138 Idionyx 294 Hydroscapha 446, 448 Idiophya 294

807 Organism Index

Idtopoma 134 Isolapotamidae 178, 180, 181, 184, Idtotrephes 341 185 Ilamelmts 447, 481 Isolapotamon 185 Illebdella 125, 126 Isonyehta 217, 233-236, 276 Illtesonemoura 320, 330 Isonyehia formosana 235 Ilyoeoris 345 Isonyehia ktangsinensis 235 Ilyodrtlus 117 Isonychiidae 235 Indaesehna 293 Isonychiinae 217 Indialts 218, 254, 259 Isoperla 333 Indobaetis 217, 231, 232 Isopoda 58, 98, 186, 187 Indocloeon 217, 233 Isosticttdae 293, 299 Indoenemts 293 Ithytriehia 357, 382, 385 Indoerunoecta 360, 426 Indoeypha 292 Jabttriehia 357, 382 Indodmarthrum 360, 425, 426 Japonalbta 195 Indolestes 292 Japonothyas 195 Indomolannodes 361, 440, 441 Javalbia 195, 196 Indonata 152, 156 Javalbia sunyi 196 Indonaia eaerulea 152 Javanita 323, 324, 327 Indonemoura 320, 330, 331 Javanotrtehia 357 Indontphargus 187 J avathyas 195 Indoplanorbis exustus 143, 144, Jellyfish (see Craspedaeusta) 146, 147 Jilanzhunyehus 447, 482 Indopseudodon 156 Jmhongia 138 Indostomidae 76 Johannsenomyia 498 Indothemis 294 Johora 185 Inglethelphusa 185 Jubabaetis 217, 225, 227 Insects 197-518 Jullienta 138 Insects, general biology 197-207 Jullieniini 58, 139 Insulamon 185 Integripalpla 356, 360, 363, 364, Kaltdasia 324, 328 373, 421-444 Kambaittpsyehe 359, 397 Inthanopsyehe 362 Kambaitipsychinae 359, 397 Iravadia 137 Kamtmuria 317, 322, 324, 326, Iravadiidae 133, 137 327 Irmengardta 186 Kanpotamon 185 Iron 74, 237, 239, 242, 245 Kantaearus 195 Iron sp. 74, 245 Karomana 362, 442 Ironodes 245, 237, 239 Kawamuraearus 195 Ironopsts 246 Keraltea 102 Isea 218, 254, 255 Kibuenopsyehomyta 358, 395 Isea purpurea 255 Ktefferulus 504 Isehnura 292, 296, 305 Kingfishers 570 Ischnurinae 292 Kiotina 324, 328 Isobates 352 Ktrkaldyia 347

808 OrganIsm Index

Kisaura 358, 388, 389 Larsia 504 Kttagamia 360 LathreClsta 294 Klzakia 361 LathrlOvelta 354 Kloosla 503, 504 Lauterbornlella 504 Kodala 360, 426 La vigerunae 140 Koenikea 195 Leandrztes 171 Kongsbergia 195 Lebertia 195 Krenopelopia 504 Lebertioidea 194, 196 Krenosmittia 504 Lectrides 361, 422, 423 KrzblOcosmus 503, 504 Leeches (see Hirudinea) Kryptopterus apogon 79 Leiodytes 446, 459 Kyopsyche 359, 397 Leiognathldae 76 Kyphopteryx 333 LelOvirgus 159 Lemna 517 Labaunzum 177 Lemnaceae 517 Labeo 77, 78, 80, 566 Lens 156 Labeo calbasu 78 Lepidodesma 156, 158 Labeo rohita 78 Lepidoptera 57, 65, 198,200,205, Labiobaetis 217, 233 207, 515-517 Labrogomphus 293, 311, 312 60, 65, 360, 364, Labrundinia 504 371, 425-429, 441 Laccobius 446, 466, 468 Lepidostomatinae 360, 425 Laccocorinae 346 Lepidothelphusa 185 Laccocoris 345, 346 Lepironia articulata 89 Lacconectus 446, 459 Leptelmls 447, 478, 481 Laccophilinae 446, 459 Leptobarbus hoevenil 80 Laccophilus 446, 457, 459 Leptocarpus 165 Laccotrephes 341 Leptocella 361 Lacunopsis 138 Leptocendae 65, 361, 364, 370, Laeliaena 446, 464 421-424 Lamellidens 156 Leptocerinae 361, 370, 421, 423 Lamelligomphus 293, 311, 312, Leptocerus 362, 422, 423 313 Leptoconopinae 487, 498, 499 Lamellogomphus 293 Leptoconops 499 Lamonganotrichia 358, 382 Leptogomphus 293, 312 Lamprotula 155, 156, 158 Leptophlebla 218, 260, 261 Lampyridae 448, 451, 455, 483 Leptophlebiidae 65, 72, 204, 208, Lanceolaria 156, 157 210, 213, 217, 218, 253-264 Languidipes 218, 287, 288 Leptophlebiinae 218 Langur, Niligiri 570 Leptophlebiodea 217 Lannapsyche 362, 433 Leptopodidae 356 Laonome 111, 112 Leptopodomorpha 356 Larcasia 361, 440 Leptopsyche 359, 405, 406, 411 Lannae 448, 477, 481 Leptopus 356 Larnaudia 185 Leptotarsus 491, 492

809 Organism i;:d!!

Lestes 292, 304 Limnodrtlus udekemtanus 114 Lestidae 292, 295, 301, 304 Limnogonus 353 Lestinae 292 Limnomedusac 100, 102 LestinOldea 292 Ltmnometra 351, 353 Lestoidea 292 Ltmnoperna 61, 149, 150, 151, Lethaxona 195 153, 154, 158 Lethocerinae 347 Ltmnoperna (<)}tunet 61, 151, 154 Lethocerus 335, 347, 349 Llmnophila 4<)1, 493 Lethocerus indlcus 335, 347 Ltmnophyes 504 Leuctra 332 Ltmnopilos natvanetrt 179 Leuctridae 57,65,317,318,320, Limnoporus 353 332, 333 Ltmnoscapha 156 Liaphlus 463 Ltmnotrephes 341 Llbellaginidae 292 Llmonza 491, 493 Llbellago 292, 308 Limoniinae 491-493 Llbel/ula 294 Limpets 134, 142, 143, 146, 147 Libelluhdae 291, 294-298, 300, Lindeniinae l. L) 3 303, 315, 3] 6 Lineidae 105 Llbellulinae 294, 300 Ltodessus 446, 459 Libelluloidea 294 Liothelphusa 185 Ltebeblella 217,219,222,223,227 Ltpoglossa 357 Ltmbodessus 446, 459 Lipotes vext//t{<-r 528, 530, 569 Limnatis 125, 126, 127 Lipsothrix 491, 493 Limnebtus 446, 464 LithoglyphopSIS 138 Llmnephilidae 60, 360, 364, 372, Llttorimus 447 , 483 438, 439, 442-444 Littonnacea 136 Llmnephtlmae 360, 372, 443, 444 Lmorimdae 1 )6 Ltmnephtlus 361, 444 Lobondae 76 Llmnesta 195, 196 Lobothelphusa 185 Limnesta volzt 196 Lophopodel/a ] 09, 110, 424 Llmneslldae 196 Lophopodella cartert 109, 110 Llmnichidae 447, 452, 455, 483 LophopodelLl pectmatelliformts Ltmnzchus 447, 483 110 Ltmnius 447, 481 Lophopodella stuhlmannz 110 Llmnocentropodidae 360, 364, Lophopodldae 109, 110 370, 435-437 Lophopus 109 Ltmnocentropus 360, 435-437 Lophopus sp. 110 Limnocnida 100, 102 Loticana 362 Limnocnidldae 102 Lottiidae 142 7 Ltmnocodtum 102 Loxosttrus 44 , 482 Ltmnodrtlus 61, 113, 114, 115, 117 Luciocephalidae 76 Ltmnodrtlus claparedeianus 114 Luciola 448, 484 Ltmnodrtlus grandtsetosus 114 Lumbncidae 115, 117 Ltmnodrtlus hoffmeistert 61, 114 Lumbnculidae 113, 115, 116 Llmnodrilus stlvanz 114 Lumbrtculus 113, 114

810 OrganIsm Index

Lumbriculus vareigatus 114 Macromildae 291, 294, 295, 303, Lundbladia 195 314, 315 Lutjanidae 76 Macromiinae 294, 315 Lutra lutra 570 Macronema 408 Lutra perspicillata 570 Macronematmae 359, 363, 369, Lutra sumatrana 570 405, 406, 408-411, 419 Lycastis 111 Macronevza 447, 482 Lycastopsis 111 Macronychotdes 447, 481 Lycosa 190 Macronychus 447, 481 Lycosidae 189, 190 Macropelopza 504 Lygaeidae 356 Macrosaldula 356 Lymnaea 145 Macrostactobza 357, 382, 384 Lymnaeidae 65, 143, 145 Macrostemum 74, 359, 405, 406, Lype 358, 394, 395 408, 409, 411, 419, 421 Lyrzothemis 294, 316 Macrostemum fastosum 74, 406, 419,421 Macafertiella 218, 266, 274 Macrostomida 104 Macrobrachium 57, 58, 60, 70, 87, Macrostomum tuba 104 165, 168, 171-175, 176, 177 Mactridae 161 Macrobrachium australe 173 Madeoveliinae 355 Macrobrachtum birmanzcum 87, MadlOxytherza 358 176 Maesazpsyche 359, 405, 407 Macrobrachium equidens 70, 173 Magnilobus 218, 261 Macrobrachtum gracilirostrzs 173 Mahseer (see also Tor spp.) 2, 81, Macrobrachium hainanense 171, 565 174, 175, 176 Matnltta 186 Macrobrachium idae 173 Major carp (see also Macrobrachium idella 70 Cyprinidae) 78, 91, 531, 533, Macrobrachium jaroense 173 537, 539, 564, 565 Macrobrachium lanchesteri 172 Malacostraca 97, 98, 161-188 Macrobrachium latidactylus 173 Malazseanus 447, 483 Macrobrachium latimanus 173 Malayopotamon 185 Macrobrachium leptdactyloides 173 Mallochohelea 498 Macrobrachium mammillodactylus Mamersella 195 173 Manaltella 494 Macrobrachium nipponense 172, Maniconeura 360 174,175,176 Margarztana 158 Macrobrachium rosenbergii 168, Margarztanopsis 158 171,173 Margarzttfera 157, 158 Macrobrachium bariennse 173 Margaritifendae 149, 153, 155, Macrodiplax 294 156, 157, 157, 159 Macroeubria 447, 475 Margarya 134 Macrogomphus 293, 311 Marginellidae 142 Macromia 294, 314 Marilta 362, 433 Macromidia 294, 315 Marilia sumatrana 433

811 Marthamea 323 Mesoplocta 2] 8, 287 Massepha 517 Mesopodagrton 292 Mastacembehdae 76 Mesostoma erh,'nbergl 104 Mastacembelus 77 Mesostoma rostratum 104 Mataeopsephus 74, 447, 475 Mesovelta 355 Matrona 309 Mesoveliidae 338, 355 Matsumuracloeon 219 Mesovelimae 355 (see Ephemeroptera) Mesovelioidea 355 Mazarredta 510 Mesyatsla 333 Megalestes 292, 304 Metadinarthrum 360, 425, 426 Megalestmae 292 Metadixa 505 Megalogomphus 293, 311, 312, Metagyrinus 462 313 Metama 99 Megalopidae 76 Metaphya 294, 316 Megaloptera 65, 198, 200, 205, Metasalda 356 207, 512-515 Methles 446, 459 Megaluracarus 195 Metoeca 517 Megapodagnontdae 292,295,301, Metretopidmae 217 305 Metretopus 2] 7 Megapodagrionmae 292 Metnconemus 504 Megapus 195 MetrobatOldes 352 MegascoleCldae 115 Metrobatopsis 352 Meglstocera 491, 492 Metrocorint 3 )" 3 Mekhongthelphusa 186 Metrocons 3 5 3 Mekongta 134 Mtcraphelochell us 346 Melanameletus 264 Mtcrasema 36 1), 425, 438 Melanocypha 292 MICrobes (see al-;o Bacteria) 48,56, Melanotdes 130, 135, 140, 141 64, 579 Melanoldes tuberculata 135, 140, Mlcrochlronomlts 504 141 MICrodesmidae 76 Melanoneura 293 Mlcrodontla 159 Melanopsinae 141 Mtcrodytes 446, 459 Melanotrtchta 358, 395-397 Mtcroeubna 447, 476 Melanotrtchta sertca 396, 397 Microeubnanax 475 Melittdae 187 Mlcrogomphus 293, 311, 312 Melligomphus 293, 312 Micromerus 308 Mellomyta 360, 426 Mlcronecta 349, 350 Mermithidae 106 Micronectinae 350 Merogomphus 293, 312 Microperla 329 Merragata 355 Mlcroperlinae 329 Mescrttes 447, 470 Mtcropsectra 504 Mesogomphus 294, 312 Mlcropterna 361, 444 Mesonemoura 320, 330 Mlcropttla 35""', 382 Mesoperla 324, 328 MICrosporidae 445, 446, 451, 454 Mesophylax 361, 444 Mtcrosporus 446, 448

812 Organism Index

Mierotendipes 504 Moth flies (see Psychodidae) Mierotriehia 235, 495 Moths (see Lepidoptera) Mierotrigonia 294 Mpuga 362, 442 Mterovelia 354 Mugger (see Crocodylus palustrts) Microveliinae 354 Mugilidae 76 Mieruraearus 195 Mulleriidae (see Etherildae) Mindoron 185 Mundamella 195, 196 Minyphlebia 218, 255 Mundamella cataphracta 196 Miratesta 146 Muraenidae 76 Missitriehia 357, 382 Muroglossa 357 Mitten crabs (see Erioeheir) Muscidae 486, 490, 508 Mixotrephes 341 Museulium 151, 153, 161 Mnias 292, 296, 297, 309 Museultum lacustre 151 Mnias mneme 297, 309 Mutelacea 159 Modellnaia 154, 156 Mylopharyngodon ptceus 531 ModIOlus 154 Myrtaceae 89 Molanna 361, 440, 441 Mysorella 136 Molannidae 361, 364, 371, 435, Myspoleo 357 440 Mystactdes 362, 423, 424 Molannodes 361, 440, 441 Mystroglossa 357 Mole crickets (see Gryllotalpidae) Mystropha 357 Mollusca 65, 95, 129-161 Mystus nemurus 79 Molophilus 491, 493 My til ace a 154 Molytinae 448, 450 Mytilidae 153, 158 Monatraetides 195 Myxobdella 124, 126, 127 Monoehromadora 106 M yxocyprinus astattcus 531 Monodactylidae 76 Myxophaga 445, 446 Monodiamesa 504 Monodiscus 104 Naboandelus 352 Monodontina 156 Naldidae 112-117 Monohelea 498 Nats 113, 114, 115, 117 Monohystera 106 Nais m{lata 114, 115 Mononchus 106 Nats papardalts 114 Monopelopia 504 Namalycastts 111, 112 Monopylephorus limosus 114 Nandidae 76 Monttstmulium 497 Nanhatpotamon 178, 181, 184, Montonepa 341 185 Mortmotacarus 195 Nanhaipotamon hongkongense Morindopsis 80 178, 181 Moroagrion 292 Nannodtplax 294 Morops 497 Nannohelea 498 Moropsyehe 361, 443 Nannonaia 156 Mortonagrion 292 Nannophlebia 294 Moselyella 358 Nannophya 294 Mosses 495 Nannophyopsts 294

813 ~r9ar,jS(T) Index

Nanocladzus 501, 504 Neoneuromus 512 Nasus 156 Neonipharglda(' 187 Nathanella 218,254,258,259,261 Neopeltoperla 329 Naucoridae 57,65, 335,337, 339, Neoperla 32 L 323, 324, 326, 327 342-346, 347 Neoperlini 326-328 Nauconnae 346 Neoperlops 323, 324, 327, 328 Naucons 345, 346 Neophocaena phocaenotdes 529 KaucorOldea 339 Neophylax 361, 438, 439, 440 Nautzlothelphusa 186 Neopodonomtts 504 Neallogaster 294, 314 Neopotamanth(ldes 288 Nectocons 347 Neopotamanthlls 288 Nematocera 485-507 198 Nematoda 94, 95, 105-106 Neoradma 141) Nematomorpha 95, 106-107, 115 NeorhabdocoeLt 104 Nematopalaemon 164, 171 N eosarmatlum 177 Nematopsephus 447, 475 Neoschoenobtcl 517 Nembounae 511 Neosevermla 360, 426, 427, 429 Nemertea 95, 105 Neoschoenobl,J 516 Nemoron 181, 185 Neotelmatosco[lus 505, 506 Nemoura 320, 330, 331 Neottmasius 355 Nemoundae 57,65,317,318,319, Neotncula 5:), 72, 138, 139, 547 320, 330, 331, 333 Neotncula aperta 139, 547 Nemourmae 319, 330 Neozavrelza )()4 Nemouroidea 317 Nepalopttla 357, 378, 379 Neoalardus 354 );epemhaceae 179 7 Neobaetlella 221 Nepenthes 1 '), 507 Neocandma 129, 166, 169-171, Nephrotoma 491, 492 175, 176, 177 Nephtyidae ]] 1, 112 NeocandmLl serrata 170, 175, 176, Nephtys 111, 112 177 Nepldae 65, 335, 336, 339, 341, N eochappUlszdes 195 342, 345 Neochaulzodes 512,513,514,515 Nepinae 34 L 342 NeochaullOdes howeringi 513 Nepogomphus 293 NeochthehlUs 464 NepOldea 339 Neoephemeridae 211, 214, 218, Nepomorpha (;5, 334, 336, 338- 265, 288 351 NeoephemerOldea 218 Neptosternus ·+46, 457, 458, 459 Neoephemeropsls 214, 218 Nereldae 111, 112 Neoeuryplax 324, 328 Nel'eis 111 Neofilchnerza 334 Nel'elVelza 355 Neogerns 353 Neritaceae 134 Neohydrocoptus 446, 462 Nentidae 132, 134 Neohydrophzlus 468 N eritilza 134 Neolepldostoma 360, 426 Neritma 134 Neonectes 446, 459 Nel'itodryas ] 34

814 Organism Index

Nerthra 350 Notanza 361, 443 Nesocrtcos 344, 345, 346 Noteridae 446,448-450,454,457, Nesonychus 447, 478, 482 462, 463 Nesoxenia 294 Noterus 446, 462 Neucentropus 359, 397 Nothopsyche 361, 444 Neumania 195, 196 Notidobza 362, 441 Neumania nodosa 196 Notonecta 339 Neumania sup ina 196 Notonectidae 65, 336, 337, 339, Neurhermes 512 350 Neurobasis 292, 297, 309, 310 Notonectinae 339 Neurobasis chinensis 297, 309 Notonectoidea 339 Neurocaenis 214, 218 Notoneura 293 Neurocyta 360, 442 Notoplebia 218 Neuromus 512 Notopteridae 76 Neuroptera 99, 198,207,512,513 Nudomideopsis 197 Neurorthidae 512 Nychia 339 Neurothemis 294, 296 Nychogomphus 294 Neusterinsifer 354 Nymphaea 517 Nevermannia 497 Nymphaeaceae 517 Newts (see Tylototriton verrucosus) Nymphicula 517 Ngoya 362, 442 Nymphomyza 495 Nichollsia menonz 187 Nymphomyta holopttca 495 Nichollsiidae 187 Nymphomyiidae 65, 486, 489, 490, Nletnerella 362, 422, 423 494,495 Nigrobaetis 217, 231 Nymphula 517 Nihonogomphus 294, 312 Nymphulinae 515-517 Nilobezzta 498 Nymphulini 517 Ntlodorum 504 Nilotania 195 Occutanpsyche 359 Nilotanypus 501, 504 Ochteridae 338, 350, 351 Niphadoses 516 Ochteroidea 350 Nlpponacarus 197 Ochterus 350 Nipponeurorthus 512 Ochthebtus 446, 464, 465 Nirvania 324, 328 Ochthopetina 324, 327 Niuginitrichia 357, 382, 385 OctogomphlOae 293 Nixe 217,237,242,243,247,248, Ocypodidae 179 252 Odhneripistdtum 161 Nogiperla 329 Odonata 59, 63, 65, 70, 72, 73, Naguchiphaea 292 197, 198, 199, 206, 291-316 Noleca 362 Odontobdella 127 Nonnullidens 218, 258, 261, 262 Odontocendae 65, 362, 364, 372, Nososticta 293 433-434 Notacanthurus 217,237,240,243, Odontomesa 504 252 Odontomyza 508 Notanatolica 362, 423 Oeceotrtchia 357, 382

815 Organism Index

Oecetma 362 Orectochtlus 446, 462 Oecetts 362, 421, 422, 423, 424 Oreochromis 77, 574 Oecetodella 362 Oreochromis mossambicus 574 Oestropsyche 359, 405, 409, 411 Oribatida 194 Ohtya 447, 481 Onentogomphus 294 Olax 80 Onmarga 491, 493 Oltgoaeschna 293 Oriza sativa indica (see also Rice) Oligochaeta 56, 65, 97, 112-118 53 Oltgoneunella 217, 233, 234, 235 Ormosia 491, 493 Oligoneurildae 65,211,217,233- Ornatus 357, 376 236, 276 Oro lestes 292, 304 Oligoneurunae 217 Ororotsia 217, 237, 238, 252 Oltgoplectrodes 360 Orphnelidae (= Thaumaleidae) 506 Oltgosttgma 517 Orthetrum 294, 296, 316 Oltgotnchta 360 Orthocladiinae 65, 489, 500, 501, Olindiidae 100 502, 504 Olyridae 76 Orthocladius 504 Oncomelama 18, 130, 137, 138, Orthoptera 198, 205, 509-511 537 Orthosalda 356 Oncomelama hupensts 18, 138 Orthotnchia 357, 381, 382, 385 Oncomelama hupensts chzut 137 Orthotnchza muscari 381 Oncomelama hupensis fausti 137 Orthotrichiella 357, 382 Oncomelania hupensis hupensis Oryzlidae 76, 189 137 Oryzzas curvinotus 189 Oncomelama hupensts tangt 137 Osmylidae 512 Oncorhynchus myktss 571 Osmylus 512 Onychargza 292 Osphronemidae 76 Onychogomphinae 293 Osphronemus 78 Onychogomphus 294, 311, 312 Osteochilus 78 Onychothemis 294, 295 Osteoglossidae 76, 566 Onychotrechus 352 Otter civet 570 Oocylus 446, 468 Ovitamon 185 Oodeza 323, 324 Ox us 195 Oopterygza 360, 442 Oxydropttla 357 Oosthuizobdella 123, 126 Oxyethira 357, 381, 382, 386 Ophichthidae 76 Oxynaia 156 Ophwgomphus 74, 294, 296, 297, Oyamia 324 311, 312 Oziotelphusa 186 Ophzogomphus smtcus 74, 296, Ozobranchidae 126 297, 312 Ozobranchus 119, 126 Oplsthobranchla 143 Orcaella brevtrostris 547, 569 Pachychilidae 140 Orchtthemts 294 Pachycypha 292 Ordobrevza 447, 481 Pachydtctyum 99 Orectochilinae 446, 461, 462 Pachydrobia 138

816 Organism Index

Pachydrobiini 58, 139 Pangasius jullieni 546 Pachyparnus 447, 483 Pangastus krempft 546 Padangpsyche 358, 394, 395 Pangastus siamensis 546 Paddlefish, Chinese (see Psephurus Pantala 294, 296, 297-298, 315, gladius) 316 Padunta 357, 378, 379 Pantala flavescens 297, 298 Paduniella 358, 393, 394 Papuagrion 292 Paduniellinae 358 Parabdella 123, 124, 126 Paeabezzia 498 Parabtthyma 136 Paegntodes 74,217,237,240,243, P aracartdtntcola 104 250-252 ParachaultOdes 512 Paegniodes cupulatus 74,250,251 Parachironomus 504 Pahamunaya 359, 398, 399 Paracladopelma 501, 504 Palaeagapetus 358, 383, 384 Paraclepsis 121, 126 Palaemon 164, 171 Paracltus 509 Palaemonetes 164, 171 Paracrtcotopus 504 Palaemonetes sinensis 171 Paracrostoma 112, 140 Palaemonidae (see also Prawns) 58, Paracymoriza 517 65, 162, 163, 168, 171-176, 181 Paracymus 446, 468 Palaemoninae 171 Paradelphomyia 491, 493 Palaeodipteron 495 Paradinanthrodes 360 Palaeoptera 198, 199 Paraethaloptera 359, 405 Palaeothemis 294 Parafossarulus 136, 137 Palaiargia 292 Parafossarulus extmtus 137 Palawanthelphusa 186 Parafossarulus stnensts 137 Palingenia 218, 285, 286 Paragnettna 317,322,324,327 Palingeniidae 281 Paragomphus 294, 297, 312 Palingeniinae 211, 218, 281, 282, Paragomphus caprtcornts 297 284, 285, 286 Paragommus westermant 178 Palpispercheron 195 Paragordius 107 Palpomyia 498 Parakteffertella 504 Palpopleura 294 Paraleptophlebia 218, 260 Palpopleurinae 294 Paraleuctra 333 Paludicella articulata 109, 110 P araltmnotrephes 341 Paludtcella pentagonalis 110 Paramacronychus 447, 481 Paludicellidae 110 Parameletus 216, 217, 216 Paludinella 139 Paramerina 504 Paludominae 133, 140 Parametriocnemus 504 Paludomus 133, 140 Paramoera 187 Pandanaceae 89 Paranais 114, 117 Pandanus helicopus 89 Paranats frici 114 Pangasiidae 76 Paranemobius 511 Pangasius 78, 546, 565, 566 ParanycttOphylax 359, 397, 398, Pangasius (= Pangasianodon) gigas 399 546, 565 Paraphlegopteryx 360, 426, 427

817 Organism Index

Paraplea 339, 340 Peltoperlopsis 328, 329 Parapotamon 185 Peltopteryx 329 Parapotamophtlus 448, 481 Perbrinckia 181, 186 Parapoynx (= Paraponyx) 516, Periaeschna 293 517 Pertcnemis 292 Parapoynx dimmutatls 517 Pericoma 505 Paraprososthenta 72, 138 Periphyton 47, 49, 51-53, 64, 67, Parapsyche 359, 405, 407 89, 90, 131, 138, 143, 474, 477 Parasetodes 362, 422 Pertssogomphus 294 Parastacidae 98, 104, 162, 104, Perissoneura 362 162 Perithelphusa 186 Parastactobta 357, 382 Perittopinae 354 Paratanytarsus 504 Pertttopus 354 Paratendtpes 504 Perivelia 354 Paratettlx 510 Perlesta 328 Parathelphusa 126, 186 Perlidae 57, 65, 317, 318, 320, Parathelphusldae 65, 178, 180, 323-328, 329 181, 184, 185, 186 Perlinae 318, 321, 324-326, 328 Parathelphusoidea 185 Perlini 324 Parathemls 294 Perlodes 333 Paratrtchocladius 504 Perlodidae 317, 321, 333, 334 Paratya 165, 166, 167, 175, 177 Perlodinella 334 Paratya curvirostrts 177 Perloidea 317 P arhyale 187 Peschetius 446, 459 Parhyalella 187 pesut (see Orcaella brevirostris) Parreysia 156 Petaliaeschna 293 Parthenodes 517 Petersula 218, 258, 261 Parunio 156 Petroglyphus 136 Pasirotrtchta 357, 382 Pettancylus 147 Patapsius 356 Phaenandrogomphus 294 Patelloplanorbidae 146 Phagocata 103 Patrus 462 Phaibulamon 185 Pectmatella 109, 110 Phalacrocera 491, 493 Pectmatella gelatmosa 110 Phallostethidae 76 Pectlsponglila 99 Phaneta 137 Pedicta 491, 493 Phanoperla 321, 326, 327-328 Pelobiidae 464 Phanostoma 359 Pelochares 447, 483 Pharyngobdellida 119 Pelthydrus 446, 466, 468 Phasganophora 323 Peltodytes 446, 457, 463 Pherbellta 509 Peltoperla 328, 329 Philarctus 361, 444 Peltoperlidae 317, 318, 319, 328- Philippinocoris 344, 345, 346 329 Philoganga 292, 305-307 Peltoperlinae 329 Philoganga vetusta 307 Peltoperlodes 328, 329 Philoganginae 292

818 Organism Index

Philopotamidae 65,356, 358, 364, Planaria arborensis 103, 104 367, 386-389, 390 Planariidae 103 Philopotaminae 358 Planaxidae 142 Philopotamopsis 390 Planolineus 105 Philorus 494 Planorbacea 145-147 Pholadidae 161 Planorbidae 65, 135, 142, 143, Phoridae 486, 507 144, 145-146, 147 Phragmites communis 537 Platambus 446, 459 Phreodrilidae 115, 116 Platanista gangettca 89, 568, 569 Phreodrilus 115 Platanista mmor (= Patanista mdt) Phrtcotelphusa 185 568, 569 Phryganaeidae 360, 379, 442-443 Plattycantha 293 Phryganopsyche 360, 437 Platybaetts 217, 225, 226, 227 Phryganopsychidae 360, 372, 437 Platycephalidae 76 Phrynovelia 355 Platycnemldldae 293, 295, 302, Phylactolaemata 109, 110 305 Phyllodocidae 111 Platycnemidinae 293 Phyllonera 293 Platycnemts 293, 305 Phyllothemis 294 Platygomphus 293 Phylocentropus 358, 403, 404 Platyhelminthes (see also Trematoda) Phylostenax 361, 443 95, 102-105, 146, 178 Physa (= Physella) acuta 135, 145 Platynectes 446, 459 Physalis 80 Platysticta 293 Physastra 146 Platystictidae 293, 295, 301, 305, Physidae (= Physellidae) 65, 142, 306 143, 144, 145 Plea 339 Physunlo 156 Pleciobates 353 Pila 132, 135, 136 Plecoptera 57,59,60,65, 198,200, Pilaria 491, 493 206, 316-334, 501 Pilidae (see Ampullariidae) Plectndae 106 Pilsbryoconcha 156 Plectrocnemta 359, 397, 398 Piona 195 Plectus 106 Ptrata 189, 190 Pleidae 65, 335, 337, 339-341 Pirata subpiraticus 189 Plethogenesta 218, 281, 284, 285 Pisauridae 188-190, 518 Plethogenesta papuana 285 Ptscicola 126 Pletholophus 155 Piscicolidae 119, 121, 126 Plethotrtchta 358, 382 Pisidiidae (see Sphaeriidae) Plethus 358, 382, 385 Pistdium 151, 153, 160, 161 Pleurocendae 133, 140 Pisidium annandalei 151 Pleurocerinae 140 Pisidium clarkeanum 151 Plotosidae 76, 78 Pitcher plants (see Nepenthes) Plumatella 107-110, 108, 109 Placobdelloides 123, 126 Plumatella casmtana 110 Planaeschna 293, 311 Plumatella emargtnata 107, 109, Planarta 103, 104 110

819 Organism Index

Plumatella ganapato 110 Pomatiopsinae 138 Plumatella Javamca 107, 110 Pompilidae 518 Plumatella longlgemmis 110 Pontogeneidae 187 Plumatella repens 109 Pontomyia 504 Plumatella vorstmam 110 Pontoninae 171 Plumatellidae 107, 109, 110 Porifera (see also Sponges) 94, 99 Podelmis 447, 481 Pornothemls 294 Podolestes 292 Porpoise, black finless 529 Podonominae 501, 504 Potamacmaea 142 Podonychus 447, 482 Potamalpheops 166 Podopteryx 292, 305 Potamanthellus 214, 218, 288 Podura aquatlca 509, 510 Potamanthidae 62, 211, 218, 281, Poduridae 509 288-290 Poecilobdella 125, 127 Potamanthtdus 218 Poecilopsyche 362 Potamanthodes 218,288,289,290 Poeciloptila 357, 378, 379 Potamanthodes fujianensis 290 Polycanthaginae 293 Potamanthus 218, 282, 288, 288- Polycanthagyna 293, 311 290 Polycelts 103 Potamanthus (Potamanthodes) Polycentropodidae 65, 359, 368, kwangStenSls 290 392, 397-400, 401, 403 Potamanthus (Potamanthodes) Polycentropodinae 359, 368, 397 yooni 289 Polycentropus 359, 397, 398, 399 Potamanthus (Potamanthus) Polychaeta 56. 57, 97, 111, 112 huoshanensis 290 Polymera 491, 493 Potamanthus (Stygifloris) Polymesoda 159 sabahensis 290 PolymltarcYldae 211, 218, 281, Potamanthus kamoms 289 286, 287-288, 289 Potamareha 294, 316 Polymitarcymae 218, 287, 289 65, 180, 181, 183, 184, Polymitareys 287 185 Polymorphamsus 74, 359, 405, Potamididae 141 409, 410, 411, 419, 420 Potamiseus 185 Polymorphanisus astietus 74, 410, Potamoeypoda pugila 179 419, 420, 410, 419, 420 Potamodytes 460 Polynemidae 76 Potamogeton erispus 54 Polypedtlum 502, 504 Potamoidea 180, 183, 184, 185 Polyphaga 445, 446, 448, 449, Potamometra 353 464-484 Potamometropsis 353 Polypleetropus 359, 397, 398 Potamon 185 Polyploeia 218, 287 Potamoneetes 460 Polypylts 146 Potamophilinus 448, 481 Pomaeea eanalteulata 136 Potamophtlus 448, 481 Pomacentridae 76 Potamyia 359, 405, 416, 417 Pomatiopsidae 56, 58, 72, 133, Potomida 155, 156 136, 137, 138-139, 547 Potthastta 504

820 Organism Index

Povilla 218, 287, 288, 289 Protzia 195 Praehelichus 447, 483 Proxtphocentron 358, 395 Prawns (see also Palaemonidae) 57, Psammobiidae 161 58, 87, 162, 171, 556, 557 Psammogammarus {luvtattlls 187 Presby tis johnii 570 Psammogammarus philippensts 187 Pressidens 156 Psammonella 217, 233 Prionocyphon 447, 470 Psectrocladtus 504 Pristidae 76 Psephenidae 63, 65, 73, 445, 447, Pristigasteridae 76 452, 456, 457, 472-476 Pristina 113, 114, 117 Psepheninae 447, 475 Pristina accuminata 114 Psephenotdes 74, 447, 472, 474, Pristinella 117 475 Probarbus jullieni 79, 563, 565 Psephenotdes sp. 74, 474 Probarbus labeamajor 546, 565 PsephenOldmae 447, 474, 475 Procambrus clarkii 162 Psephurus gladius 531, 532, 564, Procladius 504 572 Procloeon 217, 229, 230, 233 Pseudagapetus 357, 378 Procordulia 294 Pseudagrion 292, 305 Prodasineura 293, 305 Pseudagrioninae 292, 293 Prodiamesinae 501, 504 Pseudagrionoptera 294 Prohyriopsis 156 Pseudamophtlus 447, 481 Prosobranchia 57, 58, 96, 112, Pseudatya 167 129-142, 579 Pseudobaphta 155, 156 Prosopistoma 215, 216, 218 Pseudobrilla 503, 504 Prosopistomatidae 65, 210, 214, Pseudobythtnella 137, 138 218 Pseudocaents 275 Prostoma 105 Pseudocentropttlotdes 217, 233 Protancylus 147 Pseudocloeon 217, 219, 220, 223, Protanyderus 494 224 Protanypus 501, 504 Pseudocloeon kraepeltni 219 Protarcys 334 Pseudodiamesa 501, 504 Protobehningta 209, 213, 218 Pseudodon 156 Protobehningia merga 213 Pseudodon vondembuschtanus 155 Protohermes 512, 513, 514 Pseudograpsus 177 Protojaniridae 187 Pseudograpsus crassus 177 Protonemura 320, 330 Pseudohalobates 352 Protoneuridae 293, 295, 302, Pseudoleptonema 359, 405, 406, 305 409, 411 Protoneurinae 293 Pseudoltgoneurta 234 Protoptilinae 357, 378, 379 Pseudoltmnophtla 491, 493 Protorthemis 294 Pseudomullerta 150, 152, 159 Protosticta 293, 305, 306 Pseudoneurechpsinae 359,368,400 Protosttcta taipokauensis 306 Pseudoneureclipsis 359, 400 Protozoa 55 Pseudopolydora 111, 112 Protunto 156 Pseudosmittia 503, 504

821 Organism In~

Pseudostenophylacmae 361, 372, Pyrrhosoma 292 443 Pseudostenophylax 361, 443, 444 Quadrasra 142 Pseudostenopsyche 389 Quadncons 345 Pseudosttlobezzra 498 Quassta 80 Pseudothemls 294 Pseudotramea 294 Racemobambos settfera 569 Pseudovelta 354 Radtatula 156 PseudovlVtpara 136 Radtx 135, 145 Pseudoxyethtra 358 Radix plicatulu:, 135 Pseuduvarus 446, 459 Rana macrodon 567 Pstlopterna 361, 444 Ranatra 341 Pstlotreta 362, 433, 434 Ranatrinae 341, 342, 355 Pstlotreta kwangtungensis 434 Ranguna 185 Psolodemus 292, 310 Raphismta 294 Psychoda 505 Raptobaetopus 217 Psychodidae 65, 486, 487, 490, Reet/dens 156 505, 506 Regtmbartta 446, 468 Psychomyta 358, 393-395 Rehdertella 13 8 PsychomYlella 358, 394, 395 RhabdlOpteryx 333 PsychomYlldae 65, 358, 364, 368, Rhabdoblatta 511 392-395, 398, 403 Rhabdom'as 361, 429 PsychomYllnae 358, 393, 395 Rhabdomastlx 491, 493 PteronarcYldae 317, 318 Rhagadotarsm.lL' 352 PteronarcYOldea 317 Rhagadotarsus 352 Pteronarcys 318 Rhagovelia 353, 354 198 Rhagovelllnae 353, 354 Pttlobertta 195 Rhantattcus 446, 459 Ptilocolepmae 358, 378, 384 Rhantus 446, 459 Pttlocolepus 358, 378, 384 Rheocncotopus 504 Ptilodactyhdae 447,452,456,471- Rheopelopta 501, 504 472 Rheotanytarsus 501, 504 Ptilomennae 353 Rheumatogonus 353 Ptychognathus 177 Rheumatometroides 352 Ptychognathus demant 177 Rhlcnoda 511 Ptychognathus nedelll 177 Rhmagnon 292 Ptychopteridae 486, 490 Rhmoceros un/( ornis 571 Ptychorhynchus 156, 158 Rhmoceroses 572 Pudaengon 181 Rhmocypha 2LJ2, 297, 308 Pulmonata 96, 142-147, 181, 348 Rhmocypha pcrforata 297, 308 Puntlus 78, 79, 574 Rhmophoracalus 195 Punttus gomotus 574 RhlOnella 21il. 264 Pyrahdae 57, 65, 207, 515-517 Rhlpldolestes 292 PyraustIdae 515 Rhithrogena 217, 237, 239, 242, Pyrophanes 448, 484 243, 246, 250, 252, 253

822 Organism Index

Rhithrogena parva 243 Robertstella 138 Rhithrogeniella 217,237,240,242, Robmsonia 134 243,250 Rotifera 55 Rhodeinae 156 Rouxana 186 Rhod~chnuN 292, 305 Rudtelmis 447, 482 Rhodophyta 52 Rupisalda 356 Rhodothemis 294 Rhoenanthodes 214 Sabelhdae 111, 112 Rhoenanthopsis 288 SagocortS 345, 346 Rhoenanthus 218, 282, 289, 290 Salangathelphusa 186 Rhoenanthus (Anthopotamus) Saldidae 338, 356 coreanus 289 Saldoida 356 Rhoenanthus (Anthopotamus) Sa ldula 356 rohdendorfi 289 Salduncula 356 Rhoenanthus (Potamanthindus) Saltfa 127 youi 290 Salifidae 122, 127 Rhoenanthus (Rhoenanthus) Sandracottus 446, 459 spectosus 289 Saranganotrichia 357, 382 Rhombuniopsis 155, 156 Sartortana 185 Rhopalonychus 447, 482 Satarta 136 Rhopalopsole 332, 333 Saussurella 510 Rhopalopsole orientalis 333 Sayamla 186 Rhyacobates 353 Scabies 156 Rhyacodrilus 113, 114, 117 Scalmogomphus 294 Rhyacodrilus riabuschinskti 114 Scaphula 161 Rhyacodrilus sodalis 114 Scaptobdella 127 Rhyacophila 357, 373, 374, 376 Scatophagidae 76 Rhyacophila sp. 1 374 Scelimenta 510 Rhyacophila sp. 2 374 Scelotrtchla 358, 382, 385 Rhyacophilidae 60, 65, 357, 364, Schepmania 155, 156 367, 373-376 SChllbidae 76 Rhynchobdellida 118, 121, 126 Schinostethus 447, 473, 475, 476 Rhynchostegium 495 Schismatoglottts okadae 569 Rhyothemis 294 Schistodesmus 156, 157, 156, 157 Rice 53, 79, 516, 521 Schtstoperla 324 Richardsonianidae 120 Schistosoma spp. (= sChlstosomes) Rtpistes 117 18, 146, 537, 547, 571 Risiocnemis 293 Schistosoma Japonica 18 Risiophlebia 294 Schistosoma mansont 146 Rissoacea 136-139 Schtstosoma mekongi 547, 571 Rivobates 195 Schizo thorax 81 Rivomarginella 142 Schmidttphaea 292 Rivularia 134 Schoenobtus 516, 517 Rivulogammarus 187 Schomburgk's deer 572 Robackia 504 Sciaemdae 76 823 SciomYZldae 486, 509 Palaemonidac) 8, 11,38,58, 60, Sczops 359, 405, 407, 408 64, 73, 87, 97, 98, 104, 111, Sczrpophaga 516 129, 161, ]02-17~ 49~ 573 SClrtldae 65, 73, 445, 447, 452, Sialidae 512 455, 469-471 Sialts 512 Sclerocypha 292 Siamopaludina 134 Scleropages formosus 566 Stamthelphusa 186 SCOliOPS1S 446, 468 Steboldius 29.3, 311, 312 Scombridae 76 Sigamdae 76 Scopura 333 Slgara 349, 350 Scopuridae 317, 333 Slluridae 76 Scorpaemdae 76 Stmothraulus 218, 260 Scrobiculamdae 161 Stmpsonella 1':;6 Segmentma 144, 146 Slmsoma 447, 481 Segmentma (Polypylis) succinea 144 Slmuliidae 60, 65, 194, 227, 298, Selysioneura 293 485,486,4H~,490,495-497,499 SeiyslOthemls 294 Simulzum 495-497 Semblts 360, 442 Szmuitum sp. 1-6 (from Hong SemtocladlUs 504 Kong) 496 Semlsulcosplra 130, 140 Smanodonta 156 Senckenbergta 140 Smhalestes 292 Sendlerta 186 Smlctogomphus 293, 311, 312 Sepedon 509 Smobdella 12:- Septaria 134 Sinogomphus 293, 312, 313 Septlebertta 195 Smolapotamon 185 Sergestldae 163 Smolestes 292 Sericostomatidae 362, 372, 435, Smomytzlus ] 50, 153, 154 438, 439, 441 Smonychus 447, 482 Sermyla 140 Smoperla 324, 327 Serpulidae 111 Sinopotamidae 184, 185 Serranidae 76 Smopotamon 185 Serratella 218,264,268,272,273, Smopsephenus 74, 447, 474, 475 274 Smopsephenus (hmensls 74, 474 SerromYla 498 Smotaia 134, l35 Sesarmmae 177, 179, 183, 184 Smotaia quadrata 135 Sesarmoldes 177 Siphlomsca 217 Setodes 362, 421, 422, 423 Stphlonundae 213, 217 Setodmella 362, 423 Siphlonurinae 217 Shad, Reeves' (see Tenualosa reevesu) Slphlonurus 2] 7 Shangomyta 503, 504 SlphlurlsCUS 2] 6, 217 Shaogomphus 293, 312 Siphiurtscus chillensls 216 Sharks 88, 563 51phiurtscus? davldl 216 Shore bugs (see Saldidae) Slsoridae 76 Shore flies (see Ephydridae) Slsyra 512, 5 1 3 Shrimps (see also Alpheidae; Atyidae; 51syra aurorae 512

824 Organism Index

Sisyridae 99, 207, 512, 513 Sponges (see also Porifera) 424, Skobeleva 334 501, 512 Skwala 334 Spongtlla 198 (see also Sisyridae) Slavina 117, 113 Spongillidae 99, 512 Smaragdia 134 Sp rick ia 155 Sminthuridae 509, 510 Springtalls (see Colembolla) Sminthurtdes viridis 509, 510 Stactobta 358, 382, 385 Smittia 504 Stactobtella 358 Snakeheads (see also Channidae) StalocortS 345, 346 81 Staphylinidae 484 Snapping shrimps (see Alpheidae) Staphylinoidea 446, 449 Snow trout 81 Stegothryris 517 Soleidae 76, 564 Stempellina 504 Solenaia 156, 158 Stempellmella 504 Solenidae 161 Stenagrton 292 Somanniathelphusa 178, 181, 186 Stenasellidae 187 Somanntathelphusa zanklon 178, Stenasellus 187 181 Stenelmts 447, 481 Somatochlora 294 Steninae 484 Sopkalia 334 Stenobates 352 Sortosa 358, 388 Stenobatopsis 352 Sostea 447, 483 Stenochtronomus 502, 504 Specaria 117 Stenomelanta 140, 141 Speove/ia 355 Stenopsyche 74, 358, 389-392 Spercheidae 447, 468, 469 Stenopsyche angustata 74, 391, 392 Spercheon 195 Stenopsyche kodtkanalensls 390 Spercheronopsis 195 Stenopsyche marmorata 392 Spercheus 447, 469 Stenopsyche ochrtpennts 390 Sphaeridiinae 447, 465 Stenopsyche szamensts 390 Sphaeriidae 149, 158, 159, 160- Stenopsychidae 73, 358, 364, 367, 161 389-392 Sphaerium 153, 158, 160, 161 Stenopsychodes 389 Sphaerodema 347 Stenostomum unicolor 104 Sphaeromatidae 187 Stenothyra 137, 139 Sphaeromias 498 Stenothyridae 56, 58, 133, 136, Sphalloplana 103 137, 139, 547 Spicipalpia 356, 357, 373-386 Stenoxyethtra 357 Spiders (see also Araneae) 518 Stephanella 109 Spilosmylus 512 Stephanodrilus 129 Spinadis 242 Stephenson/ana 117 Spineubria 476 Sternolophus 447, 468 Spionidae 111 Stlctochlronomus 504 Spiralothelphusa 186 Stilobezzia 498 Spirogyra 463 Stingrays (see Dasyatidae) Spirosperma 117 Stolella 109, 110 825 Organism Index.. - Stollela mdlca 110 Sympotthastia 504 Storks 529 Synafophora 357 StratlOmyidae 65, 486, 489, 508 Synagapetus 357, 377, 378, 379 Stratospongilla 99 Synagotnchia 358 Strepsmoma 517 Synaptonecta 350 Strongylovelia 355 Synaptonecta lssa 350 Sturgeons 529-533, 537 Synaptopsyche 359,405,415,421 Stygtflons 218, 288-290 Synaptura palloides 564 StyglObates 352 Synbranchidae 76 Stygoilmnesza 197 Syneches 508 Stygomomonta 197 Syngnathldae 76 Stygothelphusa 185 Synlesndae 292, 295, 301, 304 Stygothromdidoidea 194 Synlestinae 292 Stylana 113, t17 Synthemis 294, 299 Stylodrzlus 115 Synthemisttdae 294, 299 Stylogomphus 293, 312, 313 Syrphidae 65, 486, 489, 508 Styloperla 329, 330 Systellognatha 317 Styloperlidae 317, 318, 320, 328- 330 Tabanidae 486, 489, 508 Styloperlmae 329 Tabanus 508 Stylurus 293, 312, 313 Tadpoles 188. 190, 348 Sublettea 501, 504 Taemonema 333 Succmeidae 143 Taeniopterygldae 317,319,333 Sulawesla 218, 259, 261 Tagalopsyche 362, 422, 423 Sulcatula 156 Tagapetus 35~ Sulcosplra 140 Taza 134 Sulu 218, 261 Tamopocoris 345 Sumatendlpes 503, 504 Tanorus 357, 376, 377 Sumatralbta 195 Tanycola 218. 255 Sumatranotnchta 357, 382 Tanycricos 344, 345, 346 Sundacypha 292 Tanydendae 486, 488, 490, 492, Sundasalangidae 76 494 Sundathelphusa 186 T anymecosticta 293 Sundathelphusldae 180, 181, 184, Tanypodinae 65, 488, 500, 501, 185, 186 502, 504 Suragma 507 Tanypus 504 susu (see Platamsta gangetica) Tanysiphon l(~l SymblOcloeon 156, 209, 217, 233 Tanytarsus 502, 504 Sympecma 292 Tanyvelta 354 Sympecmatmae 292 Taolestes 303 Sympetrinae 294 Taprobanelmls 447, 481 Sympetrum 294, 316 Tarebia 140, 141 Symphltoneuria 362, 422, 423, Tarsotrechus 352 424 Tarsovelta 354 Symphltoneurina 362, 422 T asmanocaems 218

826 Organism Index

Tatea 138 Thaumaleidae 486, 488, 490, 506, Tecttdrilus achaetus 114 507 Teinobasis 292 Thaumastoptera 491, 493 T elmatodrilus 114 Thaumelea 507 Telmatogetoninae 504 Theliopsychmae 360, 425 Telmatopelopia 504 Thelphusula 181, 186 Telmatoscopus 505 Theromyzon 121, 122, 126 Telmatotrephes 341 Thtara 135, 140, 141 Teloganella 214, 217, 218 Thtara scabra 135, 140, 141 Teloganodes 218, 264, 265, 267, Thlaridae 58, 64, 65, 129, 130, 274-275 131, 133, 135, 140-141, 154 Teloganodinae 214, 218, 264 Thienemanntella 504 Teloganopsis 218, 264, 272 Thtenemannimyta 504 Temburongpsyche 357, 378, 379 Tholymls 294, 316 Temnocephala 104 Thraulus 218,254,257,258,261, Temnocephalida 104-105 262 Tenagogonus 353 Thremmatmae 361, 438 Teneridrilus 114, 117 Thysanarthrta 447, 465, 468 Teneridrilus mastlx 114 Ttlapia 77, 574 T enualosa ilisha 564 Tilapia rendallt 574 Tenualosa reevesii 531, 533, 534 Timastellotdes 355 Tenualosa thtbaudeaui 547 Tlmasius 355 T enuilapotamon 185 Ttmpanoga complex (of Teraponidae 76 Ephemerellidae) 265 Terrapins (see also Turtles) 119, Tinodes 358, 392, 394, 395 126 Tlphotrephes 341 Terrathelphusa 181, 186 Tipula 491, 492 Tetracanthagyna 293, 295, 310, Tipulidae 65, 486, 487, 490- 311 494 Tetragnatha mandibulata 188 Tipulinae 491, 492 Tetragnathidae 188 Ttpulodina 491, 492 Tetraodontidae 76 Tttanosttcta 293 Tetraripis 354 Tobachtronomus 503, 504 Tetrastemmatidae 105 Tobikera 362 Tetrathemis 294 Tobrilus 106 Tetrathemistinae 294 Togoperla 322, 323, 324, 325 Tetrigidae 198, 510, 511 Tokyobrilla 503, 504 Tetrix 510 Tomtstomus schlegeltt 567, 568 Tetropina 321, 324, 326, 328 Tor putttora 82 Thaksmthelphusa 185 Tor spp. (see also Mahseer) 81 Thalassius 188 Tortx 121, 126 Thalassosmittia 503, 504 Torleya 218, 264, 268, 269, 272- Thalerosphyrus 217,237,240,242, 274 243, 246, 250 Tormdae 136, 137 Thalerosphyrus sinuosus 250 Torrenttcola 195, 196, 197

827 Torrentlcola (All otorrenticola) 70, 72, 73, 106, 198, 200, 202, abnormipalpis 196 207, 356-444, 518 Torrentieola (Allotorrentlcola) Trzchosetodes 362, 421, 422, 423 bahtllli 196 Trzchotendipl's 504 Torren tleola (A llotorrenticola) Tricladlda 102-104 malayensls 196 Tricorythidae 217, 218 Torrentieola (Heteratractldes) Tncorythinae 218 orzentalts 196 Trz co rythus 214 Torrentlcola (Monatractldes) Trzcula 58, 130, 137, 138 ctrculotdes 196 Triculmae 138, 139 Torrentlcola (Monatractldes) Triculmi 58, 139 mmor 196 T ridactylidae 511 Torrentlcola (Monatractldes) Trzdactylus 5 L1 neoaprattma 196 Trigomphus 293, 312, 313 Torrenticola (Torrentlcola) Trzgonodon ] 56 dentlfera 196 Trilobldae 106 Torrentlcola (Torrenttcola) Trzogma 49 L 493 semlsuta 196 Trzplecttdes 362, 422, 424 T orrentlcohdae 196 Triplectidmae 362, 421, 424 T ototaza 134 Trzthemls 294, 316 ToxotIdae 76 T nthemistmae 294 Tramaea 294 Trocheta 12 7 Tramemae 294 TrochospongtlL1 99 Trancatelloidea 136 Trochotaza 134 Trapezoideus 156 Troglmdlcus 171 Travancorzana 186 Tropocorzxa 150 Trematoda 18,102,130,143,146, Trout, rainbolA 571 178, 537, 547, 571 'Trout', snow 81 Trentepohfta 491, 493 Trypauchenidae 76 Trephotomas 340, 341 Tsukushttrzchta 358, 395 Trephotomasmae 341 Tsushimacarus 197 Trepobatmae 352 Tublfex 112,113,114,115,117 Tnacanthidae 76 Tubtfex sp. L14 Trzaenodella 362, 423 Tublfex tublfe:>, 114 Trzaenodes 362, 422, 423, 424 TubifiCldae 56, 113, 114, 115, 116, Trzbrochella 218, 264, 271 117 Trzchocorzxa 350 Turbellaria 95, 102-105 Trzchogaster 78 Turbmlcola 116 Trzchoge11lcl 217, 237, 239, 250 Turtles (see al~o Terrapms) 556, Trzcholelochtton 358, 382, 386 567 Trichomacronema 359, 405, 406, Tvete11la 504 407, 411 Tylomela11la 140 Trzchopotamon 185 Tylomtcrus 447, 468 Trzchopsychoda 505 Tyloperla 322, 324, 325 Trichoptera 11,59,60, 62, 65, 66, Tylopyge 323, 324, 327

828 Organfsm Index

Tylorrhynchus 111 Varuna lttterata 177, 184 Tylototriton verrucosus 567 Varuna YUt 177 Typhlocaridina 166, 167 Varunella 109, 110 Tyriobapta 294 Varunella coronifera 110 Varunella tndorana 110 Uchidastygacarus 197 Varuninae 183, 184 Uenoa 361, 438, 439 VeJdovskyelia 117 Uenodryops 447, 483 Velesumo 159 Uenoidae 361,371,435,438,439, Velia 354 441 Vellldae 335, 336, 338, 351, 353- UenolOae 361 355 Uenotrichia 357 Velllnae 354 Ugandatrichia 358, 381, 382 Velohebrta 354 Ulmerodes 360, 426 Velunio 156 Umborotula 99 Velvet bugs (see Hebndae) Unctnais 113, 117 Veneridae 161 Unguisaeta 447, 481 Venttdiopsts 353 Ungulinidae 161 Ventidius 353 Uniandra 156 Vestalis 292, 310 Unio 156, 157, 156, 157 Vlctortella pavtda 109 Unionacea 149, 154-159 Vietelmts 447, 481 Unionea 156 Vtetnamella 218, 264, 265, 266, Untonetta 156 274 Untonicola 156, 190, 195 Vietrtchta 358, 382 Unionicolidae 156, 190, 196 Vietsatax 195 Unionidae 126, 147-150, 152, Vtgarrha 358 154-160, 190, 209, 233 Villortta 159, 160 Uniramia 96, 97, 198 Vtllortta cyprtnoides 160 Uracanthella 218, 264, 265, 268, Virgatanytarsus 504 270, 274 Virgus 159 Uracanthella rufa 274 Viviparaceae 134 Urnatella 108, 111 Viviparidae 65, 130, 131, 134, Urnatella gracilis 111 135 Urothemis 294 Urumaelmis 447, 481 Wallacellum 497 Utica 177 Wallago attu 88, 563 Utrtcularia flexuosa 89 Wandesia 197 Uvarus 446, 459 Warista 345 Wasps (see Hymenoptera) Valenciniidae 105 Water beetles (see Coleoptera) Valleriola 356 Water boatmen (see Corixisae) Vallisneria 517 Water buffalo 572 Valvataceae 136 Water hyacinth (see Eichhornta Valvatidae 136 crassipes) Varuna 177, 183, 184 Water mites (see Hydrachnida)

829 Water skaters (see Gerndae) Yamatopsyche 360 Waterbugs (see Belosotomatidae; Yola 446, 459 Naucondael Yoraperla 329 Waterfowl (see birds) Watermeasurers (see Hydrometridae) Zacco pachyccphalus 82 WaterscorplOns (see Nepidae) Zattzevw 44~, 481, 482 Wattebledla 136 Zattzeviarza ·+48 Westralunto 159 Zavrelta 504 WhIrhglg beetles (see Gynnidae) Zavreltella )()4 WhItefIshes 79, 80 Zavreltmyw 'i04 Whltmanta ] 19, 120, 124, 127, Zelantcobdella 126 119, 124, 127 ZephyropsyclJ" 360, 425 Whltmanta laevis 120 Zhouomyw 503, 504 Wormaldta 358, 388, 389 Zlzinta latlfolLl 537 Wuconchona 138 Zooplankton 54,55, 70, 104, 161, 533, 579, 533 Xanthagrion 293 Zygonychmac 294 Xanthoperla 333 Zygonyx 74, 294, 295, 296, 297, Xenochlrollomus 501, 504 298, 315 Xiaomyta 503, 504 ZygollYx iriS 74, 296-298, 315, Xlphwgrzoll 292 296, 297-2<)8, 315 Xiphocentrollldae 65, 358, 364, Zygoptera 65, 198,200,206,291, 368, 395-397 292-293, 295, 296, 297, 299, Xlphovelta 354 300, 303-3 LO Xylotopus 504 Zyxomma 294, 316

830