New Power Dynamics Security Challenges Economic

Annual Review 2013–14 Navigating the new geopolitics

New power dynamics Security challenges Economic interdependencies Resource futures Law and governance Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, is a world-leading source of independent analysis, informed debate and influential ideas on how to build a prosperous and secure world for all. Contents

Introduction 2–3 2013–14 Review

About us 4–7 What we do at Chatham House

Africa | Asia | Eurasia | MENA | US

8–13 New power dynamics

Asia | Cyber | Energy | MENA | Nuclear

14–19 Security challenges

Africa | Europe | Finance | G20

20–25 Economic interdependencies

Asia | Energy | Food | Water

26–29 Resource futures

Armed Conflict | Health | Human Rights

30–35 Law and governance

36 Honorary Treasurer’s Report 37 Financial Headlines 38 Patron, Presidents and Council 38 Panel of Senior Advisers and individual supporters 40 Financial Support 44 Staff and Associate Fellows

Chatham House | 1 Introduction 2013–14 Review

Chairman’s Statement Chatham House research income (£’000) I am delighted to report that 2013–14 was another successful year for the Royal Institute of International 7,448 Affairs, as the organization deepened and expanded further its research output and convening activities in a truly qualitative manner. 5,286

I wrote last year, my first as Chairman, that my role is 5,032 to support and enable the Director and the Chatham House 3,940 team in their strategic objectives, which are to enhance our 3,912 3,626

capabilities where required; implement new initiatives; 3,194 ensure that we have the space and capacity to accommodate 2,490 2,322 2,171 expansion; and secure longer-term funding. These goals 2,222 1,853 still stand and we have made significant progress on nearly 1,728 1,509 all fronts. 1,224 We now have 140 full-time members of staff, with 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 much of the growth coming from the continuing expansion of research. Total income for 2013–14 was £12,766,000, Amendments to the Charter and By-laws were unanimously up from £9,845,000 the previous year (see the Honorary approved at the Annual General Meeting in July 2013 Treasurer’s Report for further details). Combined with this and subsequently approved at a Privy Council meeting on growth is an increasing diversity in our sources of funding, 11 December. These changes allowed the institute to bring with a particular rise in the level of grants from foundations. its governing documents up to date with current legislation, In addition, the financial contributions from our sponsored remove redundant provisions and improve the clarity conferences and our discretionary fundraising are and definition of key elements in both documents to better significantly higher. Membership continues to grow reflect our current requirements. in a steady fashion in all categories. This year Mohammed Abdel-Haq, Ryan Gawn Following the acquisition of the ground floor of Ames and Martin Giles will step down as Council members. House (next door to Chatham House in Duke of York Street) I would like to thank each of them for their engagement, and with further growth anticipated in the years ahead as which together with that of all my Council colleagues, we approach our centenary in 2020, it has been recognized our Presidents and Senior Advisers has been invaluable that we lack the necessary financial reserve upon which in shaping the institute’s impact and recent successes. to base our longer-term plans. The Council has therefore Finally, I would like to commend the Director, established a Second Century Initiative that will run until Robin Niblett, and Chatham House staff and associate the institute’s centenary. This Initiative will help Chatham fellows for the many achievements and outputs noted in House to acquire the long-term resources to ensure its this year’s Annual Review. I am also immensely grateful to independence. our members and supporters for their contributions and Hillary Clinton, former US Secretary of State and the ongoing and active roles they play in the successes of winner of last year’s Chatham House Prize, told us that the institute. I am particularly pleased to acknowledge in these fast-changing times we all need to hold on to our and welcome new donors who are broadening our existing values and be smart as we navigate future challenges – and networks and support base. Thanks to you all, Chatham that she counts on Chatham House to help do this. At our House has not only maintained but also enhanced conference on ‘Combating Global Corruption’, Mo Ibrahim, its reputation as one of the world’s most trusted and Founder and Chair of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, noted independent policy institutes on international affairs. the paramount importance of credibility for businesses and governments alike. Both speakers reminded me that the institute’s role is as highly valued as ever, and its integrity has never been more important. One measure of how highly we are regarded in our field was our ranking in January 2014 as the top non-US Stuart Popham think-tank for the sixth consecutive year, and the second best think-tank in the world for the third year in a row, in the University of Pennsylvania’s annual Global Go To Think Tank Index of more than 6,000 peer organizations from across the world.

2 | Chatham House Director’s Statement Chatham House made significant progress on a number I am also pleased to welcome Kevin Rudd, former prime of fronts in 2013–14. I will highlight four here. First, minister and foreign minister of Australia, as a distinguished Chatham House strengthened and expanded its outputs visiting fellow. His role at Chatham House will be to in the institute’s four areas of focus: international security contribute to the institute’s activities relating to Asia, including global health security; international economics; including China, the role of the G20 and climate change. energy, environment and resources; and area studies and Also, in March 2014, we appointed a new Head of the Asia international law. Programme, Dr John Swenson-Wright, who will lead the The quality and scope of our research and convening institute’s growing agenda of work on this increasingly continued to benefit from our independent and trusted important region of the world. reputation around the world, and our ability to engage Third, our new logo and redesigned website are outwards from the heart of London. For example, together intended to provide the institute with an enhanced calling with the Centre for International Governance Innovation card that will be better understood by our networks around in Canada, we launched earlier this year the Global the world. By reintroducing our formal name ‘The Royal Commission on Internet Governance, chaired by Carl Bildt, Institute of International Affairs’ alongside ‘Chatham Sweden’s minister of foreign affairs. House’, we underscore the fact that the institute is not only Our Resources Futures report was ranked second a trusted venue for debate but also one that undertakes in the world in the category of Best Policy/Study Report, rigorous analysis of major international developments. and the institute was assessed as having the third Best It also highlights the independence we derive from our Transdisciplinary Research Programme by the University Royal Charter. of Pennsylvania in its 2013 Global Go To Think Tank Index. Fourth, given that London is, arguably, the world’s And another report, using new research to identify volumes first global capital, we were conscious that the city lacked of theft of crude oil in Nigeria, had a major international a major annual event on international affairs. The inaugural impact in the sector and was widely and repeatedly cited in Chatham House London Conference, which was held on the international press, including the International New York 3 June at Lancaster House, aims to use London’s advantages Times, the Financial Times, The Economist and Foreign Policy, as a global hub in order to foster a comprehensive debate as well as on the BBC and CNN. on the systemic risks facing the world as a result of the Many of our studies are focused on resolving some deepening process of globalization. of today’s most intractable challenges, so it is important for As noted by the Chairman, our progress must be us to draw effectively on the lessons of our earlier work, acknowledged in the context of all those who support which goes back almost a century. This year we officially us. Our Presidents, Council, Senior Advisers, members launched our digital archive in collaboration with Cengage. and individual supporters provide the guidance and the This provides access to our rich history of content in over resources that Chatham House staff and our associate half a million pages of primary sources, ensuring that the fellows need to develop new ideas and convene debates institute will remain a vital source of accessible information on international affairs. In turn, the institute’s staff and and analysis for future generations. associate fellows have continued to rise to the challenge Second, our ability to attract leading and emerging through a commitment to excellence in all that they do, thinkers from a growing range of sectors and backgrounds which is clearly visible in this year’s Annual Review. has also been strengthened this past year. We can now engage future leaders from around the world as fellows in our Academy for Leadership in International Affairs. The Academy was launched in September 2013 with the support of an Academy Advisory Board, chaired by The Rt Hon the Baroness Scotland of Asthal QC, Chatham House Dr Robin Niblett Co-President. This year we hosted Academy Fellows from China, Georgia, Japan, Russia and Syria, and their inputs have broadened further the perspectives we can offer. The intention is to expand the number of Academy Fellows this year from six to ten.

Chatham House | 3 About us What we do at Chatham House

Origins Mission In 1919 British and American delegates to the Paris Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Peace Conference, appalled by the waste of human life is a world-leading source of independent analysis, informed caused by the First World War, conceived the idea of debate and influential ideas on how to build a prosperous an Anglo-American institute of foreign affairs to study and secure world for all. international problems. The institute: In the event, the British Institute of International Affairs was founded in London in July 1920 and the • engages governments, the private sector, civil society American delegates established the Council on Foreign and its members in open debates and confidential Relations separately in New York. The institute received discussions about significant developments in its Royal Charter in 1926 and became the Royal Institute international affairs; of International Affairs. Since 1923 the institute has been • produces independent and rigorous analysis of critical based at Chatham House and is now more commonly global, regional and country-specific challenges and known by this name. Chatham House, the home of three opportunities; former British prime ministers, is located in historic St James’s Square close to key government departments • offers new ideas to decision-makers and -shapers in the heart of London. on how these could best be tackled from the near to the long term. Demand for Chatham House’s research, convening capacity and ideas is growing. In response, the institute is focusing its efforts on three priorities: expanding and deepening core areas of research capacity; engaging emerging leaders from around the world, through the creation of an Academy for Leadership in International Affairs within the institute; and gaining access to additional physical space adjacent to the institute’s current premises in order to accommodate the first two priorities.

What we do Independent analysis • Our reports, papers, books and other research output provide independent and in-depth analysis. Area studies • International Affairs, a leading journal of international relations, combines policy relevance and international with an academic, in-depth analytical approach to law contemporary world politics. • The World Today, the institute’s magazine, presents International International authoritative analysis and commentary on current topics. It provides a vital background for experts, security economics business planners, academics and others. • The Chatham House website received 1,633,316 Energy, individual visits last year. environment • The institute received more than 2,000 citations in and resources major international media outlets during 2013–14. Chatham House is now placed in the top five, in terms of media coverage, in comparison with the world’s leading think-tanks.

4 | Chatham House Ivica Dačić, Prime Minister of Serbia (2012–14), speaking on ‘Serbia’s Future in Europe’ in October 2013. Julie Bishop, Foreign Minister, Australia, speaking on ‘The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy’ in March 2013.

Members Ever since its founding in 1920, Chatham House has relied It is my great honour to speak to you on its members, both individuals and corporates, to support here today in the shrine of foreign its mission, especially its role as a platform for informed debate on the most pressing issues in international affairs. policy thought. Members are drawn from the worlds of business, diplomacy, Ivica Dačić, Prime Minister of Serbia (2012–14) academia, politics, the media and civil society. They play an essential role in questioning and challenging world leaders and other speakers when they visit Chatham House. While the majority are UK-based, overseas members (based in more than 76 countries) form an increasingly significant proportion of the total. Chatham House benefits from a wide range of philanthropic, research-related and membership support. This diversity of support is critical to the independence of the institute. The Chatham House Council is composed of members of the institute, elected annually for a three-year term. The Council may co-opt a small number of additional members each year. Chatham House provides a forum in which I can meet members and international speakers with valuable insights and updates on my particular field of activities. Dr David Skidmore OBE MA MD FRCS Consulting Surgeon and member of Chatham House

Informed debate New policy ideas • Around 120 events for members and some 15 major • A number of research projects culminate in Chatham one- or two-day conferences last year enabled world House Reports which make recommendations for leaders and experts to exchange ideas. tackling a range of key policy challenges. • Research programmes hosted more than 250 • These recommendations are frequently developed workshops, seminars and briefings on a range iteratively with leading policy-makers, giving them of policy questions. a stake in the ideas. • Experts frequently provide evidence to government • Experts provide briefings with their ideas to officials and legislators in Beijing, Brussels, Delhi, government officials and legislators in relevant London, Washington and other capitals. capitals around the world. • Regular briefings for corporate partners and members • Chatham House consistently ranks highly in the allow them to interact with invited speakers under University of Pennsylvania’s annual Global Go To the Chatham House Rule. Think Tank Index, where it has been assessed by its peers as the No. 1 think-tank outside the US for six consecutive years and No. 2 worldwide for the past three years.

Chatham House | 5 About us

I am delighted to be associated with Chatham House. We are living in fast-changing times. We have to hold on to our values and our ideals but we have to be smart about how we chart our course forward together. I count on Chatham House to be one of the guides as we navigate to whatever the future holds for us. Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State (2009–13), receiving the Chatham House Prize in October 2013

Left: Baroness Scotland QC, Co-President of Chatham House, speaking at the 2013 Chatham House Prize award ceremony. Far left: From left to right: Baroness Scotland QC in conversation with Bill Clinton, Kevin Rudd and Lynn Forester de Rothschild at the Chatham House Prize award ceremony.

2013 July August September October November December Report on Iraq The World Today focus Academy for Leadership Focus on foreign Extractives industries Afghanistan: Iraq on the International on the Arctic in International Affairs correspondents report launch Opportunity in Crisis Stage: Foreign Policy A special issue of The Academy welcomed Bill Neely of ITV News Conflict and Coexistence in In the run-up to the 2014 and National Identity in The World Today focused the first intake of (below), Harriet the Extractives Industries presidential elections in Transition warned about on the globalization of fellows − potential and Alexander from The warned that disputes Afghanistan, Chatham the dangers of exploiting the Arctic, with senior established leaders Telegraph, and Professor over extractives projects House experts prepared sectarian discourses in the research fellow Charles from around the world Richard Sambrook are set to escalate – the publications, events, country and the region. Emmerson looking at who spend up to twelve from Cardiff University report’s recommendations podcasts and video the competition for its months at Chatham discussed the future were widely welcomed interviews on how vast wealth of natural House. of international news by experts and policy- Western governments can resources. reporting. makers. encourage and support stability.

6 | Chatham House Left to right: Martti Ahtisaari, President of Finland (1994–2000), Nobel Peace Laureate, 2008 with Lakhdar Brahimi, United Nations-Arab League Special Representative to Syria, and Jimmy Carter, President of the United States (1977–81), Nobel Peace Laureate, 2002, discussing ‘Can The Two State Solution Be Saved?’ in July 2013.

Right: Obiageli Ezekwesili, Senior Economic Adviser, Africa Economic Development Policy Initiative, Open Society Foundations at the inaugural Chatham House London Conference in June 2014. Far right: Ruan Zongze, Vice President, China Institute of International Studies and Alyson Bailes, Adjunct Professor, University of Iceland at the London Conference.

UK Foreign Secretary William Hague at the inaugural London Conference in June 2014 with Chatham House Director Robin Niblett. Each year the institute hosts around 400 events in London and internationally.

2014 January February March April May June International Affairs Jeremy Paxman on Britain Parliamentary briefing Launch of new brand Online archive partnership Website redesign 90th anniversary and the Great War The institute briefed Chatham House Chatham House Chatham House launched An event to mark the In an event chaired members of parliament introduced its new announced that its its new website, to provide 90th volume of the journal by Dr Anthony Seldon, on the key foreign policy brand, including the partnership with Gale a better user experience, included remarks on its Master, Wellington challenges facing the UK new logo and redesigned Cengage Learning would including mobile- and history and contribution College, broadcaster in the wider Middle East. publications. make previously unseen tablet-responsive designs. to international relations Jeremy Paxman spoke archive documents by Professor Sir Lawrence about his book Great available via the library Freedman and Professor Britain’s Great War. and on subscription. Christopher Hill.

Chatham House | 7 Africa | Asia | Eurasia | MENA | US Professor John Ikenberry, Albert G Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at New power dynamics Princeton University and Eastman Professor, Balliol College, Oxford, speaking on ‘The Rise of China and the Future of Liberal World Order’ in May 2014.

China’s more assertive regional policy, the crisis in Ukraine and its consequences for relations between the West and Russia, and the deepening turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa are all contributing to an uncertain world. Chatham House is addressing these issues and other changes in the dynamics of international power through research outputs and meetings.

China’s growing global impact Since 2011, Chatham House has also produced research and The Asia Programme’s research on China explores the provided advice on China-related topics to policy-makers drivers and implications of the country’s continued growth at the European Commission as part of the EU-funded and its global impact. This includes the changes in its official consortium Europe China Research and Advice Network approaches to international affairs and global governance, (ECRAN). Now in its fourth year, ECRAN has commissioned the external impact of organic social and economic more than 100 policy briefings and 25 extended studies. developments in China, and the ways in which various These have covered a range of topics including cross-Strait Chinese actors influence and respond to developments military relations, education in China’s minority areas, in Asia and beyond. Chinese innovation collaboration with Europe and economic A research paper by Tim Summers showed how integration in the Pearl River Delta. ECRAN has continued China’s evolving ‘global personality’ shapes its relations with to promote its research by convening events across Europe, other powers in Asia and further afield. It also argued the involving EU decision-makers and the growing community complex dynamics behind this evolution can create more of European specialists on China. difficulties in the Chinese–US relationship in particular.

Left: People stand in a metro train during the rush hour in Beijing. China’s continued growth and increasing economic power are shaping new power dynamics regionally and globally. Right: A pro-Russian militant eats next to his guns in the regional state government building seized by separatists in the eastern Ukrainian city of Donetsk.

8 | Chatham House Sir Roderic Lyne, Vice Chair of Mona Zulficar, Founding Partner and Chatham House Council (left), and Chair, Executive Committee, Zulficar Mikhail Margelov, Chairman, Foreign and Partners Law Firm at an event Affairs Committee of the Federation on ‘Egypt: A Political Road Map’ in Council of Russia, discussing ‘Russia’s October 2013. Vision for the Middle East and North Africa’ in December 2013.

Ukraine, Russia and the West Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa The crisis in Ukraine, and its consequences for relations Iran’s cautious rapprochement with the West, regime between the West and Russia, have been at the forefront change in Egypt and Tunisia’s delicate transition reflect of the work of the Russia and Eurasia Programme, which significant shifts that continue to redefine power dynamics has been highlighting the risks and dangers that led to this within, between and beyond states in the Middle East year’s events since the mid-1990s. Numerous programme and North Africa (MENA), highlighting the volatility of publications have pointed out the direct contradiction political processes across the region. To understand the between Western and Russian attitudes towards the post- complexity of the competing aspirations and interests Soviet states. Western governments, however, articulated that drive political change, the MENA Programme has a narrative of ‘steadily improving relations’ with Russia. placed inclusive political dialogue at the heart of its work. James Sherr’s 2013 book, Hard Diplomacy and Soft Coercion, As lead implementer of the G8’s Broader Middle East and also provided a timely study of the mechanisms of Russia’s North Africa Initiative, Chatham House has provided a influence abroad. unique platform for dialogue between regional civil society In February 2014, as the crisis escalated, the Russia organizations and governments. Building on last year’s and Eurasia Programme organized an emergency expert- success, the Young Arab Analysts Network International level meeting to outline Western policy options on Russia continues to empower new researchers from Morocco to and Ukraine in advance of an EU foreign ministers’ meeting engage more effectively with policy communities at home to decide on sanctions. During the year, the programme and abroad, cementing the impact of youth-led networks has also hosted a wide range of speakers, including Vitaliy of policy thinkers across North Africa. Klitschko and Evgeny Kiselev from Ukraine and Vladimir The Academy Asfari Fellowship, a joint initiative Shemyakin from Russia, who offered their take on the with the Asfari Foundation, has also brought fellows current crisis, as well as on other developments in the post- from the Middle East to Chatham House where they have Soviet space. The programme has also been commissioned provided a local perspective on some of the most pressing to organize a workshop to define principles for the United challenges facing the region. They have joined other fellows Kingdom’s longer-term policy towards Russia, and continues from China, Japan and Eastern Europe in the first year of to publish research papers and commentary on Central Asia Chatham House’s Academy. and the South Caucasus.

Diversified engagements of a changing Africa Shifts in the Horn of Africa Africa Programme research is tracking how the continent’s The Horn of Africa is a changing region, with shifting countries continue to diversify their international relations political, economic and security relationships between its as outside interest grows. Foreign governments and countries, particularly with the recent addition of South businesses are seeking to deepen their engagement with Sudan, now in conflict. The Africa Programme’s Horn of African states, drawn by the continent’s strong economic Africa project focuses on international engagement with the growth (5.6 per cent in 2013), new natural resource region, how regional dynamics and outcomes are affected, finds, and impact in international forums such as the and how outcomes might be fostered. United Nations, where 28 per cent of members are African. The research deepens understanding of the The Africa Programme at Chatham House is interactions of regional bodies, of international diaspora examining these changing dynamics through deep analysis communities and their engagement, and of a range of of African governments’ priorities, and countries’ individual bilateral relations. It informs decision-makers of the political and economic contexts. The programme’s analysis multiplicity of influences on outcomes in a complex examines the links between the continent’s commercially environment. In 2013, small but strategically important and politically driven international engagement and Djibouti was examined in a briefing paper, Djibouti: economic transformation, democratization, the rule of law, Changing Influence in the Horn’s Strategic Hub. Dr David development and stability in sub-Saharan African countries. Styan provided analysis on the country’s impact on regional Through publications, events in London and African and international relations, and its growth as a maritime cities and outreach to a diverse network of policy informers, and military laboratory where new forms of international the programme informs international policy debate on cooperation are being developed. Africa’s trajectory. Recent outputs include a report on the implications of the theft of crude oil for export from Nigeria; a paper on Djibouti as a strategic hub; a series of maritime security conferences involving stakeholders from West Africa; and events with the Presidents of Ghana and Guinea and with China’s Special Representative on African Affairs.

10 | Chatham House Far left: James Copnall, BBC Correspondent Right: HE Thein Sein, President, and author, at an event on ‘Sudan and South Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Sudan: The Importance of Interdependence’ speaking at an event on ‘Myanmar in March 2014. and the Reform Process’ in July 2013. Left: HE Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, President Far right: Vrinda Grover, Lawyer of the United Republic of Tanzania, and Women’s Rights Activist, speaking on ‘Tanzania’s Transformation speaking at an event on ‘Women and Vision 2025: Governing Economic in India: Law, Violence and Change’ Growth for Social Gain’ in March 2014. in December 2013.

India and South Asia Japan and the United Kingdom Chatham House’s work on India focuses on its international Chatham House’s work on Japan focuses on the country’s relations in the region and globally. The Asia Programme relations with the United Kingdom through a five-year explores what motivates Indian foreign policy-making and project funded by the Nippon Foundation and run in how the country’s relations with Western powers compare partnership with it and the Great Britain Sasakawa to those with other powers such as Brazil, Russia, China and Foundation. As part of this project, the Asia Programme South Africa in new international groupings including the released a conference report that included contributions BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and by Japanese experts on various aspects of the UK-Japanese IBSA (India, Brazil and South Africa). relationship. In addition, a briefing paper by Programme The programme convenes a large number of open and Head John Swenson-Wright considered the prospects for closed meetings on issues relating to South Asia and in 2013 a more proactive Japanese security policy. organized a major conference in London exploring prospects In its second year, the project will examine Japan’s for regionalization and reform in India in the run-up to role in addressing global challenges. It will provide an the 2014 general election. opportunity to consider what part, whether singly, jointly Chatham House research also extends to political or in combination with other international actors, Japan dynamics in the rest of South Asia, including Sri Lanka, and the UK might play in addressing these challenges. Nepal and Bangladesh. For example, Charu Lata Hogg examined the obstacles to change in Sri Lanka in a June 2013 paper, while Dr Gareth Price wrote two papers exploring India’s policy towards Myanmar (Burma) and Afghanistan.

Chatham House is an institute Above: Japanese Prime Minister of critical global importance. Shinzo Abe leaves Downing Street following a meeting with British Angel Gurria, Secretary-General of the OECD Prime Minister David Cameron. February 2014 Above left: Supporters wear masks of Narendra Modi during a rally in Mumbai, following his landslide election victory. Far left: A young boy at work in the fields, watering maize crops just outside Bangui, Central African Republic.

Europe’s place in the world What will the world look like in 2030, and what will be Europe’s place in it? In partnership with the think- tank FRIDE, Chatham House produced a major report for the European Commission exploring how power and governance in international affairs will evolve over the coming two decades. Empowering Europe’s Future highlighted the simultaneous trends of growing economic interdependence, shifts in power and political fragmentation. It also examined how these issues will be shaped by patterns of conflict and developments in technology. The report recommended that the EU build technological and research capabilities, transform its approach to energy, and focus its foreign policy on conflict prevention and strategic partnerships, particularly in Light trails from London traffic, in the its neighbourhood. area known as Silicon Roundabout. Developments in technology will be one of the issues that shape Europe’s future over the coming two decades.

Elite perceptions of the US in Europe and Asia American views of US global power Understanding how others see the United States and what US role today as world leader is: factors influence their views can help to guide effective Less important than 10 years ago More important than 10 years ago American policy-making. Supported by the Stavros Niarchos % Foundation, the US Project published Elite Perceptions of the United States in Europe and Asia in May 2014. The report 50 distilled the results of essays by more than 50 elites in 40 13 countries in Europe and Asia that explained how they perceived the US and why. These were then contrasted 30 with polling data about the views of the general public 20 in these two regions. The study revealed that Europeans 10 value American soft power and long for a return to US moral authority, which they say has been lacking. Asians, 0 meanwhile, are more concerned with the role of US 1974 1984 1994 2004 2013 Source: Pew Research Center, America’s Place in the World 2013 hard power. (from Elite Perceptions of the United States in Europe and Asia). The US Project, with the support of Shell, has also examined the foreign policy implications of the US energy revolution and how this will shape relations with Russia and other former Soviet states. With NATO’s summit in Cardiff in September and the end of its operation in Afghanistan at the close of 2014, the US Project is working with NATO and the UK government (supported also by Canadian National Defence) to help craft a way forward for the organization. And, through the generosity of the MacArthur Foundation, the US Project finished work on a report on Asia-Pacific security and is starting a new study on the changing balance of power in Asia.

12 | Chatham House Far left: Victor Orban, Prime People Minister of Hungary, speaking on New power dynamics ‘The Role of Traditional Values in Europe’s Future’ in October 2013. Left: US Senator Marco Rubio speaking on ‘American Leadership and the Future of the Transatlantic Alliance’ in December 2013.

John Swenson-Wright Rosheen Kabraji Ilya Zaslavskiy Dr John Swenson-Wright is Rosheen Kabraji is assistant Ilya Zaslavskiy is an Academy head of the Asia Programme at head and a research associate Robert Bosch fellow with the Chatham House and university of the Asia Programme at Russia and Eurasia Programme. senior lecturer in Japanese Chatham House. She joined the He is a member of the first year of politics and international institute in 2009, after working Chatham House Academy fellows. relations at Cambridge University. at the International Institute for Prior to joining Chatham House Environment and Development. in February 2014, he worked as He comments regularly for the an energy-sector consultant in global media on the international Her expertise includes politics Moscow and New York for relations of East Asia, particularly and society in Pakistan, India several years. on Japan and the Korean and Thailand. Over the past peninsula. He has testified on year, she has been working on He specializes in evaluating East Asian affairs to the House projects examining the regional political and economic of Commons Foreign Affairs implications of the withdrawal environments for the strategic Committee. He is a member of of international support from entry of oil companies into the World Economic Forum’s Afghanistan, and the changing developing countries − with a Global Agenda Council on dynamics of state centre relations particular focus on the Caspian Korea and of the UK-Japan 21st in Indian foreign policy. In region and Russia. He is also Century Group. He is on the 2011 she was featured in the researching the spread of corrupt editorial board of Global Asia Diplomatic Courier and Young practices from Russia and the and is a founding member of Professionals in Foreign Policy other former Soviet states into the European Japan Advanced inaugural list of the top 99 the United States and the UK. Research Network. most influential international A Russian national, he holds an professionals in foreign policy MPhil in international relations under 33. She has an MPhil in from the University of Oxford. international relations from the University of Cambridge.

Further reading: Hard Diplomacy and Soft Coercion: Russia’s Influence Abroad, James Sherr

Over the past year, Chatham House has explored a wide range of security challenges, including the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons, cyber security and internet governance, climate change and energy security, sexual violence in conflict, and Africa’s maritime security. There are also major projects on the prospects for a peaceful political transition in Afghanistan and on the implications of the conflict in Syria for its immediate neighbours – Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq and Israel – as it enters its fourth year.

Humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons In addition, Chatham House hosted the first of its Chatham House continues to play a leading role in the Carrington series of events in July 2013, a discussion with international initiative to address the humanitarian impacts Sir Lawrence Freedman and Ward Wilson on the deterrent of nuclear weapons. Through a project supported by the value of nuclear weapons, as well as numerous events on Norwegian Government, it hosted five workshops in the a diverse range of nuclear topics. These included: nuclear UK, South Africa and Argentina. The workshops brought ethics, the weapons of mass destruction free zone in the together a diverse set of stakeholders from civil society and Middle East, progress on the US non-proliferation agenda humanitarian organizations to discuss the humanitarian and recent activities of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty effects of a nuclear detonation. Organization, with its secretary-general, Lassina Zerbo. Experts from the International Security Department also attended the Second Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons in Nayarit, Mexico, where they presented the initial findings of a Swiss-, Austrian- and Mexican-supported report, Too Close for Comfort: Cases of Near Nuclear Use and Policy Options, which was published in April 2014.

14 | Chatham House Professor Sir David Omand GCB, Liu Xiaoming, Ambassador of the Visiting Professor, King’s College People’s Republic of China to the UK, London; Former Security and speaking on ‘Political and Security Intelligence Coordinator; Permanent Challenges in Asia: A Chinese Secretary, Home Office; Director, Perspective’ in February 2014. GCHQ speaking at an event on ‘Counterterrorism: The Right Response?’ in September 2013.

Cyber security and internet governance The International Security Department’s cyber programme is an integral component of its work, reflecting the multitude of security and governance concerns that the cyber realm presents. In the last year, it carried out research and convened events on a variety of issues, including the cyber security challenges to outer-space technology and the potential threat to civil nuclear infrastructure. The department hosted experts such as Sir David Omand and Francis Maude MP, the UK minister for the Cabinet Office and paymaster general. This work continues in 2014 with an internet governance seminar series. The Global Commission on Internet Governance was launched in January 2014 with the support of Chatham House and the Canadian Centre for International The Korean peninsula Governance Innovation (CIGI). Chaired by Sweden’s Work by the Asia Programme on the Korean peninsula, foreign minister, Carl Bildt, the commission is made up of much of which has been funded by the Korea Foundation, high-level members from around the world, representing examines inter-Korean relations, South Korea’s foreign different sectors including the corporate sector, academia policy and the regional and global implications of North and policy-making. Its first meeting took place in May 2014 Korea’s nuclear proliferation, as well as the broader security in Stockholm. The commission will meet regularly over challenges it poses. These challenges will be explored the next two years to consider the challenges related to further as part of a new year-long research initiative keeping the internet a safe and secure as well as an open focusing on regional security challenges in East Asia. and innovative resource. The commission is supported by a South Korea is also the focal point of a three-year research advisory network of experts who provide in-depth comparative research project examining the role of mid- advice and support. sized ‘creative’ powers in addressing conventional security risks, proliferation challenges and environmental issues.

Above: A South Korean soldier stands guard inside a military armistice committee meeting room in Panmunjom in the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea. Left: Swedish foreign minister Carl Bildt, who chairs the Chatham House-CIGI Global Commission on Internet Governance, talks to the press prior to a Foreign Affairs Council meeting in April 2014. Far left: Admiral Anne Cullerre holds a press conference in the ‘Martine’ life base in the Mururoa atoll, south Pacific, where French forces conducted 138 nuclear weapon tests until 1996.

Climate change and energy security African lessons in maritime security Extreme weather has raised more concerns about The Africa Programme is a leading source of research anthropogenic warming and its future impacts. Against this and policy advice on Africa’s maritime security challenges. background, political momentum is building towards the In the last year, its work has focused on enhancing 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate coordination and collaboration between stakeholders Change summit in Paris, when governments are set to agree affected by increased insecurity in West Africa’s waters. a new global climate deal. A paper in July 2013, Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea: However, climate policy cannot be considered in Lessons Learned from the Indian Ocean, fed into discussions isolation from economic competitiveness and energy at a summit on maritime security held for West Africa’s security. Balancing these has become a major challenge heads of state in Cameroon. The programme also organized for governments in the context of shifting energy six maritime security conferences in 2013–14 including in interdependencies, slowdowns in emerging economies and Ghana, Nigeria and São Tomé and Príncipe, in coordination sluggish recoveries in developed ones. This has been easier with the visits of British naval vessels HMS Argyll and HMS to reconcile in the United States, where shale gas has led to Portland to West Africa. Drawing on its strong network of a dramatic fall in energy prices and in import dependency contacts from international navies, west and east African on oil and gas, as shown in the May 2013 briefing paper regional bodies, and the legal, insurance and commercial US Energy: the New Reality. This also has significant sectors of the shipping industry, the Africa Programme’s implications for US foreign policy as America becomes an maritime events have attracted speakers including Nigeria’s ever larger energy supplier to Asia, and China in particular. chief of naval staff, Ghana’s chief of defence staff and the foreign minister of Togo. The expertise provided by the programme has also fed into the European Union’s policy on the Gulf of Guinea.

Below: Workers clear scrap metal in Tacloban, Philippines in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan, which left more than 6,000 dead and many more homeless. Right: Presidents Mahamadou Issoufou of Niger, Ali Bongo Ondimba of Gabon, Faure Gnassingbe of Togo and Idriss Deby Itno of Chad at a meeting on maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea.

16 | Chatham House From left: Dr Christopher Phillips, Bulent Arinc, Deputy Prime Minister, associate fellow, and Dr Claire Spencer, Turkey, speaking on ‘The Future of Head, Middle East and North Africa Democracy in Turkey: Perceptions Programme, Chatham House; and Realities’ in February 2014. Roula Khalaf, Middle East Editor, Financial Times; and Lord Williams of Baglan, distinguished visiting fellow, Chatham House, discussing ‘Syria: The Fate of a Nation’ in July 2013.

Syria in a turbulent neighbourhood As the conflict in Syria enters its fourth year, Chatham House has placed the country’s immediate neighbours − Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq and Israel − at the core of its work to understand the conflict’s regional dimensions. In 2014, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Programme has embarked on a major multi-year project to support a coordinated policy response to the crisis through the inclusion of diverse regional perspectives in international policy. This work will explore competing and complementary interests at the bilateral, regional and international levels, and build confidence between Syria’s neighbours. Western Policy Towards Syria: Ten Recommendations, published in December 2013, also proposed innovative policy steps to refocus the response Above: Syrian students sit in front of of Western governments to the Syria crisis. a portrait of President Bashar al-Assad Meanwhile, Iraq’s elections in April 2014 raised at a polling station in Homs. The exiled important questions about its role as an international opposition called the controversial presidential election a ‘farce’. actor in an increasingly turbulent region. A major report, Below: A Syrian child stands in the Iraq on the Regional and International Stage, reviewed snow in a refugee camp in the town of the varied interests, influences and actors in the country’s Arsal in the Lebanese Bekaa valley in actions abroad. December 2013. Thousands of Syrian refugees live in makeshift camps in Lebanon.

Opportunities in Afghanistan and Pakistan Challenges of Western defence policy Chatham House’s work on Afghanistan examined Western governments continue to face major defence policy the prospects for a peaceful political transition as the problems. Following a decade of difficult and controversial presidential election took place this year against the wars, public support for military intervention is uncertain. backdrop of the withdrawal of Western troops. The project Budget reductions have forced significant cuts in military ‘Afghanistan: Opportunity in Crisis’, headed by Michael capability, and a range of new or recurring security problems Keating and Matt Waldman, has looked at how Western presents some significant challenges. The International governments can encourage and support stability in the Security Department has researched where and why past country after 2014, focusing on elections, reconciliation Western interventions have proved so problematic, and what and development. Research also examines Afghanistan’s lessons should be learnt from the difficult experiences in relations with its neighbours and the development Iraq and Afghanistan. James de Waal’s report, Depending on challenges it faces through assessing at the potential the Right People: British Political-Military Relations 2001–10, benefits of regional engagement in South Asia. examined in particular the process and quality of defence Political instability and Islamic radicalization in policy decision-making. A major speech in March 2014 by the Pakistan, and the policies of the West towards Pakistan, Chief of the General Staff, General Sir Peter Wall, set out how are other key research interests for the Asia Programme. the British army is changing in the light of its past experience Experts have also examined Pakistan’s role in the peace and likely future demands on it. The changing character of process in Afghanistan, and its regional relationships on conflict and its impact on militaries, civilians and societies issues such as water. has been considered in a series of discussion events with international armed forces, NGOs and civil society groups. Finally, the US Project has been working on roundtables culminating in a publication on the way forward for NATO in advance of its summit in September.

Above left: An Afghan man walks Commemorating the First World War past an election mural in Kandahar. Afghanistan’s presidential election Both International Affairs and The World Today published special issues was the third since the fall of commemorating the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War. In The the Taliban, with 11 candidates World Today, this included an article by senior fellow James de Waal, who explored contesting the polls. the working relationship between politicians and generals in the Great War and Above: Soldiers of 1st Battalion, the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, march in modern-day Iraq and Afghanistan. International Affairs commissioned twelve through London on their return from articles including a review article from authors specializing in the military, a tour in Afghanistan. political, social and artistic legacies of the war. The journal also organized related activities, including an exhibition of photographs by Michael St Maur Sheil of the battlefields of the Western Front as they are now; an exhibition of bronze friezes of the battlefields by sculptor Philip Blacker, and a specially commissioned performance of music and poetry celebrating the work of Ivor Gurney.

18 | Chatham House People Security challenges

Above: General Sir Peter Wall, Chief of the General Staff, British Army, speaking on ‘Defence Engagement: The British Army’s Role in Building Security and Stability Overseas’ in March 2014. Above left: Ahmed Rashid, Pakistani journalist and author, in discussion with Bridget Kendall, Diplomatic Editor, BBC, on Michael Keating James de Waal Heather Williams ‘Pakistan: Implications of the Afghanistan Drawdown’ in Michael Keating is senior James de Waal is a senior fellow Heather Williams is a research July 2013. consulting fellow at Chatham in the International Security fellow with the International House, where he is directing Department at Chatham House. Security Department at Chatham a project on political transition He formerly worked for the House. Since 2011, she has in Afghanistan. Until the end Foreign & Commonwealth Office, also been a guest lecturer and of 2012, he was deputy special including diplomatic postings at teaching assistant at King’s representative of the UN the United Nations, in Berlin and College London. Prior to this, secretary-general in Afghanistan. in Santiago, and was seconded her posts included researcher at His UN career has included to the Ministry of Defence during the Institute for Defense Analyses development, humanitarian and the 2010 Strategic Defence and (Alexandria, Virginia) and political responsibilities in the Security Review. research associate at the Centre Middle East, Africa, Geneva and for Science and Security Studies. His expertise includes defence New York. He is an adviser on policy of the UK and major Her areas of expertise include conflict resolution and continues Western nations, international nuclear non-proliferation and to undertake assignments for trends in armed conflict, and arms control, nuclear strategy, the UN. government decision-making on missile defence, and chemical He has contributed to a wide military interventions and the weapons destruction. Her PhD is range of publications and serves role of strategy. In November on the role of trust in US–Russia on the board of a number of non- 2013, he published the Chatham arms control. She was a co-author profit organizations promoting House paper, Depending on the on the Chatham House Report, environmental, health and Right People: British Political- Too Close for Comfort: Cases of education issues. He has an MA Military Relations, 2001–10. Near Nuclear Use and Options for in history from the University Policy, published in April 2014. of Cambridge.

Further reading: Too Close for Comfort: Cases of Near Nuclear Use and Options for Policy, Patricia Lewis, Heather Williams, Sasan Aghlani and Benoît Pelopidas.

Chatham House | 19 Africa | Europe | Finance | G20 Economic interdependencies

The evolution of China’s renminbi strategy, the imbalances in the eurozone, and global economic governance and the G20 are all high on the international agenda. There is also growing awareness of the economic potential of Latin America, and Chatham House has responded by starting a new research project on this topic. The past year also saw the culmination of a multi-year research project on Yemen, with the publication of a report on corruption and capital flight in that country. More broadly, the institute continues to work with governments and businesses on global economic governance and policy coordination.

China’s renminbi strategy China’s financial liberalization and the evolution of its strategy for the renminbi remained a key topic throughout 2013. The International Economics Department undertook a number of joint research projects to study the growing use and impact of the renminbi across Asia, including a workshop in Hong Kong with the Institute for New Economic Thinking and the Centre for International Governance Innovation, and a seminar in Tokyo with the Asian Development Bank Institute. The research results were published in June 2013 in a briefing paper by Paola Subacchi and Helena Huang, Taipei and the Renminbi Offshore Market: Another Piece in the Jigsaw, as well as in an ADBI working paper in December 2013, ‘Expanding Beyond Borders: The Yen and the Yuan’, by Paola Subacchi.

20 | Chatham House Far left: Enrico Letta, Prime Minister of Italy, discusses ‘Italy and the UK in an Evolving EU’ with Chatham House Director, Robin Niblett in July 2013. Cecilia Malmström, Commissioner for Home Affairs, European Commission, in discussion with Nick Robinson, Political Editor, BBC, on ‘The Future of EU Migration Policy’ in March 2014.

Tackling the eurozone crisis Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union needs deeper and more effective economic and financial integration, and better governance. The International Economics Department fostered a public debate on these issues through a series of roundtables held in London, Madrid and Rome with experts from national governments, the private sector and international organizations. The research focused on the macroeconomic and fiscal imbalances in the eurozone, on policies for growth and on prospects for a banking union. The project culminated in March 2014 in the publication of a joint Chatham House, Elcano and AREL report, How to Fix the Euro: Strengthening Economic Governance in Europe. The report examined why the eurozone was so badly affected by the crisis, and assessed whether further changes A changing world economy and the G20 framework need to be made to the structure of economic governance The increasingly interconnected world economy requires that underpins it. As eurozone countries move towards careful analysis and assessment of challenges, such as closer integration, another project, with the support of global macroeconomic imbalances and the need to foster the European Commission Representation in the UK, sustained growth after the global financial crisis. The looked at the relationship between the UK and the EU, and International Economics Department explored monetary assessed the prospects for countries that are not part of and financial spillovers within the framework of its ongoing the currency union. In particular, it focused on the trends partnership with the International Monetary Fund. Its focus and implications of foreign direct investment and trade on global economic governance and the G20 also included arrangements in the UK, and on London’s financial centre, collaboration with the Lowy Institute for International Policy, with an analysis of trends in capital movements and the the Brookings Institution and the Australian government role and impact of financial regulation. as it chairs the G20 in 2014.

Above: G20 finance ministers and Central Bank governors gather for an official group photo in Sydney. Left: A boy holding a European flag waits for the start of a rally marking the last day of the European Parliament election campaign in Barcelona. Far left: George Osborne, the United Kingdom’s chancellor of the exchequer, listens as Li Keqiang, China’s premier, addresses the UK China Financial Forum in London.

Chatham House | 21 Africa | Europe | Finance | G20 Eric Schmidt, Executive Chairman, Economic interdependencies Google, in conversation with Nik Gowing, BBC World News, at a conference on ‘Power and Commerce in the Internet Age’ in November 2013.

International competitiveness and growth Zimbabwe’s recovery and international re-engagement Partnering with the Centre for Competitive Advantage In April 2014, the Africa Programme published Zimbabwe’s in the Global Economy in the Department of Economics International Re-engagement: the Long Haul to Recovery, at Warwick University, the International Economics a report on priorities to place the country on a path Department at Chatham House analyses the shifting to economic recovery through the normalization of its dynamics in the world economy. The research explores the international relations. Mindful of outstanding values-based way in which markets, institutions and public policy interact rifts, political and human security challenges and systemic to create and sustain competitive advantage in response to impediments, this Africa Programme project targeted global changes. It aims to develop a better understanding of the new Zimbabwean government and the opposition, how to promote institutions and policies that are conducive private sector and civil society actors, and regional to successful economic performance. A resulting series of and international stakeholders with recommendations papers has looked at a wide range of topics, including how in support of a process of improved performance and women in politics can help tackle gender crime, human outcomes – economic and social – in the country. The report development as positive freedom, the danger posed to underscores the government’s need to reach out to a range employment by high home ownership, fiscal federalism in of actors to avoid further economic decline. The report the United Kingdom, and improving the effectiveness of has been widely commented upon by government officials, pro-poor policies. the media and civil society activists. In 2013, Chatham A project on industrial transformation, supported by House also hosted a roundtable meeting with the first Zanu- the Toshiba International Foundation (TIFO), culminated PF minister to visit the UK in over a decade. in a research report, The World’s Industrial Transformation, published in July 2013, which presented case studies on the aircraft, automotive, pharmaceutical and retail industries.

22 | Chatham House Stefan Dercon, Chief Economist, DFID, speaking on ‘Fragile States, Capital Flight and Tax Havens’ at the launch in September 2013 of a Chatham House report on corruption and capital flight in Yemen.

Yemen corruption and capital flight Far left: US Federal Reserve Chairman In Yemen: Corruption, Capital Flight and Global Drivers Janet Yellen and International Monetary Fund Managing Director of Conflict, Chatham House experts examined Yemen’s Christine Lagarde during the meeting precarious path towards political and economic reform. of G20 finance ministers and Central The report, published in September 2013, highlighted Bank governors in Sydney. the obstacles to the country’s development posed by the Left: A Zimbabwean woman casts her ballot at a polling station in interdependence of an elite-based political economy; Domboshava, north of Harare. outward capital flows, facilitated by international tax President Robert Mugabe’s win havens; and a looming resource crisis. Its launch brought extended his 33-year grip on power. together international donors and policy-makers to discuss Below: A Yemeni artist works on the findings and promote a more careful analysis of graffiti against corruption, poverty, sectarian wars and the recruitment Yemen’s political economy. The report was the culmination of child soldiers in the capital Sanaa. of a major, multi-year research project led by the Chatham House Yemen Forum, involving intensive fieldwork in the country, expert-level workshops, and detailed consultation with donor representatives, diplomats, defence ministries and civil society organizations.

Chatham House | 23 Africa | Europe | Finance | G20 HE Otto Pérez Molina, President of Economic interdependencies Guatemala, speaking on ‘Guatemala: National Security and Regional Implications’ in May 2014.

Latin America in the global economy Over the last decade, the economic growth rates for Latin America have been among the highest in the world. A major global producer of natural resources, the region saw its exports booming thanks to a favourable cycle in the world’s financial markets characterized by high commodity prices. Today, it has great economic potential to exploit further. However, Latin America’s performance in the near future might be constrained by excessive dependency on natural resources, as well as economic and social inequalities. It also risks getting stuck in the ‘middle-income trap’. In late 2013, the International Economics Department launched a new project to examine growth performance and to discuss future prospects across Latin America’s largest economies. The project focuses in particular on regional interdependencies and on the role of the region in the global economy. Building on partnerships with relevant institutions operating in Latin America, such as the Brazilian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, the project has generated high-level debate on the region and greater awareness of its economic potential in the UK and the EU, while also engaging with key experts, policy-makers and business leaders from Latin America.

Above: Daniela Carrera-Marquis, of the Inter-American Development Bank, speaks at the Clinton Global Initiative Latin America in Rio de Janeiro. Left: Demonstrators kick in wood panels blocking a bank location after tear gas was fired by the police to break up protests calling for better public education and services in Rio de Janeiro.

24 | Chatham House People Economic interdependencies

Léonie Northedge Ahmed Soliman Davide Tentori Léonie Northedge is research Ahmed Soliman is a research Davide Tentori is a research associate with the Middle East assistant in the Africa Programme associate in the International and North Africa Programme at at Chatham House, coordinating Economics Department at Chatham House. She has a BA in the programme’s work on the Chatham House. He holds an MSc Arabic and Islamic Studies from Horn of Africa. His expertise in economics from the University Oxford University, and has lived spans Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, of Essex and a PhD in institutions in Damascus and Cairo. Djibouti, Sudan and South Sudan. and policies from the Catholic University of Milan. Her research interests include In addition to research and the role of civil society in the publishing, his role includes His research interests include Middle East, with a focus on expanding the Africa macroeconomic policies, trade Egypt and Yemen. Until recently, Programme’s network of experts and economic growth in the she managed the Yemen Forum, and decision-makers, media European Union and South a flagship Chatham House interviews and outreach. He America. His recent publications project, and she co-authored regularly meets with government include the Chatham House the project’s concluding report officials, parliamentarians, briefing paper Breaking the Yemen: Corruption, Capital Flight opposition representatives, Vicious Circle: Restoring Economic and Global Drivers of Conflict, civil society actors, private- Growth and Flexibility in Italy, published in September 2013. sector representatives and other written with Paola Subacchi. policy influencers to discuss His recent research has the trajectory of the region. He focused on the evolution of the has spoken at events in Eritrea, transatlantic relationship, and Ethiopia, Kenya and Europe. he has managed a new series of roundtable events on key Latin American economies.

Further reading: How to Fix the Euro: Strengthening Economic Governance in Europe, Stephen Pickford, Federico Steinberg and Miguel Otero-Iglesias (Chatham House, Elcano and AREL report)

Chatham House | 25 Asia | Energy | Food | Water Resource futures

Resource interdependencies, the shale gas revolution and saving oil and gas in the Gulf states are central research topics and build on Chatham House’s long-standing work in these areas. In particular, resource-importing countries face ongoing strategic challenges owing to the cost and uneven distribution of natural resources. Other important issues being addressed in the area of resource futures include food security and managing water in South Asia.

Exploring resource interdependencies fuels, food and metals. China has sought greater resource Natural resources remain abundant at the global level, security through investments in production overseas, but but their uneven distribution and costs present a strategic this confronts Chinese companies for the first time with challenge for resource-importing countries. While much managing complex, politically sensitive projects abroad. can be done domestically to tackle inefficient resource use A new project on China’s resource interdependencies and its knock-on effects, many solutions increasingly require will formulate innovative and concrete policy proposals collaborative international approaches. After more than a on how to adjust its development model, and how to decade of resource-intensive growth, China lies at the centre strengthen its multilateral or bilateral engagement with of a global web of resource-related interdependencies. global resource markets. This is a collaboration between Choices made by its leaders and companies over the the Energy, Environment and Resources Department at next decade will have global implications for resource Chatham House and the Industrial Economy Department demand, prices and investment in production. The next of the Development Research Centre of the State Council, phase of China’s development and urbanization will a highly influential Chinese think-tank. The first workshop require sustainable solutions to challenges such as severe was held in Beijing in March 2014 with leading Chinese water scarcity, air pollution caused by coal combustion and international experts. and vehicle emissions, and rising costs of imports of fossil

26 | Chatham House Khalid al-Atiyah, Qatari Foreign Minister, speaking on ‘Qatar’s Foreign Policy’ in December 2013.

Saving and valuing vital resources in the Gulf The shale gas revolution In August 2013, Chatham House published the report Chatham House’s work in this area began in 2010 with the Saving Oil and Gas in the Gulf, representing the culmination publication of The Shale Gas Revolution: Hype and Reality, of two years’ research and workshops in the region followed by a briefing paper update to the report in August that convened representatives of more than 60 local 2012, The Shale Gas Revolution: Developments and Changes. institutions with interests in and influence over domestic In the past year, based on this work, Professor Paul Stevens energy policy. The report argued that the systemic waste submitted evidence to the UK House of Commons Select of oil and gas in the Gulf states erodes their resilience to Committee on Energy and Climate Change, and to the economic shocks and increases security risks. It put forward House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs. recommendations to improve energy efficiency and to He also gave conference papers on the topic in London, build on opportunities for regional cooperation. Adelaide, Hong Kong, Mexico City, Muscat, Moscow, The report stimulated considerable debate and was Milan, Perth and Tokyo, and wrote a number of op-eds for widely quoted in Arabic and English media throughout the prominent newspapers in the United Kingdom, Australia region. Since then, many Gulf states have launched new and the United States. A Chatham House report on the initiatives on efficiency and clean energy – although, as ‘resource curse revisited’ will be published during 2014. the report notes, keeping oil and gas conservation on their agenda will require sustained efforts. Subsequent work on vital resources seeks to develop understanding and build capacity within the region on the challenging question of valuation. This recognizes the interconnected challenges of water, food and energy security, and brings together regional stakeholders with an international network of experts in designing and implementing policies to revalue resources, such as reform of subsidies or water pricing. A final report on this work will include recommendations for how policy-makers can manage the challenging political economy of reform.

Above: Anti-fracking demonstrators arrive at a protest camp established near a drill site in southern England, organized by ‘No Dash For Gas’ campaigners. Above left: A shopping mall in Abu Dhabi. Rapid changes in Gulf societies mean they have to develop strategies to conserve energy, and many Gulf states have launched new initiatives on efficiency and clean energy. Far left: Workers harvest lettuce at a vegetable factory in Kashiwa, Chiba – one of the largest in Japan.

Chatham House | 27 Asia | Energy | Food | Water Resource futures

Managing water resources in South Asia India and Pakistan are already water-stressed, and population growth will further reduce water availability per person in the years to come. For the past 18 months, the Asia Programme has been researching attitudes towards domestic water management and transboundary water issues in five countries – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. Working with five local partners, the project aimed to explore the reasons for the disconnect between policy and practice, the implications of the increased securitization of water discourse in South Asia and the scale of the challenge as seen by policy-makers. In June 2014, the resulting report drew on almost 500 interviews with decision-makers from government, academia, civil society and the private sector. It highlighted Food security differences in approach to water issues in each country The impact of the report Managing Famine Risk, which was as well as attitudes towards upstream and downstream published in April 2013 and examined the challenges of neighbours. responding to famine early warnings, continued throughout The report made a series of recommendations; the year with a major dissemination programme. Seminars if domestic water management is not improved, the convening representatives of governments, humanitarian implications for internal and international stability will and donor agencies were held in London, Nairobi, Rome, be stark. Despite the significant challenges involved, there Geneva, New York, Washington, Dakar and Jeddah. is substantial scope for cross-border learning to shift An influential briefing paper, Edible Oil, shone a perceptions of water from a zero-sum resource to a resource spotlight on the precarious food security of the countries providing mutual benefit. of the Gulf Cooperation Council, which typically import 80–90 per cent of their needs. It argued that, while oil and gas wealth mean the Gulf states are resilient to spikes in international food prices, they remain vulnerable to import disruptions. The principal risk is regional instability leading to the sustained closure of key choke points such as the Strait of Hormuz and the Suez Canal, through which the majority of Gulf food imports passes. Storage of strategic commodities such as wheat and the diversification and development of port infrastructure can help manage this risk. The paper argued, however, that strategies to subsidize domestic production or acquire farmland in developing countries could prove expensive while doing little to bolster food security.

Falling per capita water availability Total renewable water resources per capita (actual) (m3/person/year)

Afghanistan India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal Definition of water stress

20,000

15,000

10,000

Above: A commercial ship passes 5,000 through the entrance to the Suez Canal. There has been concern over the vulnerability of vessels to terrorist 0 attack in one of the world’s potential 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 food choke points. Source FAO, Aquastat (from Attitudes to Water in South Asia).

28 | Chatham House People Resource futures

Water usage by sector (%)

Bangladesh

87.8 10.0 2.2 247

Rob Bailey Glada Lahn Nepal Rob Bailey is acting research Glada Lahn is a senior research director for the Energy, fellow in the Energy, Environment Environment and Resources and Resources Department 90.4 7.4 Department at Chatham House. at Chatham House. Since Prior to joining the institute, he joining the institute in 2004, 2.2 was head of economic justice at she has worked on a range of 630 Oxfam. international energy projects, including establishing the Fossil His expertise includes food India Fuels Expert Roundtable series security, sustainable agriculture, in 2008. More recently, she has climate change and adaptation, worked on domestic energy, and biofuels. He has published water management and pricing, 98.2 extensively in these areas, and climate policy with partners 1.5 0.3 including during the past year: in the Gulf Cooperation Council Managing the Political Economy 359 countries. of Low Carbon Development; Edible Oil: Food Security in the Gulf; Prior to working at Chatham Pakistan and Ending Deforestation: Policy House, she was senior research Options for Consumer Countries. fellow at the Gulf Center for Strategic Studies and also He has an MSc in development 94.0 5.3 worked as a freelance consultant studies from the London School 0.7 on Middle East political and of Economics and an MA in economic issues. She has a BA in natural sciences from the 1,096 Arabic and international relations University of Cambridge. In and an MA in near and Middle 2011, he was named one of the Agriculture Household Industry Annual water Eastern studies from the School withdrawal Devex ‘40 Under 40’ international per inhabitant (m3) of Oriental and African Studies, development leaders in London. Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Aquastat London. (from Attitudes to Water in South Asia).

Further reading: Saving Oil and Gas in the Gulf, Glada Lahn, Paul Stevens and Felix Preston

Chatham House | 29 Armed Conflict | Health | Human Rights Law and governance

The evolution of international law and new systems of global governance are a core focus of Chatham House research. Over the past year, this has included studies on the classification of conflicts in Syria, Yemen and Lebanon; conflict and coexistence in the relationship between host governments and the extractive industries; the international implications of the theft of crude oil from Nigeria; and forest governance and illegal logging. Chatham House also held a major conference and published two reports on global health governance and financing.

International law and armed conflict and discussion of significant cases. Armed conflicts were International law, if it is adhered to, plays a critical role in also a recurrent theme of the International Law Discussion mitigating the risks posed by armed conflict for civilians Group, which brings together legal experts, policy-makers, and combatants. The International Law Programme has academics and civil society representatives. Over the last begun work on a project to produce an unofficial manual year, they have addressed, among other topics, the legality for the armed forces on how international human rights law of military intervention on humanitarian grounds in affects the conduct of military operations overseas. Syria and challenges in implementing the Global Arms The need for such guidance stems from recent decisions Trade Treaty. of the European Court of Human Rights and other The programme also convened a workshop on international courts, which have led to a re-examination of the situations in Syria, Yemen and Libya. The workshop, how human rights law applies in situations of armed conflict attended by legal and country experts, focused on the as opposed to peacetime. legal classification of these conflicts – a crucial assessment Most of the crimes currently prosecuted by the in determining which legal standards govern the conduct international courts and tribunals occurred during of the parties involved. The workshop discussions were armed conflicts. The programme’s series of meetings on summarized in a paper, The Legal Classification of the ‘Milestones in International Criminal Law’ allows analysis Armed Conflicts in Syria, Yemen and Libya.

30 | Chatham House Dominic Grieve QC MP, Attorney Elham Saudi, Director, Lawyers for General, UK, discusses ‘Britain and the Justice, Libya, speaking on ‘Libya’s International Rule of Law’ at an event Future: Constitution, National in July 2013. Dialogue and the Security Challenge’ in April 2014.

Legal norms and economic development in the Gulf states Understanding the legal norms that underpin the political and business structures of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states is crucial for the continuing development of economic and business ties between the GCC and Western states, especially as they build new energy relations with emerging Asian economies. Through its ‘Future Trends in the Gulf States’ project, the MENA Programme undertakes research and analysis on scenarios for their political and economic development. The workshop summary ‘Law and Citizenship in the GCC’ examined the evolving legal landscape in the Gulf countries, and the role of domestic politics and international norms in spurring legal changes there. China and international human rights Bringing together the views of prominent academics, Given its growing economic power and permanent civil society representatives, entrepreneurs, journalists membership of the UN Security Council, China’s approach and bloggers from GCC states, it offered an insight into to the international human rights system is likely to the regional thinking on international legal norms, have significant implications for the future of this system human rights, censorship, constitutional development in a multipolar world. A 2012 report on China and the and citizenship. It also examined the legal environment International Human Rights System, authored by Sonya affecting business and corporations in the Gulf states. Sceats with Shaun Breslin, associate fellows in the International Law and Asia Programme respectively, presented ground-breaking research on China’s participation in the UN human rights system and revealed a range of perspectives on these issues among experts inside China. A four-day roundtable meeting was held in April 2014 to create a platform for Chinese international law academics working in this area to present their thinking and exchange ideas with counterparts from other countries, as well as to build stronger understanding within the wider international law community of debates in China about the human rights system and China’s role within it. A second roundtable is planned for later in the year in Beijing.

Above: Wang Yi, China’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, votes on a resolution regarding Syria’s chemical weapons programme at a UN Security Council meeting. Right: Saudi officials and businessmen attend the Euromoney conference in May 2014 in Riyadh. The two-day conference focused on Saudi Arabia’s economy and financial system. Left: Syrian residents inspect heavily damaged buildings in June 2014 in the northern city of Aleppo.

Chatham House | 31 Armed Conflict | Health | Human Rights Law and governance

Resource governance and crude oil theft from Nigeria Conflict and coexistence in the extractive industries As many African states undertake simultaneous significant Extractive industries around the world are facing fresh processes of change through democratization, economic challenges in ever more complex operating environments. growth and diversifying international relations, the Africa A decade of high prices and fast-growing global demand research output and outreach of the Africa Programme has raised expectations among stakeholder communities, inform decision-making globally in support of an host governments and investors. At the same time, mineral environment of transparency, accountability and the rule and hydrocarbons production increasingly takes place in of law. The programme has a strong thread of ongoing geologically, ecologically and politically challenging regions. work on society and resource governance, and regards A series of bitter disputes has unsettled investors and global strengthening institutions and transparency as a means markets, and has drawn attention to the fragile and complex to foster more equitable transformative growth and to relationship between companies and host governments. undercut challenges relating to corruption. In November 2013, Chatham House launched a Among the 2013 publications was the report Nigeria’s major report on Conflict and Coexistence in the Extractive Criminal Crude: International Options to Combat the Export Industries. This summarized the results of more than two of Stolen Oil by Christina Katsouris and Aaron Sayne. years of research by experts in the Energy, Environment This was the first comprehensive, rigorously researched and Resources Department as well as in several regional independent report on the theft of crude oil for export from programmes. The report argues that disputes about Nigeria. The report informs decision-makers in Nigeria and extractives projects are set to escalate in many producer internationally on how oil is stolen, the likely shape of theft countries, and, if poorly managed, could endanger not only networks, and likely destinations and impacts. It highlights companies’ assets and reputations but also the economic critical gaps in information and the best policy options as and political stability of the countries concerned. steps towards addressing this specific type of transnational The report calls on international investors and organized crime. The publication was widely reported by governments to engage at an early stage with a wider the Nigerian and international media, and discussed with range of stakeholders, conduct industry-wide joint long- government officials, oil companies and other private-sector term planning, intensify cooperation to raise governance stakeholders, and civil society actors, to raise the visibility standards, and adapt the way in which contracts are of the issue and its consequences in a balanced and drawn up. The report was welcomed by experts and policy- informed way. makers at events in London, Brussels and Wilton Park, and generated significant coverage in mainstream and specialist media, including the Financial Times, Reuters and CNBC Africa.

Above: Nigeria’s Minister of Petroleum Far right: Children sitting on logs on Resources Diezani Alison-Madueke the outskirts of Yangon, Myanmar (right) answers journalists at the (Burma). Demand for precious 164th OPEC meeting in Vienna. hardwoods is threatening rare species and helping to drive deforestation in Right: An aerial view shows an open one of the last major areas of tropical pit at the Batu Hijau copper and forest in Asia. gold mine in Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia.

32 | Chatham House From left: Professor Paul Stevens, Change; and Joe Lynam, Business Distinguished Fellow, Energy, Journalist, BBC, at an event on Environment and Resources ‘A Shale Gas Revolution for the UK?’ Department, Chatham House; Francis in April 2014. Egan, Chief Executive, Cuadrilla Resources; The Rt Hon Michael Fallon MP, Minister of State for Energy, Department of Energy & Climate

Forest governance and illegal logging It is a pleasure to be here today, to discuss Recent analysis by Chatham House has revealed continued and widespread illegality in the global timber trade, Britain and the international rule of although the efforts of the EU, through its Forest Law law. It is particularly appropriate to be Enforcement, Governance and Trade Action Plan, are beginning to have an effect. Chatham House is considering addressing this subject in this place, famed future policy options for the EU to support the forthcoming throughout the world for its own rule, for review of its approach to this issue. its contributions to the development of the The Energy, Environment and Resources Department has also organized a series of workshops for enforcement rule of law, and for providing a congenial agencies to encourage greater effectiveness and coordination environment for so many politicians and in the implementation of EU legislation on illegal timber. In addition, the department convened a high-level expert practitioners to take stock and consider the roundtable for UK and Indonesian government agencies and future development of the concept. financial intelligence units as a means to foster improved Dominic Grieve QC MP, Attorney General, UK cooperation in tackling financial crime in the forest sector. July 2013 As pressure on land and the demand for resources continue to grow, agriculture is emerging as the greatest driver of deforestation. The department continues to look at ways to reduce deforestation resulting from exploitation for agricultural commodities, including palm oil, beef and soy. Research into policy options to reduce the environmental footprint of agricultural production will be a priority for Chatham House over the coming years. Chatham House’s work on forest governance and illegal logging is funded by the UK Department for International Development as part of its Forest Governance, Markets and Climate programme.

Chatham House | 33 Armed Conflict | Health | Human Rights Amina Mohammed, Special Adviser Law and governance on Post 2015 Development, UN Secretariat, speaking at a conference on ‘International Cooperation in the 21st Century: Partnerships for Delivering the Post-2015 Agenda’ in May 2014.

Global health governance and financing services, including strengthening domestic and external Following a major conference at Chatham House in financing and moving towards a global agreement on December 2011 to mark the tenth anniversary of the report sustainable financing, including as part of the post-2015 of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, the development agenda. Centre on Global Health Security launched two high- The working groups led to the publication of two level working groups, composed of representatives from reports in May 2014, What’s the World Health Organization governments, international agencies, academia and For? and Shared Responsibilities for Health: A Coherent Global civil society, to examine critical issues in global health Framework for Health Financing, which were launched governance and financing respectively. in Geneva. The working group on governance considered ideas The Centre on Global Health Security is also planning about reform of the World Health Organization (WHO) further launches of the reports, one in Japan (for the Asian beyond those discussed in the agency’s ongoing internal region) and another around the deliberations of the United process. It focused in particular on the WHO’s functions, Nations General Assembly and the post-2015 development its global role as a technical agency and a policy-making agenda. The two years of work that culminated in these body, its governance and structure, and its financing. two reports will also be continued in further projects The financing working group focused on the on ‘Universal Health Coverage’ and the ‘Global Health measures that need to be taken by countries and the global Architecture’. community to provide sustainable financing for health

World Health Organization Director- General Margaret Chan (front right) speaks in a panel discussion about ‘antimicrobial resistance’ in Geneva, Switzerland.

34 | Chatham House People Law and governance

Left to right: Professor Alison Holmes, Imperial College; Professor David Heymann, Head and Senior Fellow, Centre on Global Health Security; Professor Richard Smith, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Osman Dar, Consultant Research Fellow, Centre on Global Health Security; and Armand Sprecher MD MPH, Médecins Sans Frontières, discussing ‘Ebola and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Measuring the Risk’ Ruma Mandal Kevin Outterson in May 2014. Ruma Mandal is a senior research Professor Kevin Outterson is fellow in the International a visiting fellow in the Centre Law Programme at Chatham on Global Health Security at House. She has worked on Chatham House. He teaches international law issues with the health and corporate law at UK government (as a legal adviser Boston University, where in the Foreign & Commonwealth he co-directs the Health Law Office) and with the UN High Programme. Commissioner for Refugees He is editor-in-chief of the (UNHCR). Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics; Her expertise includes past chair of the Section on Law, international refugee law and Medicine & Health Care of the international human rights law. Association of American Law Her work has involved the Schools; and a member of the drafting of UNHCR guidelines on Board of the American Society critical areas of international law of Law, Medicine & Ethics. relevant to the protection of He blogs on health policy refugees and stateless persons, issues. His research focuses on litigation at the European Court the organization and finance of Human Rights and the of the health sector, including negotiation of UN and EU legal global pharmaceutical markets, instruments. She became a particularly antimicrobials. member of the Bar after reading law at the University of Cambridge. Ruma’s appointment forms part of the International Law Programme’s expansion, facilitated by support from the Oak Foundation.

Further reading: What’s the World Health Organization For? Dr Charles Clift

Chatham House | 35 Honorary Treasurer’s Report year to 31 March 2014

Chatham House had another challenging year financially £3,937,000, helped by an inflow from the positive operating in 2013/14, as it experienced the full-year impact of having performance and tight working capital management. taken a ten-year lease on the second floor of Ames House However, the average return on cash and short-term (next door to the Chatham House building in Duke of York deposits averaged only 0.5% compared with 1.8% the year Street) in 2012/13. before. As a result non-cash investments of £796,000 were However, the overall net surplus for 2013/14 was made during the year to increase yield, and at the year-end £1,071,000, mainly as a result of growth in research income Chatham House held non-cash investments with a market which reached £7,448,000, an increase of 41% over the value of £5,881,000, compared with £5,095,000 as at 31 previous year. This increase includes the annual adjustment March 2013. The small overall loss on investments reflected to grant income as a result of implementing the Charities the drop in value of the emerging-market investments, SORP which requires us to recognize revenues as they are partially offset by the increase in value of UK/global funds, received, rather than when they are spent. Research costs, and corresponded with the different market fortunes of as in 2012/13, increased by 15%, reflecting continuing each type of investment. investment in the expansion of capacity across all the In respect of Ames House, a portion of the two loans research departments/programmes. taken out last year to help in the purchase of the ground Membership subscriptions of £2,176,000 continued floor was partially repaid during the year, reducing the to grow, albeit at a slower pace than last year. Conferences outstanding total balances from £3,500,000 to £2,667,000. enjoyed a successful year as a result of a restructuring, During the year the institute extended the lease on the further investment in resources and a change away from basement to 999 years at a cost of £20,000. The institute organizing international roundtables to focusing purely on still retains two ten-year leases (with five-year, tenant-only organizing large conferences. Revenues increased by 27%, breaks) for the first and second floors, along with five-year with the overall surplus nearly doubling to £400,000 as it options to acquire 999-year leases for either or both of these generated stronger returns from virtually all the conferences floors. held in the year. Income from publications was again flat Total net assets as at 31 March 2014, excluding the with the small increase in revenues from The World Today value of Chatham House itself, were £11,154,000, compared offsetting those from International Affairs. Income from with £10,083,000 as at 31 March 2013 – an increase of 10%. fundraising and donations rose significantly, mainly owing The investments in the various lease acquisitions in to continued expansion of the William Pitt Group, and was Ames House have increased the financial commitments helped by the implementation of a new tiered structure to of the institute and these will continue to impact on reflect the increasing donation levels. the operating performance in the short term. However, Expenditure on membership, meetings, the library, arrangements are now firmly in place, with the communications and publications increased by 20% to establishment of the Second Century Initiative, to actively £2,263,000. This was mainly due to further investment pursue a fundraising strategy with the aim of paying down in order to continue to meet the expanding needs of the short-term loans and providing a sustainable financial the institute, particularly in supporting the increased reserve through endowments and other donations so that fundraising activities, development of a new website, the the institute can continue to grow and prosper into its expansion of its digital content and publications. Support second century. costs, net of recharges to the research programmes, increased by 14%, primarily as a result of the occupation of the second floor of Ames House at full rent and for a full year. Investment income increased sharply over the previous year to £356,000. This included the increase in rental income from the ground floor of Ames House for the Ed Smith full year, from £28,000 to £173,000. Cash, partly in short- term deposits, increased by £952,000 during the year to

36 | Chatham House Financial headlines year to 31 March 2014

2014 2013 (£’000s) (£’000s) % incr Total net assets at year-end* 11,154 10,083

Income Membership subscriptions 2,176 2,084 4% Research 7,448 5,286 41% Conferences 1,253 984 27% Investment return 356 238 50% Publications 517 518 0% Fundraising and donations 789 670 18% Other 227 65 249% 12,766 9,845

Expenditure Research 6,612 5,741 15% Conferences 853 779 9% Membership, meetings, library, communications and publications 2,263 1,891 20% Support costs net of recharges to research 1,957 1,720 14% 11,685 10,131

Operational net income / (deficit) 1,081 (286)

Net investment (losses) / gains (10) 498 Net surplus for the year 1,071 212 Net cash inflow / (outflow) for the year 952 (1,658)

*The Institute owns the freehold of Chatham House, the full value of which is not included in these figures.

The Financial Headlines are extracted from the full unqualified audited group accounts, a copy of which is available to members on the website at www.chathamhouse.org. Alternatively copies may be obtained from Rhona Moir, Executive Assistant to the Finance Director, on telephone number +44 (0)20 7957 5700 or email [email protected]. Copies will also be available at the Annual General Meeting.

Chatham House | 37 Patron, Presidents and Council Panel of Senior Advisers and at 30 June 2014 individual supporters at 30 June 2014

Patron Panel of Senior Advisers Her Majesty The Queen Bronwen Maddox The Panel of Senior Advisers was founded in 2008 Editor and Chief Executive, Prospect Publishing; to provide Chatham House with an experienced Chief Foreign Commentator, The Times (2006–10) sounding board for our policy conclusions and help Presidents communicate our ideas at the highest levels in the Peter Montagnon UK and abroad. Rt Hon Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon Finance Committee GCMG KBE PC Associate Director, Institute of Business Ethics Chairman: Rt Hon Sir John Major KG, CH Rt Hon Sir John Major KG, CH Former Senior Investment Adviser, Financial UK Prime Minister (1990–97) Reporting Council Rt Hon Baroness Scotland QC Ayman Asfari Vincent Neate Group Chief Executive, Petrofac Ltd Partner at KPMG – London; Shumeet Banerji Council Chairman, Fight for Peace UK Limited; Non-Executive Director, Hewlett-Packard; Trustee of From Babies with Love Limited Stuart Popham QC Chief Executive Officer, Booz & Company (2008–12) Alastair Newton Chairman; Executive Committee; Finance Committee Lord Browne of Madingley Executive Committee Vice Chairman EMEA Banking, Citigroup; President, Royal Academy of Engineering; Senior Political Analyst, Nomura International plc former Senior Partner, Clifford Chance LLP Chief Executive, BP (1995–2007) Barbara Ridpath Rt Hon Sir Roderic Lyne KCMG R Nicholas Burns Director, St. Paul’s Institute; Non-Executive Director Deputy Chairman, Executive Committee Professor of the Practice of Diplomacy and of National Australia Group Europe Member of the Iraq Inquiry Committee; International Politics, John F Kennedy School of Non-Executive Director, Petropavlovsk plc and Stuart Sinclair Government, Harvard University; Under Secretary JPMorgan Bank International Finance Committee of State for Political Affairs, US Department of State Ed Smith Non-Executive Director, Pru-Health, (2005–08); US Ambassador to NATO (2001–05) Provident Financial, TSB, QBE, Swinton Hon Treasurer (ex-officio); Executive Committee; Victor Chu Finance Committee; Investment Committee Xan Smiley Chairman, First Eastern Investment Group, Chairman, WWF-UK; Chairman, Middle East and North Africa editor, The Economist Hong Kong University of Birmingham Deputy Chairman, NHS England Robert Woodthorpe Browne MBE Tim Clark Chairman, International Relations Committee, Senior Adviser to G3 and Fleming Family & Partners Dr Mohammed Abdel-Haq Liberal Democrats; Treasurer, Bureau of Liberal Lord Davies of Abersoch CBE Finance Committee; Investment Committee International; CEO, Robert Browne and Partners Partner and Vice Chairman, Corsair Capital; Businessman and Academic Limited – International Reinsurance Consultants, Minister for Trade and Industry (2009–10) Greg Baxter Board Member, British German Association Ian Davis Global Head of Digital Strategy, Citigroup – Caroline Wyatt Chairman, Rolls-Royce; Non-Executive Director, New York. Former Partner and UK Board member BBC Defence Correspondent at Booz & Company BP and Johnson & Johnson; former Chairman and Worldwide Managing Director, McKinsey Alistair Burnett (2003–09) Editor of The World Tonight, BBC R4 Suzan Sabancı Dinçer CBE Ryan Gawn Chairman and Executive Board Member, Akbank Director, Stratagem International; Head of International Communications, ActionAid Mary Francis CBE International; former Strategic Campaigns Advisor, Non-Executive Director, Centrica plc and Department for International Development – Swiss Reinsurance Company; Pakistan; former Strategic Communications Advisor, Director, Bank of England (2001–07) Foreign & Commonwealth Office, British High Dame Clara Furse DBE Commission, Pakistan; former Director EMEA of External Member, Financial Policy Committee, Penn, Schoen & Berland Bank of England; Non-Executive Director, Martin Giles Nomura Holdings, Amadeus IT Holdings and US Technology Correspondent, The Economist Department for Work and Pensions, UK Sir Jeremy Greenstock GCMG James Gaggero Chairman, UN Association-UK; Chairman, Chairman, Bland Group Ltd Gatehouse Advisory Partners Ltd; Chairman, André Hoffmann Lambert Energy Advisory Ltd; UK Ambassador Vice-Chairman, Board of Roche Holding Ltd to the UN (1998–2003) Rt Hon Lord Hurd of Westwell Sir Richard Lambert UK Foreign Secretary (1989–95) Lead non-executive, Foreign & Commonwealth Office Supervisory Board; Chairman, Banking Standards Lord Jay of Ewelme Review Council Permanent Under-Secretary, Chancellor, University of Warwick Foreign Office (2002–06) Director-General, CBI (2006–11) Sir Paul Judge Chairman, Schroder Income Growth Fund plc; Alderman, City of London

38 | Chatham House President’s Circle William Pitt Group Dame DeAnne Julius DCMG, CBE The President’s Circle comprises individuals who The William Pitt Group, founded in 2009, comprises Independent Non-Executive Director of Deloitte enable Chatham House to undertake major initiatives, individuals committed to the success of the institute, (UK), Roche Holdings SA (Switzerland) and including the Academy for Leadership in International and whose philanthropic support strengthens the Jones Lang LaSalle (USA); former Chairman, Affairs, research fellowships, new research streams institute’s independence. Chatham House (2003–12) and cross-institutional collaboration. Vahid Alaghband Nemir Kirdar Ayman Asfari David Archer Founder, Executive Chairman and CEO, Investcorp Celia and Edward Atkin CBE Petr Aven Caio Koch-Weser Tim Bunting Vice Chairman, Deutsche Bank Group; Amit Bhatia Deputy Finance Minister for Germany (1999–2005) Richard Hayden Pierre-Henri Denain Hon Marc E Leland André Hoffmann Glenn Earle President, Marc E Leland and Associates, USA; John C Whitehead Co-Chairman, German Marshall Fund of the Ambassador Edward E Elson United States Director’s Circle Louis G Elson Rachel Lomax Martin Fraenkel Non-Executive Director, HSBC and Heathrow Support from members of the Director’s Circle allows Airport Holdings; Deputy Governor, Monetary Policy, the director to invest in timely and innovative research Stephen Freidheim the Bank of England (2003–08) and thought leadership. Richard Karl Goeltz Sir David Manning GCMG CVO Garvin Brown IV Alexis Habib British Ambassador to the United States (2003–07); Dr Carlos Bulgheroni foreign affairs and defence adviser to Prime Minister Hon John G Heimann Tony Blair (2001–03) Victor Chu Sir Joseph Hotung KBE Dame Judith Mayhew Jonas DBE Sir Evelyn de Rothschild Farid Issa-El-Khoury Trustee, The Imperial War Museum; Michael Hoffman Chairman, New West End Company Reuben Jeffery III Timothy Jones Lubna Olayan Huw Jenkins Nemir Kirdar Deputy Chairperson and CEO, Olayan Financing Hadi Kabalan Company, Saudi Arabia Hon Marc E Leland Donald Kramer Sir Michael Rake Chris Rokos Chairman, BT and EasyJet Andrew E Law Lord Robertson of Port Ellen Lionel Curtis Group Martin Lovegrove Secretary General, NATO (1999–2003); Roni Lovegrove UK Defence Secretary (1997–99) Through their ongoing philanthropic commitment, individuals that comprise the Lionel Curtis Group Michael R Lynch Andrés Rozental offer discretionary support to the institute’s core Former Mexican diplomat; founding president research activities − ensuring its independence from Stephen Marquardt of the Mexican Council on Foreign Relations; any one funding source or agenda. Elizabeth McCaul Chairman of ArcelorMittal Mexico; non-resident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution The Al Swaidi family Morgan McKenney Kevin Rudd Gavin Boyle Maryfrances Metrick Prime Minister of Australia (2007–10, 2013); Richard Bram David Pearl Minister for Foreign Affairs (2010–12) Stephen Brenninkmeijer Stuart Popham QC Daniel Sachs Sir Trevor Chinn CVO Chief Executive Officer, Proventus AB Paul Rivlin Helen L Freeman Ron Sandler CBE Caspar Romer Adviser, Palamon Capital Partners; former Executive Ronald M Freeman Simon Rowlands Chairman of Northern Rock, Chief Operating Officer Luciano Gobbi of NatWest Group and Chief Executive of Jacob M Safra Lloyd’s of London Bernard Groveman Horacio Sánchez Caballero John C Whitehead Charles M Hale Ron Sandler CBE Founding Chairman, Lower Manhattan Development Kaaren Hale Corporation, USA; former Co-Chairman of Dr Allen Sangines-Krause Goldman Sachs Sara Burch Khairallah Rafael Serrano Karim Khairallah Richard W Slocum Monika Machon Kit Tamkin Jolana Vainio Dr Petri Vainio Robert Tomei Pedro J Torres John Vogelstein Gareth Williams Roger Wolf

Chatham House | 39 Financial Support 2013–14

Partners (at 30 June 2014) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway DBJ Europe Limited National Intelligence Council, Debevoise and Plimpton LLP Akbank United States of America Delonex Energy Asfari Foundation Nomura Foundation Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and BG Group North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Headquarters Development Canada BP plc Open Society Foundations Department of Health, UK Chevron Ltd Prudential plc Department of National Defence, Canada Crown Prince Court, Abu Dhabi Revenue Watch Institute Diageo Department for International Development, UK Rockefeller Foundation Doughty Street Chambers European Commission Skoll Global Threats Fund Eaton Vance Management ExxonMobil Corporation Smith Richardson Foundation Elcano Royal Institute Finmeccanica Stavros Niarchos Foundation Eni SpA Foreign & Commonwealth Office, UK Swedish International Development European Bank for Reconstruction & Development JETRO London Cooperation Agency European Federation of Pharmaceutical MAVA Foundation Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Industries & Associations Ministry of Defence, UK United Nations Office for the Coordination European Forest Institute of Humanitarian Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs, United Arab Emirates Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Austria United Nations Trust Facility Supporting Nippon Foundation Forest Trends Cooperation on Arms Regulation Oak Foundation GlaxoSmithKline United States Agency for International Development Robert Bosch Foundation GPW United States Institute for Peace Royal Dutch Shell Hess Corporation Statoil Research Supporters HgCapital Toshiba Corporation ActionAid UK Horacio Sanchez-Caballero Total Holdings UK Ltd African Barrick Gold plc Humanity United AIG Property Casualty International Monetary Fund Key Project Sponsors Al Tajir Trust IrishAid Atkin Foundation Alaco Ltd Japan Institute of International Affairs Bank of America Merrill Lynch Anadarko Petroleum Corporation Japan Petroleum Exploration Co Ltd BHP Billiton International Services Ltd Anglo American plc JX Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Arab Stabilization Plan Konrad Adenauer Stiftung British Red Cross Areva SA Korea International Cooperation Agency Catholic Organisation for Relief and Association of Italian Banks KPMG LLP Development Aid AstraZeneca plc Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science Charities Aid Foundation Atlantic Partnership Lockheed Martin UK Climate & Development Knowledge Network Banco Africano de Investimentos Lonrho plc Climate and Land Use Alliance Bank of England Lowy Institute for International Policy Commonwealth Secretariat Bechtel Ltd Macquarie Group Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia Bovicor Marathon Oil Corporation Disasters Emergency Committee Bowland Trust Matthew Hurlock Economic and Social Research Council, UK Brazilian Development Bank Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Finland Embassy of the United States of America, London British Academy Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Sweden EPOCH Foundation British Council Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lithuania Eranda Foundation BTG Pactual Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, European Parliament Netherlands Centre for Low Carbon Futures Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Switzerland Mitsubishi Corporation Charles Hale Federal Environment Agency, Germany Mitsui & Co Europe plc Chubu Electric Power Co Inc John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Morgan Stanley Client Earth Korea Foundation Nedbank Ltd Clifford Chance LLP Ministry of Finance, Japan Noble Energy Inc ConocoPhillips Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands Norwegian Refugee Council Daiwa Capital Markets Europe Limited

40 | Chatham House The Olayan Group FTI Consulting Ltd Aspen Insurance UK Limited Overseas Development Institute GlaxoSmithKline AstraZeneca plc Pension Insurance Corporation Ltd Goldman Sachs International Avio Group Petrofac Herbert Smith Freehills LLP Aviva Raytheon HSBC Holdings plc AXA Investment Managers Rio Tinto plc Huawei Technologies Banca d’Italia Robert Bosch Limited Institute of Chartered Accountants in England Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ and Wales Royal Navy Bell Pottinger Intesa Sanpaolo SpA RWE Dea AG BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Ltd Japan Bank for International Cooperation Singapore National University Bland Group Ltd Jones Lang LaSalle Standard Bank Plc British Council KPMG LLP Standard Chartered Bank Boeing UK Kuwait Petroleum Corporation StormHarbour Securities LLP Cabinet Office LetterOne Sustainable Europe Research Institute CBS News Libra Group TRAFFIC International CDC Group plc Linklaters Trans European Policy Studies Association Chivas Brothers Lockheed Martin UK Tullow Oil plc Chubb Investment Services Ltd Marsh UNESCO Chubu Electric Power Co Inc MetLife Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP Mitsubishi Corporation US Department of Defense CLP Holdings Limited Morgan Stanley White Rose Energy Ventures Coller Capital Natixis William Rice Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Nomura International plc Commonwealth Secretariat Oliver Wyman Major Corporate Members Consolidated Contractors International (UK) Ltd (at 30 June 2014) PricewaterhouseCoopers Crown Agents Accenture Rabobank International CRU International Ltd AIG Asset Management Raytheon Daily Mail and General Trust plc Amsterdam & Partners Rio Tinto plc Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP Atkins Royal Bank of Scotland De Beers Group Services UK Ltd BAE Systems plc Santander De La Rue plc Bank of America Merrill Lynch Saudi Petroleum Overseas Ltd Delonex Energy Barclays Schlumberger Limited Department of Health, UK BBC Standard Chartered Bank Diageo BHP Billiton International Services Ltd Stroz Friedberg Diplomatic Academy of Montenegro Bloomberg Sumitomo Corporation DP World British American Tobacco Tesco Energy Charter Secretariat British Army Thomson Reuters Energy Industries Council BT Group plc United States of America, Embassy of the Energy Intelligence Group Caxton Asset Management Vodafone Group ES-KO Citi Eurasia Group City of London Corporate Members (at 30 June 2014) European Bank for Reconstruction & Development Clifford Chance LLP Afren European Investment Bank CME Group africapractice European Parliament UK Office Control Risks Airbus Group First Magazine Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, UK AKE Ltd G3 Good Governance Group Dexion Capital Albany Associates (International) Ltd General Secretariat of the Council of the DTCC (The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation) Allen & Overy LLP European Union The Economist Anglo American plc Genesis Investment Management LLP Eni SpA APCO Worldwide The Group Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer ArcelorMittal The Guardian Asahi Shimbun (Europe)

Chatham House | 41 Financial Support 2013–14

HM Treasury Prudential plc Ecuador, Embassy of Hong Kong Economic & Trade Office Quakers in Britain Egypt, Embassy of the Arab Republic of House of Commons Library Risk Advisory Group El Salvador, Embassy of House of Lords Library Rolls-Royce plc Estonia, Embassy of the Republic of Indorama Services UK Ltd RSA Insurance Ethiopia, Embassy of the Federal Democratic Republic of INPEX Salamanca Risk Management Finland, Embassy of International Institute for Environment and Sarasin & Partners LLP Development France, Embassy of SCA, Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget Investcorp International Ltd Georgia, Embassy of Schroders Plc Investec Asset Management Germany, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Scottish Government Invoke Capital Gibraltar, Government of Shearman & Sterling LLP ITN Greece, Embassy of Standard Life Group Jaguar Land Rover Hungary, Embassy of Strategy& Japan Oil, Gas & Metals National Corporation India, High Commission of Sullivan & Cromwell LLP (JOGMEC) Indonesia, Embassy of the Republic of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation JICA UK Office Europe Limited Iraq, Embassy of the Republic of JKX Oil & Gas Tata Ltd Ireland, Embassy of John Swire & Sons Ltd Telegraph Media Group Israel, Embassy of KOKUSAI Asset Management Co Ltd Thales Italy, Embassy of Kosmos Energy Tishman Speyer Japan, Embassy of Kroll Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Jordan, Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Krull Corp Towers Watson Kazakhstan, Embassy of the Republic of Kuwait Investment Office Tullow Oil plc Korea, Embassy of the Republic of Kyodo News UBS Kuwait, Embassy of the State of League of Arab States Vitol Latvia, Embassy of the Republic of Macquarie Group Warburg Pincus LLC Libya, Embassy of the State of Marathon Oil Corporation Wilton Park Lithuania, Embassy of the Republic of Maritime Asset Security & Training Ltd Wood Mackenzie Luxembourg, Embassy of Matheson & Co Ltd Yomiuri Shimbun Macedonia, Embassy of the Republic of Milbank Malta, High Commission of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Europe Ltd Embassy and High Commission Mexico, Embassy of Mitsui & Co Europe plc (at 30 June 2014) Members Moldova, Embassy of the Republic of Mizuho Bank Algeria, Embassy of Mongolia, Embassy of Mondelez International Argentine Republic, Embassy of the Morocco, Embassy of the Kingdom of Mondi Group Armenia, Embassy of the Republic of Mozambique, High Commission for the Republic of NEPAD Secretariat Australia, High Commission of Netherlands, Embassy of the Kingdom of the Nexen Petroleum UK Ltd Austria, Embassy of New Zealand, High Commission of NHK Japan Broadcasting Corporation Azerbaijan, Embassy of the Republic of Norway, Royal Embassy of NIKKEI Inc Bahrain, Embassy of the Kingdom of Oman, Embassy of the Sultanate of Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre Belgium, Embassy of Pakistan, High Commission for the The Olayan Group Belize, High Commission of Islamic Republic of oltreradio.it Brazil, Embassy of Poland, Embassy of the Republic of Orrick Bulgaria, Embassy of the Republic of Portugal, Embassy of Permira Advisers LLP Canada, High Commission of Qatar, Embassy of the State of Petrofac Energy Developments Chile, Embassy of Romania, Embassy of polestarglobal.com China, Embassy of the People’s Republic of Russian Federation, Embassy of the Polish Institute of Diplomacy Costa Rica, Embassy of Rwanda, High Commission for the Republic of Pool Re Cyprus, High Commission for the Republic of Saint Kitts & Nevis, High Commission of Powerscourt Czech Republic, Embassy of the Saudi Arabia, Embassy of the Royal Kingdom of Premier Oil Denmark, Royal Embassy of Serbia, Embassy of the Republic of Protection Group International Dominican Republic, Embassy of the Seychelles, High Commission of the Republic of

42 | Chatham House Sierra Leone, High Commission of Regent’s College – European Business School Rt Hon Lord Howe of Aberavon CH PC QC Singapore, High Commission for the Republic of Richmond University – The American International Matt Huber University in London Slovak Republic, Embassy of the Rt Hon Lord Hurd of Westwell CH CBE PC Royal College of Defence Studies Slovenia, Embassy of the Republic of Majid Jafar School of Oriental and African Studies – Centre South Africa, High Commission for the Republic of Nemir Kirdar for International Studies and Diplomacy Spain, Embassy of Sarah Laessig University College London – Faculty of Laws Sudan, Embassy of the Republic of and School of Public Policy Sir Richard Lambert Sweden, Embassy of University of Bath – Department of Politics, John Leech Languages and International Studies Switzerland, Embassy of Gerard Legrain University of Buckingham – Department of Tanzania, High Commission of the Simon Lerner Economics and International Studies United Republic of Anthony Loehnis University of East Anglia – Department of Political, Trinidad & Tobago, High Commission of the Social and International Studies Rachel Lomax Republic of University of East Anglia – London Academy Sir Roderic Lyne KCMG Tunisia, Embassy of of Diplomacy Rt Hon Sir John Major KG CH Turkey, Embassy of the Republic of University of Kent – Department of Politics and John Makin Ukraine, Embassy of International Relations Mladen Milinkovic United Arab Emirates, Embassy of the University of Portsmouth – Centre for European and International Studies Research Dr Alexander Mirtchev Uruguay, Embassy of University of Sussex – School of Global Studies Peter Montagnon Uzbekistan, Embassy of the Republic of University of Westminster – Department of Politics Professor Roger Morgan Venezuela, Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of and International Relations Angela Mosconi Vietnam, Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Webster University Geneva – Department of Alex Nice Yemen, Embassy of the Republic of International Relations Yoshio Noguchi Zambia, High Commission for the Republic of Annual Fund Donors Stuart Popham QC NGO Members (at 30 June 2014) Individuals Ambassador Andrés Rozental ActionAid UK John Ackroyd Mustafa Sahin Amnesty International Baha Bassatne Keith Salway British Red Cross Greg Baxter Howard Singleton Children’s Investment Fund Foundation (CIFF) Gavin Boyle Richard Slater Concern Worldwide Stephen Brenninkmeijer Edward Smith European Interagency Security Forum (EISF) Garvin Brown IV Pedro Solares International Committee of the Red Cross Francesco Burelli William Theuer International Medical Corps UK Eyup Sabri Carmikli Monica Threlfall Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Lindsay Case Valerie Williams Saferworld Sir Trevor Chinn CVO John Williams World Animal Protection Joseph Cook Corporate Dr William Crawley BP plc Academic Institutional Members HE Dr Federico Alberto Cuello-Camilo BT Group plc (at 30 June 2014) Nathan Danquah Dominican Republic, Embassy of the Brunel University – Department of Politics The John S Cohen Foundation and History Katherine Davies Sudan, Embassy of the Republic of ESCP Europe Business School Dr Emanuel de Kadt Turkey, Embassy of the Republic of Goodenough College Paul Etchells King’s College London – Department of Tom Fenton Political Economy Dame Clara Furse DBE King’s College London – Department of War Studies James Gaggero London School of Economics – Department of Adrienne Gignoux International Relations Martin Giles Nanyang Technological University – S Rajaratnam School of International Studies Luciano Gobbi Osaka University – School of International Karin Greenhalgh Public Policy Bernard Halim Regent’s College – Department of Dr Sam Hedayati International Relations

Chatham House | 43 Staff and Associate Fellows at 30 June 2014

Director Richard Gowing, Administrator Neil Quilliam, Senior Research Fellow Kathleen McInnis, Research Consultant Leonie Northedge, Research Associate Dr Robin Niblett Associate Fellows: Doris Carrion, Research Assistant Director’s Office Professor Victor Bulmer-Thomas CMG, OBE Helen Twist, Manager Kevin Steeves, Head of Director’s Office Dr Cath Collins Sophie Grant, Coordinator Anna Dorant-Hayes, Executive Assistant to Professor Michael Cox Jamil De Dominicis, Coordinator the Director Dr Bates Gill Saad Aldouri, Administrator Claire Pearcey, Assistant, Director’s Office Dr Timothy Power Associate Fellows: Chatham House Distinguished Visiting Fellows Julianne Smith Hayder al-Khoei Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia Bruce Stokes Dr Maha Azzam (on sabbatical) (2013 and 2007–10) Professor Peter Trubowitz David Butter Lord Williams of Baglan, International Trustee of the BBC, UN Under Secretary-General, Dr Leslie Vinjamuri Dr Kristian Coates Ulrichsen Middle East (2006-11) Asia Dr Sara Bazoobandi Chatham House Senior Consulting Fellow Dr John Swenson-Wright, Head Sir Richard Dalton Michael Keating, UN Deputy Envoy to Afghanistan Rosheen Kabraji, Assistant Head and Jon Marks (2010–12) Research Associate Professor Yossi Mekelberg Dr Gareth Price Senior Research Fellow Dr Christopher Phillips Area Studies and International Law Dr Tim Summers, Senior Consulting Fellow Sir Tom Phillips Research Department Chloe Sageman, Manager Nadim Shehadi Alex Vines OBE, Research Director Hameed Hakimi, Research Assistant Russia and Eurasia Alis Martin, Executive Assistant to the Research Joshua Webb, Administrator Director for Area Studies & International Law James Nixey, Head Associate Fellows: Dr Andrew Monaghan, Senior Research Fellow Africa Professor Shaun Breslin Orysia Lutsevych, Research Fellow Alex Vines OBE, Head Professor Kerry Brown L’ubica Polláková, Coordinator Elizabeth Donnelly, Assistant Head Charu Lata Hogg Associate Fellows: Dr Elisabete Azevedo-Harman, Research Fellow Dr Kun-Chin Lin Annette Bohr Adjoa Anyimadu, Research Associate Simon Long Professor Julian Cooper OBE Ahmed Soliman, Research Assistant Professor Duncan McCargo Keir Giles Chris Vandome, Research Assistant Dr Kirsten E Schulze Professor Philip Hanson OBE Tighisti Amare, Programme Manager Dr Farzana Shaikh Dr Bobo Lo Katherine Lawson, Parliamentary Outreach Officer Dr Chris Smith John Lough Daragh Thomas, Project Assistant Matt Waldman Professor Neil MacFarlane Associate Fellows: Sir David Warren Professor Marie Mendras Jeremy Astill-Brown Rod Wye Dr Arkady Moshes Knox Chitiyo Dr Michal Meidan Bob Dewar CMG Professor Richard Sakwa Europe Christina Katsouris James Sherr Quentin Peel, Mercator Senior Fellow Dr Muzong Kodi Dr Lilia Shevtsova Thomas Raines, Manager and Research Associate Dame Rosalind Marsden Sir Andrew Wood Associate Fellows: Paul Melly International Law Professor Iain Begg Jason Mosley Ruma Mandal, Senior Research Fellow Professor Maurice Fraser Dr Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos Catherine Wanjiku, Administrator Dr Matthew Goodwin Ben Shepherd Associate Fellows: Fadi Hakura Sola Tayo Dr Louise Arimatsu Professor Anand Menon David Bentley Americas Professor Richard G Whitman Xenia Dormandy, US Project Director Joanne Foakes Middle East and North Africa Jacob Parakilas, Assistant Project Director Dr Wim Muller Dr Claire Spencer, Head Sanford Henry, Visiting Fellow Sonya Sceats Jane Kinninmont, Deputy Head and Elizabeth Wilmshurst CMG Rory Kinane, Coordinator Senior Research Fellow Miša Zgonec-Rožej

44 | Chatham House Energy, Environment and Effie Theodoridou, Administrator Professor Kevin Outterson, Visiting Fellow Resources Research Department Associate Fellows: Dr Osman Dar, Consulting Fellow Professor Benjamin Cohen Jon Lidén, Consulting Fellow Rob Bailey, Acting Research Director Paul van den Noord Emma Ross, Consultant Professor Paul Stevens, Distinguished Fellow John Nugée Claire Muñoz Parry, Manager Antony Froggatt, Senior Research Fellow Professor Jim Rollo Robert Ewers, Coordinator Alison Hoare, Senior Research Fellow Professor Catherine Schenk Associate Fellows: Felix Preston, Senior Research Fellow Dr Mina Toksoz Professor David Fidler Glada Lahn, Senior Research Fellow Professor Anna George Shane Tomlinson, Senior Research Fellow International Security Dr Stuart Gordon Jaakko Kooroshy, Research Fellow Research Department (joint with International Security Department) Siân Bradley, Research Associate Dr Patricia Lewis, Research Director Professor Ilona Kickbusch Gemma Green (on maternity leave) / Dr Khalid Koser Anna Stapleton, Department Manager James de Waal, Senior Fellow Dr Heidi Larson Jens Hein, Coordinator Heather Williams, Research Fellow Dr Kelley Lee Owen Grafham, Coordinator Caroline Baylon, Research Associate Professor John-Arne Røttingen Laura Wellesley, Research Associate Sasan Aghlani, Research Assistant Dr Simon Rushton Rachel Shairp, Coordinator Hannah Bryce, Programme Manager Professor David Salisbury Adelaide Glover, Project Coordinator Florence Boafo, Coordinator Dr Devi Sridhar Associate Fellows: Rachel Kean, Coordinator Professor David Stuckler William Blyth Associate Fellows: Irma Arguello Duncan Brack Academy for Leadership Alyson JK Bailes Oli Brown in International Affairs Charles Emmerson Robert Baxter Xenia Dormandy, Acting Dean Alex Evans Nomi Bar-Yaacov Andrew Swan, Manager Dr Robert Falkner John Borrie Alis Martin, Coordinator Professor David Grey Steven Bowns Catherine Wanjiku, Administrator Kirsty Hamilton Dr Andrew Dorman Academy Fellows: Paul Hohnen Dr Bill Durodié Abdullah Ali, Academy Asfari Fellow Dr Valérie Marcel Sharad Joshi George Mchedlishvili, Academy Robert Bosch Fellow Paul McMahon Dr Claudia Hoffmann Akio Miyajima, Visiting Senior Academy Fellow John V Mitchell Elli Kytömäki Dr Fida Shafi, Academy Asfari Senior Fellow Dr Keun-Wook Paik Dr Stuart Gordon (joint with Centre on Global Health Security) Nouar Shamout, Academy Asfari Senior Fellow Cleo Paskal Keir Giles Guoyu Wang, Academy Senior Fellow Walt Patterson Professor Robert Jackson Ilya Zaslavskiy, Academy Robert Bosch Fellow Jade Saunders David Livingstone Elizabeth Wilson Iain Mathewson Farhana Yamin Michael Moodie International Economics Anita Nilsson Research Department Professor Joanna Spear Col Philip Wilkinson (retd) OBE MPHIL Dr Paola Subacchi, Research Director Sarah Okoye, Executive Assistant Centre on Global Health Security Stephen Pickford, Senior Research Fellow Professor David L Heymann CBE, Julia Fung-Yee Leung, Julius Fellow Head and Senior Fellow André Astrow, Senior Consultant and Project Director Dr Charles Clift, Senior Consulting Fellow Shigeki Mitomo, Visiting Fellow Professor David Harper, Senior Consulting Fellow Myriam Zandonini, Research Associate Professor Nigel Lightfoot, Senior Consulting Fellow Dr Davide Tentori, Research Associate Lt Gen Louis Lillywhite (retd), Senior Consulting Helena Huang, Research Assistant Fellow

Chatham House | 45 Staff and Associate Fellows at 30 June 2014

Communications and External Relations Department House and Personnel Publishing Department Harry Charlton, External Relations Director Dawn Margrett, Assistant Director Keith Burnet, Communications and Publishing Harriet Rimbault, Assistant to External Relations Rhona Moir, Executive Assistant to Assistant Director Director Director Patricia Lewis-Goodridge/Florence Boafo, Bookings Coordinator Communications Outreach Individual Membership and Development Sonia Kinghorne, Receptionist Nicola Norton, Media Relations Manager Sam Palmer, Head Charag Ali/John Edusei, House Manager Francis Grove-White, Media and Government Annabel Walton, Donor Relations Manager Relations Officer Paul Etheridge, Building Maintenance Keren Elton, Individual Membership Assistant Conor Quinn, Social Media and Ian Los, Despatch Head Communications Officer Research Grants Ray Sutlieff, Despatch Assistant/Relief Receptionist Rose Abdollahzadeh, Research Grants Manager Website and Digital Development Louise Evans, Catering Manager Julia Maj, Research Grants Coordinator Josie Hock, Head Samir Zid, Chef Agnieszka Grychowska, Website and Corporate Relations Joanne Smith, Catering Assistant Digital Development Manager Sophie Eggar, Head (on maternity leave) Debbie Street, Catering Publishing and Online Content Janine Hirt, Acting Head Kim Thomson, Catering Amanda Moss, Head Alex Tucker, Officer Margaret May, Editor, Publications Elizabeth Plumb, Coordinator Finance and Technical Systems Nicolas Bouchet, Deputy Editor (Research), Morgan Mixon, Administrator Paul Curtin, Finance Director and Secretary Publications to Council Laura Neff, Publications Assistant Events Rhona Moir, Executive Assistant to Finance Director Nicola Roper, Audio/Video Producer Catherine O’Keeffe, Deputy Director, Events Stephen Martin, Finance Manager Jason Naselli, Website and Project Manager Alison Archer, Head of Conferences Mahendra Kothari, Financial Accountant Lisa Toremark, Editorial Coordinator, Online Kamil Hussain, Conference Developer Sarah Adebambo, Management Accountant Kate O’Sullivan, Assistant Editor, Online George Woodhams, Conference Developer Valerie Ormes, Finance Officer Georgina Wright, Senior Conference Manager Leanne Pope, Finance Officer International Affairs Belinda Ritchie, Conference Manager Michael Farrell, Database Manager Caroline Soper, Editor Laurel Louden, Conference Administrator Martin Kennedy/Reece McFarlane, IT Help Desk Krisztina Csortea, Book Reviews Editor Emma Sullivan, Events and Strategic Heidi Pettersson, Assistant Editor Planning Manager Library and Information Services Sarah Christie, Events Coordinator The World Today David Bates, Manager Stephanie Sproson, Events Coordinator Alan Philps, Editor Malcolm Madden, Research Liaison Librarian Linda Bedford, Events Administrator Agnes Frimston, Deputy Editor Anna Brynolf, Digital Resources Librarian Esther Stoffels, Marketing Manager Zara Berry, Senior Marketing Officer Alex Jackson, Direct Marketing Assistant

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Cover image: At the ‘Hands of Cooperation’ camp, or Alta’awan, just inside the Syrian border. Photographer Andree Kaiser/MCT via Getty Images. Chatham House is independent of government, does not owe allegiance to any political party and is precluded by its Charter from having an institutional view. Opinions expressed in publications or at meetings are those of the authors and speakers concerned. Written by Chatham House. Designed by TRUE www.truedesign.co.uk Photography by Chatham House and Getty Images. Printed by Park Communications on FSC® certified Splendorgel paper using vegetable oil based ink.

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