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THE SLOCUM MISSION to Steer Through the Ocean While Submerged

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THE SLOCUM MISSION to Steer Through the Ocean While Submerged FEATURE contact Mission Control via satellite. During brief moments at the surface, they transmit their accumu- lated data and receive instructions telling them how THE SLOCUM MISSION to steer through the ocean while submerged. Their speed is generally about half a knot. There are mili- tary applications for them, but our work in WOOS is unclassified. We have a fairly large fleet of Slocums, about 1,000. Half are devoted to a program of routine Narrative and Illustration hydrographic observation, much like the meteorolo- By Henry Stommel gists' upper air network. The rest make soundings of temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, and those geochemically important tracers that the geochem- IT IS DIFFICULT to realize that twenty-five years ists have been clever enough to find automatic meas- have passed since I first came to the Slocum Mission uring devices and sensors for. The other half of the Control Center on Nonamesset Island, one of the Slocum fleet is devoted to purely scientific purposes: Elizabeth Islands, in 1996. I was a post-doc in physi- special research programs carried out under the in- cal oceanography, and the Department of the Envi- structions of academic scientists, by contract. Slocums ronment had just acquired the island from the descen- were originally designed with a 5-year lifetime, but dants of a sea captain prominent in the China trade of many have been in continuous service at sea for more the early nineteenth century. The government ac- than 10 years. They are widely dispersed throughout quired Nonamesset to establish the World Ocean the world's ocean. Observing System [WOOS], a facility capable of Our WOOS center and the Slocum Mission had "3- monitoring the global ocean, using a fleet of small Ihe payoff in increase their start because of the growing concern with neutrally-buoyant floats called Slocums that draw monitoring the environment: Is the ocean heating of knowledge often is their power from the temperature stratification of the up? Where are the pollutants going? Can we con- ocean. Nonamesset Island was chosen partly because greatest the more struct theoretical models of the ocean circulation that it is isolated from the mainland of Cape Cod, but are useful in predicting the direction of climate unconventional the mostly because it is close to the Woods Hole Oceano- change? With a necessarily small fleet of research graphic Institution, the Marine Biological Labora- idea, especially when it ships, how could numerous widely dispersed meas- tory. and a thriving scientific community. urements throughout all depths of the ocean be ob- conflicts with collective Nestling low in the hills is the Mission Control tained on a routine basis? In 1995, much of the Center itself, with its satellite antennas. Along the oceanographic community had been involved for 15 wisdom. beach, facing Buzzards Bay, there are a few houses years in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment for a small permanent staff. Most of the scientific (WOCE), exploring the general circulation of the staff commute from their homes in the Upper Cape ocean but still using the technology of the 80's. For area, reaching Nonamesset by a ferry. There is a large example, one of the keystones of WOCE was the dock at the cove, but the one that the ferry uses is at World Hydrographic Program (WHP), which used a Sheep-Pen Harbor on the Hole. There are no automo- single ship per year over a period of 12 years to biles on the island. The buildings are connected by survey 48 long hydrographic sections, with some footpaths and there is a narrow-gauge railroad for repeats. Only six stations each day could be occu- moving supplies from the docks to the facilities. For pied, giving a very low rate of data acquisition the most part the island has been left undisturbed. It compared to what the meteorologists were getting is in a pristine state of beauty, tranquil beyond the from their upper air network. experience of those who swarm about on the main- A really new method was needed, one that would land. provide subsurface data on a scale and at a frequency The Slocum float is named after Joshua Slocum, that matched what remote sensing by satelIite pro- the Yankee skipper who first went around the world vided for the sea surface. Multiplying the number of singlehanded in a small sailing vessel. There were ships by a factor of 100 was economically out of the Slocums on the Elizabeth Islands before, ever since question. But a pioneering ocean engineer had a Peleg Slocum of Dartmouth purchased Cuttyhunk, different vision of how to garner a harvest of data on Nashawena and Penikese in 1693. Whether Joshua a deep-ocean global basis, and this led, after a few was related to them, I never have discovered. But my vicissitudes, to the Department of the Environment's relationship with Slocums has a different geneal- determination to support the Slocum Mission and the ogy--a scientific and technical one. Perhaps I should present deployment of Slocums throughout the world. begin by saying what Slocums do. It has been my career. They migrate vertically through the ocean by So here I am on a lovely October day sitting in the changing ballast, and they can be steered horizon- library of Mission Control overlooking Vineyard tally by gliding on wings at about a 35 degree angle. Sound. On the grass bank outside the window there They generally broach the surface six times a day to is a flock of sheep grazing. I have the daily logbooks of those first deployments and experiments made in Henry Stommel, Woods Hole Oceanographic institution, Woods the early days of Mission Control before me on the Hole. MA, 02543. 22 OCEANOGRAPHY-APRIL-1989 . ( 7 Each Slocum reports " - T.'_;~" ~ .- - --. ~ l '~ll,7 ~,-~ --~-- -= -~..-_ "'¢ I into Mission Control via satellite about six times The Slocum Mission Control Center on Nonamesset Island. a day. table. The assembled staff has asked me to describe different depths, and sometimes the floats dwell for the excitement of those early days on a personal a period at the bottom of the cast, so it is possible to level, so that is what I am going to try to do. recover information about the vertical modal struc- ture of the currents. AS MOST of you know, the backbone of our Thus we have a basic set of Sentinels routinely climate monitoring capability is our permanent fleet patrolling the ocean between 50°S and 50°N, equiva- of 480 Sentinel series of Slocums. These are able to lent to a fleet of 48 full-time hydrographic survey occupy, on a monthly basis, all the 48 hydrographic ships, making no port stops, using no fuel, and by sections that took the WHP 12 years to do once. We international law exempt from the restrictions on acquire data from this widely dispersed network via passage through territorial waters exacted of manned satellite telemetry. It is something of a wonder to vessels. Each day we get about 3000 CTD profiles follow the intricate patrol pattern of the Slocums from our Sentinel fleet. assigned to the various sections. For example, there The prototype Sentinel was launched in 1994, are ten assigned to patrol a section along 24°N in the before the Mission Control Center was built, and the Atlantic. Each patrols a six degree segment of longi- little group of originators was still working in the tude. Pairs meet once a month to do an intercalibra- attic of the Bigelow building at the Woods Hole tion. Sometimes we schedule an intricate cotillion- Oceanographic Institution. I can only imagine what like dance of the Sentinel Slocums in which they the sense of excitement must have been in the attic interchange patrols, thus obtaining, over the course control center when they started to control the navi- of a year, a complete intercalibration of all Slocums gation of Sentinel 1 after its launch off Bermuda. on the section. We also have special Calibration According to the logbook, it was decided not to Standard Slocums that wander randomly about the confront the Gulf Stream at the start. The plan was to patrol lines, like the inspectors on a subway system, steer the Slocum as nearly eastward along 32°N as calibrating all Slocums that they encounter. could be done, making a highly detailed hydro- Each Slocum reports into Mission Control via graphic section along the way. With some delays due satellite about six times a day. At each report, con- to interrupted communication, this section took 198 ductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) data are days. It ended off lfni on the Northwest African transmitted, along with auxiliary tracer data. The coast, where the RRS Discovery had ended her 1957 satellite also reports the Slocum's position, which section long before. The ship managed to obtain 25 informs us how much the float has been set by the casts. Sentinel 1 obtained 3820 casts. On this leg the ocean currents it encounters and permits its auto- prototype successfully demonstrated that effective matic pilot to be reset according to a course-correc- hydrographic station work of a routine nature could tion algorithm. During the day, the casts terminate at be done remotely by an unmanned, unfueled instru- OCEANOGRAPHY.APRIL-1989 23 Tent package, directed by controllers far away. The equatorial undercurrents, western boundary currents, atmosphere in the altic must have been ecstatic-- and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Mesoscale rather like that in the spacecraft control room when eddies became a part of everyday language. The Voyager 2 rendezvoused with the moon of Neptune National Geographic Society made two television in August 1989.
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