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The Principal Forms of the Skeleton and of the Teeth

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The Principal Forms of the Skeleton and of the Teeth IA1YA11 1fflVEBSITY. fihrarn of % Pass. UTebital College. RULES AND REGULATIONS. 1. Students attending any of the Lectures in the Massachusetts Medical College may take books from the Library during the course, by depositing Five Dollars with the Dean ; and the Students of any of the Medical Professors may have the same privilege on the same terms throughout the year. r r d®OQZ£><£& C<Qt}Q-OQ &<QVQ<OQ fCQ<OQ<DZ on he Surgeon General's Office ,nd I K %1 for i md ore be- t or i, ira- the 5. If a volume be lost, or injured, the price of the book, or the amount necessary to repair the injury, as the case may be, will be deducted from the sum deposited ; otherwise the whole amount will be returned to the depositor, when he ceases to use the Librarv. SKELETON AND THE TEETH THE PEINCIPAL POEMS SKELETON AND OF THE TEETH. BY / PROFESSOR R. OWEN, F.R. S., &c, /// AUTHOK OF "ODONTOGRAPHY;" " LECTURES ON' COMPARATIVE ANATOMY ;" " ARCHETYPE OP THE skeleton;" "ON THE NATURE OF LIMBS;" "HISTORY OF BRITISH FOSSIL MAMMALIA," ETC. ETC. PHILADELPHIA: BLANC HA ED AND LEA, 1854. 697p IS 54- PHILADELPHIA: T. K. AND P. G. COLLINS, PRINTERS. PREFACE. The following work has just appeared in London as a portion of a series entitled Or/s Circle of the Sciences. Believing that a treatise of so much value was worthy of an independent position and a permanent form, the pub- lishers issue it separately. Written by the most distin- guished osteologist of the age, as an introduction to his favorite science, it cannot fail to possess great interest and value to all students of Zoology, Comparative Ana- tomy, and Geology, of which departments of knowledge Osteology may now be regarded as the foundation. As indicative of the principles which have guided the author in his labors, the following paragraphs are extracted from the Preface to the Circle of the Sciences. " In regard to the structure and conformation of that great division of the Animal Kingdom called 'the Verte- brate,' to which Man himself belongs, and which includes the animals that most resemble Man, it has been deemed sufficient for present purposes to restrict the Essay to the fundamental structures or framework of the body, with the appendages of a like enduring material called the 1* v i PREFACE. 'Circle' has Teeth. The execution of this part of the been confided to that great philosophical anatomist who true has so distinguished himself in working out the principles of Osteology—principles which will doubtless soon be applied to the nomenclature and description of every branch of Anatomical Science. Avoiding the com- mon practice of intrusting the special essays to literary compilers and abridgers, it has been part of the design of the work—hitherto with success—to engage, in the important task of teaching, those master-spirits who have in their day effected the greatest improvements, and made the most decided advances, in their respective depart- ments of science. The result has been, as is especially shown in the Essay on the Principal Forms of the Skeleton, an original exposition of the principles of Anatomical Science, and of the most important results that have been attained by its latest cultivator; such exposition being succinct without any important omission, and as clear and comprehensible as is consistent with the inevitable use of technical terms. "New and clearly defined ideas must be expressed by their appropriate signs. The explanation of the sign teaches the nature of the idea. Without learning and understanding the technical terms of a science, that sci- ence cannot be comprehended. The terms seem 'hard' only while the ideas which they represent are not under- stood. We listen with pleasure and surprise to the glib facility with which the working classes, admitted iu PREFACE. vii homely attire at half price to the Zoological Gardens on Mondays, talk of the Elephant, the Rhinoceros, and the Hippopotamus. These derivations from the Greek are no harder to them than the Saxon monosyllabic names of the bear, the seal, or the lion; and yet the four sylla- bled and five-syllabled names above cited are longer than the average of the technical terms derived from the same learned and pliable language : for example, Alisphenoid is not really harder than rhinoceros, nor Neurapophysis than hippopotamus; and when the mind becomes as familiar with the things of which these are the verbal signs, they fall naturally and easily into the circulating medium for the currency of thought. To the intelligent reader of every class, who may be blessed with the healthy desire for the attainment of knowledge, let it then be said: Be not dismayed with the array of 'hard words' which seems to bar your path in its acquisition. Where such words are invented or adopted by the masters in science, be assured that your acquisition and retention of their meaning will be the safest 'first steps' in the science of your choice. " Where plain and known words of Saxon or old Eng- lish root could convey the meaning intended, the writers have sedulously striven to use them instead of terms of more exotic origin. But where the signification of a thing, or group of things, would have demanded a round- about explanation, or periphrase, as the alternative for abandoning the single-worded and clearly defined tech- Vl li PREFACE. nical term, they have not hesitated to use such term, appending, either in the same page or in the Glossarial Index, its derivation and meaning. "In reference to the terms of Anatomy, a method has been adopted further to facilitate their reception and easy recognition by reference to the part itself so signi- fied in the wood-cuts; the same or corresponding part bearing the same numerals in all the cuts ; thus the sca- pula, or blade bone, is indicated by the No. 51 in the fishes' skeleton, Fig. 9, and in all the succeeding skele- tons up to those of the Ape and Man, Fig. 46." CONTENTS, ON THE PRINCIPAL FORMS OF THE SKELETON. PAGE Principles of Osteology 13 Composition of Bones 14 Primary Classification of Bones 16 The Dermoskeleton ...... ... 17 Growth of Bones ......... 21 Structure of Bones in Different Classes 24 The Neuroskeleton ......... 26 The Vertebrae 27 Archetype of the Skeleton 29 Skeleton of the Fish 35 The Sea-perch 38 The Occipital Vertebra 40 The Parietal Vertebra 44 The Frontal Vertebra 45 The Nasal Vertebra 47 Names of Bones 49 Bones of the Head 50 Jaws of Fishes 62 The Caudal Vertebra 54 The Fin-rays 55 Adaptation of the Fish's Skull and Skeleton to Aquatic Life . 57 Action of the Fins 63 Principal Forms of the Skeletons of Reptiles . ... 64 Batrachian Illustrations ........ 66 Skeleton of the Frog 68 Osteology of the Serpent Tribe ....... 75 Skeleton of the Serpent 75 Structure of the Serpent's Skull ....... 76 CONTENTS. Structure of the Skull of the Python The Maxillary Arch Skull of the Boa-Constrictor The Mandibular Arch . Skull of Poisonous Serpents "Vertebrae of the Rattlesnake Vertebrae of Serpents . Osteology of Lizards Skeleton of the Crocodile Vertebrae and Skull of the Crocodile Limbs of the Crocodile Osteology of Chelonian Reptiles Carapace of the Turtle Plastron of the Turtle Vertebrae, Skull, and Limbs of the Tortoise and T urtle The Skeleton of Birds Of the Swan Of the Duck Tribe Pelvis and Leg of Birds Structure of the Foot in Birds Mechanism of Flight "in Birds Forms of the Skeleton in the Class Mammalia Various Forms of Limbs in Mammals Skeleton of the Whale Of the Dugong .... Of the Seal .... Of the Walrus .... Skeletons of Hoofed Quadrupeds . Of the Horse .... Of the Rhinoceros Of the Giraffe .... Skeletons of Herbivorous Quadrupeds . Of the Camel Of the Hippopotamus .... Osteological Characters of even-toed Hoofed Beasts The Nature of Limbs .... The Protopterus ..... Law of Simplification of Feet The Amphiuma and the Proteus . The Tarsal Bpnes of the Horse and the Ox CONTENTS. XI PAGE The Tarsal Bones of the Rhinoceros, the Hippopotamus, and the Elephant 187 Skeleton of the Sloth 188 Of the Ant-eater ...... 193 Of the Mole 194 Of the Bat 198 Skeletons of the Carnivorous Mammalia 200 Of the Lion 202 Of the Kangaroo ...... 205 Conditions of Marsupial Structure 207 Skeletons of the Orang, and of Man 210 Comparison of the Bony Structure of the Ape and Man 211 Adaptation of the Human Skeleton to the erect Posture 214 Modifications of the Human Skeleton, in relation to the Archetype 216 General and Special Terms in Osteology 221 The Facial Angle 222 Progressive Expansion of the Cranium 222 Crania of the Crocodile and the Albatross 222 Crania of the Dog and the Chimpanzee 223 Skulls of the Australian and the European . 224 Concluding Remarks ..... 225 ON THE PRINCIPAL FORMS AND STRUCTURES OF THE TEETH. Intimate Relation of the Teeth to the Food and Habits of the Animal 229 Dental Tissues and Pulp Cavities 231 Section of the Human Tooth 232 Chemical and Structural Composition of Teeth .... 234 Complex and Compound Teeth 235 Section of the Horse's Incisor 235 Transverse Section of Tooth of the Labyrinthodon . 236 Transverse Section of the Orycteropus 238 Grinders of an Elephant 239 Dental System of Fishes 240 Skull and Teeth of the Pike .240 Jaws and Teeth of the Sting-ray 242 ' 246 Teeth of the Wolf-fish . 245, Tissue of Teeth in Fishes 247 Teeth of the Barracuda Fish 248 Xll CONTENTS, PAGE Dental System of Reptiles .... 251 Teeth of the Iguanodon and the Megalosaurus 252 Skull and Teeth of the Dicynodon 254 Teeth of Crocodiles 255 Teeth of Poisonous Snakes .
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