Waste Audit Report

REPORT Single Family Curbside Waste and Participation Audit

August 2016

159 Ridout Street South, London, Ont. N6C 3X7 Paul van der Werf Tel: 519-645-7733 Email: [email protected]

Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... i 1.0 Introduction ...... 1 2.0 Methodology ...... 1 3.0 Results- Fall 2015 ...... 2 3.1 Set Out and Participation ...... 2 3.2 Quantity of Waste Streams Collected...... 3 3.3 Waste Composition ...... 4 3.3.1 Overall ...... 4 3.3.2 Residual Material ...... 5 3.3.3 Recycling ...... 6 3.3.4 Green Bin ...... 8 4.0 Results- Winter 2016 ...... 11 4.1 Set Out and Participation ...... 11 4.2 Quantity of Waste Streams Collected...... 12 4.3 Waste Composition ...... 13 4.3.1 Overall ...... 13 4.3.2 Residual Material ...... 13 4.3.3 Recycling ...... 15 4.3.4 Green Bin ...... 17 5.0 Results- Spring 2016 ...... 19 5.1 Set Out and Participation ...... 20 5.2 Quantity of Waste Streams Collected...... 20 5.3 Waste Composition ...... 22 5.3.1 Overall ...... 22 5.3.2 Residual Material ...... 22 5.3.3 Recycling ...... 24 5.3.4 Green Bin ...... 26 6.0 Results- Summer 2016 ...... 28 6.1 Set Out and Participation ...... 28 6.2 Quantity of Waste Streams Collected...... 29 6.3 Waste Composition ...... 31 6.3.1 Overall ...... 31 6.3.2 Residual Material ...... 31 6.3.3 Recycling ...... 33 6.3.4 Green Bin ...... 35 7.0 Results- Overall ...... 37 7.1 Set Out and Participation ...... 37 7.2 Estimated Quantity of Waste Disposal and Diversion ...... 41 7.3 Waste Composition ...... 42 7.3.1 Overall ...... 42 7.3.2 Residual Material ...... 42 7.3.3 Recycling ...... 45 7.3.4 Green Bin ...... 47 7.3.5 Food Waste ...... 49 8.0 Conclusions ...... 50

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit 1 of 1 City of Toronto Table of Contents

Executive Summary The City of Toronto (City) retained 2cg Inc. (2cg) to undertake the following: 1. Four season waste audit/set-out audit (waste audits) of the same 200 households; 100 in District 2 and 100 in District 3 (Table 1.1); and 2. Four season participation audit of the same 800 households; 400 in District 2 and 400 in District 3 (Table 1.2).

The objective of the waste audits and set out audits (Table ES.1) was to measure the weight, composition and household set out of relevant waste streams (i.e. residual material/green bin or recycling/green bin) over two consecutive weeks. Data analysis was undertaken by garbage bin size (i.e. Small, Medium, Large, Extra Large etc.).

The objective of the participation audits (Table ES.2) was to measure the set out of relevant waste streams (i.e. black cart/green cart or blue cart/green cart) by the garbage bin size (i.e. residual garbage/green bin or recycling/green bin) over four consecutive weeks. Data analysis was undertaken by garbage bin size (i.e. Small, Medium, Large, Extra Large etc.). The households denoted in Table ES.2 abutted the relevant households denoted in Table ES.1

Table ES.1 Waste Audit and Set-Out Audit- Households per Day Day District 2 District 3 Total Tuesday 25 25 50 Wednesday 25 25 50 Thursday 25 25 50 Friday 25 25 50 Total 100 100 100

Table ES.2 Participation Audit- Households per Day Day District 2 District 3 Total Tuesday 100 100 200 Wednesday 100 100 200 Thursday 100 100 200 Friday 100 100 200 Total 400 400 800

Table ES.3 depicts the set-out of residual material, recycling and green bin by garbage bin size for the 200 waste audit households. Households with extra large garbage bins had the highest set out for residual material and recycling and lowest set out for the green bin. Households with small garbage bins had the lowest set out for residual material but highest setout for the green bin.

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OTablevera ES.3ll Set out of Residual Material, Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size Garbage Bin Assets Set Out Size # Residual Material Recycling Green Bin % S 46 70.0 84.0 75.1 M 75 75.4 85.8 73.2 L 59 80.1 88.0 67.6 XL 20 87.0 98.7 62.5

Total 200 78.2 87.3 69.6

Table ES.4 depicts the results of the set out and participation of the 800 participation audit households. Households with small garbage bins had the lowest participation rate for residual material and the lowest participation rate for the green bin. Households with large garbage bins had the highest participation rate for all three streams. The total set out for residual material and recycling was lower for the participation audit as compared to the waste audit with green bin set out about the same.

Table ES.4 Set out of Residual Material, Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size- Set out and Participation Audit Residual Material Recycling Green Bin Set out- % 66.0 77.1 67.7 S Participation- % 79.6 88.8 84.1 Set out- % 75.3 80.5 68.1 M Participation- % 87.5 92.8 85.5 Set out- % 78.9 84.3 69.9 L Participation- % 91.6 95.3 86.9 Set out- % 83.8 84.6 66.2 XL Participation- % 91.2 92.1 86.1 Set out- % 73.8 81.0 68.3 Total Participation- % 84.3 92.4 85.6

On average Toronto households in this waste audit dispose 260 kg/hhld/year residual waste and divert 273 kg/hhld/year recyclables and 253 kg/hhld/year green bin materials.

Table ES.5 depicts household green bin and recycling diversion, highlighting the contamination in both of those streams as well as the amount of green bin waste and recyclables in the residual waste stream. For these waste audits and the three waste streams, households had a 60% diversion rate and potential 80% diversion rate. The contamination rate of recycling was 18% and for the green bin 3% (although this does not account for non biodegradable contaminates removed during processing).

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page ii of vii City of Toronto Executive Summary

Table ES.5 Summary of Green Bin and Recycling Diversion Green Bin Recycling Residual Material Diversion (kg/hhld/year) 245.99 222.86 Contamination (kg/hhld/year) 7.47 49.75 150.55 % Contamination 2.9% 18.2% 57.9% % Diversion Rate 31.3% 28.4% 59.7%

Potential Diversion Rate 79.9%

Figure ES.1 provides the overall waste composition for all three streams. It shows that organics make up 46% of the overall waste stream followed by paper and other materials.

Figure ES.1 Overall Waste Composition- Four Seasonal Waste Audits

Other Paper Materials 22% 13%

Plastics 10%

Metals 3% Organics 46% HSW Glass 0.3% 6%

Figure ES.2 provides the overall waste composition for residual materials. It shows that organics make up 38% of the residual materials followed by other materials and plastics.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page iii of vii City of Toronto Executive Summary

Figure ES.2 Residual Material Waste Composition - Four Seasonal Waste Audits Paper 8% Plastics 12% Other Materials Metals 36% 3%

Glass 2%

HSW 0.7%

Organics 38%

Figure ES.3 depicts the estimated annual amount of residual waste disposed by garbage bin size and shows an increase in waste disposal from small to extra large bin sizes.

Figure ES.3 Residual Material by Garbage Bin Size - Four Seasonal Waste Audits 600

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Figure ES.4 provides the overall waste composition for recycling. It shows that paper makes up 55% of recycling followed by plastics and glass.

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Figure ES.4 Recycling Waste Composition - Four Seasonal Waste Audits Other Materials 4% Organics 7%

HSW 0.2%

Paper Glass 55% 15%

Metals 4%

Plastics 15%

Figure ES.5 depicts the estimated annual amount of recycling by garbage bin size and shows an increase in recycling as bin size increases, particularly for households with extra large garbage bins.

Figure ES.5 Recycling by Garbage Bin Size - Four Seasonal Waste Audits 600

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Figure ES.6 provides the overall waste composition for the green bin. It shows that approximately 96% of materials received in the green bin fit within the organics category.

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Figure ES.6 Green Bin Waste Composition- Four Seasonal Waste Audits Paper Plastics Metals 1% 2% 0.1% HSW Other Materials 0.1% 0.7%

Organics 96%

Figure ES.7 depicts the estimated annual amount of green bin material by garbage bin size and shows households with medium and large garbage bins divert the most green bin material and households with extra large garbage bins the lowest.

Figure ES.7 Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size - Four Seasonal Waste Audits 300

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In conclusion over the four seasons waste audit households set out 78% garbage bins; 87% recycling bins and 70% green bins, while for the participation audit it was 74% garbage bins; 81% recycling bins and 68% green bins. Over the four seasons participation audit households had a participation rate of 84% for garbage bins; 92% for recycling bins and 86% for green bins.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page vi of vii City of Toronto Executive Summary

As household garbage bin size increased there was more residual material and recycling material set out. Households with small garbage bins diverted more green bin materials than households with extra large bins. Households with medium and large garbage bins diverted the most green bin material.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page vii of vii City of Toronto Executive Summary

1.0 Introduction The City of Toronto (City) retained 2cg Inc. (2cg) to undertake the following: 3. Four season waste audit/set-out audit (waste audits) of the same 200 households; 100 in District 2 and 100 in District 3 (Table 1.1); and 4. Four season participation audit of the same 800 households; 400 in District 2 and 400 in District 3 (Table 1.2).

The waste audits and participation audits began in November 2015 and concluded in August 2016.

The objective of the waste audits and set out audits (Table 1.1) was to measure the weight, composition and household set out of relevant waste streams (i.e. residual material/green bin or recycling/green bin) over two consecutive weeks. Data analysis was undertaken by garbage bin size (i.e. Small, Medium, Large, Extra Large etc.).

The objective of the participation audits (Table 1.2) was to measure the set out of relevant waste streams (i.e. black cart/green cart or blue cart/green cart) by the garbage bin size (i.e. residual garbage/green bin or recycling/green bin) over four consecutive weeks. Data analysis was undertaken by garbage bin size (i.e. Small, Medium, Large, Extra Large etc.). The households denoted in Table 1.2 abutted the relevant households denoted in Table 1.1

Table 1.1 Waste Audit and Set-Out Audit- Households per Day Day District 2 District 3 Total Tuesday 25 25 50 Wednesday 25 25 50 Thursday 25 25 50 Friday 25 25 50 Total 100 100 100

Table 1.2 Participation Audit- Households per Day Day District 2 District 3 Total Tuesday 100 100 200 Wednesday 100 100 200 Thursday 100 100 200 Friday 100 100 200 Total 400 400 800

2.0 Methodology The waste audit and participation audits were clearly prescribed by the City of Toronto (Toronto) in Request for Quotation 9180-15-3069 and is attached in Appendix 1.

For waste audits wastes were collected from relevant households by 2cg and taken back to a City sorting area. Wastes were collected/tracked/sorted by the size of the garbage bin (i.e. black cart). The set out of waste streams was measured.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 1 of 51 City of Toronto

For participation wastes the set out of waste streams was measured by documenting the set out of relevant carts over a four-week period.

Data was analyzed and presented as overall and by garbage bin size. The data from the four seasons was combined to present an overall average and to identify any trends.

3.0 Results- Fall 2015 The Fall waste audit took place 10-13 November and 17-20 November 2015. The participation audit took place during the aforementioned weeks as well as 24-27 November and 1-4 December 2015. Overall results are presented in the following sections.

3.1 Set Out and Participation Table 3.1 depicts the set-out of residual material, recycling and green bin by garbage bin size for the 200 waste audit households. Households with extra large garbage bins had the highest set out for residual material and recycling and lowest set out for the green bin. Households with small garbage bins had the lowest set out for residual material and recycling and the second highest for the green bin.

Table 3.1 Set out of Residual Material, Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size Garbage Bin Set Out Size Assets Residual Material Recycling Green Bin # % S 46 66.1 84.8 76.5 M 75 80.9 93.3 78.2 L 59 84.8 91.5 71.5 XL 20 83.3 100.0 62.0 Total 200 78.8 91.5 72.1

Table 3.2 depicts the results of the set out and participation of the 800 participation audit households. Households with small garbage bins had the lowest participation rate for residual material, recycling and the green bin. Households with extra large garbage bins had the highest participation rate for residual material and recycling. Households with large garbage bins had the highest participation for the green bin. The total set out for residual material and recycling was lower for the participation audit as compared to the waste audit with green bin set out about the same.

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Table 3.2 Set out of Residual Material, Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size- Set out and Participation Audit Residual Material Recycling Green Bin Set out- % 65.8 78.7 66.3 S Participation- % 78.2 90.8 78.1 Set out- % 77.4 82.8 70.8 M Participation- % 86.4 92.5 84.6 Set out- % 77.1 85.6 73.5 L Participation- % 88.1 93.8 86.3 Set out- % 80.6 86.3 66.7 XL Participation- % 90.0 95.0 81.5 Set out- % 73.7 82.9 70.0 Total Participation- % 84.6 92.7 83.2 3.2 Quantity of Waste Streams Collected Approximately 6,274kg of all wastes were collected over the two-week waste audit. Figure 3.1 depicts the quantities of residual material, recycling and green bin waste samples, by garbage bin size. Data has been normalized to present the average set out per household, by garbage bin size. The quantity of residual material increases with garbage bin size, as does recycling. Households with medium garbage bins diverted the most green bin waste.

Figure 3.1 Residual, Recycling and Green Bin Waste Quantities Collected During Fall Audit 20 18

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Table 3.3 depicts a summary of the three waste streams per garbage bin size. It includes a gross waste diversion rate (i.e. contamination is not netted out) for each garbage bin size. Households with small or medium bins had the highest gross waste diversion while households with an extra large garbage bin had the lowest.

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Table 3.3 Summary of Waste Streams Collected and a Gross Diversion Rate per Garbage Bin Size Green Bin Recycling Residual Diversion Material kg % Small 402.5 284.9 220.3 75.7 Medium 796.1 869.6 565.7 74.6 Large 644.1 838.4 888.6 62.5 Extra Large 169.0 283.9 311.4 59.3

Total 2,011.7 2,276.7 1,986.0 68.3

Table 3.4 depicts household green bin and recycling diversion, highlighting the contamination in both of those streams as well as the amount of green bin waste and recyclables in the residual waste stream. For this waste audit and the three waste streams households had a 60% diversion rate and potential 82% diversion rate.

Table 3.4 Summary of Green Bin and Recycling Diversion Green Bin Recycling Residual Material Diversion (kg/hhld/year) 254.74 236.27 Contamination (kg/hhld/year) 6.79 59.70 166.08 % Contamination 2.6% 20.2% 64.3% % Diversion Rate 31.2% 29.0% 60.2%

Potential Diversion Rate 81.8% 3.3 Waste Composition

3.3.1 Overall Table 3.5 (Appendix 2) presents a detailed estimate of waste composition for each waste stream. Figure 3.2 provides the overall waste composition for all three streams. It shows that organics make up 48% of the overall waste stream followed by paper and plastics.

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Figure 3.2 Overall Waste Composition During Fall Audit

Other Materials Paper 11% 23%

Plastics 9%

Metals Organics 3% 48%

HSW Glass 0.2% 6%

3.3.2 Residual Material Figure 3.3 provides the overall waste composition for residual materials. It shows that organics make up 43% of the residual materials followed by other materials and plastics.

Figure 3.3 Residual Material Waste Composition During Fall Audit Paper Other 9% Materials Plastics 28% 13%

Metals 4%

Glass 2%

HSW 0.6%

Organics 43%

Figure 3.4 depicts the estimated annual amount of residual waste disposed by garbage bin size and shows an increase in waste disposal as bin size increases. Figure 3.5 provides some detail on residual waste data by garbage bin size. It shows that there are increasing amounts of the various waste types as bin size increases and that households with large and especially extra large garbage bins dispose of considerably more of all wastes than households with smaller bins.

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Figure 3.4 Residual Material by Garbage Bin Size During Fall Audit 600

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Figure 3.5 Residual Material (detail) by Garbage Bin Size During Fall Audit 250

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3.3.3 Recycling Figure 3.6 provides the overall waste composition for recycling. It shows that paper makes up 54% of recycling followed by plastics and glass. Figure 3.7 provides some additional detail on recycling composition. It shows that printed paper (a total of newspapers, magazines, phone books, books, mixed fine paper and other paper) makes up about 31% of what is in the recycling bin. Key plastics include PET, LDPE and polystyrene. Organics and other materials make up the key contaminants.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 6 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 3.6 Recycling Waste Composition During Fall Audit Other Materials 5% Organics 8%

HSW 0.1% Paper 54% Glass 16%

Metals 4% Plastics 13%

Figure 3.7 Recycling Waste Composition Detail- Fall Audit

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Figure 3.8 depicts the estimated annual amount of recycling by garbage bin size and shows an increase in recycling as bin size increases. Figure 3.9 provides some detail on recycling data by garbage bin size. It shows that there are generally increasing amounts of the various

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 7 of 51 City of Toronto recyclables, except for metals and to a lesser extent plastics, as bin size increases and that households with extra large garbage bins divert considerably more of all recyclables than households with smaller bins.

Figure 3.8 Recycling by Garbage Bin Size During Fall Audit 600

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Figure 3.9 Recycling (Detail) by Garbage Bin Size During Fall Audit 250

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3.3.4 Green Bin Figure 3.10 provides the overall waste composition for the green bin. It shows that approximately 97% of materials received in the green bin fit within the organics category. Figure 3.11 provides some additional detail. It shows that food waste makes up almost 60% of the material in the green bin followed by diapers & sanitary, pet waste and yard waste.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 8 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 3.10 Green Bin Waste Composition During Fall Audit Other Materials Plastics Metals Paper 1.1% 1% 0.1% HSW 1% 0.00% Glass 0.05%

Organics 97%

Figure 3.11 Green Bin Waste Composition Detail- Fall Audit

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Figure 3.12 depicts the estimated annual amount of green bin material by garbage bin size and shows households with medium and large garbage bins divert the most green bin material. Figure 3.13 provides some detail on green bin data by garbage bin size. It shows that essentially all of the materials in the green bin are green bin materials.

Figure 3.12 Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size During Fall Audit 300

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Figure 3.13 Green Bin (detail) Waste by Garbage Bin Size During Fall Audit

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4.0 Results- Winter 2016 The Winter waste audit took place 26-29 January and 2-5 February 2016. The participation audit took place during the aforementioned weeks as well as 9-12 and 16-19 February 2016. Overall results are presented in the following sections.

4.1 Set Out and Participation Table 4.1 depicts the set-out of residual material, recycling and green bin by garbage bin size for the 200 waste audit households. Households with extra large garbage bins had the highest set out for residual material and recycling and lowest set out for the green bin. Households with small garbage bins had the lowest set out for residual material and recycling but highest for the green bin.

Table 4.1 Set outBy ofga Residualrbage bin Material,size Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size Garbage Bin Set Out Size Assets Residual Material Recycling Green Bin # % S 48 62.8 81.3 76.5 M 73 70.6 84.9 73.7 L 60 75.6 86.7 65.9 XL 19 86.1 94.7 56.3 Total 200 73.8 85.5 68.1

Table 4.2 depicts the results of the set out and participation of the 800 participation audit households. Households with extra large garbage bins had the highest participation rate for residual material. Households with small garbage bins had the lowest participation rate for residual material and green bin. Households with large garbage bins had the highest participation rate for recycling and the green bin. The total set out for residual material and green bin was about the same for the participation audit as compared to the waste audit with recycling set out lower for the participation audit.

Table 4.2 Set out of Residual Material, Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size- Set out and Participation Audit Residual Material Recycling Green Bin Set out- % 62.2 78.2 69.5 S Participation- % 74.0 88.4 84.6 Set out- % 75.0 78.9 68.4 M Participation- % 87.7 91.9 85.5 Set out- % 80.8 85.2 74.7 L Participation- % 90.7 97.9 88.2 Set out- % 85.4 82.3 71.4 XL Participation- % 91.7 91.7 88.1 Set out- % 73.3 80.6 70.5 Total Participation- % 85.2 92.6 86.2

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4.2 Quantity of Waste Streams Collected Approximately 5,677kg of all wastes were collected over the two-week waste audit. Figure 4.1 depicts the quantities of residual material, recycling and green bin waste samples, by garbage bin size. Data has been normalized to present the average set out per household, by garbage bin size. The quantity of residual material increases with garbage bin size, as does recycling. Households with medium garbage bins diverted the most green bin waste.

Figure 4.1 Residual, Recycling and Green Bin Waste Quantities Collected During Winter Audit 25

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Table 4.3 depicts a summary of the three waste streams per garbage bin size. It includes a gross waste diversion rate (i.e. contamination is not netted out) for each garbage bin size. Households with small or medium bins had the highest gross waste diversion while households with a large garbage bin had the lowest.

Table 4.3 Summary of Waste Streams Collected and a Gross Diversion Rate per Garbage Bin Size Green Bin Recycling Residual Diversion Material kg % Small 433.6 320.1 178.1 80.9 Medium 794.0 626.2 434.4 76.6 Large 524.5 692.2 811.7 60.0 Extra Large 172.5 360.9 329.2 61.8

Total 1,924.6 1,999.4 1,753.4 69.1

Table 4.4 depicts household green bin and recycling diversion, highlighting the contamination in both of those streams as well as the amount of green bin waste and recyclables in the residual waste stream. For this waste audit and the three waste streams, households had a 61% diversion rate and potential 81% diversion rate.

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Table 4.4 Summary of Green Bin and Recycling Diversion Green Bin Recycling Residual Material Diversion (kg/hhld/year) 242.61 209.48 Contamination (kg/hhld/year) 7.58 50.38 136.07 % Contamination 3.0% 19.4% 59.7% % Diversion Rate 32.9% 28.4% 61.3%

Potential Diversion Rate 81.5% 4.3 Waste Composition

4.3.1 Overall Table 4.5 (Appendix 2) presents a detailed estimate of waste composition for each waste stream. Figure 4.2 provides the overall waste composition for all three streams. It shows that organics make up 47% of the overall waste stream followed by paper and plastics.

Figure 4.2 Overall Waste Composition During Winter Audit

Other Paper Materials 21% 13%

Plastics 10%

Metals 3%

Organics 47% Glass HSW 6% 0.4%

4.3.2 Residual Material Figure 4.3 provides the overall waste composition for residual materials. It shows that organics make up 38% of the residual materials followed by other materials and plastics.

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Figure 4.3 Residual Material Waste Composition During Winter Audit Paper 8% Plastics 11% Other Materials Metals 35% 4%

Glass 3%

HSW 1.0%

Organics 38%

Figure 4.4 depicts the estimated annual amount of residual waste disposed by garbage bin size and shows an increase in waste disposal as bin size increases. Figure 4.5 provides some detail on residual waste data by garbage bin size. It shows that there are increasing amounts of the various waste types as bin size increases and that households with large and especially extra large garbage bins dispose of considerably more of all wastes than households with smaller bins.

Figure 4.4 Residual Material by Garbage Bin Size During Winter Audit 600

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Figure 4.5 Residual Material (detail) by Garbage Bin Size During Winter Audit 250

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4.3.3 Recycling Figure 4.6 provides the overall waste composition for recycling. It shows that paper makes up 52% of recycling followed by plastics and glass. Figure 4.7 provides some additional detail on recycling composition. It shows that printed paper (a total of newspapers, magazines, phone books, books, mixed fine paper and other paper) makes up about 24% of what is in the recycling bin. Key plastics include PET, HDPE, LDPE and PS. Organics and other materials make up the key contaminants.

Figure 4.6 Recycling Waste Composition During Winter Audit Other Materials 5% Organics 8%

HSW 0.2% Paper 52% Glass 14%

Metals 5% Plastics 16%

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 15 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 4.7 Recycling Waste Composition Detail- Winter Audit

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% 15.0 13.9

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5.5 4.7 5.0 3.8 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.5 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 l l l l r d r s lp s g s s s r r E C s e s s s r g s g ts a g a s s l a a d d s s ls e e e e p n n n r e e P V r n d d e e n g n t n t n n a t t o o s W ic a p t p r u u i a o e in h e e i i h h i a i c o i o a a t o o o o a S i a a a o P g C t in t D P in r L L c t b B g u T g T C e T T F l H n r P g P C C a r a ta O H a y d u O u a d a C M F G a te u t / d r k e a t n t t & , T d k o s k s l t e e d d r g d r f d e e c it C n T n s n s o s / n c r n c n o in r g g n n e r a e r a r ld p a s o o E o ly a il /P s a a P a a a s e a a a O M t o r a a P p C P s a m g p o a th r r a th r n C K o o o o C C o g il a P ic C C r P e e e e ri b M P r p T e P b P in F B lm c t e e e l O v v g g O e x e ic g ic u l i ti s g m g A e e e a th P p m le t a t T P g , F a a u a l e ra r o a o b p r s P a s a s l r n r e t B B e e O B P C e e la k g ic ic la P e i e S l l v v a s v & c a d t P v m v te o o e d G e P a B e s le e e S h h e e A B r E P a d b lu o o B B t e P e M l i a B B c c r r a h D d n P ig r A l l e e n T t e e ic r u & r & A A h h i E O H t l t e R d e d t t m P e a y s h r D h s s O O a g in th la t e o t o s s L r e O h o O o la la s s a m y P / t F F s s L a l d O l G G la la L o te m e r d p P a u te a e G G n in S le r r d U i C u a e d m m lo le r n a lu o C u ta L A C lo S o C

Figure 4.8 depicts the estimated annual amount of recycling by garbage bin size and shows an increase in recycling as bin size increases. Figure 4.9 provides some detail on recycling data by garbage bin size. It shows that there are increasing amounts of the various recyclables, except for metals, as bin size increases and that households with extra large garbage bins divert considerably more of all recyclables than households with smaller bins.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 16 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 4.8 Recycling by Garbage Bin Size During Winter Audit 600

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Figure 4.9 Recycling (Detail) by Garbage Bin Size During Spring Audit 250

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4.3.4 Green Bin Figure 4.10 provides the overall waste composition for the green bin. It shows that approximately 97% of materials received in the green bin fit within the organics category. Figure 4.11 provides some additional detail. It shows that food waste makes up almost 63% of the material in the green bin followed by pet waste, diapers & sanitary and tissue toweling.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 17 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 4.10 Green Bin Waste Composition During Spring Audit Other Materials Plastics Metals Paper 0.8% 2% 0.1% HSW 0.5% 0.03% Glass 0.07%

Organics 97%

Figure 4.11 Green Bin Waste Composition Detail- Spring Audit

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August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 18 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 4.12 depicts the estimated annual amount of green bin material by garbage bin size and shows households with small and medium garbage bins divert the most green bin material. Figure 4.13 provides some detail on green bin data by garbage bin size. It shows that essentially all of the materials in the green bin are green bin materials.

Figure 4.12 Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size During Winter Audit 300

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Figure 4.13 Green Bin (detail) Waste by Garbage Bin Size During Spring Audit

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5.0 Results- Spring 2016 The Spring waste audit took place 3-6 May and 10-13 May 2016. The participation audit took place during the aforementioned weeks as well as 17-20 and 24-27 May 2016. Overall results are presented in the following sections.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 19 of 51 City of Toronto

5.1 Set Out and Participation Table 5.1 depicts the set-out of residual material, recycling and green bin by garbage bin size for the 200 waste audit households. Households with extra large garbage bins had the highest set out for residual material and recycling and second highest set out for the green bin. Households with large garbage bins had the lowest set out for residual material and for the green bin. Households with small garbage bins had the highest set out for the green bin.

Table 5.1 Set out of Residual Material, Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size Garbage Bin Set Out Size Assets Residual Material Recycling Green Bin # % S 48 80.7 91.7 78.1 M 73 79.7 83.6 70.5 L 61 79.4 88.5 68.5 XL 18 86.9 100.0 71.8 Total 200 81.7 88.5 72.2

Table 5.2 depicts the results of the set out and participation of the 800 participation audit households. Households with small garbage bins had the lowest participation rate for residual material but the highest participation rate for green bin. Households with extra large garbage bins had the highest participation rate for recycling and second highest participation rate for green bin. The total set out for residual material, recycling and the green bin was lower for the participation audit as compared to the waste audit.

Table 5.2 Set out of Residual Material, Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size- Set O v e r aoutll and Participation Audit Residual Material Recycling Green Bin Set out- % 68.8 77.4 68.0 S Participation- % 83.7 89.7 90.3 Set out- % 75.4 81.8 68.9 M Participation- % 90.5 91.7 88.5 Set out- % 80.4 85.9 69.0 L Participation- % 94.2 94.8 88.6 Set out- % 82.9 87.6 66.9 XL Participation- % 91.6 95.2 89.2 Set out- % 75.2 82.3 68.5 Total Participation- % 80.4 92.3 89.0 5.2 Quantity of Waste Streams Collected Approximately 6,150kg of all wastes were collected over the two-week waste audit. Figure 5.1 depicts the quantities of residual material, recycling and green bin waste samples, by garbage bin size. Data has been normalized to present the average set out per household, by garbage bin size. The quantity of residual material increases with garbage bin size, as does recycling. Households with medium garbage bins diverted the most green bin waste.

Figure 5.1 Residual, Recycling and Green Bin Waste Quantities Collected During Spring Audit

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 20 of 51 City of Toronto

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Residual Waste Recycling Green Bin

Table 5.3 depicts a summary of the three waste streams per garbage bin size. It includes a gross waste diversion rate (i.e. contamination is not netted out) for each garbage bin size. Households with small or medium bins had the highest gross waste diversion while households with a large garbage bin had the lowest.

Table 5.3 Summary of Waste Streams Collected and a Gross Diversion Rate per Garbage Bin Size Green Bin Recycling Residual Diversion Material kg % Small 435.1 431.8 225.2 79.4 Medium 796.9 725.7 637.3 70.5 Large 591.4 688.9 848.5 60.1 Extra Large 161.0 344.3 264.2 65.7 Total 1,984.4 2,190.7 1,975.3 67.9

Table 5.4 depicts household green bin and recycling diversion, highlighting the contamination in both of those streams as well as the amount of green bin waste and recyclables in the residual waste stream. For this waste audit and the three waste streams households had a 61% diversion rate and potential 81% diversion rate.

Table 5.4 Summary of Green Bin and Recycling Diversion Green Bin Recycling Residual Material Diversion (kg/hhld/year) 251.68 238.53 Contamination (kg/hhld/year) 6.30 46.26 154.12 % Contamination 2.4% 16.2% 60.0% % Diversion Rate 31.5% 29.8% 61.3% Potential Diversion Rate 81.2%

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 21 of 51 City of Toronto

5.3 Waste Composition

5.3.1 Overall Table 5.5 (Appendix 2) presents a detailed estimate of waste composition for each waste stream. Figure 5.2 provides the overall waste composition for all three streams. It shows that organics make up 46% of the overall waste stream followed by paper and other materials.

Figure 5.2 Overall Waste Composition During Spring Audit

Other Materials Paper 12% 23%

Plastics 10%

Metals Organics 3% 46%

HSW Glass 0.3% 6%

5.3.2 Residual Material Figure 5.3 provides the overall waste composition for residual materials. It shows that organics make up 40% of the residual materials followed by other materials and plastics.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 22 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 5.3 Residual Material Waste Composition During Spring Audit Paper 7% Plastics 12% Other Materials Metals 34% 4%

Glass 2%

HSW 0.9%

Organics 40%

Figure 5.4 depicts the estimated annual amount of residual waste disposed by garbage bin size and shows an increase in waste disposal as bin size increases. Figure 5.5 provides some detail on residual waste data by garbage bin size. It shows that there are generally increasing amounts of the various waste types as bin size increases and that households with large and especially extra large garbage bins dispose of considerably more of all wastes than households with smaller bins, except for other materials.

Figure 5.4 Residual Material by Garbage Bin Size During Spring Audit 600

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Figure 5.5 Residual Material (detail) by Garbage Bin Size During Spring Audit 250

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5.3.3 Recycling Figure 5.6 provides the overall waste composition for recycling. It shows that paper makes up 58% of recycling followed by plastics and glass. Figure 5.7 provides some additional detail on recycling composition. It shows that printed paper (a total of newspapers, magazines, phone books, books, mixed fine paper and other paper) makes up about 32% of what is in the recycling bin. Key plastics include PET, HDPE and LDPE. Organics and other materials make up the key contaminants.

Figure 5.6 Recycling Waste Composition During Spring Audit Other Materials Organics 4% 5%

HSW 0.2%

Glass 14% Paper 58% Metals 4%

Plastics 15%

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 24 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 5.7 Recycling Waste Composition Detail- Spring Audit

35.0 32.2

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6.7 5.6 5.3 4.1 3.8 5.0 3.3 2.7 2.1 2.6 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 l l l l r d r s lp s g s s s r r E C s e s s s r g s g ts a g a s s l a a d d s s ls e e e e p n n n r e e P V r n d d e e n g n t n t n n a t t o o s W ic a p t p r u u i a o e in h e e i i h h i a i c o i o a a t o o o o a S i a a a o P g C t in t D P in r L L c t b B g u T g T C e T T F l H n r P g P C C a r a ta O H a y d u O u a d a C M F G a te u t / d r k e a t n t t & , T d k o s k s l t e e d d r g d r f d e e c it C n T n s n s o s / n c r n c n o in r g g n n e r a e r a r ld p a s o o E o ly a il /P s a a P a a a s e a a a O M t o r a a P p C P s a m g p o a th r r a th r n C K o o o o C C o g il a P ic C C r P e e e e ri b M P r p T e P b P in F B lm c t e e e l O v v g g O e x e ic g ic u l i ti s g m g A e e e a th P p m le t a t T P g , F a a u a l e ra r o a o b p r s P a s a s l r n r e t B B e e O B P C e e la k g ic ic la P e i e S l l v v a s v & c a d t P v m v te o o e d G e P a B e s le e e S h h e e A B r E P a d b lu o o B B t e P e M l i a B B c c r r a h D d n P ig r A l l e e n T t e e ic r u & r & A A h h i E O H t l t e R d e d t t m P e a y s h r D h s s O O a g in th la t e o t o s s L r e O h o O o la la s s a m y P / t F F s s L a l d O l G G la la L o te m e r d p P a u te a e G G n in S le r r d U i C u a e d m m lo le r n a lu o C u ta L A C lo S o C

Figure 5.8 depicts the estimated annual amount of recycling by garbage bin size and shows an increase in recycling as bin size increases. Figure 5.9 provides some detail on recycling data by garbage bin size. It shows that there are increasing amounts of the various recyclables, except for metals, as bin size increases and that households with extra large garbage bins divert considerably more of all recyclables than households with smaller bins.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 25 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 5.8 Recycling by Garbage Bin Size During Spring Audit 600

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Figure 5.9 Recycling by Garbage Bin Size During Spring Audit 250

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5.3.4 Green Bin Figure 5.10 provides the overall waste composition for the green bin. It shows that approximately 97% of materials received in the green bin fit within the organics category. Figure 5.11 provides some additional detail. It shows that food waste makes up almost 70% of the material in the green bin followed by diapers & sanitary, pet waste and tissue toweling.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 26 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 5.10 Green Bin Waste Composition During Spring Audit Other Materials Plastics Metals Paper 0.3% 2% 0.2% HSW 1% 0.01% Glass 0.04%

Organics 97%

Figure 5.11 Green Bin Waste Composition Detail- Spring Audit

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r c s s e s e e y s g r r e e s e ti l s W t g t t r r n e e t t l p s ta a S s n s s a e li p p s s ia a a e l H a i a a it n l a a a a r l G p n i e P e P P M W p W W a L P W W t d li d t n w d e d d a r o e S i o e l o o M a C P & B /T d b r Y s o e d ta o o e s W s ic u e s F F a l r t s r e e th r l e s s h o l l G a p la i S p ib ib O m ia P T m d d S D o E e le C n b r I ta e s h o t p O m o C d ie if rt e C

Figure 5.12 depicts the estimated annual amount of green bin material by garbage bin size and shows households with medium and large garbage bins divert the most green bin material. Figure 5.13 provides some detail on green bin data by garbage bin size. It shows that essentially all of the materials in the green bin are green bin materials.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 27 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 5.12 Recycling by Garbage Bin Size During Spring Audit 300

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Figure 5.13 Green Bin Waste by Garbage Bin Size During Spring Audit

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6.0 Results- Summer 2016 The Summer waste audit took place 12-15 July and 19-22 July 2016. The participation audit took place during the aforementioned weeks as well as 26-29 July and 2-5 August 2016. Overall results are presented in the following sections.

6.1 Set Out and Participation Table 6.1 depicts the set-out of residual material, recycling and green bin by garbage bin size for the 200 waste audit households. Households with extra large garbage bins had the highest set out for residual material and recycling and lowest set out for the green bin. Households

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 28 of 51 City of Toronto with medium garbage bins had the lowest set out for residual material but highest setout for the green bin.

Table 6.1 Set Bouty g ofar bResidualage bin s iMaterial,ze Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size Garbage Bin Set Out Size Assets Residual Material Recycling Green Bin # % S 46 70.5 84.8 71.6 M 75 70.3 82.7 72.1 L 61 80.7 88.5 65.6 XL 18 91.9 100.0 59.9 Total 200 78.3 86.5 67.3

Table 6.2 depicts the results of the set out and participation of the 800 participation audit households. Households with small garbage bins had the lowest participation rate for all three streams. Households with large garbage bins had the highest participation rate for residual material and second highest participation rate for recycling and the green bin. Households with extra large garbage bins had the highest participation rate for the green bin. The total set out for residual material and recycling was lower for the participation audit as compared to the waste audit with green bin set out about the same.

Table 6.2 Set out of Residual Material, Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size- Set O outver andall Participation Audit Residual Material Recycling Green Bin Set out- % 67.4 73.9 67.0 S Participation- % 82.6 86.4 83.2 Set out- % 73.4 78.6 64.4 M Participation- % 85.4 95.2 83.4 Set out- % 77.5 80.6 62.3 L Participation- % 93.2 94.8 84.5 Set out- % 86.0 82.2 59.6 XL Participation- % 91.6 86.7 85.5 Set out- % 73.0 78.3 64.0 Total Participation- % 87.1 92.2 83.9 6.2 Quantity of Waste Streams Collected Approximately 6,080kg of all wastes were collected over the two-week waste audit. It should be noted that 3 recycling bins and 7 green bins had been emptied prior to waste auditing crew arrival. This impacted overall waste totals collected and would have had a modest impact on waste diversion calculations.

Figure 6.1 depicts the quantities of residual material, recycling and green bin waste samples, by garbage bin size. Data has been normalized to present the average set out per household, by garbage bin size. The quantity of residual material increases with garbage bin size up to the large garbage bin size. Households with extra large garbage bins generated less garbage

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 29 of 51 City of Toronto than households with large garbage bins. The quantity of recycling increases with garbage bin size. Households with medium garbage bins diverted the most green bin waste.

Figure 6.1 Residual, Recycling and Green Bin Waste Quantities Collected During Summer Audit 25

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Table 6.3 depicts a summary of the three waste streams per garbage bin size. It includes a gross waste diversion rate (i.e. contamination is not netted out) for each garbage bin size. Households with medium or extra large bins had the highest gross waste diversion while households with a large garbage bin had the lowest.

Table 6.3 Summary of Waste Streams Collected and a Gross Diversion Rate per Garbage Bin Size Green Bin Recycling Residual Diversion Material kg % Small 384.1 358.0 390.7 65.5 Medium 783.4 614.3 679.3 67.3 Large 554.1 624.3 965.7 55.0 Extra Large 156.3 324.6 245.1 66.2

Total 1,877.9 1,921.3 2,280.7 62.5

Table 6.4 depicts household green bin and recycling diversion, highlighting the contamination in both of those streams as well as the amount of green bin waste and recyclables in the residual waste stream. For this waste audit and the three waste streams households had a 56% diversion rate and potential 75% diversion rate.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 30 of 51 City of Toronto

Table 6.4 Summary of Green Bin and Recycling Diversion Green Bin Recycling Residual Material Diversion (kg/hhld/year) 234.91 207.17 Contamination (kg/hhld/year) 9.22 42.60 145.94 % Contamination 3.8% 17.1% 49.2% % Diversion Rate 29.7% 26.2% 55.9%

Potential Diversion Rate 75.0% 6.3 Waste Composition

6.3.1 Overall Table 6.5 (Appendix 2) presents a detailed estimate of waste composition for each waste stream. Figure 6.2 provides the overall waste composition for all three streams. It shows that organics make up 43% of the overall waste stream followed by paper and other materials.

Figure 6.2 Overall Waste Composition During Summer Audit

Other Paper Materials 21% 18%

Plastics 10%

Metals 3%

Organics Glass HSW 43% 5% 0.3%

6.3.2 Residual Material Figure 6.3 provides the overall waste composition for residual materials. It shows that other materials make up 45% of the residual materials followed by organics and plastics.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 31 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 6.3 Residual Material Waste Composition During Summer Audit Paper 7% Plastics 11% Metals 3% Other Glass Materials 2% 45% HSW 0.4%

Organics 31%

Figure 6.4 depicts the estimated annual amount of residual waste disposed by garbage bin size and shows an increase in waste disposal from small to large bin sizes with extra large bins having less waste disposal than large garbage bins. Figure 6.5 provides some detail on residual waste data by garbage bin size. It shows that for paper, plastic, metal and glass there are generally increasing amounts of the various waste types as bin size increases. This pattern is less clear for organics and other materials. The greater amount of other materials coming from households with small garbage bins is largely due to a large amount of wood waste collected in one sample area (i.e. District 2, Friday).

Figure 6.4 Residual Material by Garbage Bin Size During Summer Audit 600

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August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 32 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 6.5 Residual Material (detail) by Garbage Bin Size During Summer Audit 250

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6.3.3 Recycling Figure 6.6 provides the overall waste composition for recycling. It shows that paper makes up 56% of recycling followed by plastics and glass. Figure 6.7 provides some additional detail on recycling composition. It shows that printed paper (a total of newspapers, magazines, phone books, books, mixed fine paper and other paper) makes up about 32% of what is in the recycling bin. Key plastics include PET, HDPE and LDPE. Organics and other materials make up the key contaminants.

Figure 6.6 Recycling Waste Composition During Summer Audit Other Materials Organics 3% 6%

HSW 0.2%

Glass 14% Paper 56% Metals 4%

Plastics 17%

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 33 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 6.7 Recycling Waste Composition Detail- Summer Audit

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10.0 7.0 6.2 5.2 4.2 5.0 3.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 1.7 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 l l l l r d r s lp s g s s s r r E C s e s s s r g s g ts a g a s s l a a d d s s ls e e e e p n n n r e e P V r n d d e e n g n t n t n n a t t o o s W ic a p t p r u u i a o e in h e e i i h h i a i c o i o a a t o o o o a S i a a a o P g C t in t D P in r L L c t b B g u T g T C e T T F l H n r P g P C C a r a ta O H a y d u O u a d a C M F G a te u t / d r k e a t n t t & , T d k o s k s l t e e d d r g d r f d e e c it C n T n s n s o s / n c r n c n o in r g g n n e r a e r a r ld p a s o o E o ly a il /P s a a P a a a s e a a a O M t o r a a P p C P s a m g p o a th r r a th r n C K o o o o C C o g il a P ic C C r P e e e e ri b M P r p T e P b P in F B lm c t e e e l O v v g g O e x e ic g ic u l i ti s g m g A e e e a th P p m le t a t T P g , F a a u a l e ra r o a o b p r s P a s a s l r n r e t B B e e O B P C e e la k g ic ic la P e i e S l l v v a s v & c a d t P v m v te o o e d G e P a B e s le e e S h h e e A B r E P a d b lu o o B B t e P e M l i a B B c c r r a h D d n P ig r A l l e e n T t e e ic r u & r & A A h h i E O H t l t e R d e d t t m P e a y s h r D h s s O O a g in th la t e o t o s s L r e O h o O o la la s s a m y P / t F F s s L a l d O l G G la la L o te m e r d p P a u te a e G G n in S le r r d U i C u a e d m m lo le r n a lu o C u a L C lo t A o S C

Figure 6.8 depicts the estimated annual amount of recycling by garbage bin size and shows an increase in recycling as bin size increases, particularly for households with extra large garbage bins. Figure 6.9 provides some detail on recycling data by garbage bin size. It shows that there are increasing amounts of the various recyclables, except for metals, as bin size increases and that households with extra large garbage bins divert considerably more of all recyclables than households with smaller bins.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 34 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 6.8 Recycling by Garbage Bin Size During Summer Audit 600

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Figure 6.9 Recycling by Garbage Bin Size During Summer Audit

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6.3.4 Green Bin Figure 6.10 provides the overall waste composition for the green bin. It shows that approximately 94% of materials received in the green bin fit within the organics category. Figure 6.11 provides some additional detail. It shows that food waste makes up almost 64% of the material in the green bin followed by pet waste, diapers & sanitary and tissue toweling.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 35 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 6.10 Green Bin Waste Composition During Summer Audit

Paper Plastics Metals 2% 3% Other Materials 0.2% HSW 0.5% 0.2%

Organics 94%

Figure 6.11 Green Bin Waste Composition Detail- Summer Audit

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Figure 6.12 depicts the estimated annual amount of green bin material by garbage bin size and shows households with medium and large garbage bins divert the most green bin material. Figure 6.13 provides some detail on green bin data by garbage bin size. It shows

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 36 of 51 City of Toronto that essentially all of the materials in the green bin are green bin materials, although there was more paper and plastics than in previous audits.

Figure 6.12 Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size During Summer Audit 300

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Figure 6.13 Green Bin Waste by Garbage Bin Size During Summer Audit

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7.0 Results- Overall The waste audits took place from November 2015 through July 2016. The participation audit took place during the aforementioned time and concluded in early August 2016. Overall results are presented in the following sections.

7.1 Set Out and Participation Table 7.1 depicts the set-out of residual material, recycling and green bin by garbage bin size for the 200 waste audit households. Households with extra large garbage bins had the highest set out for residual material and recycling and lowest set out for the green bin. Households

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 37 of 51 City of Toronto with small garbage bins had the lowest set out for residual material but highest setout for the green bin.

TableOvera 7.1ll Set out of Residual Material, Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size Garbage Bin Assets Set Out Size # Residual Material Recycling Green Bin % S 46 70.0 84.0 75.1 M 75 75.4 85.8 73.2 L 59 80.1 88.0 67.6 XL 20 87.0 98.7 62.5

Total 200 78.2 87.3 69.6

Figures 7.1-7.3 depict set out of the residual, recycling and green bin streams over the four seasons and overall (i.e. across the four seasons). Figure 7.1 clearly shows that residual waste set out increased with the size of the garbage bin. Figure 7.2 shows that recycling set out increased with the size of the garbage bin, with households with extra large garbage bins setting out recycling bins at a rate of almost 100%. Figure 7.3 shows that the opposite trend is true for green bin set out with households that have small garbage bins having the highest set out and those with extra large garbage bins the lowest set out.

Figure 7.1 Residual Waste Set Out During Four Seasonal Waste Audits 100.0 95.0 90.0 85.0 80.0

% 75.0 70.0 65.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 Fall 15 Winter 16 Spring 16 Summer 16 Overall

Small Medium Large Extra Large

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Figure 7.2 Recycling Set Out During Four Seasonal Waste Audits 100.0 95.0 90.0 85.0 80.0

% 75.0 70.0 65.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 Fall 15 Winter 16 Spring 16 Summer 16 Overall

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Figure 7.3 Green Bin Set Out During Four Seasonal Waste Audits 100.0 95.0 90.0 85.0 80.0

% 75.0 70.0 65.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 Fall 15 Winter 16 Spring 16 Summer 16 Overall

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Table 7.2 depicts the results of the set out and participation of the 800 participation audit households. Households with small garbage bins had the lowest participation rate for residual material and the lowest participation rate for the green bin. Households with large garbage bins had the highest participation rate for all three streams. The total set out for residual material and recycling was lower for the participation audit as compared to the waste audit with green bin set out about the same. The participation rate will always be at least as high as the set out rate because it is measured over a four week period.

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Table 7.2 Set out of Residual Material, Recycling and Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size- Set out and Participation Audit Residual Material Recycling Green Bin Set out- % 66.0 77.1 67.7 S Participation- % 79.6 88.8 84.1 Set out- % 75.3 80.5 68.1 M Participation- % 87.5 92.8 85.5 Set out- % 78.9 84.3 69.9 L Participation- % 91.6 95.3 86.9 Set out- % 83.8 84.6 66.2 XL Participation- % 91.2 92.1 86.1 Set out- % 73.8 81.0 68.3 Total ` Participation- % 84.3 92.4 85.6

Figures 7.4-7.6 depict participation of the residual, recycling and green bin streams over the four seasons and overall (i.e. across the four seasons). Figure 7.4 shows that residual waste participation increased with the size of the garbage bin before leveling off at households with extra large garbage bins. Figure 7.5 shows that recycling participation increased with the size of the garbage bin (from small to large) but decreasing for households with extra large garbage bins. Figure 7.6 shows green bin participation resulted in a similar, although less pronounced, trend as for recycling participation.

Figure 7.4 Residual Waste Participation During Four Seasonal Waste Audits 100.0 95.0 90.0 85.0 80.0

% 75.0 70.0 65.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 Fall 15 Winter 16 Spring 16 Summer 16 Overall

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August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 40 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 7.5 Recycling Participation During Four Seasonal Waste Audits 100.0 95.0 90.0 85.0 80.0

% 75.0 70.0 65.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 Fall 15 Winter 16 Spring 16 Summer 16 Overall

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Figure 7.6 Green Bin Participation During Four Seasonal Waste Audits 100.0 95.0 90.0 85.0 80.0

% 75.0 70.0 65.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 Fall 15 Winter 16 Spring 16 Summer 16 Overall

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7.2 Estimated Quantity of Waste Disposal and Diversion On average Toronto households in this waste audit dispose 260 kg/hhld/year residual waste and divert 273 kg/hhld/year recyclables and 253 kg/hhld/year green bin materials.

Table 7.3 depicts household green bin and recycling diversion, highlighting the contamination in both of those streams as well as the amount of green bin waste and recyclables in the residual waste stream. For these waste audits and the three waste streams, households had a 60% diversion rate and potential 80% diversion rate. The contamination rate of recycling was 18% and for the green bin 3% (although this does not account for non biodegradable contaminates removed during processing).

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Table 7.3 Summary of Green Bin and Recycling Diversion Green Bin Recycling Residual Material Diversion (kg/hhld/year) 245.99 222.86 Contamination (kg/hhld/year) 7.47 49.75 150.55 % Contamination 2.9% 18.2% 57.9% % Diversion Rate 31.3% 28.4% 59.7%

Potential Diversion Rate 79.9% 7.3 Waste Composition

7.3.1 Overall Table 7.4 (Appendix 2) presents a detailed estimate of waste composition for each waste stream. Figure 7.7 provides the overall waste composition for all three streams. It shows that organics make up 46% of the overall waste stream followed by paper and other materials.

Figure 7.7 Overall Waste Composition- Four Seasonal Waste Audits

Other Paper Materials 22% 13%

Plastics 10%

Metals 3% Organics 46% HSW Glass 0.3% 6%

7.3.2 Residual Material Figure 7.8 provides the overall waste composition for residual materials. It shows that organics make up 38% of the residual materials followed by other materials and plastics.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 42 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 7.8 Residual Material Waste Composition - Four Seasonal Waste Audits Paper 8% Plastics 12% Other Materials Metals 36% 3%

Glass 2%

HSW 0.7%

Organics 38%

Figure 7.9 depicts the estimated annual amount of residual waste disposed by garbage bin size and shows an increase in waste disposal from small to extra large bin sizes. Figure 7.10 provides some detail on residual waste data by garbage bin size. It shows that for paper, plastic, metal, glass and organics there are increasing amounts of the various waste types as bin size increases. This pattern is less clear for other materials.

Figure 7.9 Residual Material by Garbage Bin Size - Four Seasonal Waste Audits 600

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Figure 7.10 Residual Material by Garbage Bin Size During - Four Seasonal Waste Audits 250

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An analysis of divertible wastes in the residual waste stream was undertaken. Materials with a disposal rate of more than 2 kg/hhld/year (i.e. sufficient material disposal around which promotion and education and other programs could be developed) were identified and split into currently divertible materials (i.e. diversion error) and materials that are divertible elsewhere (i.e. missed opportunities). Table 7.5 presents a summary of these materials. It shows that there are approximately 111 kg/hhld/year of currently divertible materials in the residual waste stream, with 97kg/hhld/year of those being organics. It shows there are approximately 69 kg/hhld/year of other materials which currently have no curbside diversion program, most notably textiles, wood and construction and renovation materials. There are other City, organization or private sector opportunities to divert these materials.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 44 of 51 City of Toronto

Table 7.5 Summary of Divertible and Potentially Divertible Materials in the Residual Waste Stream Diversion Error Missed Opportunties Recyclables kg/hhld/year Other Printed Paper (Non-Obligated) 2.70 Corrugated Fibre 2.46 Boxboard Cores 3.80 Polyethylene Plastic Bags & Film - Packaging Carry Out 2.40 Polyethylene Plastic Bags & Film - Packaging Other 2.72 14.09 Organics Yard Waste 14.27 Pet Waste 7.64 Diapers & Sanitary 13.85 Tissue/Towelling 14.38 Edible Food 34.29 Inedible Food 12.60 Other 97.03

Textiles/Clothing 15.49 Wood 16.50 Construction & Renovation 20.58 Furniture - Wood 10.80 Other Metal 5.50 Total 111.11 68.87 179.98 7.3.3 Recycling Figure 7.11 provides the overall waste composition for recycling. It shows that paper makes up 55% of recycling followed by plastics and glass. Figure 7.12 provides some additional detail on recycling composition. It shows that printed paper (a total of newspapers, magazines, phone books, books, mixed fine paper and other paper) makes up about 30% of what is in the recycling bin. Key plastics include PET, HDPE and LDPE. Organics and other materials make up the key contaminants.

Figure 7.11 Recycling Waste Composition - Four Seasonal Waste Audits Other Materials 4% Organics 7%

HSW 0.2%

Paper Glass 55% 15%

Metals 4%

Plastics 15%

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 45 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 7.12 Recycling Waste Composition Detail- Four Seasonal Waste Audits

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10.0 7.4 6.9 5.5 4.1 5.0 3.5 3.4 2.7 3.1 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 l l l l r d r s lp s g s s s r r E C s e s s s r g s g ts a g a s s l a a d d s s ls e e e e p n n n r e e P V r n d d e e n g n t n t n n a t t o o s W ic a p t p r u u i a o e in h e e i i h h i a i c o i o a a t o o o o a S i a a a o P g C t in t D P in r L L c t b B g u T g T C e T T F l H n r P g P C C a r a ta O H a y d u O u a d a C M F G a te u t / d r k e a t n t t & , T d k o s k s l t e e d d r g d r f d e e c it C n T n s n s o s / n c r n c n o in r g g n n e r a e r a r ld p a s o o E o ly a il /P s a a P a a a s e a a a O M t o r a a P p C P s a m g p o a th r r a th r n C K o o o o C C o g il a P ic C C r P e e e e ri b M P r p T e P b P in F B lm c t e e e l O v v g g O e x e ic g ic u l i ti s g m g A e e e a th P p m le t a t T P g , F a a u a l e ra r o a o b p r s P a s a s l r n r e t B B e e O B P C e e la k g ic ic la P e i e S l l v v a s v & c a d t P v m v te o o e d G e P a B e s le e e S h h e e A B r E P a d b lu o o B B t e P e M l i a B B c c r r a h D d n P ig r A l l e e n T t e e ic r u & r & A A h h i E O H t l t e R d e d t t m P e a y s h r D h s s O O a g in th la t e o t o s s L r e O h o O o la la s s a m y P / t F F s s L a l d O l G G la la L o te m e r d p P a u te a e G G n in S le r r d U i C u a e d m m lo le r n a lu o C u a L C lo t A o S C

Figure 7.13 depicts the estimated annual amount of recycling by garbage bin size and shows an increase in recycling as bin size increases, particularly for households with extra large garbage bins. Figure 7.14 provides some detail on recycling data by garbage bin size. It shows that there are increasing amounts of the various recyclables, except for metals, as bin size increases and that households with extra large garbage bins divert considerably more of all recyclables than households with smaller bins.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 46 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 7.13 Recycling by Garbage Bin Size - Four Seasonal Waste Audits 600

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Figure 7.14 Recycling by Garbage Bin Size During - Four Seasonal Waste Audits

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7.3.4 Green Bin Figure 7.15 provides the overall waste composition for the green bin. It shows that approximately 96% of materials received in the green bin fit within the organics category. Figure 7.16 provides some additional detail. It shows that food waste makes up almost 64% of the material in the green bin followed by pet waste, diapers & sanitary and tissue toweling.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 47 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 7.15 Green Bin Waste Composition- Four Seasonal Waste Audits Paper Plastics Metals 1% 2% 0.1% HSW Other Materials 0.1% 0.7%

Organics 96%

Figure 7.16 Green Bin Waste Composition Detail- Four Seasonal Waste Audits

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Figure 7.17 depicts the estimated annual amount of green bin material by garbage bin size and shows households with medium and large garbage bins divert the most green bin material and households with extra large garbage bins the lowest. Figure 7.18 provides some detail on green bin data by garbage bin size. It shows that essentially all of the materials in the green bin are green bin materials.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 48 of 51 City of Toronto

Figure 7.17 Green Bin by Garbage Bin Size - Four Seasonal Waste Audits 300

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Figure 7.18 Green Bin Waste by Garbage Bin Size - Four Seasonal Waste Audits

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7.3.5 Food Waste An analysis of food waste disposal and diversion was undertaken. Approximately 28% of the three waste streams, 18% of residual materials and 64% of green bin materials consisted of food waste. During the waste audits food waste was divided into edible (i.e. food that was at one time edible) and inedible food (e.g. bones, vegetable peels, eggshells). Table 7.6 summarizes food waste disposal and diversion. It shows that approximately 60% of food disposed and diverted was edible. In the green bin 55% of food waste was edible while in the residual waste stream 73% of food waste was edible.

August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 49 of 51 City of Toronto

Table 7.6 Summary of Food Waste in the Green Bin and Residual Waste Streams Green Bin Residual Total Edible Food Waste kg/hhld/year % kg/hhld/year % kg/hhld/year % Leftover 66.29 41.1 25.11 53.6 91.40 43.9 Untouched 23.09 14.3 9.18 19.6 32.27 15.5 Total 89.37 55.4 34.29 73.1 123.67 59.4

Inedible Food Waste 71.94 44.6 12.60 26.9 84.54 40.6 Total 161.32 46.89 208.21

Edible food was further divided into leftover and untouched food. Figure 7.19 summarizes food waste in the green bin and residual waste streams. It shows that most food waste ends up in the green bin. As well it shows that fruits and vegetables makes up the highest amount of edible (44%) and inedible (79%) food waste. Edible food wastes included varying amounts of food sub categories (e.g. bakery, meat & fish).

Figure 7.19 Food Waste in the Residual Waste and Green Bin Streams- Four Seasonal Waste Audits

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y h d s y r y h d s y r y h d s y r r s o e ir e r s o e ir e r s o e r e e i l a h e i l a h e i o l i h k F o b t k F o b t k F b a t a F ta D O a F ta D O a F ta D O B & d e r r B & d e d B & d e e t e g e e t e g e d t e g l le r a ri e v v d a ri e h e le a ri e ib b e e o o e e c h b e i v M D V ft t h M D V c i M D V d d to r e f c d u u d e e e f r e & e u d & to o e e l & In n e e v s L L e e s t n l b s I L v o it to h h it n n I ib i it to ft u n c c u U U d d u f e r U u u r e e r e F o o F In F L L r t t In e n n d le v U U e b o h i ft c d e u e L to In n U

Residual Green Bin Total

8.0 Conclusions In conclusion over the four seasons waste audit households set out 78% garbage bins; 87% recycling bins and 70% green bins, while for the participation audit it was 74% garbage bins; 81% recycling bins and 68% green bins. Over the four seasons participation audit households had a participation rate of 84% for garbage bins; 92% for recycling bins and 86% for green bins.

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August 2016 Single Family Curbside and Participation Audit Page 51 of 51 City of Toronto