1939. (JONGRESSIONAL ;RECORD-HOUSE REJECTION Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the consideration of H. R. 6065, a bill authorizing major overhauls for Executive nomination rejected by the Senate May 18 (legis­ certain naval vessels, and for other purposes. That after general lative day of May 8), 1939 debate, which shall be confined to the bill and shall continue not to exceed 1 hour, to be equally divided and cont rolled by the chair· POSTMASTER man and the ranking minority member Qf the Committee on Naval CALIFORNIA Affairs, the bill shall be read for amendments under the 5-minute rule. At the conclusion of the reading of the bill for amendment Dortha Mae Roberts to be postmaster at Wilmington in the Committee shall rise and report the same to the House with the State of California. such amendments as may have been adopted, and the previous question shall be considered as ordered on the bill and amend­ ments thereto to final passage without intervening motion except HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES one motion to recommit. EXTENSION OF REMARKS THURSDAY, MAY 18, 1939 Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous The House met at 12 o'clock noon. consent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to in­ The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., clude therein a report of the Debt Policy Committee. offered the following prayer: The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Unto Thee, 0 God, do we lift up our hearts in prayer. gentleman from New York [Mr. REED]? Hear Thou us from Thy dwelling place, and when Thou There was no objection. hearest, forgive. Thy mercies are before us, and we wonder Mr. DARDEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to at Thy care. We pray Thee to take us into sacred near­ extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include an ness with Thyself. Do Thou lead our leaders and teach our address delivered by Hon. DAVE E. SATTERFIELD, Jr., at James­ teachers and direct us all out from social bondage and from town, Va. the burdens which unrighteous ambitions may have laid The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the upon us. Inspire us to unselfish endeavor, so may this new gentleman from Virginia [Mr. DARDEN]? day bring good cheer to our country. 0 Sunlight of peace There was no objection. and power, illumine our spiritual natures that we may un­ COMMISSIONING OF "THE AMERICAN SEAMAN" derstand clearly Thy will, and incline our hearts to do it. Mr. BLAND. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Be with any who may have wandered far and bring them proceed for 1 minute to make a statement. back to a holy faith. In our Saviour's name. Amen. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and gentleman from Virginia [Mr. BLAND J ? approved. There was no objection. PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE Mr. BLAND. Mr. Speaker, The American Seaman, the best and most completely equipped ship in the world today Mr. MAPES. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that for training merchant marine personnel, will be commis­ my colleague from Michigan [Mr. HoFFMAN] may have sioned at the National Maritime Day ceremonies in Wash­ unanimous consent to address the House for 30 minutes ington on Monday, May 22. today at the close of the legislative business in order for With the sailing vessel Joseph Conrad and the State school the day and any other special orders that may have been ships Nantucket and Annapolis, The American Seaman will entered. be in Washington for celebration of National Maritime Day. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the These four vessels will be open to the public from 2 p. m. gentleman from Michigan [Mr. MAPES]? to 7 p.m. on Monday, May 22, and from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object, Tuesday, May 23. The United States Coast Guard Academy what is the request? Band of New London, Conn., will play for the guests on both Mr. MAPES. That the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. days, and a hearty invitation is extended to all Members HoFFMAN] may be permitted to address the House at the to visit these ships. close of the legislative business in order for the day. The American Seaman is equipped with classrooms, two The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the complete machine shops, general workshops, galleys, bake gentleman from Michigan [Mr. MAPES]? shops, refrigerators, and all facilities for giving comprehen­ There was no objection. sive training to deck and engine crews and members of the WARRANT AND COMMISSIONED WARRANT OFFICERS IN THE MARINE steward's department. CORPS With the sailing vessel Joseph Conrad and the State school Mr. DELANEY, from the Committee on Rules, submitted ships Nantucket and Annapolis, The American Seaman will the following privileged resolution

Additional allocations fCYr rivers and harbCYrs, based on increase of Additional allocations fCYr flood control, based on increase oj $25,000,000-continued $25 ,ooo ,ooo-continued Great Lakes division: Missouri River division: Keweenaw waterway, Mich ______$152,000 Kanopolis Reservoir, Kans______$350, 000 Charlevoix Harbor, Mich______15,000 Kansas City, Kans. and Mo., Missouri Indiana Harbor, Ind------~------100,000 River------50, 000 Erie Harbor, Pa______210,000 Buffalo Harbor, N. y ______529,300 Total, Missouri River division______$400, 000 ----- Ohio River division: · Total, Great Lakes division______$1, 006, 300 Evansville, Ind______$450, 000 South Pacific division: Newark, Ohio_~------275, 000 San Diego Harbor, Calif______$500, 000 Muncie, Ind______200, 000 Sacramento River debris dams______280, 000 Bluestone Reservoir, W. Va______312,000 Huntington, W. Va., section L------450, 000 Total South Pacific division ______780,000 Conemaugh River Reservoir, Pa______400, 000 .rlortb Pacific division: French Creek Reservoir, Pa______300, 000 Umpqua River, Oreg______$273, 000 Covington, KY------200,000 Columbia River between Vancouver, Frazeysburg Reservoir, Ohio______200,000 Wash., and Bonneville, Oreg______700, 000 Pineville, KY------385,000 · Valdez Harbor, Alaska------68, 500 Cave Run Reservoir, Ohio River Basin, KY------100,000 Total, North Pacific division______1, 041, 500 Youghiogheny Reservoir, Ohio River Maintenance, all divisions______4, 000, 000 Basin, Pa______100,000 Wolf Creek Reservoir, Ohio River Basin, Grand total------~- 25,000,000 Ill------50,000 Dewey Reservoir, Ohio .River Basin, Ky_ 50,000 Muskingum conservancy district ______1, 500,000 Additional allocations fCYr flood control, based on increase of $25,000,000 Total, Ohio River division ___ :______4, 972, 000 Examinations and surveys, War Department______$3, 000, 000 South Pacific division: North Atlantic division: Los Angeles County drainage area, Calif.: Northampton, Connecticut River Basin, Mass ______$276,000 Los Angeles River ChanneL______$438,000 Sepulveda retarding basin______200, 000 Chicopee, Connecticut River Basin, Santa Fe retarding basin______250, 000 Mass______707,000 Han~en retarding basin______637, 000 Binghamton, N. Y ------400,000 Reimbursement to local interests ___ 1, 000,000 Tully Re5ervoir, Connecticut River Basin, Santa Ana River Basin, Calif.: Mass______310,000 Brea Dam______406, 000 Victory Reservoir, Connecticut River San Antonio Dam______706, 000 Basin, Vt------100,000 Fullerton Dam______392, 500 Lower Naukeag Reservoir, Connecticut Prado Dam (reimbursement to local River Basin, Mass______100, 000 interests)------750,000 Lisle, N. Y------300,000 Corning, N. Y ------248, 400 Total, South Pacific division______4, 779, 500 North Pacific division: Total, North Atlantic division______2, 441, 400 Dorena Reservoir, Willamette River Ba- South Atlantic division: sin, Oreg ______$250,000 Wilkes-Barre and Hanover Township, Pa_ $250,000 Detroit Reservoir, Willamette River Ba- Plymouth, Susquehanna River, Pa______250,000 sin, Oreg. (highway relocation)------500, 000 Federalsburg, Marshy Hope Creek, Md___ 220,000 Open river improvement, Willamette Williamsport, Susquehanna River, Pa____ 400,000 River Basin, Oreg______100,000 Total, South Atlantic division __ ;..______1, 170,000 Columbia River Basin: Upper Grays area, Wahkiakum Lower Mississippi Valley division: County, Wash______93,000 Homochitto River, Miss______$50, 000 Deer Island area, Columbia County, ~eg______153,000 Total, lower Mississippi Valley divi- Skamokawa Creek area, Wahkiakum sion------~------50,000 County, Wash______135,000 Southwestern division: Prescott area, Columbia County, Canton Reservoir, Okla______$300, 000 Oreg______33,000 Norfork Reservoir, Ark______650, 000 Blue Mountain Reservoir, Ark______300, 000 Peninsular drainage district No. 1, Denison Reservoir, Tex. and Okla______700, 000 Multnomah County, Oreg______127, 000 Caddoe, Reservoir, Colo______-216, 100 Westport district, Columbia and Lugert-Altus Dam, Okla______500, 000 Clatsop Counties, Oreg______34, 000 Fall River Reservoir, Kans______200, 000 North Pacific division: Willamette River Basin: Total. southwestern division______2, 866, 100 Tualatin River------78, 250 Upper Mississippi Valley division: Santiam River______60,000 Lac Qui Parle Reservoir, Minn______$82,350 Willamette River______200,000 Fort Chartres and Ivy Landing drainage Tacoma, Puyallup River, Wash______200, 000 and levee district, Illinois______120, 000 Coralville Reservoir, Iowa______450, 000 Total North Pacific division______1, 963, 250 Big Lake drainage and levee district, Ill------113,500- Total, flood control, generaL ______23, 000, 000 Crane Creek levee, IlL______52, 000 Meredosia Lake and Willow Creek levee Flood control, lower Mississippi River and tributaries__ 2, 000, 000 district, Ill------50, 000 Swiger, Whitney and Young-Holbit levee Grand total------25,000,000 district, TIL ------10, 200 Watts levee, TIL______34, 400 EXTENSION OF REMARKS Union Township drainage district, Mo____ 41, 600 Mr. SMITH of Washington. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous Kaskaskia Island drainage and levee dis- consent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to in­ trict, Ill------50, 000 Levee east of Hubley Bridge, IlL______20, 300 clude therein a statement of Col. Thomas M. Robins, a mem­ Donavon levee, IlL______28, 400 ber of the Board of Army Engineers, on rivers and harbors. Clear Lake levee, Sangamon River, IlL_ 69,250 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Levee east of Chandlerville, Sangamon River, Ill------~ 128,000 gentleman from Washington [Mr. SMITH]? Salt Creek in vicinity of Middletown, IlL 53, 700 There was no objection. East Peoria drainage and levee district, Mr. BUCKLER of Minnesota. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ Ill------14,050 Ste. Genevieve levee district No. 1, Mo____ 40,000 mous consent to extend my ·awn remarks in the RECORD and Total, upper Mississippi Valley divi- to include therein a radio address by former Congressman &on______1,357,750 Binderup on the· money question. 5732 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the The SPEAKER. Is a separate vote demanded on any gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. BucKLER]? other amendment? If not, the Chair will put them en gros. There was no objection. The amendments were agreed to. Mr. GRISWOLD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the first amend­ to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and include therein ment on which a separate vote ·is demanded. a table on farm subsidies. The Clerk read as follows: The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Amendment offered by Mr. DoNDERo: On page 5, beginning in gentleman from Wisconsin? line 20, strike out lines 20 to 25, inclusive. There was no objection. Mr. DONDERO . . Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, that is not the first amend­ extend my own remarks in the RECORD and include therein a ment. The first amendment is with reference to the table from the Department of the Interior on the movement Umatilla Dam. of oil by the different methods of transportation in this The SPEAKER. The amendment which has just been country. reported is the first amendment in the bill on which a sepa­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the rate vote was demanded. gentleman from Michigan? The Clerk will report the language proposed to be stricken There was no objection. out by the amendment. Mr. CORBETT. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to The Clerk read as follows: extend my own remarks in the RECORD and include therein Strike out "Waterway connecting the Tombigbee and Tennessee a statement by the administrator of the Pittsburgh Housing Rivers, in accordance with the recommendation of the Board of Authority. Engineers for Rivers and Harbors in the report submitted in House Document No. 269, Seventy-sixth Congress. The sum of The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the $12,500,000 is hereby authorized to be appropriated for the prose­ gentleman from Pennsylvania? cuilon of this project." There was no objection. Mr. OSMERS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to The SPEAKER. The question is on agreeing to the extend my own remarks in the RECORD on two subjects. amendment. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? The question was taken; and the ·chair being in doubt, There was no objection. the House divided, and there were-ayes 82, noes 45. Mr. GARTNER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I object to the vote on the extend my own remarks in the RECORD and include therein a ground that there is no quorum present, and make the point statement by the Honorable Arthur H. James, Governor of of order that there is nC> quorum present. Pennsylvania, as to Mothers' Day. The SPEAKER. Evidently there is no quorum present. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the The Doorkeeper will close the doors, the Sergeant at Arms gEntleman from Pennsylvania? will notify absent Members, and the Clerk will call the roll. There w_as no objection. The question was taken; and there were-yeas 204, nays Mr. WOODRUFF of Michigan. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ 160, answered "present" 2, not voting 64, as follows: mous consent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and [Roll No. 75] include therein a brief article by George Peek on the result YEA&-204 of the reciprocal-trade agreement with Cuba. Alexander Englebright Knutson Rockefeller Mr. SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Allen, Ill. Fenton Kocio.lkowski Rodgers, Pa. gentleman from Michigan? Andersen, H. Carl Fries Kunkel Rogers, Mass. Anderson, Calif. Fulmer Lambertson Routzohn There was no objection. Andresen, A. H. Gamble Landis Rutherford Mr. OLIVER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Andrews Garrett Lanham Sandager Arends Gartn~r LeCompte Sasscer extend my own remarks in the RECORD and include therein Ashbrook Gehrmann Lewis, Ohio Satterfield a copy of a radio address delivered by me, recently. Austin Gerlach Luce Schaefer,Dl. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Ball Gibbs Ludlow Schafer, Wis. Barnes Gifford McDowell Schifil.er gentleman from Maine? Barton Gilchrist · · -McGehee Seccombe There was no objection. Bates, Ky. Gillie McLaughlin Seger Mr. MURRAY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Bates, Mass. Gore McLean Shafer, Mich. Beckworth Gossett McLeod Short extend my own remarks in the RECORD and include therein a Bender Graham McMillan, John L. Simpson letter and resolutions of the Marathon Local, No. 319, of the Blackney Grant, Ind. Maas Smith, Maine Boehne Griffith Maciejewski Smith, Ohio International Brotherhood of Papermakers. Bolles Griswold Mahon Smith, Va. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Bradley, Mich. Gross Mapes Smith, W. Va. gentleman from Wisconsin? Bulwinkle Guyer, Kans. Marcantonio Spence Burch Gwynne Marshall Springer There was no objection. Burgin Hall Martin, Til. Stearns, N. H. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, I ask Byrns, Tenn. Halleck Martin, Iowa Stefan Carlson Hancock Martin , Mass. Sumner, lli. unanimous consent to extend my own remarks in the Carter Harter, N.Y. Mason Sutphin RECORD and include therein an address I delivered on Sunday Case, S. Dak. Hawks May Sweeney night before the Corporation des Membres de !'Association Chapman Heinke Miller Taber Chiperfield Hess Monkiewicz Talle Catholique. Church Hinshaw Moser Tarver The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Clevenger Hoffman Mundt Taylor, Tenn. gentlewoman from Massachusetts? Cluett Holmes Murray Terry Coffee, Nebr. Hope O'Brien Thill There was no objection. Cole, N. Y. Horton O'Neal Thomas, N.J. Corbett Hull Osmers Tibbott RIVERS AND HARBORS Creal Jarrett Owen Tinkham The SPEAKER. The unfinished business this morning is Crosser Jenkins, Ohio Pearson Treadway Crowther Jenks, N.H. Pierce, N.Y. VanZandt the further consideration of the bill

to go on :record now-and· I know I express the unanimous 1 exceed $1,000,000 annually for the construction of buildings conviction of my subcommittee-as stating that this practice for our Foreign Service abroad. We are recommending the will not be allowed to continue. Substantially the only con­ appropriation of $500,000 for this purpose, with an addi­ trol that Congress has over administrative agencies is through tional contractual authority of $200,000. The larger part of the power of appr€:1priation, and if I have anything to do with this sum will be expended in South and Latin American it I intend to see that employees provided for a given purpose countries. are used for that purpose, and that purpose alone. Other­ The situation which arose in China 2 years ago emphasized wise, why require a break-down for specific appropriations by the need for an emergency fund for the State Department to Congress? be used in the protection of American citizens abroad. Such Mr. Chairman, before I proceed with the detailed items emergencies cannot, of course, be anticipated; but when they covered in the bill, I pause at this point to express my pro­ do arise, prompt and effective means must be taken if Amer­ found thanks and appreciation to the members of my Sub­ ican lives are to be safeguarded. The committee recognizes committee on Appropriations, who have labored so sin­ the desirability of such an emergency fund and has, therefore, cerely in aiding the chairman of· this subcommittee to pre­ inserted in the bill language that will permit the use of not to sent this bill today. On the Democratic side we have the exceed $500,000 of any of the funds appropriated by the State gentleman from Illinois [Mr. McANDREWS], the gentleman Department for the protection of the lives of American from Michigan [Mr. RABAUT], the gentleman from Florida citizens in any foreign country when the President shall deem [Mr. CALDWELL], and the gentleman from North Carolina that an emergency exists. [Mr. KERR], and on the Republican side my very distin­ I want to pay a tribute in passing to the character of the guished colleague, who came with me in the Sixty-ninth administration of this Department. When we consider that Congress, the gentleman from California [Mr. CARTER], and the net cost to the taxpayer of the services of our State De­ the gentleman from Nebraska [Mr. STEFAN]. This bill has partment in the matter of foreign relations is only about 'been prepared and presented to you without the slightest $11,000,000, allowance being made for fees accruing to the taint of partisanship in any way. We have worked hard, and Government from their activities, one can but feel that we I am grateful to these colleagues for their very :fine spirit of are truly "getting our money's worth" in the administration cooperation in helping me today to present this bill, unani­ of the State Department. mously. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Also, I pause to express my thanks to our friend Jack I shall now direct a few remarks to the appropriations for McFall, clerk of the committee. Jack is one of these boys the Department of Justice. We are increasing the appro­ who has been around Congress for many years, and as he priation from $46,270,000 for the current year to $52,745,000 grows in age, so does he grow in stature as a member of for 1940, an increase of nearly $6,500,000. I should just like the staff of the Committee an ~attons. lApplaliSe.J the Members of the House tO get a .copy of the committee 5736 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 report on the bill and look in the extreme right-hand column. prints, over 2,000,000 are of the noncriminal variety-so­ It will be noted that in nearly every item the committee has called civil fingerprints. Recently the President and the made some reduction. We have used the pruning knife Vice President have taken the lead in having thei:& finger­ where we felt that we could do so without seriously affecting prints taken, and that, in turn, has awakened an interest the operations of our legal machinery, and after much ardu­ throughout the country in the matter of civil fingerprint­ ous toil we were able to reduce the Budget estimates by ap­ ing-all of it done on a voluntary basis. proximately $1,150,000. Testimony given by Director Hoover established the fact Just why is this sizeable increase of $6,500,000 necessary? that other divisions within the Department of Justice have Because, ladies and gentlemen, we continue to pass laws been calling upon the Bureau for services of agents in order creating additional Federal crimes, which in turn make nec­ to conduct various types of investigations. In one instance essary the appointment of additional law-enforcement offi­ over 100 agents were called from their regular tasks and cers. From then on the whole process is a vicious circle-­ assigned to make certain investigations which could not be more criminals are apprehended, more district attorneys are construed to be of an emergency nature. The result of needed to prosecute, more marshals are needed, then addi­ this development has been that deficiencies in appropriations tional judges must be appointed. ·After the additional judges, have been created from time to time, much as all of us would more witness fees are needed, more clerks of courts, more like to a void them. bailiffs, and then, last but by no means least, more penal As a means of avoiding these deficiencies in the future, institutions and more personnel to operate them. The evi­ the committee has indicated to Director Hoover that here­ dence before our committee indicates, for instance, that after before any agents are assigned to any work other than every time an additional judge is appointed there is an addi­ that which arises in the normal routine, an order in writing tional cost running throughout the entire department of ap­ from the Attorney General directing such assignment should proximately $125,000 annually. I mention all of this solely be required. to convey to you that we must not inveigh too much against In addition to the allowance of the $7,000,000, which I the administrative units that are engaged in spending the have just made reference to, the committee has set up a taxpayers' money but rather, perhaps, we should stop and special paragraph of appropriation of $300,000. It is our take stock of our legislative action and decide whether we purpose to limit the use of this fund to kidnaping, extortion, should continue to place additional burdens on the admin­ bank robbery, and espionage cases. Let me just cite an istrative agencies which, in turn, compel them to ask for example of a situation that the Bureau has been running additional funds if they are to carry out their duty of en­ into. For the 5 years preceding 1938 there was an average forcing the law-a duty which we have imposed upon them. of 35 espionage cases per year; in 1938 there were 634 such This year appropriations are contained in the bill for the cases, or an increase of 599 over the previous year. This appointment of 22 additional judges. As I have indicated, tremendous increase could not possibly be anticipated; and that is just the initial cost. Practically every item in the yet, once arising, means must be found to cope with it. We bill must be stepped up proportionately. in order to take care feel that with this additional $300,000 which we have of the work load that follows. So, in the Tax Division, Crim­ allowed-its use subject to release only by the Attorney inal Division, Administrative Division, Claims Division, the General-the Bureau will be able to conduct its activities Bureau of Investigation, and other offices under the Attorney with a reasonable degree of efficiency during the fiscal year General, increases have been approved in varying amounts 1940. right down the line. I, for one, want to see our appropria­ Under the terms of an Executive order of the President all tions reduced rather than increased year by year as they have employees of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, other than been since 1933, but I will not be a party to arbitrarily mak­ the special agents, were placed under civil service, effective ing reductions in appropriation items when I know that the on February 1 of this year. The committee is informed that effect of such action will be to stultify the orderly processes at the present time the status of the special agents is in of law enforcement. abeyance .. so to speak, as the question as to whether they will or will not go under civil service is in the hands of a special Federal Bureau of Investigatiort committee created by the President to pass on this and similar I come now to the question of the appropriation for the matters. Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Budget approved an For the past several years this Bureau has been a model estimate of $7,000,000 to operate this agency during the next of operating efficiency; even the Civil Service Commission year. This amounts to an increase of approximately $500,000 has admitted that the personnel possesses a high standard over the amount available for the general purposes of the of capability. I for one am a firm believer in the civil-service Bureau during 1939. We are recommending to the House system, and only last year the committee placed one of the that the entire amount of the Budget estimate be allowed. units of the Department of Justice under the operation of I wish I felt at liberty to take the time of the House to go civil-service laws and regulations. I do believe, however, into detail in the matter of the oppressive burden of work that we should not confound theory with condition. Here that continues to confront this Bureau. I might mention as we have a unit, the employees of which possess remarkably one element of important evidence that it is estimated that high standards. As an organization the Federal Bureau of more than 1,000,000 hours of overtime will be performed by Investigation maintains an esprit de corps that is second to the employees of the Bureau during the current fiscal year. none in the Federal Government. Politics-have never gov­ The agents of the Bureau are carrying an average case load erned the selection of these employees. They have been em­ at the present time of 18% cases, whereas during the past played only after a painstaking investigation of the family, year they carried 16 cases per man; evidence before the life, background, and habits of each of them. Bearing these committee indicates that 10 cases is the maximum load that facts in mind, I am unable to see what the Government can should be carried for efficient investigative operation. possibly gain by applying a series of set rules and regulations · There are at the present time 6,682 unassigned cases­ which will compel, automatically, the employment of those cases which for want of adequate investigative personnel that qualify from an academic standpoint without applying have been simply docketed as cases and nothing done about any determinants of character and selectivity. The subcom­ them. In these cases, of course, delay causes evidence to mittee is unanimous in feeling that none of the employees disappear; and if and when the cases can be taken up, the of the Federal Bureau of Investigation should be under civil lot of the investigator is made that much more difficult. service. Accordingly it has placed a limitation in the bill In the Bureau at Washington there has likewise been a denying the use of any of the funds for the payment of any tremendous increase in activity and service required to be civil-service employees. rendered. The fingerprint file has now grown to the amaz­ Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. Mr. Chairman, will the gen­ ing total of 10,300,000 sets of fingerprints, or nearly 1,400,000 tleman yield for information? over the number on file in 1938. Of this total number of Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Yes. 1939 _CONGRESSIONAL ~ECORD-HOUSE 5737 Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. I assume that an explana­ scope of ·existing Federal crimes; second, increased judicial tion was given. before the gentleman's committee of what activity; third, longer sentences. As I stated in the outset of brought about this tremendous increase in espionage cases. my remarks, we have been compelled to increase the appro~ Mr. THOMAS s. McMILLAN. Yes; there was information priations for the Prison Bureau by over $3,000,000 for next given the committee, but it was of a confidential character, year. Director Bennett has told the committee that if the to a great extent, and the gentleman will not find very much present annual increase in the number of Federal prisoners about it in the printed hearings. As a matter of fact, as the continues, it will be necessary for us to build on an average gentleman knows, much of the more serious work done by the of one institution per year to house the increased prison Bureau of Investigation is of a highly confidential character. population. Mr. LEWIS of Colorado. Mr. Chairman, will the gentle­ The committee has consofidated the appropriations for the man yield? different institutions that were heretofore carried separately. Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Yes. This will afford greater administrative elasticity and will per­ Mr. LEWIS of Colorado. To inquire of the gentleman mit some savings to be made in operation. whether the $7,000,000 is enough to carry on this excellent We are endeavoring to reduce the working hours of prison work of the Bureau of Investigation. I think we are all guards. Several years ago they worked a straight 10-hour agreed that is one of the most efficient and most necessary day and a 70-hour week. Gradually that has been reduced and best administered bureaus in the Government. to a 52-hour week, and within another year it is hoped that Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I agree with the state­ we may be able to establish a straight 8-hour day for these ment the gentleman just made as to the efficiency of the custodial officers. Bureau of Investigation. They have done a marvelous job, Law clerks for 'district judge.s and are doing a marvelous job. I regret to say, however, In 1936 Congress authorized the appointment of law clerks that this is the amount estimated for by the Bureau of the to Federal district judges. Since that time repeated efforts Budget. I may say to the gentleman that the estimates have been made to provide an appropriation for these em­ submitted to the Budget from the Bureau were in excess of ployees, but without avail. In the Budget for 1940 funds $8,000,000. However, the committee has endeavored in prac­ were approved therein for the appointment of 40 of these law tically every instance to confine itself within the estimates clerks. of the Bureau of the Budget. I say to you that there is no need for deceiving ourselves The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from South about this matter. This is another "camel's nose under the Carolina has expired. tent" proposition. Just as soon as we allow this first incre­ Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield ment of law clerks, then may we just as well open the :flood­ myself 30 minutes additional. gates arid appropriate for a law clerk for each of the 189 Mr. LEWIS of Colorado. If there is any case when ex­ district judges. The entire estimate for the appointment of ceeding the Budget would seem to be justified, it is in this law clerks has therefore been disallowed. At the same time very excellent Bureau. the committee is not unmindful of the fact that in certain Mr. THOMAS S. McMll..LAN. I may reply by saying that judicial districts where the work load is particularly heavy I have great sympathy .tith the gentleman's views. · the standard of judicial decision would be improved if the Mr. LEWIS of Colorado. Mr. Chairman, will the gentle­ man yield further for an additional question? services of law clerks were available. As a means of afford­ Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Yes. ing some relief in such districts, the committee has inserted Mr. LEWIS of Colorado. Are the fingerprints taken of language in the bill which will permit the employment of a those of us who were in the Army in the World War avail­ combination stenographer and law clerk at a salary of not able to the Bureau of Investigation? to exceed $3,600 per year. The Court of Customs and Patent Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. In reply to the gentleman's Appeals here in Washington has five employees possessing inquiry, all of the fingerprinting of the Army, of every char­ dual qualifications as a stenographer and a licensed lawyer. acter since fingerprints have been taken by that service, have We have left the operation of this matter to the individual been transferred to the Bureau of Investigation. judge. If he desires to continue as at present, with a Mr. LEWIS of Colorado. I thank the gentleman. stenographer-secretary at a salary of not to exceed $2,500 per annum, he may do so. If, on the other hand, he chooses Antitrust Division to avail himself of the permissive language which we have Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. The committee has allowed inserted, he may hire a stenographer-law clerk at a salary an increase of approximately $500,000 for the Antitrust Divi­ not to exceed $3,600 per annum. In no event, however, shall sion. Evidence was presented to us indicating that there are more than one employee be allowed to any one district judge. some notorious violations of the antitrust laws which should Mr. WALTER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? be cleaned up, and that the only way this can be accomplished Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I yield. is by an augmentation of personnel. I might suggest that Mr. WALTER. Who will determine which judge is en­ the Members refer to page 164 of the hearings accompanying titled to the $3,600 clerk-stenographer? the bill. There you will find a series of cases by number with a statement opposite each number indicating what certain Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. The judge himself. industries are doing in direct violation and contravention of Mr. WALTER. Does anybody pass on his recommenda­ the antitrust laws. The names of the industries involved in tion? these charges are, of course, confidential. With the addi­ Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. No, sir. tional sum granted it will be possible for the Antitrust Divi­ Mr. WALTER. If a judge decides he needs a clerk-ste­ sion to set up regional offices throughout the United States nographer he can request it and have it granted to him? and proceed with dispatch to institute necessary investiga­ Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. The bill authorizing the tions and prosecutions. appointment of law clerks provides that the senior circuit Bure.au of Prisons judge should make recommendation as to the need for law I could talk to you for an hour about the problem of our clerks. In my judgment· his recommendation should like­ penal institutions, but time forbids more than a passing ref­ wise be required before the appointment of these stenog­ erence.· Our penal system has had an amazing growth in the rapher-law clerks is made. past few years. Approximately $14,000,000 is being expended Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, Will the gentleman yield now out of emergency funds to complete a building program there? of additional reformatories and jails. We have over 18,000 Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I yield. prisoners in our various institutions this year. The growth Mr. BROOKS. That means, in effect, that any judge or in our prison population may be explained generally by three every judge is entitled to that same clerk-stenographer; is factors: First, laws creating new cr4Des and extending the that correct? · · 5738 CONGRESSIONA.L RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. It is not a clerk-stenog- Census Bureau rapher. It is a stenographer-law clerk. Under the Bureau of the Census, in addition to making Mr. BROOKS. Yes; law-clerk-stenographer. provision for the first year of the 2-year decennial census Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Yes. program, we have approved a Budget increase of $20,000 Mr. BROOKS. So that it would cover any judge in the over this year's appropriation for compiling old-age census United States? records. Because of the unprecedented number of our citi­ Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Yes; as long as the ap­ zens applying for authoritative information regarding their propriation is available. We carry $50,000 in this bill for age, for purposes of social security, the Bureau has been un­ that purpose. able to keep abreast of the work and give expeditious reply Mr. BROOKS. How many will that cover? to the inquiries. At the present time over 70,000 applications Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. It takes care of the 40 dis­ for age information are on file. People sometimes wait for 6 tricts where it has been estimated by the Budget that this months before they are able to procure proof of their age character of service is desirable. to establish- their right to social-security benefits. We are Mr. WALTER. Will the gentleman yield further? hopeful that with the increase that is allowed this arrearage Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I yield. of work may be considerably lessened. Mr. WALTER. Is it within the contemplation of the com­ Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation mittee to provide that sort qf employee in each cas·e where Under the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, the Committee on the Judiciary felt that clerks should be we have allowed a very small increase of approximately appointed? $11,000, in order that some additional technical personnel Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I would think so, I may may be added to carry on the work incident to insuring say to the gentleman, as the exigencies of the occasion safety of life at sea. Regular inspections of vessels in all of demand from year to year. our waters are made with a view to protecting the traveling DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE public and plans for vessel construction must be approved by the Bureau in order to insure the installation of reason­ Next I come to the Department of Commerce. We are able safety features. · allowing an increase of approximately $18,900,000 over the 1939 appropriation for the Department of Commerce. We National Bureau of Standards have reduced the Budget estimates, however, by approxi­ We have allowed increases amounting to $50,000 in the mately $400,000. As I have already explained, the entire various appropriations for the Bureau of Standards in order increase that we have allowed is more than made up by the that some additional studies may be instituted which are de­ amount we have placed in the bill to begin the program of signed to be of economic benefit to the public, in general, and taking the sixteenth decennial census. to business, in particular. A program of adopting standards You will recall at the outset of my remarks, I stated the for certain manufactured commodities entering into our total expenses estimated for the decennial census is $45,- South American trade will be undertaken in cooperation 200,000 on a 2-year program. This will take care of the with the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce with first year's program under that estimate. the hope that by the establishment of uniform standards, importers in South America will be encouraged to purchase Bureau of fareign and domestic commerce ·American-made goods. Under the appropriations for the Bureau of Foreign and We have saved $165,000 by eliminating an item for the Domestic Commerce, we have made some slight changes in purchase of land adjoining the present Bureau of Stand­ the estimates. We have added, for example, $37,000 over ards property. Here, again, was an item that could be the Budget for the district and cooperative offices. The considered as desirable but not necessary. With that Budget had proposed a reduction of $10,000 for next year thought in mind, we eliminated the appropriation from the under the 1939 appropriation. We hear on every hand, bill. "What are we doing to help business? Here, gentlemen, is Bureau of Lighthouses one Of the places where for a dollar expended you can bring The amounts allowed for the Bureau of Lighthouses show back that amount perhaps a hundred times over to business a reduction · of approximately $100,000 under the 1939 ap­ in the form of increased financial returns. The district and propriation. The Lighthouse Service was one of the first cooperative offices of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic agencies established in the Federal Government. It has a Commerce are located throughout the country and serve as long and distinguished history. I know the House will join a point of contact for business and industry. Information with me in applauding a record which indicates that in is supplied by these offices. I will mention to you the trade spite of the fact that appropriations have been reduced since opportuniti~s that were distributed to business organiza­ 1932 from $12,100,000 to $11,740,000, the Bureau at the same tions by these offices in 1938. I may say parenthetically that time has increased the number of aids to navigation which trade-opportunity reports are what their name implies, they are operating and managing from 21,500 to 29,000. namely, statistical data indicating where, when, and how Coast and Geodetic Survey, industrial concerns might look for a market for their The committee has approved increases totaling approxi­ products. mately $100,000 over the present year's appropriation for Mr. SANDAGER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Included in this figure of Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I yield. $100,000 is an increase of $11,500 over the Budget estimates Mr. SANDA GER. Is it not a fact that European countries for a resurvey and sounding of the Boston Harbor. Several are engaged in a very intensive effort to get foreign trade in wrecks have occurred around the entrance to the harbor at South America? Boston in recent years and the committee feels that this proj­ Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. That is true. ect should not be deferred any longer. It will be necessary Mr. SANDA GER. And every dollar we spend along this to provide approximately this same amount next year ·in line will be paid back several times over? order to complete the work. This Bureau is operated as a Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I agree with the gentleman commissioned service with the same privileges and perquisites entirely. I think here is one case where the Congress can aid as the Army, Navy, and Coast Guard. business and industry by maintaining such a service as this. The Coast and Geodetic Survey performs the most essea­ Two hundred and seventeen thousand of these reports were tial function of charting highways on the sea, in coastal distributed in 1938, an increase of 87 percent over the pre­ waters, and in the air. The demand for both nautical and vious year. With the comparatively small increase allowed aeronautical charts has increased with rapid strides. For by the committee, one additional district office can be opened example, it was testified that in 1937 they produced 5,000,000 and some additional personnel provided to strengthen exist­ aeronautical charts; during this year it is expected that the ing offices. number will increase to 12,000,000, an increase of 140 percent 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5739 in 2 years. This is one of our modest but most efficient Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. In all frankness, I may say services. to the gentleman from Louisiana that in the past 2 years Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. Mr. Chairman, will the gen­ we have provided funds directly appropriated for the pur­ tleman yield at that point? pose of increasing the salaries of the deputy marshals. Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Certainly. Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. Will the gentleman yield Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. I heartily approve of this in­ further? ci·ease. I wish it had been more. It occurs to me that the Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I yield. ignorance of the people concerning our own country is Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. I am also interested in ade­ astounding. I would have the Geodetic Survey, coupled with quate pay for deputy marshals. A little earlier I noticed the the Geological Survey, map on land and from the air the gentleman said something about an increase in the force entire surface of the country, especially the Rocky Mountain for taking care of the census returns. One thing especially area. We :find in road building, in reclamation projects, has been called to my attention, and that is the fact that old and many other ways that we do not have accurate topo­ people who have reached the age of 60 or 65 years, natural­ graphic information. born American citizens, cannot prove that fact. We cer­ Mr. THOMAS s. McMilLAN. I may say to the gentleman, tainly ought to have more definite information in the hands in reply, if he will look at our report, he will. :find reference of the Census Bureau and more facilities for making that where we recommend that emergency funds be made avail­ available now in this period of beginning social security. able for the very purpose which the gentleman has directed Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I may say to the gentle­ to our attention. man, as I stated a moment ago, the committee allowed the Mr. MURDOCK or Arizona. It is a wartime need also, Budget estimate, increasing this appropriation for the Bu­ as well as for peacetime use. reau of the Census by some $20,000. It is in there for that Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Yes. The committee is very purpose. I think the information which the committee entirely in sympathy with the gentleman's views. had was that there are some 70,000 such applications now Bureau of Fisheries on file in the Census Bureau awaiting the attention of the We are proposing to increase the appropriation for the officials there. This additional appropriation is absolutely Bureau of Fisheries by only $10,000 in round numbers over necessary to provide that service for those eligible for social­ the current year's appropriation. Last year the Bureau pro­ security advantages. O.uced over 8,000,000,000 :fish for stocking rivers and ponds. Mr. BLAND. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? The provision is made for the construction of the last of the Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I yield. three hatcheries authorized by Congress. We are likewise Mr. BLAND. Has the gentleman's committee taken into making provision for the purchase of eight additional :fish consideration the fact that employees of lightships along the distribution trucks. Up to the last year or so the Bureau has Atlantic and Gulf coasts are paid smaller wages than like been transporting :fish by railway car. The expense of con­ employees on the Pacific coast? Has the committee done structing and maintaining these cars was very considerable­ anything to equalize these payments? $75,000 for the construction of the car alone. The distribu­ Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. The question was discussed tion trucks can be purchased for approximately $2,000 each in the hearings, and we have assurances from the Bureau that and are more effective in providing a speedy distribution careful consideration will be given this question during the of :fish from the hatcheries. year. _ We have added $10,000 to the Budget estimates to permit Mr. BLAND. I think something more than just careful the employment of persons to prepare radio material for examination should be given this, because these men on the broadcast to :fishermen from local stations. Many of our Atlantic and Gulf coasts work just as hard as those on the people engaged in :fishing live in remote localities and their Pacific coast. only medium of contact with the outside world is through the Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. We are assured that the radio. It is the thought of the committee that periodic question will receive careful consideration. I agree with the gentleman's views. broadcasts can be made bringing them advice on market Patent Office conditions, fish catch, and so forth, that will assist them from a financial standpoint. I am always pleased for two reasons when I come to the Patent Office section of the bill; first, because it is the end; Funds sufficient to purchase two speed boats for patrol and, second, because it is the only agency carried in the bill service in Alaska have been approved and, likewise, $20,000 outside of the Passport Division of the State Department for the construction of a laboratory boat to be centered in which operates at a profit. southeastern Alaska and devoted to studies of the salmon Every· year but one since 1933 the final audit of receipts and herring industry. has reflected the fact that patent fees have more than offset As is the case with the Bureau of Lighthouses, the Bureau the entire cost of administering the Patent Office. While I of Fisheries has likewise reduced its appropriation by ap­ do not intend any invidious comparisons, I do think that it is proximately $800,000 over the past 6 years, and yet in spite of proper to observe that for each of the 11 years preceding 1933 this decrease, they have been able to increase their produc­ an operating deficit was incurred ranging anywhere from tion of fish during the same period by approximately 25 $85,000 to $827,000 per year. The work of the Patent Office percent. I consider this record one worthy of commendation. contii:mes to increase, but the status of the work is in not as Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield healthy condition as was the case 3 or 4 fears ago. Several further? of the examining divisions are falling behind in their con­ Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I yield. sideration of patent applications, and if there is nof some Mr. BROOKS. I am interested in that part of the bill, let-up in the number of new applications being received it is but if I may go back a little, covering the money appro­ entirely possible that some additional funds will have to be priated for the marshal's office, I notice there has been an allowed the Patent Office in order that it may render to our increase in that amount. Will that inure to the benefit of inventors the reasonable service to which they are unques­ the individual deputy marshals or will that be used to increase tionably entitled .. the force? Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. Mr. Chairman, will the gen­ Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. No; these funds are for tleman yield? additional deputies for the 22 new district judges. Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. I yield. Mr. BROOKS. It has been my experience that the deputy Mr. MURIX>CK of Arizona. I hate to interrupt so much, marshals were very much underpaid. With the attempt of but I have .had repeated complaints abcut the expense of the Attorney General to better the service it seems to me a securing patents. I wonder if we are giving proper en­ corresponding increase would be in order. couragement to the inventive genius of America? I agree 5740 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 with the gentleman's remark that we want to protect the ganizations of the country at large. It was at that time investors, but do we not also want to protect inventive genius? that Mr. Hoover and the F. B. I. commenced to demonstrate Mr. THOMAS s. McMILLAN. I have reference to in­ their real value to the peace-loving, law-abiding citizens of ventors, not investors. I am sorry the gentleman misunder- the country. stood me. . I have spoken of kidnaping. I might well speak of other Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. Inventors are a class of people crimes such as extortion and bank robbery. Apparently some we do want to protect. It is so difficult to get a patent or years ago the banking institutions in various sections cf the proper reward for such efforts. country were at the mercy of these modern exponents of the Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. The gentleman is correct. art of hold-up. A few figures might here serve to illustrate Although the appropriation for salaries has been increased the efficiency of this Bureau better than any encomium by $160,000, it will not permit any additional personnel to be that I could express. During 1934 there were 417 bank rob­ employed, inasmuch as this entire sum will be taken up by beries with a total loot of approximately $2,000,000. In _the costs of reallocation of patent examiners made by the 1938 there were 116 bank robberies and the loot totaled ap­ Civil Service Commission. proximately one-half million dollars, representing a reduction After continued insistence by the committee, the cost of of over 72 percent in such cases. As a result of the activities printing required by the Patent Office and done at the Gov­ of the F. B. t., assisted by the cooperative efforts of State. and ernment Printing Office has been reduced by approximately local police agencies in bank robbery cases, insurance rates . $100,000 per annum. have been reduced in the past 2% years by 30 percent in most Mr. Chairman, I have already consumed much more time of our States. There can be no better gage of the work of the _than I had intended. However, I have endeavored to give F. B. I. in cases of this kind than the cold, factual insur­ you briefiy a general picture of the administration of these ance rates, which refiect no sentiment but the hard business ·three great departments of our Government. I hope you will judgment of those engaged in this line of activity. sustain your committee in the action we have taken. [Ap­ I have referred purposely to these types of cases, the two plause.] indicating that this Bureau has made the country safe so far [Here the gavel fell.l as the personal lives of its citizens are concerned, and the Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield to the other reflecting that the products of the toil of the country's gentleman from Missouri [Mr. CocHRAN] such time as he may citizenry have also been rendered substantially more secure. desire. Just one more instance of the protective guidance and the Mr. COCHRAN. Mr. Chairman, I am taking a peculiar functioning of this Bureau. As an instance I might cite the pleasure at this time in delivering these remarks relative to initiation by Mr. Hoover and the development and remark­ the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Bureau of Prisons' able success of the National Police Academy of the F. B. I:, activities of the Department of Justice, whose appropriation which was started in July 1935. Its purpose has been to incul­ bill for the next fiscal year is now before us. I have taken cate all of the law-enforcement wisdom and scientific lore a personal interest in the work of these two agencies for a developed by the Bureau fnto the minds of law-enforcement number of years. It is only reasonable that I should, be­ officials and organizations in all parts of the country. In cause I happen to be coauthor of the Federal Kidnaping Act other words, all that the Bureau knows, all that it has demon­ and author of the Extortion Act. Prior to the enactment of strated in proven efficacy along law-enforcement lines, has those laws little was heard of the Bureau of Investigation, been and is being placed by them at the disposal of law­ as its activities were confined in the main to enforcing the enforcement officers in all sections of the country, including Banking Act, Automobile Theft Act, the White Slave Act, our largest cities and smallest hamlets. There have been to and thefts in interstate commerce. Today the F. B. I., as date 334 graduates, who have returned to thei:r individual it is known, under the able leadership of J. Edgar Hoover, sections of the country to transmit to their fellow officers the is as well, if not better, known than any other Government latest policies and scientific procedure in law enforcement. agency. This is because the passage of the Federal Kid­ This has made and this is making our country a safer if not naping Act served not only to throw the work of the F. B. I. a better place in which to live. This exemplifies that the upon a national and international screen, but it also elicited Federal Bureau of Investigation is, as I have said, not an qualities of intelligence, resourcefulness, courage, and char­ organization engaged in work which will redound to its own acter on the part of the members of this organization, which advantage, but one that is ardently desirous of effecting the has resulted in bringing a sense of security to the men, fullest possible cooperation with law-enforcement officials and women, and children of the country that they did not possess organizations in all parts of the country and in all parts of at the time of the passing of the ~idnaping Act. the world. Everything that these men know they have proven A few figures will serve to highlight the work of the F. B. I. themselves only too glad to impart to their less fortunate in these kidnaping cases. Since the passage of this act these members of the law-enforcement fraternity elsewhere. men have worked on 154 cases involving this heinous crime. It may be thought that the American people are paying The results have been startling. All but two of the cases for this protection. Even though that statement were true in have been completely solved, 298 individuals have been con­ all its implications, it would still appear to me to be a true victed, 11 death sentences have been imposed, as well as 42 and proper economy. sentences of life imprisonment, and a total of 3,560 years The safety of the men, women, and children of the country of prison sentences have also been the result of their efforts. is beyond all computation of monetary costs. However, I I have no doubt but that it will only be a matter of time would like here to remind my colleagues that this Bureau has when the two remaining cases will be solved, thus enabling proven itself a money-earning as well as money-saving insti­ this Bureau to maintain a clean slate so far as violations tution. Last year it cost $6,200,000 to operate the Federal of the Kidnaping Act are concerned. This is only one of the Bureau of Investigation. During the same period the total activities of the F. B. I. As I have indicated, however, it fines imposed, savings and recoveries of property, such as au­ is the activity that has come closest to me and one which tomobiles, ransom money in kidnaping cases, stolen jewelry, I have observed with the greatest interest. stolen bonds, and the like, totaled over forty-seven and one­ I think in considering appropriation figures for this half million dollars, the country thus receiving over $7.50 for Bureau that Congress may well compare crime conditions each $1 appropriated for the use of this Bureau. as they existed approximately 7 years ago and as they exist today. At that time the country faced problems involving I believe it only fitting that at this time this tribute be paid seemingly widespread criminality in all sections of the coun­ to Mr. Hoover and his able and loyal associates. try. Desperate criminals appeared to have gained the upper BUREAU OF PRISONS hand, because of swift modes of transportation and because Mr. Chairman, I also take a keen interest in the work of local police authorities were unable to follow criminals who the Bureau of Prisons. When the Public Works appropria­ could strike and disappear from the local scene. SometJ:?.ing tion was being debated on the fioor of this House last year­ akin to demoralization affected the law enforcement or- May 12, 1938, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, page 6825-I called the 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5741 attention of the Congress to the rapidly increasing number of which was established about 4 years ago. This corporation Federal prisoners and to the needs of the Federal prison sys­ has a board of directors consisting of one representative of tem for additional prison facilities. In the course of my re­ industry, one representative of labor, one representative of marks I expressed the hope that the President would see fit agriculture, one representative of the consumers, and one to allocate to the Prison Bureau a sufficient appropriation to representative of the Attorney General. This board of di­ enable it to overcome the serious overcrowding which existed rectors, according to its reports, establishes all of the general in its penitentiaries. I am glad to note from the hearings policies with respect to the kind and the amount of goods on this bill that the President approved the grant of about made in the Federal prisons. Incidentally, they will grant a $14,000,000 to construct some additional penal and correc­ hearing to any person who requests it. tional institutions and to provide additional facilities at the I judge from their reports that the prison industries cor­ existing institutions. That was, it seems to me, a very pru­ poration has increased the number of prisoners employed in dent and forward-looking thing for him to do. Not only did industrial shops from about 2,400 prisoners in 1935 to nearly it help to accelerate employment, but it was an investment of 3,300 in 1938. During that period only a few complaints Federal funds which would have had to be made in any event. were made by free labor and private industry with respect to It is a concrete example of the fact that funds spent for the manufacture of goods in Federal prisons. The board sound public improvements of this kind cannot be considered seems to have been successful in reaching satisfactory agree­ as merely spending for pump-priming purposes. It is the ments in most cases. For instance, there used to be a great sort of public improvement that every economist would ap­ many complai~ts come to me from private shoe manufac­ prove as a sound investment. turers in my district about the manufacture of shoes at the The Members of this House ought also to note that all of Leavenworth Penitentiary. the work authorized by this grant, embracing some 40 dif­ The prison industries corporation has now established a ferent projects, was all under way within 60 days fFom the definite policy as to the amount of shoe orders they will date the money was made available. Sites were selected, accept and are not expanding their activities. The result titles cleared, plans completed, and contracts let within a has been that the number of complaints have been reduced period of 2 months. This ·was a big job, considering the size to a minimum. I just obtained a statement from the Direc­ of the projects and the need for allowing bidders sufficient tor of the Bureau of Prisons, showing that 1,736,181 pairs of time to figure each job. The Prison Bureau had the very shoes were cleared by that corporation for purchase in com­ efficient he;p of the public buildings branch of the Treasury mercial markets. This is to be compared with the 376,000 Department. Admiral Peoples and his assistant, Mr. W. E. pairs made in the Federal prison during the past year. Al­ Reynolds, gave this matter their personal · attention and most five times as many shoes purchased by the Federal worked shoulder to shoulder with Hon. James V. Bennett, Government were made by private concerns as were pro­ Chief of the Bureau, and his staff to get this program under cured from the Leavenworth Penitentiary, way. It was this sort of strenuous effort all through the Government service that has made the P. W. A. program such Production of shoes has been held to a prescribed rate, a great success. despite the fact that the number of Federal prisoners has The hearings show quite clearly, moreover, that the growth been steadily increasing. This shows, it seems to me, that of the Federal prison population has not stopped. When I the corporation is doing just what the Congress stipulated it advocated this construction program a year ago I stated that should do, when it said that the corporation must diversify there were then about 17,250 inmates in our Federal peniten­ the prison industrial activities and distribute them over as tiaries. Today there are 18,350 prisoners, which is, as you will many different ldnds of manufacturing as possible. Instead notice, 1,100 in excess of the prison population at this same of concentrating in one line of work like shoe manufacturing time last year. The new Federal anticrime statutes have as the prison population has grown, they have found other increased measurably the load upon our Federal penal sys­ means of employing Federal prisoners. tem, and until we can bring the national crime situation From various reports I have received from constituents as under.. control I can see little hope for diminution in the well as from information contained in the annual reports of prison population. the Federal Prison Industries, Inc., it appears that this cor­ I want to call the attention of the House to the eloquent poration has been one of the outstanding examples of well­ and informative speech the President made about 4 weeks managed agencies of the Government and one of the few ago to the National Parole Conference, which was called by against which the informed general p-ublic has made no Attorney General Murphy at his suggestion. Our Chief Ex­ criticisms. Incidentally, I wish to point out that no appro­ ecutive reviewed the entire activities of this administration in priation has been required for the operation of the indus­ the field of crime control, parole, and probation. In the trial establishments in the Federal penal and correctional course of his remarks, which will be found in the Appendix of institutions since the corporation has been formed and that the RECORD (p. 1645) he outlined the extent to which the today it is in much better financial condition than it was at Federal Government had built different kinds of institutions the time it was organized in January 1935. for different kinds of prisoners, ranging from the now famous I am glad that I had some part in the establishment of penitentiary for the most hardened offenders on Alcatraz this corporation and hope that it may continue to find a Island to the unwalled reformatories and camps for the solution to the extremely baffling problem of prison labor. I offenders who are less dangerous and who seem to offer real notice that this formerly independent organization has now hope for becoming law-abiding citizens. He indicated his been placed under the general supervision of the Attorney approval of the use of every known aid to rehabilitate Fed­ General, but I judge from a reading of the second reorgani­ eral prisoners and very significantly declared that the pri­ zation order that it has been placed in the Department of mary purpose of the prison is to protect the public by releas­ Justice merely for administrative purposes and that it will ing men at the end of their sentences better and not worse follow substantially the same methods and policies as here­ than when they were received. tofore. The President also expressed approval of one phase of the It is also noteworthy that one of the very effective things Federal prison program to which I have given a great deal of that has been done in recent years in the Federal prison personal attention, when he said that this administration had system is the improvement of the medical service. It is also made it possible to provide useful work for those prisoners very pleasing to note from the hearings of the committee who need to learn how to earn an honest living and that this that the cooperation of the United States Public Health had been done without selling a dollar's worth of prison-made Service and the Bureau of Prisons has been actively and goods on the open market in competition with private indus­ efficiently continued. This cooperative endeavor carries a trY or free labor. The industrial activities of the Federal great deal of significance in the all-important problem of the prisons are under the control of the Federal Prison Industries, physical and mental rehabilitation of the offender. It is Inc., of which Han. James V. Bennett is the commissioner, imperative to the future welfare of this country that this 5742 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 problem be approached in a tactful manner, studied intelli­ conftict. They are now committing acts of political interven­ gently, and treated with professional skill. It is not enough tion in Europe which are wholly unneutral, and, at the same that the mere physical illnesses of prisoners be casually time, for purposes of their own, have brought great fear of treated from day to day. The problem of the cause and war to the United States. prevention of crime demands more for its solution than this. Such acts of political intervention in Europe will subject the It demands an intelligent and scientific program for the cor­ United States to a charge of bad faith in the event that war rection of remediable diseases, disabilities, and conditions. It occurs in Europe and the United States does not enter the also demands skilled psychiatric study and treatment for war. It is already being charged in neutral countries in the men and women sent to prison. Above all, it demands Europe that the representations and interventions of Presi­ an ever-increasing search for any and all factors that may dent Roosevelt and Secretary of State Hull are encouraging contribute to delinquency and the discovery of remedies to and promoting war in Europe. correct such factors. It is without reason and without intelligence for President The hospital for the insane and seriously ill Federal prison­ Roosevelt and Secretary of State Hull to announce that their ers is located in my State near Springfield, Mo. This medi­ actions will remain "actions short of war." Abusive and cal center for Federal prisoners is doing some extremely threatening language, vilification, and aggressive and hos­ interesting work in the field of mental disease and is making tile acts, such as _they have indulged in, are the very things through its researches a real contribution to our knowledge that lead to war. A nation that follows such a course is not . of the mental make-up of those who commit crimes. Its ·neutral and must inevitably become involved in war. There warden, Dr. Marion R. King, has a splendid reputation will be no escape from it. This is so notwithstanding the fact among the medical profession in Missouri. that today not more than 10 percent of the Members of the I am also glad to see that the Appropriations Committee Congress would vote for war or favor legislation which they gave so much consideration to the personnel problems of conscientiously believe would lead to war. the Bureau of Prisons. Many of the guards are working We do not need and we should not undertake to stand long hours and all of them are not receiving all of the guard over Europe or the world. We have grave perils at annual leave granted them by law. I realize that the com­ home. We should be on our guard, first, to keep America mittee cannot rectify all of these conditions in a single American and prevent its becoming European or Asiatic; . year in view of the need for economy. I congratulate the second, to prevent the establishment of a European or Asiatic chairman and his committee, however, for making a start dictatorship in the United States, which seems the object of . in bettering the working conditions for the entire person­ the present administration; and, third, to annihilate the col­ nel of the Bureau of Prisons. From its very able Director lectivism of communism and fascism in domestic and foreign . down to the least responsible of the institutional positions · affairs now being promoted by President Roosevelt and Sec­ it is now completely under civil service. Even the wardens retary Hull. If American blood must be shed, it were better and superintendents are career officers. It seems to me that that it were shed on this continent to effect these purposes. this is a very wise policy, since it removes these hazardous [Applause.] and responsible positions from any political or partisan in­ fluence. There was but one case last year, for example, Joint resoiution providing for the reassertion of a foreign policy where a prison officer succumbed to bribery or influence. I of genuine neutrality for the United States Whereas genuine neutrality, or the rule of impartial treatment can remember that not so long ago a prison scandal was of all bellige:ents, is the only policy that has kept and can keep not infrequent because the same morale that characterizes · a nation out of war when war comes; and · the present system was not present. Whereas this policy kept a number of nations out of the last Moreover, the number of escapes from Federal penal Great War and is the policy now being declared by a number of nations of Europe who are determined not to be involved in the institutions has been reduced to a negligible quantity. Last next war; and year less than 20 prisoners out of a total average daily Whereas the United States was not neutral either in purpose population of over 18,000 escaped, and all of these were from or in action during the last Great War, which fact is proved by the minimum security prison camps and farms. Not a single official documents, and was in consequence disastrously involved in the last war by a series of notes, declarations, and diplomatic inter­ man ·escaped from within the walls of any of the peniten­ ventions; and tiaries. This is an extremely fine record if it is compared Whereas the President of the United States and the Secretary of with State institutions. However, in the last analysis the State have plainly and audaciously violated the United States · prevention of escape and good prison management depend neutrality law in reference to the present conflict in Asia and have committed unneutral acts in the Far East and acts of political · not upon tool-proof steel bars and mechanical devices but intervention in Europe, which acts must inevitably lead the United upon honest, intelligent, and courageous personnel of the States into war; and type we now have in the Federal Prison Service. Whereas the President and the Secretary of State, by their ac­ I have known Mr. Bennett for many years. I congratu­ tions, are encouraging other countries to believe that the United late him on the excellent record he has and is making and States will support them in their policies and are thereby subject­ ing the United States to a charge of bad faith if the United States thank him especially for his cooperation for releasing to the does not support their policies in the event of war; and trade nearly 2,000,000 pairs of shoes which has helped busi­ Whereas if war does occur in Europe the United States might ness in my city, St. Louis, as well as given work to many of well be charged, because of its representations and interventions, my constituents. with having encouraged and promoted war: Therefore be it Resolved, etc., That the Congress reassert its conviction that the Mr. CARTER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the only policy by which the United States can avoid war is the tradi­ gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. TINKHAM]. tional American policy of genuine neutrality, and that refusal of Mr. TINKHAM. Mr. Chairman, I desire to read a state­ the President and the Secretary of State to pursue such a policy is ment which I made to the press on Monday, and also to read now leading the United States inevitably to war if and when war a resolution which I entered in the records of the House. comes in Europe. Mr. Chairman, genuine neutrality, or the rule of impartial Mr. CARTER. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself 30 minutes. treatment of all belligerents, is the only policy that has kept Mr. Chairman, I desire to express my sincere apprecia­ and can keep a nation out of war when war comes. This tion to the gentleman from South Carolina for the very policy kept a number of nations in Europe out of the World splendid manner in which he presided over this subcommittee. War of ·t914-18, and it is the policy which is being declared He and I entered this House on the same day, and it is an by a number of nations in EUrope who are determined not unusual pleasure for me to be closely associated with him in to be involved in the next war. this work on the Appropriations Committee. He is a hard The United States became involved in the last war because worker, he is fair and just in all the deliberations of this she was not neutral either in purpose or in action. This fact committee. This House and this Nation owes a debt of grati­ is proved by a mass of incontrovertible evidence. tude to the gentleman from South Carolina, ToM McMILLAN, President Roosevelt and Secretary of State Hull have com­ for the very splendid services he is rendering. [Applause.] mitted unneutral acts in Asia and have flagrantly violated the And to the other members of the subcommittee with whom I United States Neutrality Act in relation to the Far Eastern am associated I also express a word of gratitude and appre- 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5743 ciation. They are all sincere and hard working in their He declared- deliberations. are paid in the sweat of every man who labors, because they are a It is no easy task to form one of these appropriation bills. burden on production and are paid through production. If exces­ Various bureaus and departments come before us requesting sive, they are reflected in idle factories, tax-sold farms, and hen?e in hordes of the hungry tramping the streets and seeking jobs m increases in appropriations, making very splendid cases in vain. Our workers may never see a tax bill, but they pay in many instances as to the desirability of the increases; but on deductions from wages, in increased costs of what they buy, or in the other hand, we have an unbalanced Budget, an empty broad cessation of employment. Treasury, and the members of this committee are very hard Candidate Roosevelt knew, too, that democracy cannot pressed at times in knowing how to decide. long endure save on a sound :financial basis. I desire to speak in behalf of what until recently was con­ Too often in recent history- sidered a virtue-a virtue which we have lost-thrift and economy. He warned- From the dawn of history man has deemed thrift a virtue, liberal governments have been wrecked on the rocks of loose fiscal . for he discovered it to be the only path to progress. He early policy. We must avoid this danger. learned that economy is the mother of abundance. Long And yet today those who preach these truths are voices before man became civilized, and down through the centuries crying in the wilderness of extravagance, debt, and taxes. as he has discovered new lands, developed them, and made ·For 6 years we have mocked these virtues and scorned these them his home, whenever man has been confronted by eternal truths as outworn. For 6 years we have constantly scarcity in the struggle for existence, he has found it both ·clamored for Congress to spend ever more and more. Irani-. wise and necessary to save as much as possible for the fu­ cally, we have done so in the name of the people. Vast ture. He has always progressed by making the most eco­ blanket appropriations with arbitrary power over their allo­ nomical use of what he had by making it go as far as pos­ cation have been the rule. The more the Government spends, sible in creating more and in providing for future security. the more liberal and humanitarian it is considered. Self­ He has always sought to eliminate waste. He has learned seeking political soothsayers have told us that we can spend to make the most economical use of his own labor and of the our way to prosperity. materials at his -command. This and this alone has been the Today the fears expressed by Jefferson have been largely secret of more efficient production and the creation of plenty. realized. Reports from nearly every State in the Union con­ It was only by the exercise of thrift and economy that stantly bring fresh evidence that corruption, coercion, and man was freed sufficiently from physical toil to have that intimidation have crept into the administration of relief; leisure for thought which lifted him to ever higher intel­ bureaucrats have fastened themselves like leeches upon the lectual and cultural levels-that raised him above the beasts public pay roll, determined to perpetuate themselves in · of the fields to the realms of mental life. power; debt and high taxes reign-all in the name of the What is the true significance of time and labor-saving people. And the people are paying dearly for it. devices, of inventions which permit greater production? Is We have forgotten the words of Jefferson that "If we can it to enable man to be wasteful of his time and his resources, prevent the Government from wasting the labors of the to be lazy? No. It is rather to free him from certaill; labors, people under the pretense of taking care of them, they must so that he may go on to others, and thus be able to create ever become happy." Instead, we demand more and more, piling more and more abundance. Only thus has man developed a deficit upon deficit, not only burdening ourselves but be­ culture and achieved an ever higher standard of living. Econ­ queathing to future generations a heritage of debt. omy of time and labor and materials is the only known road Somehow, word went around that Uncle Sam was Santa to prosperity and progress. It is the highway by which Claus. Every parent knows only too well that the expense of civilization itself has advanced. Christmas must be met out of the family pocketbook. It is The same principles that he has learned to follow in his high time that we stop believing in a Federal Santa Claus private life man has sought to apply to the affairs of govern­ and realize that the governmental expenses must be paid ment. Because he knows that he must bear the cost of gov­ from the national income. ernment in taxes, he has sought to assure its efficient and As the gentleman from Texas [Mr. SUMNERS] declared in economical administration. a recent speech to the district attorneys: One of the most significant steps in the development of You States come up here and ask for more and more money. representative government has been the limitation of the Where does it come from? It comes from the pockets of your own power of the rulers to tax and to spend. It has not been with­ people. We are signing the names of your children and of children out bloodshed that men have achieved the right to determine yet unborn to pay off that $40,000,000,000 debt. • • • You people out there look to Washington, but I look to the people. If the amount of their taxes and how they should be used. In the time ever comes when the American people are no longer able England, the wresting of the control of the Nation's purse to operate their democratic system of government, that Govern­ strings by the Parliament was one of the greatest triumphs ment will have to find a Hitler or a Mussolini to do its business: We get the money from you and even you don't get it all in the limitation of the powers of the King. back. • • • We take your shirt and give you a little piece of The American colonists knew that the power to tax was the the shirt tail. Then you go back home waving it and shouting, power to destroy. With the slogan, "No taxation without "Look what Uncle Sam gave me." representation," they fought a revolution and achieved that And so we. go blithely on our way, facing the tenth con­ representation for themselves as essential to a free people. secutive year of astronomical deficit. They knew that only under a government economically Does any man think that he can run his personal finances and efficiently administered would freedom be possible; that in this manner? Does any man think he can borrow his extravagance would lead to the enslavement of the people way into prosperity? How long does any man think he could under the yoke of oppressive taxation. They realized that continue to spend twice as much as he makes? Does any extravagance feeds upon extravagance and power upon power. -businessman operate on the principle that the more he spends And, recognizing this human weakness, they knew that the the more he will increase the purchasing power of others to power over the spending of huge public sums was fully as buy his goods? Does anyone believe that to do so adds so ·dangerous in the hands of an elected {)fficial as in those of a much as a single penny to the total national wealth? despotic ruler. Mr. Chairman, it is high time that we awaken from this In the campaign of 1932 the ideas of thrift and economy delusion, this spending spree in which we have indulged. Not were eloquently echoed and championed by Candidate only have we placed upon ourselves the burden of staggering Roosevelt. taxes, but we have run the public debt up to the limit allowed He knew then that the burden of the cost of government is by law. bome by all of the people. Surely this a warning signal, a red light telling us to stop. Taxes--- Surely it is time to stop, look, and listen. Are we going to LXX.XIV--363 5744 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 face the cold facts of reality or are we to continue this break­ added to our present public debt, which is now rapid ~ y ap­ neck speed until we crash? proaching forty-five billions? How are we to meet the situation? Does any responsible But, worst of all, the true cost of our extravagance cannot person advocate that we inaugurate inflation? Does any in- . be measured in terms of dollars and cents. tellectually honest person believe that it can be solved by What must be the moral effect upon our citizens who are raising the debt limit? Does anyone propose that taxes be 1 taught that to be unemployed is no great hardship because raised to meet our present rate of spending? one can always live on the Government? Does this not lead You and I know that there is only one answer. The longer to the degenerating psychology of dependency and shirking of we put off facing the fact, the more cruel will be the day of ' responsibility? What example does the Government set its reckoning. citizens when Federal funds are recklessly squandered? We must begin to live within our income. We must tighten What incentive is there for the individual to live frugally our belts and give up every extravagance, every unnecessary and to save for the future if his savings are to be eaten up expense. Like the prodigal son, we must confess the error in taxes? of our ways and repent. By stern self-discipline we must "Eat, drink, and be merry," is the lesson, "for tomorrow recapture the virtue of frugality. the Federal Government will care for you." At this point a great hue and cry will be raised, "Will you Mr. Chairman, "Wheh I was a child I spake as a child, I let people starve?" This is evading the issue. No one advo­ understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I be­ cates such a program. came a man I put away childish things." I learned that I The real question is, "How long do you propose to keep peo­ was held responsible for my acts; I learned to stand on my ple on ·relief while you continue to throttle business? How own feet and depend upon myself. · long will you refuse to free the flow of idle capital into private But today, it seems, these lessons are no longer taught. industry, which alone can provide employment?" Today political parties preach the gospel of dependency upon The real question. is, "How long will you continue to give the Government and base their campaigns on boasts of what to the people with one hand, while with the other you pick they have given the citizen in the past and on promises 'of their pockets?" what they will give him in the future .. If direct taxes were to be substituted for the myriad of What is to become of the initiative, industry, and inde­ hidden taxes, every individual in the land would know just pendence of a people who once prided themselves on these exactly what the Government was costing him. A cry for virtues? What can be the result of such a policy, save to economy would go up which would be irresistible. As it is corrode the national character? few citizens realize that 22 cents of every dollar they spent Again, what must be the effect of Federal extravagance last year was swallowed up by taxes, even though they never upon the citizen engaged in a business who sees the money saw an income-tax blank. . taken from him in taxes used to finance Government projects Mr. Chairman, there are few today who still believe that in direct competition with his business? What could be more we can pump prime our way to prosperity. Heaven knows dangerous to the success of a system of private economy? we have tried it and have been sadly disillusioned by its The stability of any economy must depend upon the finan­ failure. More and more the people are awakening to the cial stability of the government. Continued wasteful and fact that, as one constituent wrote his Senator, "You can no extravagant living beyond income impairs confidence in the more spend yourself into prosperity than you can drink your­ credit of a government as surely as it destroys faith in the self sober." credit of an individual. We in Congress have talked much of the necessity for econ­ Add to this the broad discretionary powers over our mone­ omy. But what have we done about it? We proclaim our­ tary system possessed by the President. Is not the fear selves in favor of economy with one breath, and with the justified that an administration which plunges the people next urge vast appropriations for projects in which we are into the mire of debt may resort to financial juggling to personally interested. We call for economy, but no one is evade its obligations? willing to make the first move, save at the other fellow's Because no man can say that our Federal credit will col­ expense. lapse or that ruinous monetary panaceas will be employed We adopted the spending policy as an emergency measure this year or next year or the sear after, is this any excuse to help us get out of the depression. The depression is still for us to pursue our reckless course until the breaking point with us, and the spending habit is becoming fixed. Every­ is reached? one recognizes the need for economy, but no one is willing to In these turbulent times, we can meet this challenge only take the lead. In fact, many are beginning to adopt a de­ by making democracy succeed. We can do so only by setting featist attitude toward our desire to curtail spending. our house in order morally, spiritually, economically, and The mayor of New York testified recently before a con­ financially. gressional committee that he believed relief would have to continue for the next 9 or 10 years. Does anyone believe The entire blame for the present situation cannot be that we could stand such a burden? The mayor himself placed upon Congress. Every year new groups are formed evaded this question with a wisecrack. for the purpose of exerting pressure upon Congress, of ex­ ploiting the Federal Treasury. People talk economy, but Mr. Chairman, the peoples of the world tremble today in the fear that they will once again be thrown into a general they want to get as much as possible of the gravy if it is conflict, one which would be far more disastrous and destruc­ being passed out. tive than the last, not only in loss of life but morally, socially, As a distinguished Senator from Mississippi told a recent financially, and economically. convention: In 1917 we had practically no public debt. That war cost There isn't a project desired at Squedunk or Yellow Rabbit or Vinegar Bend, whether it be a recreational lake or sanitary ren­ us over $40,000,000,000, and brought on the worst depression dezvous, whether it be for the deepening of the Oakahay or the world has ever known. Gen. Hugh S. Johnson, who was regulation of _the Tallapoosa, or the creation of rural route No. in charge of the draft during that war, has stated that had the 18, that your local chamber of commerce does not meet and reso­ war lasted another year the Treasury was planning to spend lute and frighten with the fire of your infiuence the Congressman or Senator representing that bailiwick to obtain the approval and twenty-four billions in the fiscal year 1919. Mr. B. M. appropriation for the project. Baruch, however. who was Chairman of the War Industries Frankness co.mpels me to admit-- Board, estimated that the spending for that year would have been "nearer thirty-five billions." The Senator stated- The next world war will be even more costly and result that the difficult task of retrenchment :In Government expendi­ tures cannot be accomplished without the active interest, en­ in a far worse depression. Can any mind conceive ·of the couragement, and .support of the citizens of the country. If ruin which would result if such a catastrophe should be economies are to be employed, by this Government--!! expenuitures 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5745 are to be reduced, it will be because such a sentiment has been social, economic, and spiritual atmosphere in which they created back home and the demands made upon Congress for may go forward together - through voluntary cooperation such a policy. instead of being doomed to dependency upon Federal bounty: But Congress, because it is the representative of the people, This is our greatest, indeed, our only hope that a free nation must take the lead. How is it to begin? Where is it to will endure. cut? The answer is, a little everyWhere. Upon our wisdom in seeking and our success in achieving We have become so accustomed to talking in the astro­ these things depends the future of the Nation. Our wisdom nomical terms of billions-sums so vast that the mind can­ and our success will determine whether or not America will not comprehend their significance-that we have lost all once more advance as she has always done in the past. sense of proportion. Hundreds of thousands and millions They will determine whether or not we will pass on to future are now granted so glibly and freely that they soon mount generations of Americans yet unborn a happy, prosperous into more billions. We cannot, of course, begin to save bil­ nation, and the sacred heritage of the American tradition. lions all at once. But we can start cutting the hundreds of [Applause.] thousands and millions until our expenses begin to balance Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield 25 more nearly with our income. minutes to the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. RABAUT]. · One of Candidate Roosevelt's most eloquent campaign Mr. RABAUT. Mr. Chairman, many weeks of hearings, pleas in 1932 was: followed by long hours of preparing the appropriation bill Let us have the courage to stop borrowing to meet continuing for the three Departments, namely, State, Justice, and Com­ deficits. Stop the deficits! merce, puts a faithful, though tired, committee in the posi­ Does any'Member of Congress doubt that this move is es­ tion to present this measure to the House today. I would sential to economic recovery? Does any Member of Con­ be negligent in my duty failing to say a word in praise of gress doubt that such a step is necessary to preserve our the membership of the committee, consisting of our dis­ national credit? Does any Member of Congress doubt that tinguished chairman, the gentleman from South Carolina failure to make this move will bring ruin and disaster to all [Mr. McMILLAN], and my Democratic colleagues, the gen­ of our people, rich and poor, employed and unemployed, tleman from Illinois [Mr. McANDREWS], the gentleman from young and old alike? Florida [Mr. CALDWELL], and the gentleman from North · Agreed in this, when are we going to begin to do what we Carolina [Mr. KERR], also our two Republican associates, the all know must be done? Are we lacking in the intellectual gentleman from California [Mr. CARTER], and the gentleman honesty and the moral fiber to face the situation squarely? from Nebraska [Mr. STEFANJ. Truly this group of seven Have we the courage and the vision to adopt such a program went to work with a will, with a view toward justice to the and put it into action, even if it means sacrificing the post Departments, and with determinatiop to guard and protect office in Squedunk or the bridge over the Tallapoosa in our the Public Treasury. own districts? There was no politics in the committee, and the devotion Do not misunderstand me. All appropriathms are not to to duty of our able clerk, Mr. Jack McFall, has been at­ be stopped. Those on relief must be cared for, but we must tested to time and time again by the individual members of be sure that money intended for them is received by them. our committee. Matters of national defense must be provided for. I am a The amount recommended in the bill for 1940 is $121,399,- firm believer in national defense and the keeping up of our 120. This sum is an increase of $26,691,315 over 1939, but is Navy. I do not believe, however, that our Navy must be a decrease under the Budget estimate of $2,970,083. The sustained on Argentine beef; in fact, I believe we have just break-down for the various departments is conveniently as good beef here in the United States to feed our fighting arranged in the report. men as can be found anywhere in the world. [Applause.] Two items constitute a substantial part of the increase, I may say in passing that I am in favor of protecting our namely $20,000,000 for the decennial census, and $3,000,000 cattlemen. I come from the West where we have a large for needed facilities for the Bureau of Prisons. cattle industry. While I am solicitous about protecting the The committee is pleased to report a recognized improve­ cattlemen of the West I am just as solicitous about protect­ ment in the use of the communication service in the Depart­ ing every other industry that suffers from foreign com­ ments, resulting from notice in past hearings before the com­ petition. mittee that this service must be superv.'sed and the cost Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? lowered. The bill considers and provides for many subdivisions of Mr. CARTER. I yield. government in the three Departments, but I am anxious to Mr. HOFFMAN. What about our beet-sugar industry in confine my consideration to the Bureau of Prisons and the Michigan that is being put out of business? 'inmates of penal and correctional institutions of the Federal Mr. CARTER. I am in favor of protecting against foreign Government. It is indeed shocking to learn the part that competition and foreign cheap labor every industry in this youth plays annually in the age group of persons arrested. country. [Applause.] Age: Arrests Mr. Chairman, we must have this intellectual honesty and 16------10,984 moral fiber, we must have this courage and wisdom if we 17------17,276 are ever again to have prosperity in this country. But it is 18------23,900 19------23,877 not material welfare alone that is at stake, or that we must 20------20,844 seek. 21------24,295 Our spiritual life is at stake. We must seek first a re­ 22------24,287 covery of the hardy virtues of the pioneers-courage, inde­ 23------23,968 pendence, industry, and thrift. These virtues, by which 24------22,359 they made this country great, became known the world over This subject of youth is deserving of much further consid­ as characteristic of the American people. They are a price­ eration especially when considered from the angle of the edu­ less part of our tradition and heritage. cational system and its cost in this Nation. There are two Our economic ·life is at stake. We must seek first the major expenses in America, one the educational system, and recovery of our free system of private enterprise, by putting the second the Department of Justice. In a certain sense the our financial house in order, by releasing business from the failure of one casts a burden upon the other. I am reminded burden of oppressive taxation and the competition of the of the phrase, "As ye sow, so shall ye reap." No wonder Government, that it may once more go forward, as the only the New York Times, in a prominent first-page article on way of true progress. April 30, said: Constitutional government itself is at stake. We must "Disloyalty purge" of teachers asked. New York teachers were called upon to cleanse their ranks of all disloyal members and to seek first a recovery of the American ideal of a government disband and drive out of the public school system any group or which helps its citizens to help themselves, which creates a organization not standing for 100-percent Americanism. 5746 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 President Roosevelt in April, at the Conference on Children. and weed out those conditions and those forces which bring emphasized religion and pointedly said: about delinquency. We are concerned about the children who are outside the reach If you will look at the hearings you will see that there are of religious influence and are denied help in obtaining faith in an now nearly 30,000 persons under the supervision of the Fed­ ordered universe and in the fatherhood of God. eral probation officers. You will also see in the testimony And Monsignor Keegan said: that when this statement was made, after hours of discour­ The responsib1lity of democracy is to fortify the young against aging testimony about the growth in the population of the paganism. Federal prison system, I remarked that this was the one en­ I have also been impressed, Mr. Chairman and members couraging note in the Government's correctional program. of the Committee, with the testimony of the Director of the Instead of sending everybody who gets into Federal court to Bureau of Prisons, which shows a very considerable increase prison, we are now trying to keep them in their own com­ in the number of Federal prisoners over the last several munity and salvage the good there may be in them through constructive and enlightened probation service. Further­ years. If you will refer to the testimony, you will see that the number has grown continually since 1925, with the ex­ more, the United States probation officers not only work with ception of a brief period immediately following the repeal the individuals under their supervision but throughout the of the Prohibition Act. Today there are 18,350 men and Nation they are working with local social agencies and wel­ fare forces. In this way our probation service is not only a women in the Federal penal and correctional institutions. method of correction but a positive force in the prevention This is about 1,100 in excess of the number in prison the of crime. same time last year and more than 2,000 in excess of the average prison population 2 years ago. Our prison popula­ Our committee has been most anxious to improve the Fed­ tion is growing rapidly enough to fill one new prison every eral probation system and we have granted as many of the year. requests for additional personnel as possible in view of the The number of men and women sent to State institutions serious economic condition of the country. We know that has also shown a continually upward trend in the past the probation officers are a great help to the court in fur­ decade. There were 107,532 men and women in State nishing them with information about defendants whose prisons and reformatories on December 31, 1930, and on that cases must be acted upon by the judge. I am glad to say same date in 1937 there were 134,633 prisoners. Think of that an increasing number of Federal judges are asking for it, in a 7-year period there was an "increase of about one­ presentence reports before they pronounce sentence. If third in our State prison population. The same thing has more of them would do this and could find the time to give occurred, as I have said, in our Federal prison system. more consideration to each individual defendant, there This is an alarming situation, it seems to me, although I would be less disparity in the actions of the various courts. recognize that the increase of Federal prisoners is due to a The widely different practices and policies of the Federal considerable extent to the widening scope of Federal crimi­ courts in the sentencing of Federal offenders has thrown into nal jurisdiction and to the energetic anticrime program sharp relief the magnitude of this problem. For example, inaugurated by this administration. But the steady increase the percentage of convicted offenders who were placed on in the number of all prisoners is a matter of grave concern. probation during the past year varied from none at all in Our prison population in ratio to the general population is some districts to a maximum of nearly 80 percent in other very much in excess of that of England, France, Italy, and districts. The same crime in one jurisdiction will mean pro­ even Germany if the political prisoners are not counted. In bation or a light sentence, and almost exactly the same of­ all of England and Wales, for instance, there are less than fense in a neighboring jurisdiction may mean a period of 10,000 prisoners-about the same number as we have in the from 5 to 10 years in the penitentiary. No wonder that the State of California alone. France had in 1932 but 50 prison­ Director of the Bureau of Prisons testified as to the acuteness ers per 100,000 of general population, whereas we had about of the disciplinary problem created in his institutions by the 175, or 3¥2 times as many. It is time, it seems to me, to fact that prisoners feel they are not being treated equally. have a stock taking and find out whether our people really We have ·also made during the past year, it seems to me, are more lawless, whether we have too many laws, whether one very real improvement in the manner of handling those our courts are giving too long sentences, or just what is who commit Federal offenses when we enacted a Federal wrong. Juvenile Delinquency Act in the closing days of the last ses­ The phase of the problem which interests me most is the sion. This act provides a procedure for the disposition of question of crime among our youth. You will notice in the the cases of youthful offenders by informal methods anal­ testimony of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons that he ogous to State juvenile courts. The act makes it possible to does not find that there has been a disproportionate in-· keep the juvenile out of unsanitary, improperly supervised crease in the number of juvenile offenders. He seems to jails, expedites action on the case, and eliminates the possi­ think that in view of the temptations of our modern social bility of stigmatizing the juvenile by trying him in open court. and economic order the youth of today has displayed a most During the present fiscal year over 400 juveniles were dis­ commendable moral fiber. He points out that there are be­ posed of under this new procedure. It was possible for the tween four and five million young persons between the ages courts to make arrangements for retaining approximately of 16 and 25 out of school and out of work and yet there half of those found guilty on probation or in foster homes in has been no great increase in the number of crimes most their local communities rather than transporting them to typical of juvenile offenders. He does not deny, however, some distant institution. It seems to me that this is a that the problem of juvenile delinquency is a serious one _very forward-looking procedure and ought to go far in saving which demands a reappraisal of our family and community many young offenders from becoming confirmed criminals. ettitudes and resources. It has received the approbation of every Federal judge except It is time, it seems to me, that we were doing something one. Only one Federal judge declines to take advantage of about the crime situation besides building more prisons and its terms. continuing along in the same old ways. We have got to The act has, however, thrown an increasing burden upon the bring the matter closer home and to bring it about that the probation officers, and I hope that as time goes on we will churches, the schools, and the other social agencies do some­ be able to provide sufficient staff to make it possible to give thing to prevent crime. We cannot do the job from Wash­ this same constructive attention to the case of every juvenile ington. Crime must be combated locally. Furthermore, it who gets into Federal court. cannot be successfully combatted if we content ourselves Mr. Chairman, Members of the_Committee, the problem of with punishing people after they have committed an offense. crime is one which challenges our social structure. It cannot We must find ways and means in our own communities to . be brushed aside and forgotten. We must find some way to help people before they have come in conflict with the law stop the upward trend of State and Federal prison population. 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5747 Mr. Chairman, in the extension of my remarks I intend to THE GOOD NEIGHBOR deal with youth in crime and to set forth an outline for cor­ Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. Mr. Chairman and col­ rection, for the salvation of youth that should be saved, too leagues, I ask your indulgence today to make some pertinent late when it has found its way to the penitentiary. ·observations concerning our good-neighbor policy. Presi­ OUTLINE-YOUTH IN CRIME dent Roosevelt and his administration in speaking of the I. Importance of youth problem in crime. good-neighbor policy refer more especially to our foreign A. Statistics clearly indicate scope of the problem. policy with the Latin American nations of the West Indies. 1. During calendar year 1938 youths under 21 years Central and South America. of age responsible for: a. 18.8 percent of all known arrests for all The term "neighbor" is an institution that belongs to the types of offenses. rural sections of our country, and we have always had good b. 12 percent of all arrests for criminal hom- neighbors, poor neighbors, and bad neighbors. A good icides. c. 28.5 percent of all arrests for robberies. neighbor was considered the person living near to us who, d. 43.5 percent of all arrests for burglaries. in time of need, was ready and willing to help. We could e. 31.7 percent of all arrests for larcenies. borrow a cup of sugar, some meal, flour, or soda, and some­ f. 52.3 percent of all arrests for auto thefts. times a coal of fire, a plow, mule, or wagon. To be known B. From the above figures it is evident that the predomi­ nance of youth in crime is not a hypothetical but an as a good neighbor was a coveted honor. A person was not actual situation. - considered a good neighbor unless he was willing to recipro­ n. Need for education of youth to recognize the stark realities of cate when circumstances required. crime. The good-neighbor expression as applied to our Latin A. Youth must be taught and convinced of the futility of crime. American foreign policy was not conceived by this adminis- _ B. Parents must be brought to realize their responsibilities tration. As I recall, the late Honorable Elihu Root, when in rearing children. Secretary of State, frequently used the same expression. 1. Old-fashioned parental discipline notably lack­ Now, in Kentucky it is a fine thing to be neighborly and to ing. 2. Immature minds cannot be granted utter free­ help one's neighbors, but it is equally incumbent upon the dom without disastrous results. other party to be neighborly. No act could bring the neigh­ 3. Tendency for parents to take the side of the bor in ill repute and so quickly attach to him the opprobrium child when he is in the wrong. of bad neighbor as to borrow and not return or to take from 4. All major criminals started their careers by com­ mitting petty offenses. his neighbor that which did not belong to him. I inquire, C. Need for intelligent handling of juvenile delinquents .Have our neighboring countries to the south been and are by the courts and law-enforcement officers. .they now good neighbors? 1. Reformatories should serve to set the delinquent on the right path again, and not teach him BILLIONS LOANED--NOTHING RETURNED new criminal methods through association We loaned large sums to the allied countries during the with incorrigibles. World War, and we now complain bitterly because they have 2. Probation system must be intelligently super­ vised and the personnel must be of a high . defaulted and, with the exception of Finland, have failed to caliber if results are to be obtained: pay either the principal or interest. Now, what about our D. The success of youth organizations as a juvenile-crime Latin American neighbors? deterrent. These Latin American countries issued nearly $2,000,000,- 1. Boys' clubs sponsored by police departments as the Metropolitan Police Department in Wash­ 000 worth of bonds. They sold them to American citizens. ington, D. C., have been remarkably successful A million or more American citizens now own these bonds. in reducing juvenile crime. The following is a list of the countries and the amount of 2. Boy Scout troops organized for the underprivi­ bonds sold to our citizens, and the amount in default: leged youth under sponsorship of police, par­ ent-teacher, and religious groups eminently successful. Total amount Total dollar 3. Big Brother movements in western cities have Country of dollar - bonds in met with great success. bonds sold default 4. Police athletic leagues, or "PAL" ~eagues, as they are called have proven very successful in sev­ ·BraziL ______------______-- ~ -_.______-- ___ _ $357, 071, 745 $357,071, 745 eral large eastern cities. Mexico ______--_____ --____ ------273, 696, 054 273, 696, 054 C bile ______------216, 069, 500 216, 069, 500 .m. Proper religious influences can assist greatly in combating Columbia ______146,699,305 143, 649, 900 juvenile crime. Peru __ ------_------______------_ 85,656, 500 85,656,500 A. Crimes not committed for antisocial reasons but are Bolivia______-- __--_ ------61,005,639 61,005,639 58, 192, 100 58, 192, 100 due to total lack of moral responsibility. .UruCubaguay- ______------_-______------______- -_ 1. Proper religious training develops moral char­ Panama ______82,503,100 40,000,000 acter. 19,562, 943 H, 270,443 . Ecuador------­ 12,262,700 12,262,700 B. Formation of boys' and girls' clubs under intelligent El Salvador------10, 901, 825 10,901, 825 supervision, with wholesome athletic and educational Costa Rica ______------10,489,351 ]0, 489,351 programs. Guatemala ______------______5, 535,084 3, 854,08, 1. The old-fashioned picnics, pie suppers, and sim­ ilar activities are all too rare occurrences today in the larger towns and cities, although still You will observe these 13 countries have defaulted on both very successful in rural communities. principal and interest for more than $1,200,000,000. Some of C. Father and son activities not adequately stressed. these defaults have only been a few years and others for IV. Field of juvenile delinquency and prevention of crime by youths 30 years. a fertile one, and endeavors in this direction will pay big dividends in the future of the Nation. Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. Will the gentleman yield? A. As a result of our derelictions in past there has arisen Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. I yield to the gentleman from in the country a criminal army which today numbers Tennessee. 4,750,000. Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. Does the gentleman know B. A substantial reduction in juvenile delinquency will materially alter the crime problem of tomorrow. that, due to the fact a great many of the banks, especially C. i~t!2u 'Ior'"'t:~ery-par-eJ.It-to-.ruted:$t'i:Iin!;:;tnf-unU' :i:lm."6t:Ji-ttr' .~ . ~n2 s~.::.~a\" ~u!"~ha£erl~ . s82!:~ · · ·E-9'-.::.~a .. ...Az..~l'ioUl .. '!20~~\" &t,_ modern youth. contributed materially to their failure sometime ago? 1. The various adult activities today taking too Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. Yes; that is the information much of the parents' time away from the child has had decided influence on youth in I have. crime. Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. I know personally of some D. Juvenile-crime prevention is something every citizen banks that failed on account of the purchase of these South should zealously support and actively participate in American bonds. to make America an even better place to live in. ASKING FOR MORE Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield 20 minutes to the . Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. Recently there has started gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. RoBsiON]. a parade of these Latin American countries to the United 5748 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 States Treasury. One of the leaders in the parade is Brazil. ordinated· to the material capacity of Brazil to pay. Using Brazil sold to our citizens her Government bonds amounting American money to buy American goods, she can and does to $357,071,745. She has defaulted on interest, as well as the use her own money to buy in Germany, Japan, and other sinking fund. She has quit paying either principal or inter­ countries at cheaper prices. est. Brazil a few weeks ago sent her Foreign Minister, Mr. Brazil and other South American countries are buying, Aranha, to secure more loans and credits. It is not definitely and will buy, an increased amount of machinery and equip- known what arrangements were made by Mr. Aranha with . ment to make shoes, textiles, and other manufactured prod­ our Government. He secured, according to statements made ucts. Brazil is rapidly becomjng our great competitor in the by leading Democratic Senators on the floor of the Senate and production of cotton-in fact, she ships some of her long­ the press and other sources of information, a promise of loans staple cotton into the United States. We are financing our and credits ranging between $40,000,000 and $120,000,000. competitors as we did in sending our machinery and equip­ Some Democratic Senators denounced the proposals of our ment to Japan, Russia, and other countries, and then sent Government to extend to Brazil further credit. It is most our ablest men into those countries to show the Russians, interesting to read the press reports of the statement issued Japanese, and others how to use and finally how to dupli­ by Foreign Minister Aranha when he returned to Brazil. He cate American machinery and equipment; and now, with said: their cheap labor and low standards of living, they become We accomplished what was up to us to do, 1. e., brought back vital competitors of industry, agriculture, and labor of this assurance of credit. Brazil gave nothing in exchange because country. we had nothing to give. It is true that I stated the Government We should remind Brazil that a good neighbor always contemplated resuming payment in July on the bonds. My pur- . pose in making this statement was to tranquilize the l United pays back, and a good neighbor does not like to loan sugar, States] holders of our bonds--more than a million persons. I have coffee, flour, and meal when the borrower forgets to return always, however, subordinated this moral obligation to pay to that which he borrowed. the material capacity to do so. I have already stated that in our ' agreements we are not obliged to purchase in the United States OUR NEIGHBOR MEXICO and it is obvious that we can only do so when the terms are The Mexican Government issued $273,696,054 of bonds favorable to us. and sold these bonds to American citizens. Mexico has Mr. Aranha boasts of the fact that he got what he came been in partial default on the interest on these bonds since after--credit-and that Brazil gave nothing in exchange. 1913 and in total default since 1919. In other words, Mexico He admits that he gave out the statement in the United has not paid anything on the principal and interest of this States while he was here that his Government, Brazil, con­ debt since 1919. Thousands of American citizens are holding templated resuming payment in July on these defaulted Bra­ these defaulted bonds of Mexico. zilian bonds. He says his purpose in making these state­ We have done more than this for Mexico. From January ments was to "tranquiliM" or, in other words, pacify the more 1, 1936, to March 31, 1939, we exported to Mexico $267,- than a million American citizens who are holding the de­ 000,000 worth of American products, and Mexico has shipped faulted $357,071,745 of bonds and interest of the Brazilian into this country $175,000,000 of cattle, hides, and other Government. Mr. Aranha also states: products. For every dollar of balance of trade in our favor, I have always, however, subordinated this moral obligation to we loaned to Mexico $3 on which she has defaulted, both . pay to the material capacity to do so. . as to the principal and the interest. An individual or nation owing an honest debt, if he or it Under the · Silver and Gold Purchase Acts of 1934 this comes to the conclusion to disregard the moral obligation, it Nation has been not only a good neighbor but a Santa Claus is very easy indeed to think up the excuse of incapacity to to Mexico. We have bought all of her silver at nearly double .pay. its market value and her gold at $35 an ounce when it is From what source is Brazil to secure this money? A new worth less than $21 an ounce. We have paid to Mexico agency was set up by the New Deal administration--Com­ millions and millions of dollars in silver and gold subsidies modity Credit Corporation. Congress gave this Commodity and in this way have provided employment for tens of thou­ Credit Corporation the power to loan $500,000,000. The sands of Mexicans and have preserved the economic life of Commodity Credit Corporation gets the money from theRe­ that country. construction Finance Corporation, and the Reconstruction While we were performing these unusually neighborly acts Finance Corporation gets the money from the United States of generosity and being a real Santa Claus, the Mexican Gov­ Treasury, and of course the money gets into the Treasury ernment forcibly took over millions of acres of oil lands, both when taken from the pockets of the taxpayers of this country. developed and undeveloped property, machinery and equip­ The chief purpose of the Commodity Credit Corporation ment. The crude oil produced on these properties owned by has been and is to encourage trade between the United States American citizens in 1937 was 8,739,000 barrels. These prop­ and the Latin American countries, but what did Mr. Aranha erties taken by Mexico from American citizens have an ap­ say when he got back home? proximate value of $200,000,000. We are not obliged to purchase in the United States and it is We loaned Mexico hundreds of millions of our dollars, we obvious that we can only do so when the terms are favorable to us. paid her tens of millions in subsidies, and now this good The unusual favors granted to these Latin American neighbor (?) takes by force the property of American citi­ countries have been based largely on the idea it will open up zens. She bas not returned one cent of the loans, she has new markets for our people and increase our trade in those not returned these lands unlawfully and forcibly taken; countries. Let us see what has been accomplished in Brazil. neither has she paid one cent of compensation. To add From January 1, 1936, to March 31, 1939, we exported to insult to injury, Mexico has been taking the oil belonging to Brazil $196,250,000 worth of products, but during the same American citizens and has been exchanging this oil with Ger­ period of time Brazil shipped into our country

Are these figures fully understood? Would these facts be ~ore clined over 75 percent since Congress enacted the Federal l realistic if I pointed out that last year in this country a senous crime was committed every 22 seconds; that 3,927 serwus m:imes Bank Robbery Act in 1934. were committed every day; that nearly 1,500,000 serious cnmes, I feel qualified to speak of kidnaping, since my State has such as murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, burglary, and aggra~ been the scene of much activity. Only a little over a year vated assault, were committed during the year; that 3_3 murders ago John Henry Seadlund was brought to the northern 1 were committed every day; that one burglary was colD.IIlltted ev~ 1% minutes; that one robbery was committed every 9 minutes. woods of Minnesota after the G-men had chased him from and that one larceny was committed every 38 seconds? coast to coast and over halfway back across the continent. · This time Seadlund was in custody for the kidnaping of It is, of course, difficult to estimate correct!~ the annual cost of crime, yet it is generally agreed that crrme costs the Charles S. Ross, of Chicago. He had used Minnesota as a. : Nation a minimum of approximately $15,000,000,000 an­ hide-out, but only once. He will kidnap and kill no more. nually. And even in these days of mass production and big Justice has taken its course. business it must be recognized that a $15,000,000,000 The first line of public defense is our American police, enterpri~e is something to be reckoned with, particularly whose development in recent years has been unparalleled. But our peacetime army of law enforcement needs our as­ since this constitutes a levy of about $120 for every man ~nd sistance just as does the Army, the Navy, and the Marine woman in the Nation each year. In fact, the cost of cr~me is 400 percent more than the national cost of educat10n, Corps. And at this point I want to commend American law , enforcement for its vision in taking more and more an which is $3,000,000,000. With so much considera~ion ~g given to tax burdens, it might be well to observe m passmg active part in crime prevention. that the cost of crime is 25 percent greater than our total Here is the second phase of the crime problem, which annual tax bill of approximately $12,000,000,000. There is really deserves not only the best thinking in the Nation no way whereby we can estimate the cost of crime to the but the most concerted action of every father and mother Nation in terms of human values . . Over 1,000,000 persons in the Nation. The facts are stark and revealing. The annually pass through the county jails of America .. Tt:e crime problem is a youth problem. Of the 554,376 case prison population in any State constitutes a commuruty m histories studied by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as itself. reflected in· its publication entitled "Uniform Crime Re­ ports" (val. 9, No. 4, p. 159), 104,425 of the individuals ar­ My own State of Minnesota has recognized the crime problem in recent years, particularly after it became neces­ rested were less than Z1 years of age, 94,909 were between sary to call upon the Federal Government to clean up 21 and 24; or 199,334 of the individuals arrested in 1938 marauding gangs of desperadoes who saw in the Twin Cities were less than 25 years of age. Add to this the 94,815 indi­ of st. Paul and Minneapolis green pastures and lucrative viduals arrested between the ages of 25 and 29 and you have fields beckoning to their predatory instincts. And the State 294,149 persons under 30 years of age. In other words, 53 of Minnesota acknowledges with gratitude the splendid work percent of the persons arrested in 1938 were under 30 years of J. Edgar Hoover and his G-men in exterminating the of age 35.9 percent were under 25 years of age, while 18.8 Barker-Ka.rpis gang, John Dillinger, "Baby Face" Nelson, and percen't had not reached the age of voting. Yet scores of other unwanted guests. strangely these figures are encouraging, because from 1932 Today Minnesota does not have the best record in the to the middle of 1935 more persons 19 years of age were ar­ country, but neither does it have the highest crime rates. rested than in any other age group. Slowly the age has . been rising, until in 1938 the largest number of persons ar­ As a matter of fact, according to the Federal Bureau of rested were 21 years of age. Investigation's tabulation of crime statistics, only 3 other States have lower murder rates, only 14 have lower robbery The most appalling fact shown in these figures, how- · rates, only 7 have lower assault rates, only 9 have fewer ever, is that while only 18.8 percent of the persons arrested burglaries per 100,000 inhabitants, only 19 have lower lar­ were under 21, yet this group accounted for 12 percent of · ceny rates; although 31 other States have lower rates of the murderers arrested, 28 percent of the robbers, 43 percent of the burglars, 31 percent of the larceners, and 52 percent auto theft. of the car thieves arrested. In comparing crime rates in Minnesota with crime rates According to the most recent figures of the Bureau of the ' per 100,000 inhabitants throughout the United States, it is Census, a total of 63,552 persons were sentenced by the noted that with the exception of larceny and auto theft, courts to serve penitentiary terms during 1937. Of this num­ Minnesota has lower rates than the general average: ber 12,188 were under 21 years of age and 12,221 were be­ tween 21 and 24, while 11,515 were between 25 and 29. In Offenses per 100,000 inhabitants other words over 56 percent of the persons committed to prison were under 30 years of age. Offense And in passing, let me ask this question, Could it be that In Minne­ In the sota United the Civilian Conservation Corps, by taking boys from poor States environments in hundreds of thousands of cases, has been responsible for raising the largest group of persons arrested Murder, nonnegligent manslaughter ______1.1 6.0 from 19 to 21 years of age? I do not think it at all pn- 1 RobberyAggravated ______assault ------______.--- _ (2.3 76.6 9. 5 50.6 reasonable to conclude that it has been a major factor. Not Burglary ___ ------___ _ 251.2 294. 4 Larceny ______--_--______------__ ------754.7 725.5 only that but there is also the health angle as indicated by Auto theft_ ___ ------210.3 188.1 the following editorial taken from one of our daily papers: HEALTH CONSERVATION IN C. C. C. There are three phases to the crime problem which are A telling commentary on what the C. C. C. has done in the particularly appealing to me and which should be empha­ field of health "conservation" is to be found in figures showing that the death rate for pulmonary tuberculosis among C. C. C. sized in every State and community in the Nation. First boys is only 0.06 per 1,000 boys. of all it is obvious that good law enforcement is an abso­ That is all the more impressive when you consider that the lute ~ecessity, and we are developing that angle progres­ death rate from that disease is six times higher for the general sively. As Director Hoover has so aptly said, "Sure detec­ male population in the 15 to 29 age group. Work in conserving resources, rehabilitating forests and parks, tion swift apprehension, and the certainty of punishment is usually cited as the C. C. C.'s primary accomplishment. Maybe are the time-proven deterrents to crime." At least this has it is--it's certainly important enough-but the health and muscle been proven by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in deal­ gained by C. C. C. members, many of whom come from urban ing with kidnapers and bank robbers. Out of the 148 kid­ slum areas. are a tremendously beneficial byproduct. naping cases reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Ask any experienced law-enforcement officer why youth 146 have been completely solved, and bank robbery has de- commits crime and he will tell you that it is not solely be- 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE · 5757 cause of poverty or out of sheer antisocial tendencies. He ing council. Every community should have youth move­ will tell you that youth commits crime because of several ments. And it is the function of the State and the National reasons, such as defective home conditions, bad companions, Governments to lend a hand by furnishing the leadership abnormal physical conditions, deficient early development, and if necessary the funds to start these movements and unsatisfied interests, and extreme educational defects. As -keep them going. I mean things now being sponsored by Director Hoover has observed, "youth commits crime because the American Legion, such as juntor baseball, citizenship some adult has committed a greater crime. Youth commits training, boys' towns, school medals, school patrols, and so crime because of deep-laid social faults that must be cor­ forth. Time does not permit me to mention activities of rected." One feature of this problem is referred to in the other patriotic organizations of which there are many, espe­ following news item taken from the Minneapolis Journal, cially in the V. F. W. as follows: At this point in my discussion I wish to insert an inter­ INSTRUCTION IN SEX URGED FOR SCHOOLS esting and relevant article entitled "Crime Prevention," NEW YoRK, April 21.-Advocating sex instruction in public which is written by an inmate of our State Reformatory for schools, Ellsworth B. Buck, New York City educator, laid to par­ Women at Shakopee, Minn., and which has been sent to me ents today the responsibility for increase in social disease, and the number of .illegitimate babies born to high-school-age girls, he by Supt. Estelle Jamieson, who is in charge of that institu­ said, was shown in a national survey. tion. Not knowing that the article was to be used in this Buck said a committee would be appointed to study possibility way, it is interesting, and especially so, coming from the in­ of including sex instruction in high-school courses here. side by one who knows the problem from sad experience. "An appalling picture of ignorance" was his description of the survey showing that about 40 children in every 1,000 in the Na­ Read it: Crime Prevention, by Harriet F. tion are born out of wedlock, almost half of them to girls between CRIME PREVENTION the ages of 15 and 19 years. (By Harriet F.) The present conditions, Buck said, have arisen "precisely be­ cause parents refuse or are .uneqUipped" to undertake proper sex The problem of crime prevention is not the concern of penologists instruction of children. alone but should be of vital concern to all intelligent people. Crime affects all directly or indirectly. The study of the dread diseases I have already referred to John Henry Seadlund, the kid­ that have brought suffering to humanity has paid large dividends naper and murderer of Mr. Charles S. Ross, and the killer to the world-layman and scientist alike profiting. So, too, can the study of crime by penologists benefit the world. However, the of his own associate, James Atwood Gray. According to the knowledge gained by such study must be given to the public. press reports, Seadlund openly admitted he committed crime Society in general needs education along these lines, and it is the because of the excitement it gave him. And that is not duty of the penologist to bring this knowledge before the public and make them realize that it is their problem. unusual. Sixteen-year-old George Tindell, of Holden, Mo., Groups of penologists hold meetings attended by other penolo­ after seeing a hair-raising movie with his friend, went on a gists; they exchange theories; they discuss the problem. They 3-day orgy during which he stole four cars, committed four write books containing much valuable information, but these books robberies, and kidnaped three persons. Had George spent are for other penologists. They do not reach the general public, who are the ones who pay the taxes, among whom the lawbreakers a little more of his time playing football or some other sport, were born and raised, and to whom the transgressors will eventually his desires for new thrills and excitement no doubt would return after incarceration, and who are the ones that should make have been satisfied and he would not have been sent to prison a place for them if they are to be expected to become law-abiding citizens. for 15 years. The public must be taken into the confidence of penologists if we Crime prevention more and more demands our attention. are to begin at the right end of the penal question--crime preven­ In my youth there were chores to do-wood to be chopped, tion- rather than at the wrong end-rehabilitation. Moral re~ livestock and poultry to be cared for, and odd jobs to be done. habilitation is a splendid thing and worthy of the study and sup­ port of everyone, and a very necessary element in the cases that have Somehow it seems that youth has more leisure time today gone beyond the preventable point; but if the crime be prevented it and unless his leisure time is spent in a creative manner is far better. The public must be educated in all phases of the amidst clean, wholesome surroundings, something is bound crime question. If they can be made to realize what a large part they can play in the prevention of crime, it will follow that the to happen once his sense of moral responsibility weakens. right-minded ones will do their share toward the furthering of The answer lies in increased recreational facilities, as well this aim. as in appropriate discharge of parental responsibilities. Re­ There is no better place in which Minnesotans can begin this member, as I have pointed out, crime costs this Nation nearly worthy undertaking than in the Twin Cities. These two cities, being the largest in the State, are a mecca for the rural young folk $120 a person per year. Yet the per capita cost for recrea­ who, thinking opportunity for success lies at one's finger tips in this tional services in 94 cities ranges from 2 cents to $2.83 per larger community, come filled with boundless faith, courage, and year. We pay billions to the forces of lawlessness, yet beautiful, vital youth, but usually very little money. The money melts away surprisingly fast and they are left in their youthful scarcely spend millions for recreation and other activities ignorance to the mercy of whatever elements first hold out a guid­ which will give youth an outlet for his overabundant energy. ing hand. It is the duty of every decent citizen to do his share to­ What fools we mortals be. Why, in one great metropolitan ward providing for this contingency by doing what is in his power city-from volume 3 Survey of Recreation in Chicago, by to see that this guiding hand is the right kind. Suitable lodgings and assistance should be ·made available to these bewildered and Northwestern University-vice, it is said, and terrible as it is, friendless young people without a lot of red tape. "We do not care annually nets more than is paid out for all kinds of recrea­ who your parents are; we want to help you!" should be the attitude tion-commercial and private. The average youth in school of such a place. Food, shelter, and sympathetic understanding should be the first to be offered, followed by whatever type of has between 4 and 5 months of leisure time each year, and .assistance is needed in each individual case. You say that it is because of economic conditions, the school boy or girl does not sensible to hand out charity promiscuously; that persons not not find odd jobs as he did 10 or 20 years ago. The answer, deserving would take advantage? To that we can only say "We in my humble opinion, is an extension of youth activities should rather be fooled a thousand times than to feel that once we turned away some deserving soul until it was too late." Don't you, and movements such as the Boy Scouts, boys clubs, Y. M. C. A., too, think it would be a sad thing to know that because help was Y. W. C. A., Y. M. H. A., and 4-H clubs. In one city an old denied a girl in a crucial moment, her burden became too heavy for police station was taken over by a boys club and in 6 her to bear alone, and she by some illegitimate means tried to help herself; or, having lost all hope, sought utter oblivion and wandered months juvenile delinquency appreciably diminished. Here ever after through a dark valley, never finding peace or rest. in Washington, D. C., juvenile delinquency has declined as We who are incarcerated hear often the phrase, "Our debt to much as 75 percent in some precincts since the organization society," but is it true that we, because we have transgressed the of the Metropolitan Police Boys' Clubs. laws of society, are the only ones who owe a debt to society? No! By no means. You, each and every one,. owe your debt to society These are but isolated instances which can be duplicated because you are a member of society. It is all of us, good and bad, in thousands of communities. If they have worked merely who make up society, and we all have a duty and a debt which we as an incidental activity, how much more effective would they shall owe until we are no longer mortal clay. be if given concerted attention. The facilities we have, in We know only too well what pitfalls beset the path of youth, headstrong and eager to climb the. ladder of success in a few bril­ every community. All that is needed is the leadership, and liant strides. Youth is ever like that, and would we want it to be a little energy. Every community should have a. coordinat- much different? No; of course, we wouldn't. It is because of the 5758 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY IS eager, vital fire o! youth that more of our great and wonderful Mr. CARTER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the things come into existence. What we must do is help and encourage so that none of this fine energy will be expended in worthless pur­ ·gentleman from California [Mr. ANDERSONJ. suits. What greater satisfaction can we get, what greater charity Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. Chairman, if there is can we give than that found in helping some young woman to find one branch of the Federal Government which must be above her place in the world, and knowing that beca"Q.Se of that, someone has found the world a little better place in which to live? suspicion at all times, it is the Federal judiciary. The last hope of a free people in a f:ree country is the court of law The third phase of the crime problem which particularly which deals out justice to rich and poor alike, regardless of appeals to me and which is truly appalling-is the almost over­ race, color, or creed. The cornerstone of our faith in a true whelming problem of recidivism. Turning again to the Fed­ democracy must always be an unfaltering reliance in the eral Bureau of Investigation for statistics, we find that last integrity of these men who wear the robes of justice and sit year, of the 554,376 individuals who were arrested and finger­ upon the Federal bench. printed, 252,057 of them had previous records of criminal activity. It is impossible to pick up any metropolitan 'news­ In these days of unrest throughout the world, of economic paper without reading of some crime being committed by an distress at home, of changing social conditions both here and abroad, we must keep true to our course. If we are to pre- ex-convict or some paroled convict. Last summer in my own 1 State a brutal triple murder occurred near Osseo by August serve our democracy we must make doubly sure that those 1 Yaeger, who boasted of no less than eight convictions and who are entrusted with the honor of holding public omce are .prison sentences, only be paroled and pardoned time and persons of the highest integrity. As Attorney General to Murphy said in a recent speech: : again. I am happy to add that these acts of ill-advised clemency did not occur in my State. Whatever else men will tolerate from democratic government to preserve liberty, they will not tolerate injustice, and that means I think Mr. Hoover was correct when he observed: they will not tolerate something wrong with the courts. Reformation, theoretically, is always possible as there are some who can be rehabilitated; but reformation, practically, of confirmed, And yet, Mr. Chairman, there is something wrong with the degenerate, habitual criminals is so rare that in applying the parole courts, something radically wrong. We see the following principle it becomes a crime and nothing else to indulge indis­ headlines in a recent newspaper article: criminately in the hope that this type of criminal can be reformed, and to make society pay the penalty for what is so often proved Seven More United States Judges Face Ouster-Murphy Bares to be an error in judgment, based upon a sentimental, ill-considered Wide Scope of Criminal Quiz as President Accepts Thomas Resig­ viewpoint of individual criminals rather than a consideration of nation. . the entire problem. Reading further we find this: This type of criminal, of course, can be treated in only one Two Federal judges sitting within the confines o! New York City way; he must be incarcerated for life or until such time as he and five members of the Federal bench in other judicial circuits is rehabilitated. After all, prisons exist in order that society now face investigations similar to those which led to the indict­ ment of Circuit Court Judge Martin T. Manton and the resignation might be protected. of Thomas. Certainly most convicts must come out of prison sooner or later.. Parole properly administered as we try to do it in What is wrong? Why are these men, whose characters Minnesota can be of immeasurable value, and its facilities should be above reproach, facing an investigation by the should be extended to all criminals who have learned the Department of Justice -and possible indictments for mal­ error of their ways and have an honest desire to redeem feasance in omce? themselves and take their places in the communities where I think I know one of the answers and a possible cure for they settle. But they must be given a helping hand-those the trouble. Section 132 of the Criminal Code of March 4, that are worthy of reclamation are worthy of assistance. It 1909, provides that: costs the State $416.41 a year to keep a prisoner in the Min­ SEC. 238. (Criminal Code, sec. 132.) Accepting bribe; judicial nesota State prison, and at the present time we spend in office. Whoever, being a judge of the United States, shall in any­ wise accept or receive any sum of money, or other bribe, present, Minnesota only $44.12 to supervise a criminal a year. Other or reward, or any promise, contract, obligation, gift, or security States doubtless have similar :figures. for the payment of money, or for the delivery or conveyance of Work is a necessity for those who would lead an exemplary anything of value, with the intent to be influenced thereby in any life. Unless they can find work after release and be given opinion, judgment, or decree in any suit, controversy, matter, or .cause depending before him, or because of any such opinion, ruling, an opportunity to make an honest living they must become decision, judgment, or decree, shall be fined not more than $20,000 public charges or revert to crime. I submit it is not at all or imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both; and shall be forever unreasonable to consider subsidizing a convict upon his disqualified to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States (R. S. No. 5499; Mar. 4, 1909, c. 321, No. 132, 35 Stat. release from prison during his period of rehabilitation, at 1112). the same time placing a high penalty upon the violation of the terms of his release. The violation of parole is indeed Mr. Chairman, I do not believe that the present penalties a breach of confidence and as such it should be as great a are severe enough. A Federal judge, whose omce and in­ crime as stealing. While I know of no State which has tegrity should be above reproach and suspicion, when found had the foresight to approach the problem of recidivism guilty of violating his trust, should face a punishment that is by first giving every assistance to the released convict, never­ both severe and certain. The public will not and should not theless I am convinced of the validity of such a program. have to tolerate graft and corruption on the Federal bench. The public interest involved would more than warrant the Perhaps the assurance of speedy justice and the infliction experiment~ and I hope we can help the idea to take shape of severe penalties will act as a strong deterrent on the desire in the near future. to misuse the high omce and position of influence to which No honest citizen, I am certain, favors the widespread our Federal judges are appointed. menace of crime, yet unfortunately in most instances we have About 2 months ago I introduced a bill to amend the done much talking and have taken little action. The time present Criminal Code, which I have just cited. My bill pro­ has now arrived when there must be not only 100-percent vides that any judge found guilty of having violated the law concentration of interest in the crime problem, but 100- as heretofore stated shall be fined not less than $50,000 nor percent action as well. more than $100,000 or imprisoned for a period of from 15 Crime can be brought under control through effective years to life, or both. law enforcement, an extension of crime-prevention pro­ If we are going to clean up the Federal courts, let us keep grams, and the realistic tackling of the problem of recidivism. them clean. I believe that enactment into law of the amend­ May we dedicate every fiber of energy to the meeting and ment I have proposed, which increases the present maximum conquering of the menace of lawlessness. fine from $20,000 to $100,000 and the prison sentence from [Here the gavel fell.] a maximum of 15 years to life, will have a ·salutary effect 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5759 upon the future conduct of those to whom we entrust the thinking alone of Arizona, but of a greater America. In duties of a Federal judge. the bill before us today I find that an appropriation which Mr. THOMAS. S. McMll.LAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 I believe ought to be there is not there. We should build; minutes to the gentleman from Arizona [Mr. MURDOCK]. the country, the future, these young people will hold us Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. Mr. Chairman, I have been responsible if we sit down here in despair and let our coun­ delighted during the debate this afternoon to hear a number try be ravished by insects, let our soil be swept into the sea, of gentlemen quote from a very high authority. I do not and let the great engineering talent and ability we have want the membership to think that these two gentlemen to go to waste while we wring our hands _in despair over whom I refer are the only ones who can quote from that social and financial maladjustments and try to turn back same authority. to resume a program which our fathers knew. The gentleman from California quoted these words: Just this morning this letter came to me: When I was a child I spa.ke as a child, but when I became a man Mr. MuRDOCK, may I humbly remind you that there would be I put away childish things. · no overproduction of cotton or other commodities to trade to foreign countries if our own people had money to buy the things The gentleman on my side of the aisle gave another quota- they need. In fact, the only thing we see an overproduction in tion, also a good one, from the same source-;­ here is the :flies we have this year from lettuce rotting in the fields. As ye sow so shall ye reap. Mr. MURDOCK, if you COUld be here now and see the people I want to quote one or two. barely existing and desperate for work I think your heart would bleed. They must have money to buy the things that are here Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free. for them. It is their rightful inheritance. Why not national dividends to all citizens in interest-free, tax-free United States The immediate quotation I would like to give with reference notes? The . vague idea of money and its functions that the to this bill, if I only had the full time to discuss adequately people entertained in the past is now a thing of the past. A this bill and some comments I have heard today, is as follows: balance between money and production (services and commodities) is-exchange. Where there is no vision the people perish. America is in the balance. Not a matter of silver and gold but I listened with great interest to my friend from the far food and shelter and all useful things. The call now is for West, the minority leader having charge of time on this bill, statesmanship- when he spoke of the state of the Union. He paid tribute And so on, and so on. to the pioneers. I also know something about the pioneers, I agree with the sentiment in that letter, and I wanted to not only in .the East and in the Middle West, but in the far read it into the RECORD. West. I verily believe it took superpioneers to conquer that Mr. Chairnytn, I, too, want to balance the Budget, but region in the far Southwest where the gentleman and I live. that is not my first consideration. Let us put first things I am reminded of these words concerning the pioneers first. Let us be less anxious to balance the Budget and and I would like to pass on this tribute: more anxious to balance our economy. Let us see to it that When the soldier leads an assault in battle he does it in the we build America, that we build dams and power plants, blare of trumpets and the roll of drums. The charge lasts but and that we do the things which lordly man is supposed to a moment. He knows, whether he lives or dies, that eternal fame do as the master of creation. More pioneering remains is his reward. Not so with the pioneer. When this soldier of peace assaults the wilderness, no bugle sounds a charge. Savage to be done in this country than has already been done. Let beasts and still more savage men wait to ambush him. He us build this country which our pioneer ancestors conquered blazes the trails, fells the trees, turns the streams, and plants his in its raw state and chased away the shadows of wild beasts own rude stakes. Self-satisfied society accepts his toil without compensation and smiles at his crudities. His self-possessed soul and savage men. We have all the necessary talent and we keeps its finger on his lips and no lamentations are heard. have the economic ability to do it. Have we the courage? When joyous civilization comes tripping with unsoiled sandals I tell you, it is a defeatist attitude when we are gripped over the trails he has blazed, when seats of learning and temples with fear that we are getting our books out of balance and of worship dot the land, his youth is gone, hope is chastened into silence, and he sinks into a dreamless bivouac under the too much written in red ink. stars. The world merely sponges his name from the lists and Mr. DUNN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? shudders in horror at his rough and rugged ways. But he is Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. I am sorry time will not content. The shadows of the wilderness have been chased away. Savage beasts and savage men have fled. Fields ripen to golden permit me to yield at this point. grain and perfumes of flowers and songs of children gladden all Among many other things, this bill concerns commerce. the land. He smiles upon the coming generation and is content. While I shall not be able to look far into this bill, I do wish This is the type of men who made this country and we to say, echoing what the gentleman from California said, national lawmakers owe them and their courageous women that I want it understood that we out West can produce more than mere· lip service and praise. I wish to say to better beef than they can produce in the Argentine. [Ap­ my friend from California that to the extent that he glori­ plause.] But I am not content merely to dwell on that one fies the virtues of our pioneer forebears I certainly agree phase of international commerce. Why is it that our coun­ with him, but I do not agree in wishing to return to those try is willing to take beef from the Argentine? I am assured days. We can no more turn back the clock of time, we that some of the great American packing houses have gone can no more go back to the covered-wagon days of our an- , into the Argentine, and they are using cheap labor to can cestors than France in 1820 could go back to 1788. We beef there and send it here. That should be stopped, but cannot turn back the clock of time, nor would we. But I I want to go further than merely stopping that practice, do agree that we ought to provide a suitable reward for for it is only a part of the evil. Certainly, I want our the men and the women who 'have blazed these trails and Nation to trade with all nations. I believe commerce is the made America what it is. golden chain that links nations together and that interna­ As I · look around me now and see in this gallery on my tional trade is conducive to peace, but I am determinedly left those fine young people, I wonder whether we are oppQsed to permitting American capital to go into foreign going to stand for a little America or whether we are deter­ lands, produce goods with cheap foreign labor, and depend mined to stand for a big America? I am not a defeatiSt. on the American market for their sales. I am not chilled by the gloom and despair which seems to Mr. CARTER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? prevail over on the left side of the aisle. I agree with my Mr~ MURDOCK of Arizona. I am pleased to yield to the friend from California when he says we ought to stand for gentleman from California. such appropriations as are needed and are good, but I am Mr. CARTER. Let me say that I visited the Argentine not thinking merely of my own appropriations. When I exhibit in the San Francisco Exposition on Monday of this voted early today on two amendments, one relating to the far week and saw there the Argentine canned beef of Swift and South and another one to the Columbia River, I was not Armour on exhibition. LXXXIV--364 5760 ~ONGRE. SSIONAL RECORD-_ HOUSE MAY 18 Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. It is a fact which we have THE GOLDEN JUBILEE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON-A CENTURY OP. long suspected and some of us have known. It is alarming PROGRESS how much American capital has been invested abroad to Mr. COFFEE of Washington. Mr. Chairman, this year the produce goods for our markets. We have to go further than State of Washington is celebrating the golden jubilee of its canned beef and stop other importations of goods from admission into the Union as a State. In 1833 white civiliza­ abroad. tion was started in the Pacific Northwest, at that time Mr. KITCHENS. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? known as the Oregon Territory, at Fort Nisqually, a few Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. I yield to the gentleman from miles south of what later became the city of Tacoma, and Arkansas. within a very short distance of what are now Fort Lewis Mr. KITCHENS. The reason our industrialists are moving and McChord Field-these two latter undertakings are great to foreign countries, establishing automobile plants in Eng­ Federal enterprises, representing one of the great Army land and other countries and packing plants in South Amer­ cantonments and the new Army airfield of the Pacific North­ ica, for instance, is that we are running them out of this west-a half-century later a group of sturdy pioneers gath­ country. Our tariff walls have caused them to jump over ered together to draft a constitution for a new State. After these walls and leave our country and leave our labor here working assiduously night and day they composed their dif­ as it is. In this manner they have in part brought about ferences and jointly gave birth to a covenant which pro­ this depression. Is not that a fact? nounced that Washington forever would be the sympathetic Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. I respect the judgment of my abiding place of spiritual freedom, tolerance, and sound friend Jrom Arkansas, and there may be some correctness in government. Benjamin Harrison, President of the United his diagnosis. Whatever the cause may be and whatever the States, soon thereafter proclaimed this Providence-favored remedy, I do know this-that we are letting too much Ameri­ land of snow-capped mountains, sky-blue, pure water lakes, can capital be invested abroad in industrial concerns produc­ land-locked waters, verdant hills, fertile valleys, timbered ing goods for the American market to the detriment and loss hillsides, a sovereign State. of our own labor. [Applause.] FIFTY-YEAR SPAN OF BIRTH TO FRUITION [Here the gavel fell.] In 1889 a distant backwoods territory of straggling and Mr. CARTER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 3 minutes to the struggling settlements became Washington, the State, en­ gentleman from Wisconsin [Mr. MURRAY]. compassing and embracing the hopes and dreams of her Mr. MURRAY. Mr. Chairman, I wish to call your atten­ crusading, pioneer founders. Myriads of old and yoUD;g, tion and the attention of the Members of this HousE! to the identified with this rustic country, gathered to rejoice, hold­ fact that there is one group of our people who are deserving ing celebrations wherever assemblies could be gotten to­ of consideration at this time. .. gether in this spacious but sparsely settled land. In these days of the so-called agricultural surpluses, and Today, 50 years later, and but a little more than 100 years in these days where funds and means are being provided for after the first whites arrived, a proud State of nearly what are termed "the underprivileged," it seems only reason­ 2,000,000 Americans proclaims its vigorous leadership in able and fair that we give consideration to a relatively large fisheries, agriculture, commerce, and culture, and pauses to group of young people who are under institutional care. celebrate a real century of progress and its golden jubilee According to the last information available from the United year of statehood. States Department of Commerce, I find that we have 2,240 WASHINGTON, A GREAT AND FAVORED STATE foster homes, with an enrollment of 242,929 children. Here Today the·Evergreen State of Washington stands supreme are nearly a quarter of a million unfortunates who are surely in the Nation in the production of lumber and foremost in where they are through "no fault of their own." They are the production of wheat, dairy and poultry commodities, not in a position to bring any pressure on Congress. These quality fruits and berries, bulbs and flowers, mineral prod­ young people are found in many denominational as well as ucts, vegetables and divers and widely variegated commodi­ public institutions. Even if they are found in denominational ties of the fields and hills, made possible through the unity of institutions, I contend they are a group of people who man's effort and ingenuity and the blessings of Providence. should have, and deserve, public interest and support. I Today Washington State stands preeminent in citizen­ have had an opportunity of knowing many ·citizens of our ship and enlightenment, being first in public education, country whose childhood was spent in these institutions, and high-school pupils per capita, literacy, and literature read­ I know many splendid citizens who have had this training. ing. Superior highways ribbon the State-highways that In investigating this matter I find from the Surplus Com­ transcend mountains, overcome lakes, and, on massive struc­ modities Corporation that they have furnished some food to tures of engineering genius, straddle inland waters, thus comparable groups, and it appears that no further legislation drawing ever constantly together the many enterprising would be necessary in order to provide these institutions with communities which dot its 70,000 square miles of area. the products of the Surplus Commodities Corporation. I per­ NATURE ASSISTED MAN TO ACHIEVE RESULTS sonally feel that these institutions should be given first con­ Such a record of progress, however, within two brief spans sideration by the Surplus Commodities Corporation from the of 50 years, can hardly be ascribed exclusively to human funds that are already available under the present laws. I minds and hands. Nature provided a gorgeous, awe-inspir­ feel sure that if the Members of Congress evidence the same ing setting for this remarkable progress. The climate was opinion the Surplus Commodities Corporation would be willing unparalleled, devoid of extreme temperatures. Earthquakes, to follow our recommendations and will see that these young tornadoes, hailstorms, blizzards were and remain unknown people are properly provided for. in our State's history. I would like to ask the Members of the House if they do TACOMA, THE CITY OF DESTINY not think this would be a splendid opportunity of legislating Naturally, every community in Washington State Will for one group of people who are in no position to bring any pause during this year of 1939 to celebrate and invite others political pressure to bear on us. also to celebrate this golden jubilee year, in company with If this suggestion meets the approval of the Members of local inhabitants. Hence, we are endeavoring in every way this House, I hope at a later date to introduce a resolution not only to ask our personal friends but also to induce as asking the Speaker to appoint a committee to take this sug­ many others as we can reach, to visit the State of Wash­ gestion up with the Administrator of the Surplus Commodities ington this year. Above all, my home city of Tacoma, the Corporation and work out a plan that would be fair and just "city of destiny," would delight to welcome you Members to all of the institutions. [Applause.] of the House during the week of July 16. During that week Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield such Tacoma has been officially recognized as the 1939 host for time as he may desire to use to the gentleman from Wash­ the entire State of Washington. Among outstanding events ington. [Mr. COFFEE]. already scheduled will be a golf tournament, water carnival, 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5761 a monster all-State civic dinner:boxing matches, State-wide ' nized as one of the three most beautiful parks in the United parades, mardi gras, an Indian village, the homecoming of States. It is operated by a municipal corporation set up prominent sons and daughters, an air circus. A spectacular under State law known as the Metropolitan Park District of 3-day pageant will be put on in the historic Tacoma Sta­ Tacoma, consisting of five nonpartisan elected officials who dium. This is the first lighted open-air field west of the function without salary. Point Defiance Park embraces an Mississippi River and is illuminated by the electricity fur­ area of 640 acres of natural woodland and beautiful gardens, nished by that municipal enterprise which provides the surrounded on three sides by the sparkling waters of that cheapest electric power in the United States. It is interesting great inland s.ea known as Puget Sound. Fishing for salmon to note that the stadium was the first high-school stadium off Point Defiance Park is a sport which has attracted lovers in the United States, that it seats 30,000 people, that it is of the out of doors from every section of America. Not to erected in a natural amphitheater, and that its occupants, have enjoyed this pastime is to have missed one of the treats while comfortably seated, may have their souls exalted by of a lifetime. Salmon is a gamey, sporty fish, beautiful to the contemplation of the majesty of nature in the form of behold and ineffably delicious to devour. incomparable Puget Sound and that magnificent natural TACOMA'S MUNICIPALLY OWNED POWER SYSTEM eminence which tbe Indians call Tacoma, the "Mountain Note the picture of the dam at Lake Cushman, with the of Frozen Snow Water," and which is designated on maps as Olympic Mountains in the background. Here is one of the Mount Rainier. sources of hydroelectric energy which provides the cheapest Tacoma -is a superb place in which to take your vacation electrical power sold in America. This is the site of one of and to use as a headquarters for vacation outings. Not the hydroelectric plants of Tacoma's municipally owned elec­ only is this favored city surrounded by Nature's abundance trical system and is the pride of every citizen. The outlet of but also by man-made structures, as revealed by sheets of this comparatively small lake was dammed and a much larger 20 hand-colored photographic stamps. I am presenting to lake was thereby formed. each Member of Congress a sheet of these stamps on behalf of the Young Men's Business Club of Tacoma, of which M'CHORD FIELD AND FORT LEWIS organization I am proud to be a member. These stamps Our colleague the gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. RANKIN] may be used on the backs of envelopes and should serve as has often dilated at length upon the superior advantages of friendly invitations to you to visit the State of Washington, Tacoma's municipally owned light plant. and especially my home city of Tacoma, from July 16 to Hangars at McChord Field, the new Northwest Army air­ July 23, this coming summer. port, are depicted. This is an enterprise in which we Mem­ bers of Congress who made it possible may take justifiable TACOMA COLORED STICKER STAMPS pride. We autho.rized it and appropriated the money for it Each of the scenes depicted upon the sheet of 20 colored during the past 2 years. One of the stamps represents a stamps is within 5 to. 60 minutes' ride by automobile from picture of the artistic entrance to Fort I,ewis, an Army can­ Tacoma. The only exception is Bremerton, site of the tonment of 70,000 acres of land donated to the United States Puget Sound Navy Yard. But when the Tacoma Narrows Government by the patriotic citizens of Pierce County. The Bridge, made possible by this Congress and the P. W. A., is land cost $2,000,000, and on it the Government has erected completed in a year or so from now, the navy yard will architecturally attractive structures costing millions of dol­ likewise be less than 60 minutes' distance. lars, in which are housed soldiers of the United States. On If you will examine the stamps when you receive them, this area during the World War was trained the famous you will see pictures of Stadium High School, a reconstruc­ Ninety-first Division. tion of an original railroad tourist hotel, a building of Reference has already been made to the Bremerton Navy French chateau architecture and recognized as one of the Yard, a scene of which, with the Olympic Mountains in the outstanding and most beautifully built and located high background, is on one of the stamps. schools in America. Lincoln High School is also depicted upon a stamp. Fronting this high school is a striking A picture of one section of Tacoma's business district with the great mountain in the background is presented. Note the statue of our sixteenth President, after whom the school was named. A picture of a sample highway bordering proximity of the mountain and the wooded foothills to this Puget Sound is presented and a st-udy of this picture will enterprising, bustling community. indicate why it is that we of the State of Washington re­ TACOMA NARROWS BRIDGE gard our State highways as second to none in the Nation. Next will be seen a photographic likeness of the great FORT NISQUALLY AND RAINIER NATIONAL PARK Tacoma Narrows Bridge, as it will look when completed. Note the picture of old Fort Nisqually, the reconstruction This bridge surmounts the narrowest section of lower Puget of which, in the confines of Point Defiance Park, Tacoma, Sound and connects the vast hinterland of the Olympic was effectuated by the activities of that enterprising group Peninsula with the rest of the State. It cuts off 70 miles of of optimistic young men comprising the Young Men's Busi­ transportation for those who wish to go from one section ness Club of Tacoma. Fort Nisqually was the pioneer fort of the State to the other. Its· completion will connect on Puget Sound, originally constructed by a factor of the Bremerton and Fort Lewis and will serve as an effective arm Hudson Bay Co. Note the great tree shown on one of the facilitating national defense. stamps, which loggers are engaged in cutting down. This A scene of that superb mountain so loved by John Muir, is a likeness of a typical forest giant and symbolic of the the great naturalist, is shown on another stamp. This is a great lumber industry Df the Pacific Northwest. A picture view as taken from Alta Vista Ridge and indicates how is shown of skiing in Rainier National Park. Here can be vegetation, flowers, and trees blossom in abundance in im• found a skiing paradise which is the cynosure of skiing mediate juxtaposition to the snow fields. enthusiasts from all over the United States. OTHER GRAPIDC SCENES ARE APPEALING THE PUYALLUP FAIR AND POINT DEFIANCE PARK Note the great stack from which smoke is pouring. This In the enterprising city of Pizyallup, in my district, 12 miles is the tallest cement smelter stack in the world and rises from Tacoma, there annually takes place the Western Wash­ 575 feet in the air. In this smelter are employed hundreds ington Fair, one of the lO outstanding fairs of the Nation. of workmen living in a model community, workmen who For 1 week in early fall-this year commencing September belong to organized labor. 18--are exhibited here the superb products of the rich soil Scenes revealing that our area is a ·sportsman's paradise of our numerous farms. A visit to this fair would be a never­ are shown. Here boating, swimming, horseback riding, golf, to-be-forgotten event. Next we see a picture of fishing at tennis, baseball, football-all outdoor sports find their full Point Defiance Park, with our great, perpetually snow-cap~d flower. One picture portrays a section of Tacoma Harbor, mountain in the ba.ckground. Point Defiance Park is recog- one of the tlve best harbors in the world and one of two 5762 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 superb deep-water harbors of the United States. In this has charge. The Bureau now serves and ·collects and dis­ harbor could be anchored safely and in amply deep water tributes statistics for 21 independent activities or functions, the entire navies of Great Britain, France, and the United and I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Chairman, that I may States, with room to spare. A picture of a sailboat scudding include this list as well as two items in specification sheets, before a breeze in marvelous Puget Sound is worthy of study. at this point in my remarks. DAFFODIL FESTIVAL The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the In the Puyallup Valley, in the Sumner-Puyallup area, gentleman from North Carolina? there takes place every spring the blanketing of vast fields There was no objection. by blooming, gorgeous, golden daffodils. It is a wonderful The matter referred to follows: sight to behold. A daffodil festival celebrates the occasion By projects or junctions every year. For miles one can see daffodils growing in 1. Population------$10,665,951 2. Agriculture------5, 464, 425 every direction in the springtime, always with Mount Rainier­ 3. Florists and nurseries______52, 979 Tacoma somewhere on the horizon. 4. Irrigation------46, 180 So, my colleagues, I hope that the stamps I present to you 5. !)rainage______27,649 will give you a glimpse of the countless attractions of which 6. !)istribution ------2, 756, 930 7. ~ines______72,549 the Tacoma area in the State of Washington can boast. 8. Outlying possessions______333, 406 In conclusion, I cannot emphasize too vehemently that 9. Wealth, debt, and taxation ______------our section is one of the blessed sections of all the world, 10. Electrical industries______26, 536 11. ~anufactures ------961, 623 never too hot in summer, 'never too cold in winter. Green 12. Current inquiries ______: ______.:_____ 117, 852 woods, abundant shrubbery, lovely homes-homes the ma­ 13. Red cedar shingles______13, 964 jority of which have been bought and paid for by workers 14. Institutional population______61 , 525 in factories and stores. Come out there this summer and 15. ~arriage and divorce______50, 245 16. Vital statistics (annual)------606, 511 drink deep of the winey atmosphere. See for yourselves 17. Vital statistics (other projects) ______.:. __ ------that I am not exaggerating. Sleep comfortably every night 18. Cotton and oils______396, 205 the entire summer. This is the State which invites you to 19. Financial statistics of States and cities______222, 326 celebrate with it its golden jubilee July 16 to 23, 1939. This 20. Statistical abstract______23, 144 is the only American State named after an American patriot 21. Publicity------100, 000 or President. It is in the far Pacific Northwest. It holds Total------22,000,000 America's last frontier. In it will be found America's newest THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF UNITS TO BE ENUMERATED national park. Within its borders will be found scenery The natural growth of population is still a major factor causing indescribably grand and arresting. In it will be found the increased cost of each succeeding decennial census. This people who extend the warm handclasp of ready friendship. population growth causes increases in the number of units which In it will be found the progressive spirit which is typical of must be canvassed in the agricultural, business, and industrial phases of the decennial census. ]Juring the past decade there has the great West .. also been a sharp increase in the number of farms and small busi­ So come out there and be our guest. We guarantee you ness establishments resulting from economic conditions during the time of your lives. [Applause.] the depression--conditions which forced many persons who nor­ mally would have been employees for wages to ·become self­ Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 sufficient operators of small farms or of small shops and stores. minutes to the gentleman from North Carolina [Mr. KERR]. Both the natural increase of population and the depression have Mr. KERR. Mr. Chainnan, I am taking these few minutes resulted in an abnormal increase in the number of persons seek­ to talk to you about an item in this bill which provides for the ing employment and in the number of unemployed. Whereas the population as a whole has increased approximately 8 percent, Sixteenth Census of the United States. the number of workers for whom unemployment and occupation When our Constitution was made there was a clause put in data must be secured has increased by approximately 12 percent. it which provided that within 3 years after the meeting of the THE INCREASE IN OPERATING COSTS First Congress of the United States there should be a census Allowance must also be made, in comparing the estimated cost taken of the people of the United States. The reason for this of the Sixteenth Decennial Census with the cost of the Fifteenth · was because the Constitution also provided that after the first !)ecennial Census, for the higher operating costs which now exist and which may increase still more before the completion of the allotment for membership in the House of Representatives next census. There are few, if any, items of costs in the Budget such allotments should be made on the basis of the population for the Sixteenth Decennial Census which have not increased of the several States of the Union. since 1930. PI:inting, office supplies, furniture, rented tabulating In this bill, Mr. Chairman, there is an appropriation of equipment, wages of office employees, and many other items can $45,100,000 for the purpose of taking the Sixteenth Decennial be cited in support of this statement. Census. Of this appropriation, $21,900,000' is to be used the Mr. KERR. It will be interesting to you gentlemen to first year and the balance is to be used the second year if it know something of the development of the Census Bureau of is necessary. the United States. The present permanent establishment of Of this amount for the first year's appropriation, $1,462,142 the Bureau of the CensUs was consummated in 1902 and its is for the permanent service in the Bureau here in Washing­ duties have been progressively extended each year since. ton and $2,204,576 is for temporary service incident to this Prior to 1790, only several European countries had ever work during the first year, making a total of $3,666,718. This taken account of their inhabitants. The United States was item represents the cost of the work within the Bureau proper the first to establish the periodical census and this was for the first year. required, as I stated at the beginning of my remarks, by the Fifteen million one hundred and sixty-three thousand and Constitution, which provided that within 3 years after the thirty-one dollars is the estimated cost of 5-60 supervisors who first Congress, representation should be apportioned to each are to be selected throughout the country and 140,000 enu­ State. merators who are to be employed throughout the United The census of 1790 was taken by the district marshals in States. The balance of this item of $21,900,000, to wit, those States whose districts w~e contiguous with State lines. $3,070,251, is for printing supplies and other material incident These marshals compiled the census and then turned the to this work and distribution. matter over to the clerks of the court and the clerks trans­ The increased cost of the 1940 census as compared with mitted the data to the President. This method of taking the the census of 1930 is estimated to be an increas·e of census was continued from 1790 to 1850. $5,818,844 and is accounted for not only by the increase of · In 1800 and at the second taking of our census in the · the population which we have estimated to be from 8 to United States, Mr. Jefferson and Dr. Dwight asked that that · 10 percent, but principally because of the operating cost in census not only include the number of inhabitants, but that of this our expanding Government. functions. of which this ·Bureau it group the nativ.es country and the aliens and the 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5763 citizens and the children of aliens. At this time the super­ that this cream was of the highest quality, and not only Vision of the census was given to the Secretary of State. compared favorably with the Washington cream, but some In 1810, the census was taken under the direction of the people think that the tests of it show that it is superior to Secretary of the Treasury and its duties enlarged, and at that which is locally produced. It was over this truckload that time they required the enumerators to make a note of of cream that seven people were arrested and seven patrol the manufacturing establishments in the United States, and wagons were employed by the corporation counsel of the to make a further return as to how many naturalized for­ District of Columbia, and all of those persons, irrespective eigners there were in America. of their participation in this alleged "bootlegging," were As you will notice, during all this time the matter of tak­ held for investigation,' were retained incommunicado for ing a census was a very simple one and it is only in recent periods ranging from 8 hours to 22 hours. years that it has grown to present proportions which are The testimony thus far taken before the subcommittee very large and most interesting. shows that two Washington policemen spent about a week In taking the census in 1830 and 1840, its functions were going to Michigan and to Indiana to follow the truck which still further enlarged to cover economic data in this coun­ brought the cream into the District of Columbia, and that try. all their expenses, including lodging, food, and transporta­ In 1840 there was some criticism throughout the country tion, were paid by the Maryland and Virginia Milk Pro­ of the inadequacy of the census and a Census Board was ducers' Association, a cooperative organization of farmers established to make plans to take the census and to get a in nearby Maryland and Virginia, supplying almost all of more nearly accurate return. This Board was composed of the milk and cream to the Washington market. the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Post­ Gentlemen should not get away from the fact that this master General, and the Board had prepared forms and was only a misdemeanor, and that they took two policemen questions and submitted them in order to record the infor­ from the force of the District of Columbia and sent them along to spy on this truck through the State of Pennsyl­ mation more accurately. vania into the States of Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana. In 1850 this Department was placed under the super­ Mr. HULL. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? vision of the Secretary of the Interior. Up to that time Mr. SCHULTE. Yes. the Department had been shifted from place to place. It Mr. HULL. Does not the testimony also disclose that had nothing much to do except to take the census every 10 · the expenses of these policemen were paid by the Milk Pro­ years. First, it went to the Secretary of State, then to the ducers' Association? Secretary of the Treasury, and afterward the Department Mr. SCHULTE. It doe·s. It shows that the Milk Produc­ of the Interior. The duties of the census takers were ex­ ers' Association paid all of the expenses of these two police­ panded both in 1860 and 1870 and also in 1880. The super­ men on a misdemeanor charge, attempting to prove a mis­ visors and enumerators were selected for the work through­ demeanor. The testimony thus far taken shows that two out the country in 1880. In 1890 the work of the census Washington policemen spent about a week on this mission. activity was further enlarged and the reports of its work The testimony which the subcommittee has thus far heard and data concerning many important facts and findings shows how all this came about, but the real reasons and were published and distributed throughout the country. purposes behind it are not quite clear up to this time. It is The present Bureau of the Census was permanently estab­ perfectly apparent, however, that a giant monopoly exists lished in 1902, and under the act of 1929 every census taken in this market and that a very determined effort is being since then has been governed by the rules and regulations made to put a Chinese wall around the city of Washington of that act. It is interesting to note that there have been and to keep out of the city all dairy products which are not outstanding fine officials who have been in charge of the produced by the thirteen-hundred-odd farmers who make census activities of this country. First, there was Mr. up the Maryland and Virginia Milk Producers' Association. Coxe who was in charge of its activities. After him came This organization is working hand and glove with the Mr. Kennedy, then ,Mr. DeBowe, Mr. Walker, Mr. Harris, National Dairy Products Corporation, which has sever.al Mr. Rogers, and others, up to the present most efficient subsidiaries in and around Washington, notably Chestnut Director, Mr. Austin. Mr. Rogers at one time was a resi­ Farms-Chevy Chase Dairy, the largest distributor of milk dent of my State and for a number of years was the cor­ and cream in Washington, and Southern Dairies, the largest poration commissioner of the State of North Carolina. Mr. manufacturer of ice cream in Washington. The Chestnut Austin is one of the most faithful and most active and most Farms-Chevy Chase Dairy handles and processes all of the conscientious officials of this Government. He is always kind surplus milk which is produced by the Maryland and Virginia and courteous, and it is a real pleasure to do business with Milk Producers' Association at a very handsome profit to him. In my opinion he is one of our outstanding fine public · itself, and between the two organizations, seems to have the officials of this Government, and we have a right to be tightest kind of a grip on milk and cream in the District proud of the great unselfish service that he has done this of Columbia. The subcommittee is attempting to get at the great country of ours. [Applause.] bottom of this situation, and I hope that it will recommend The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from real remedial legislation to destroy this "wall" about the city, North Carolina has expired. and to give to the people of Washington clean, wholesome, Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Mr. Chairman, I now and pure milk at a decent and fair price. yield to the gentleman from Indiana [Mr. ScHULTE]. One of the things which has amazed me most is the Mr. SCHULTE. Mr. Chairman, the milk investigation spectacle of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, which was authorized by this House is now in its third week. always complaining to Congress about not having enough It is perfectly apparent that there is a great deal more to policemen to protect the city against armed robbers and this situation than the mere alleged "bootlegging" of cream desperadoes, permitting two of its detectives, all expenses into Washington from the State of Indiana. As a member paid by a private organization, to traipse arounq the country of the subcommittee conduc~ing this investigation, it is my following a truckload of the finest cream that· can be pro­ intention to see to it that all of the facts are brought to duced, and at the same time detailing other of its detectives light, and that the real reasons for the conditions existing and officers to spy on two dairies in Washington in an effort on the Washington market are uncovered and held up to to discredit these dairies and to urge the people of the Dis­ public scrutiny. trict of Columbia to believe that any milk or cream which You all remember the sensational stories which appeared comes from outside Maryland and Virginia is not fit for the in the newspapers on March 5 telling about the seizure of people of Washington to drink. I am wondering how the a truckload of cream from Lafayette, Ind. You alSo re­ Members of this CongFess, all born and raised outside of member the intimations carried in these newspaper reports Washington, ever survived and kept healthy when they were that the cream was not fit for human consumption, and forced to drink milk and cream which was not produced that a great crime had been committed. It now appears Within the Chinese wall of this city. 5764 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 . Since this investigation has started, I have seen a larga temperature, and strictly in accordance with all the laws of number of so-called "farmers" who produce milk for the the District of Columbia. · If it is an offense to bring it into Washington market. They all look to me like prosperous the District of Columbia, it is a technical offense and one businessmen. They come to the committee meetings dressed which does not deserve all of this attention and all of the in the height of fashion, well groomed, with no evidence publicity given to the incident. I have never known the of hay or straw about them, and with an utter and com­ Police Department of Washington and the Commissioners to plete lack of calluses on their hands. I do not know at be so diligent in the enforcement of law. I have never known what time of the morning they start work, nor at what time the corporation counsel to personally conduct a raid and order .they stop, but they do not look like the poor farmers in my seven patrol wagons to take seven persons to seven different State of Indiana who get up before dawn and work with police precincts and hold them incommunicado for as long their hands until way after dark. I have no quarrel with as 24 hours without giving them an opportunity to consult farmers of any place. They never get enough for their a lawyer or to put up bail. When Southern Dairies, an products, particularly for the milk they produce, and the affiliate of the National Dairy Products Corporation, was dis­ real farmers in Maryland and Virginia who produce milk covered bringing unlicensed cream into the city of Washing­ for the Washington market are no exception to the rule, ton, nothing was said or done about it until a member of the but I am greatly puzzled over this whole situation. Farmers committee, Congressman SHAFER of Michigan, inquired about in my State produce good, pure, clean milk. They all work it before the investigating committee. Then there was action, hard, and all the members of their family, male and female, and then warrants were issued, but, so far as I am now in­ are at it from early until late. formed, these warrants have never been served. The people of Indiana and adjoining States, notably the Statements were not made concerning the impurity of this great city of Chicago, drink this milk and thrive on it. These cream which came into this subsidiary plant of the National farmers receive $1.56 per hundredweight for the milk they Dairy Products Corporation, and which came into the city produce, while the farmers who supply Washington-and of Washington upon order of the Maryland and Virginia Milk those I have seen seem to have plenty of time on their hands, Producers' Association. I understand that this cream came and have every indication and appearance of being gentlemen either from Maryland or Pennsylvania, and despite the fact of the soil rather than toilers-receive $3.16 per hundred­ that it constituted just as much "bootlegging" as the cream weight for all milk which I know cannot be any better than which came from Indiana, it was used by the Southern my farmers in Indiana produce 365 days in the year; and Dairies and not seized by the police department as was the yet, Mr. Chairman, this Maryland and Virginia Milk Producers' Indiana cream. I say to you gentlemen of this House that Association, and this giant monopoly known as the National there is something very peculiar about this whole situation, Dairy Products Corporation, tried to brand the cream which and if you have constituents back home who produce good, my farmers produce as unfit for human consumption; tried pure, clean milk and cream, and because it is not produced to keep it off this market, and deny to them their constitu­ in this narrow milkshed in nearby Maryland or Virginia, tional right of selling their products in any part of the United are shut off the market in Washington, then it might be a States without restriction and without tariffs being imposed. good idea, too, for you to try and find out what is going on If this lately developing trade-barrier system continues to here and what it is all about. grow, we will find ourselves divided for purposes of commerce Mr. Chairman, something must be done to break up this tre­ into 48 separate countries, blacklisting and taxing out of mendous monopoly on this market. This Maryland and Vir­ existence the products of neighboring States. Mr. Chairman, ginia Milk Producers' Association must be stopped, and some­ the people of Indiana grow tobacco, and it is good tobacco, how we must find out how it secured such a tight grip and but yet we do not say to the farmers of Maryland and Virginia hold on the Washington market. One of the National Dairy to "keep your tobacco at home; it is not fit for us to ·use." Products Corporation's subsidiaries in Washington-Chest­ We buy lots of tobacco from Maryland and Virginia, and we nut Farms-Chevy Chase Dairy-actually earned a net profit think it is a good product, and we welcome it into our State; of $400,000 from the sale of milk and cream to the consumers but we just do not like the idea of having our milk and cream of Washington during the depression year of 1938. This I branded as unfit merely because certain people want to main­ say could not have been accomplished without its having the tain their grip of extortion on the throats of the people of tight grip which this organization has, not only on pro­ this city. ducers who supply this market with milk and cream but Our State of Indiana is a great agricultural State; our which seems to control most everyone else, including the Dis­ people are industrious and thrifty; they are not afraid to trict of Columbia government. I favor the modification of work, and they do work. Our products are famous wherever the milk law of the city of Washington so as to permit the used, and our milk and cream are no exception to that rule. importation of pure, clean milk and cream from any part Why, then, should the District of Columbia, a Federal terri­ of the United States under proper safeguards and health tory, composed of people originally from every State in the protection. I do not want the people of Washington to drink Union, be denied the right to drink milk and cream-pure, milk which is not good any more than I want the ·people of clean, healthy milk and cream-produced in the State of Indiana to have that kind of milk, but it. is not necessary to Indiana? build a Chinese wall around this city for the economic benefit I do not know why, if the bringing in of cream from outside of a comparatively few people and deprive 600,000 residents of the city of Washington is a crime, and such a heinous and taxpayers of this city, which is under the control of the crime as the Commissioners of the District of Columbia and Federal Government, of the right to have clean, pure milk this Maryland and Virginia Milk Producers' Association seem at a decent and fair price. to think it is, that the penalty for the commission of such a . This is not a matter which concerns only the farmers of crime is not more than the limit of $10 for the first offense. Indiana and the middle West, but very seriously affects the I cannot understand why an offense which is not even a mis­ real dirt farmers of both Maryland,. Virginia,. and West Vir­ demeanor under the statute, but is merely a petty offense, ginia, and all of the other Stat-es of the Union who can and should receive the personal attention of the Commissioners do produce good, clean, wholesome milk, but being unable of the District of Columbia, the corporation counsel in per­ to spend large sums of money in buying the expensive son, and a large number of his staff and a large corps of equipment required by the health regulations of the city of police officers and milk inspectors. Boiled down to its final Washington, cannot enjoy this fluid-milk market. If the analysis, the situation simply is this, taken at its worst: A gentlemen of this House will inquire they will find that all local dairy imports a truckload of 200 cans of 40-pe:rcent ,.; those who have farming areas within their districts have con­ cream from the· State of Indiana. The cream is the best that _stituents who would like very much to ship milk to Washing­ can be produced. The cream is pure, maintained at a proper ! .ton, but just cannot get their hands on the necessary money 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-H~OUSE 5765 to buy all the "frills" required by the· health regulations. If -real reason for it all is that if the health officer will keep all these unnecessary ···frills" and "do-dads" are eliminated, on making these regulations, keep on making them more and this Congress passes legislation which requires the doing strict and rigid, very shortly the bottle of milk in Wash­ of only those things which are necess~ry in the protection of ington will become as sacred as the cow, and the Police public health, _it will not be necessary in order to get a quart Department will then probably be called upon to convoy the of milk, to bring the cow into the parlor, tip your hat to her, dairy wagons about town, as they deliver milk to the door­ furnish her with a room and bath, and then in very polite steps of the few who are able to buy it. tones suggest that you would like to have a quart of milk. We have it in our power to get this whole milk situation The cow in this area is fast becoming as sacred as the cows in Washington down to a sensible basis, to put the cow in of India, and it is all resulting in the people of Washington the barn where she belongs, and to eliminate all these "frills" paying the highest price for milk, being able to drink but very and "do-dads" which constitute nothing more nor less than little of it, and as a result, continuing here a very bad health economic barriers, but which are hailed as modern and situation. progressive health regulations for the protection of the poor The people of Washington are constantly being told by the people of the city of Washington. We have time to do it in agents of the two monopolies which control this market, this session of Congress, and I regard it as our solemn duty Chestnut Farms Dairy and the Maryland and Virginia Milk not to delay, but to enact legislation which will be a model Producers' Association, that they are most fortunate in being for the rest of the United States, and a warning to all the able to get such a fine grade of J;nilk, and that nothing must States that the Federal Government, legislating for its Cap­ be done to disturb the situation. In this connection it is ital, does not intend to permit trade barriers to grow and very interesting to note that the people of Chicago today are throttle competition among the 48 States of the Union. buying milk for 12 cents a quart delivered at the doorstep, That means that the farmers within the radius of 50 · and 10 cents a quart if you go to the store for it; that in miles of the District of Columbia are barred from the District Gary, Ind., you can buy a_ll the good, clean milk you want of Columbia market. They find it impossible to get into for 10 cents a quart delivered at your door, and the same the District of Columbia with their product, because they applies to Indianapolis, Evansville, and Elkhart; that in are not one of the favored few. I am speaking now about New York City milk sells at the doorstep for 11% cents and the farmers in Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and West can be purchased in stores at 9% and 10% cents; in Pitts­ Virginia. They are barred by this great monopoly. burgh, Pa., milk is 11 cents a quart; in Michigan, particu­ Mr. HULL. I ask the gentleman whether or not he is larly in Detroit, milk can be bought at the doorstep for 8 and going to have funds enough to go further into this matter 9 cents a quart, and in stores from 6 to 8 cents a quart; in and disclose the connection between the National Dairy co., St. Louis, Mo., you can buy good, clean milk for 11 cents a for instance, and some of these local institutions. quart delivered to your doorstep. In Milwaukee, Wis., it is Mr. SCHULTE. I think we have sufficient funds. We 10 cents a quart, and in Wheeling, W. Va., it is 11 cents. are meeting with quite a few obstacles that block the in­ Are you gentlemen of this House· coming from these States vestigation. Powerful influence is tending to bar this prod­ willing to admit that you and your children are drinking uct from the markets of Washington and in that way put milk which is unfit for human consumption, or do you not up the price to the consumer and drive it down to the contend as I do, that all of us are buying good, clean, pure farmer. I hold no brief for the farmer, it is true, but I milk, and the best the market affords? Why then should want him to get everything that he is entitled to for the we build this halo around the cow in the city of Washington product that he wants to dispose of. It has been proven and sit supinely by and allow these two giant monopolies to before our committee that the surplus milk sold to the con­ get away with charging the voteless people of Washington sumer today costs the consumer 14 cents a quart while the 14 cents a quart for the same milk which is purchased in farmer gets only 11% cents a gallon. Detroit, Mich., for as low as 6 cents a quart? A comparison Mr. HULL. I would like to ask further whether it would of vital statistics and health records of the large cities of the be possible for you to go into the matter of the salaries paid United States with the District of Columbia is not flattering by some of these dairy companies not only to their presi­ to the Capital of the Nation, and I have no doubt but that the dents but to let the people of Washington know where some high price of milk here, and the inability of the poor people of the overhead expense falls in the distribution of its milk to buy it, is a contributing factor to our poor health supply? situation. Mr. SCHULTE. I am quite certain we are going into the I am not going to allow these monopolistic organizations, matter very thoroughly. I believe the gentleman is aware of vigorously aided and abetted by the Commissioners of the the fact that in the city of Chicago, if I am not mistaken, District of Columbia, and the Corporation Counsel, Mr. Seal, some of the officers of the national dairies are indicted. Is to pull the wool over my eyes, and to throw mud and dirt not that correct? at certain independent distributors in the city for the pur­ Mr. HULL. Some 92. I think a subsidiary of the National pose of setting up a smoke screen to hide their real pur­ Dairy Co. is among them; the health officers and various pose, namely, to keep the consuming public of Washington others connected with that alleged conspiracy. in their tight grip and to protect a comparatively small Mr. SCHULTE. But it is about the same kind of con­ number of farmers, to the detriment of 600,000 residents of spiracy, I believe, that exists around the District of Columbia. this Capital City, and these hard-working dirt farmers in Mr. HULL. I think if you will investigate further, you will every other part of the United States who can and would find that the Federal Trade Commission has reported that supply Washington with a decent product at a tair price. this conspiracy, this violation of the antitrust law, is in prac­ · I am amazed, as I sit as a member of the investigating tically every large center of this country. committee, to hear testimony about the Maryland and Vir­ Mr. SCHULTE. I thank the gentleman for his contribu­ ginia Milk Producers' Association bragging over their success tion. [Applause.] in hav-ing the Commi'ssioners of the District of Columbia [Here the gavel fell.] pass regulations to keep competing products off this market. Mr. CARTER. Mr. Chairman, I yield to the gentleman It is beyond my comprehension to know why an organiza­ from Nebraska [Mr. STEFAN] such time as he may desire to tion of farmers storm the doors of the health officer of the use. District of Columbia, demanding that he make health regu­ Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Chairman, I feel it is a great honor to lations for them to obey more stringent and rigid all the be given the privilege to close the debate on what I consider time. It just is not human nature for any individual to ask the most important appropriation bill that has come into the that' he be · required to spend more money and more time Hou:se during this session. The Members have been very in the production of a product which he has for sale. The patient and have taken ·a · great interest in this bill, which 5766 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 18 calls for $121,000,000. I suggest to the membership of the farmers into competition with them. Every member of my House that they read the nearly 1,400 pages of hearings on subcommittee feels as I do on this subject, and every Mem­ this bill, which has to do with our relations with all foreign ber representing a farm district should be on guard against countries in the world; hearings which have to do with the anything that would defeat our efforts to preserve the Commerce Department, which should be helping domestic American market for the American farmer. trade and some trade with our foreign customers. The hear­ There are a number of other items which I may discuss ings have also to do with our entire gigantic Department of when we reach them after we start reading the bill to­ Justice. morrow. In closing this debate I cannot refrain, Mr. Chairman, The Clerk read down to and including line 7 on page 1. from adding commendation of my distinguished chairman, Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Mr. Chairman, I move that the Honorable THoMAS McMILLAN of South Carolina; our the Committee do now rise. committee clerk, Mr. Jack McFall; my colleagues, Mr. Mc­ The motion was agreed to. ANDREWS, of lllinois; Mr. RABAUT, of Michigan; Mr. KERR, Accordingly the Committee rose; and the Speaker having of North Carolina; and Mr. CALDWELL, of Florida; and Mr. resumed the chair, Mr. CooLEY, Chairman of the Committee CARTER, the ranking minority Member, from California. of the Whole House on the state of the Union, reported that These gentlemen worked for over 6 weeks--many times at that Committee, having had under consideration the bill night-in order to bring you this finished piece of im­ H. R. 6392, had come to no resolution thereon. portant legislation and upon which we will vote tomorrow. EXTENSION OF REMARKS [Applause.] Mrs. NORTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Mr. Chairman, when we trimmed $3,000,000 from the Bud­ extend in the RECORD a letter received by the chairman of the get estimate, we did tha;t in the face of demands from every Committee on Labor from the American Farm Bureau Fed­ department for inereased personnnel, promotions, increased eration, the National Grange, National Cooperative Milk activities, and in the face of detailed justifications for these Producers Federation, National Cooperative Council, Agricul­ increases. Our report to you, which is printed and in your tural Producers Labor Committee, and my reply to them. hands, will indicate where this committee feels further sav­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection? ings should be made. In spite of the cuts we made, the There was no objection. bill comes to you with over $26 ,000,000 increase over the Mr. KITCHENS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to appropriations a year ago. But most of that increase will be extend my own remarks in the REcoRD and include a report f~mnd in the twenty-odd millions for the taking of the new . by the planning commission and other commissions of the census and over which amount we have little or no control. State of Arkansas. The same thing is true in other increases which are forced The SPEAKER. Without objection, it is so ordered. through new legislation, and in the case of the Justice De­ partment appropriations, it will be found in the appointment There was no objection. of many new judges. The hearings will disclose to you how By unanimous consent Mr. HARRINGTON was granted per­ taxpayers' money is forced out of the Treasury every time mission to extend his own remarks in the RECORD. some of this new legislation is passed and every time Con­ Mr. ALEXANDER. Mr. Speaker, in connection with the gress authorizes the appointment of a new judge. Therefore, remarks I made this afternoon, I ask unanimous consent many items which the committee would have cut are frozen to insert two news items and an article written by an inmate and the cutting is impossible. The membership of this com­ of the Shakopee Reformatory at Shakopee, Minn. mittee feels that every appropriation bill should be cut to The SPEAKER. Is there objection? meet the present critical condition of our Treasury. There was no objection. Your committee began work on this bill fully realizing PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE the condition of the Federal Treasury. It took into account Mr. MAPES. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that the fact that this Government owes more than forty billions the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. TREADWAY] may be of dollars, and the report presented to you here will indicate permitted to address the House on Monday next, after the the efforts of your committee to make known to department disposition of legislative business for 30 minutes. ofiicials the sincere demand on the part of the committee for The SPEAKER. Without objection, it is so ordered. economy. There was no objection. Mr. Chairman, in spite of the harmony which prevails in The SPEAKER. Under the special order of the House our committee, I feel there are a few items in this bill which heretofore made the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. HoFF­ could have been cut and which I feel I must oppose. One of MAN] is entitled to be recognized at this time for 30 minutes. them is the item for $140,000, which is to be used by our The Chair does not see the gentleman from Michigan. foreign missions for entertainment purposes. This item was EXTENSION OF REMARKS raised from $125,000. So I reserve the right and serve notice on the House now that I opposed it in both subcommittee Mr. FRIES. Mr. Speaker I ask unanimous consent to and full committee and shall offer an amendment in the revis::! and extend by own remarks in the RECORD and to House tomorrow to reduce it to its former figure. I would include therein an article which appeared in the Brick­ like to eliminate it entirely. To spend money on lavish en­ layers, Masons, and Plasterers' Magazine, in the April issue. tertainments in these days of want is unnecessary in my The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the own opinion. gentleman from Illinois? In reply to numerous inquiries from Members regarding There was no objection. the proposal to send farm bulletins and other publications Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to to South and Central America, I wish to state that your include in the remarks I made this afternoon certain data committee disallowed this item. I understand that an at­ from the hearings. tempt may be made to put this back into the bill. I hope The SPEAKER. Without objection it is so ordered. that you wlll go along with this committee and keep it There was no ·objection-. · out. I feel that we should preserve the American market 1 Mr. THOMAS S. McMILLAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ for the American farmer and stop subsidizing the foreign mous consent that all Members who spoke on the appro­ farmer. To send farm bulletins to Latin-American farmers priation bill today may be permitted to revise and extend is not only a waste of American taxpayers' money, but it is a their own remarks. crime against my own Nebraska farmers who are having a The SPEAKER. Without objection it is so ordered. hard time to survive. I will not stand for putting foreign There was no objection. 1939 .CONGRESSIONAL RE-CORD-HOUSE 5767 LEAVE OF ABSENCE fish products (BLAND); and H. R. 5681, purchase and distri­ By unanimous consent, leave of absence was granted as bution of fish products (CALDWELL). follows: On Tuesday, June 6, 1939, on H. R. 6039, motorboat bill of To Mr. PoLK, for 5 days, on account of important business. 1939 (BLAND); and H. R. 6273, outboard racing motorboats To Mr. HARE, for today, on account of illness. (BOYKIN). To Mr. McARDLE, for the balance of the week, on account On Thursday, June 8, 1939, on H. R. 5837, aliens owners of illness. and officers of vessels