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Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Facultad De UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS “MORFOLOGÍA Y PATRONES DE MUDA EN POBLACIONES DE Catamenia analis (AVES: THRAUPIDAE) PROVENIENTES DE DOS LOCALIDADES” Presentada por: ANTONY CRISTHIAN FELIX CABALLERO Tesis para Optar el Título Profesional de: BIÓLOGO LIMA – PERÚ 2020 La UNALM es titular de los derechos patrimoniales de la presente investigación (Art. 24 – Reglamento de Propiedad Intelectual) UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS “MORFOLOGÍA Y PATRONES DE MUDA EN POBLACIONES DE Catamenia analis (AVES: THRAUPIDAE) PROVENIENTES DE DOS LOCALIDADES” Presentada por: ANTONY CRISTHIAN FELIX CABALLERO Tesis para Optar el Título Profesional de: BIÓLOGO Sustentada y aprobada por el siguiente jurado: Mg. Sc. Diana Zulema Quinteros Carlos Dr. Edgar Sánchez Infantas PRESIDENTE MIEMBRO Mg. Sc. Liz Zaida Castañeda Córdova Dra. Marta Williams León de Castro MIEMBRO ASESORA Blga. Flor Hernández Camacho CO ASESORA Esta investigación es dedicada a mi familia, Luis Felix, Gladiz Caballero y Claudia Felix por todo el apoyo incondicional a través de mi formación profesional. AGRADECIMIENTOS Un agradecimiento especial a mi familia, por haber estado siempre allí cuando más los necesité. A mi profesora asesora Marta Williams por las sugerencias y consejos para hacer de este proyecto viable. Al equipo de la Estación Biológica Río Santa Eulalia, por el apoyo financiero, técnico y científico para realizar de manera segura los muestreos a la avifauna local. Especialmente a mi co-asesora Flor Hernandez y Alexis Díaz por guírme en la redacción de esta investigación. A la Estación de Anillamiento UNALM, por haberme permitido ser parte del equipo y apoyar arduamente en cada jornada para la colección de datos morfológicos y de muda. En especial a Julio Salvador por apoyarme en la revisión de muda en los datos fotográficos. A Luis Alza, por brindarme el tiempo necesario para el asesoramiento estadístico y comprender los datos morfológicos en esta investigación. A mis amigos Kevin Chumpitaz y Reyna Zuasnabar por su apoyo a lo largo de la carrera de Biología, y haber compartido juntos tantos viajes en el observamiento de aves del Perú. ÍNDICE GENERAL RESUMEN ................................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................ix I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................ 1 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ................................................................................ 3 2.1. Semillero de cola bandeada: .................................................................................. 3 2.1.1. Clasificación taxonómica: ...................................................................................... 3 2.1.2. Características generales: ....................................................................................... 3 2.2. Concepto general de especie ............................................................................... 6 2.3. Subespecie y ecotipos ......................................................................................... 6 2.4. Variación fenotípica ............................................................................................ 7 2.4.1. Variación morfológica ............................................................................................ 8 2.5. Plumaje y edad del ave ....................................................................................... 9 2.5.1. Topografía del ave .................................................................................................. 9 2.5.2. La muda en las aves, sus extensiones y patrones ................................................. 10 2.5.3. Estrategias de muda de las aves ............................................................................ 11 2.5.4. La osificación de las aves paseriformes ............................................................... 13 2.5.5. Codificación de la edad utilizando el sistema WRP (Wolf Ryder-Pyle) .............. 13 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .............................................................................. 16 3.1. Área de estudio..................................................................................................... 16 3.1.1. Estación Biológica Río Santa Eulalia (STEU): .................................................... 17 3.1.2. Estación de anillamiento vivero forestal (VIFO): ................................................ 18 3.1.3. Temperatura máxima y mínima, humedad relativa y precipitación en las localidades STEU y VIFO: ............................................................................................. 20 3.2. Metodología de muestreo y captura ..................................................................... 23 3.3. Población de estudio y muestra ............................................................................ 24 3.4. Captura de aves .................................................................................................... 24 3.5. Determinación de la edad ..................................................................................... 24 3.6. Determinación del sexo ........................................................................................ 25 3.7. Medidas morfométricas: ...................................................................................... 26 3.8. Determinación de los patrones de muda: ............................................................. 28 3.9. Procesamiento de datos y análisis estadísticos: ................................................... 28 i IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ............................................................................. 30 4.1. Número de individuos por localidad .................................................................... 30 4.2. Morfología ........................................................................................................... 34 4.2.1. Cuerda alar ........................................................................................................... 34 4.2.2. Cola ...................................................................................................................... 35 4.2.3. Tarso ..................................................................................................................... 35 4.2.4. Pico-narina............................................................................................................ 35 4.2.5. Peso ...................................................................................................................... 36 4.3. Comparación morfológica ................................................................................... 38 4.3.1. Cuerda alar ........................................................................................................... 39 4.3.2. Pico-narina............................................................................................................ 40 4.3.3. Tarso ..................................................................................................................... 41 4.3.4. Cola ...................................................................................................................... 42 4.3.5. Peso ...................................................................................................................... 45 4.4. Patrones de muda ................................................................................................. 50 4.4.1. Secuencia de mudas y plumajes ........................................................................... 50 4.4.2. Extensión de muda ............................................................................................... 52 4.4.3. Temporalidad de la muda ..................................................................................... 57 V. CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................... 61 VI. RECOMENDACIONES ......................................................................................... 62 VII. BILIOGRAFÍA ...................................................................................................... 63 VIII. ANEXOS ............................................................................................................... 71 ii ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1: Set de códigos del sistema de clasificación de edad basado en ciclos de muda .................................................................................................................................. 15 Tabla 2: Formulación de hipótesis estadísticas a partir de las variables independientes localidad, año, edad y sexo ................................................................................................ 29 Tabla 3: Variables dependientes e independientes del estudio comparativo en la morfología de C. analis ..................................................................................................... 34 Tabla 4: Valores de las medidas morfológicas de C. analis en las localidades STEU y VIFO en los años 2013 al 2017 ...................................................................................... 36 Tabla 5: Valores de la prueba de normalidad en los residuales y homogeneidad de variancias del modelo de las variables morfológicas y variables independientes ............. 38 Tabla 6: Análisis
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