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Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

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Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTIONS OF GEMS m THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. WIRT TA8SIN, Assisianl Curator, Division of Minuralogy. 473 TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. Definition and properties of gem minerals 481 Color 481 Diaphaneity 482 Luster ^. 482 Refraction ^ 482 Dispersion 484 Polarization 484 Pleochroism 484 Phosphorescence 484 Hardness 484 Specific gravity 485 Electricity 486 Cleavage 486 Fracture 486 Form 487 II. Description of )ninerals used as gems 487 Albite: Aventurine—Moonstone—Peristerite 487 Amber—Succinite 488 Andalusite: Chiastolite—Made 488 Anhydrite— V^ulpinite 489 Apophyllite—Fish-eye stone 489 Axinite 489 Azurite and malachite 490 Barite 490 Beryl: Aquamarine—Emerald—Goshenite 490 Beryilonite 491 Brookite—Arkansite 492 Carbonate of lime: Pearl—Coral—Marble—Calcite—Aragonite 492 Cancrinite 494 Cassiterite—Wood tin—Toad's-eye tin 494 Catlinite—Pipestone 495 Cat's-eye 495 Chondrodite 495 Chrysoberyl: Alexandrite—Cat's-eye—Cymophane 495 Chrysocolla 496 Coal—Jet—Cannel—Anthracite—Brown 496 Cobaltite 497 Corundum—Ruby—Sai)phire 497 Crocidolite—Cat' s-eye—Tiger' s-eye 499 475 : 476 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1900. II. Description of minerals used as gems—Continued. Page. Damourite 500 Datolite 500 Diamond 500 Diaspore 506 Diopside 506 Dioptase—^Vchirite—Congo emerald 506 Dumortierite 507 Enstatite—Bronzite—Hypersthene 507 Epidote—Thulite 508 Euclase 508 Fluorite—Chlorophane 508 Gadolinite 509 Garnet 509 Gothite 511 Gold 511 Gypsmn: Alabaster—Satin-spar—Selenite 511 Hematite—Chromic iron—Ilmenite * 512 Hornblende 512 lolite: Dichroite—Saphir d'eau—Water sapphire 512 Ilvaite 513 Isopyre 513 Jade 513 Kyanite—Disthene 513 Labradorite 514 Lapis-Lazuli 514 Lepidolite , 515 Magnetite—Lodestone 515 Microcline—Amazonstone—Aventurine 515 Microlite 515 Natrolite 516 Obsidian 516 Olivine Chrysolite—Peridot—Hyalosiderite 516 Octahedrite—Anatase 517 Odontolite—Bone turquoise—Fossil turquoise 517 Oligoclase—Heliolite— Sunstone 517 Opal 517 Orthoclase: Adularia—Aventurine—Moonstone—Perthite 518 Pegmatite—Graphic granite 519 Phenacite 519 Porphyry 519 Prehnite—Chlorastrolite—Zonochlorite 520 Pyrite and marcasite 520 Quartz 520 Rhodonite—Fo wlerite 526 Rutile—Nigrine 526 Samarskite 526 Scapolite—Wernerite—Wilsonite 526 Serpentine 527 Smithsonite * 527 . CONTENTS. 477 II. Description of iniiuM-als used as gemn—Continued. Page. Sodalite 527 Spinel: Almandine—Balas-niby—Rubicelle—Sapphirine—Pleonast . 527 Spodumene—Hiddenite—Lithia emerald 529 Staurolite—Fairy stone 530 Thomsonite—Lintonite 530 Titanite—Sphene 530 Topaz 530 Tourmaline: Achroite—Aphrizite—Indicolite—Rubellite 532 Turquoise—Callainite—Turkis 534 Variscite—Utahite 535 Yesuvianite—Cyprine—Idocrase 535 Willemite 536 Zircon—Hyacinth—Jacinth—Jargon 536 III. Comparative tables of the colors and distinguishing characters of the better-known gems 537 IV. Index of names of gems 544 V. The cutting of gem stones 547 Brilliant cut 547 Double brilliant cut - 549 Half brilliant cut 549 Trap 1 )rilliant cut 550 Portuguese cut 550 Star cut 550 Rose cut 551 Trap or step cut 551 Step brilliant or mixed cut 552 Table cut 1 552 Cabochon cut 552 VI. Imitations, sophistications, and artificial formation of gems 553 VII. Gems of the Bible 556 VIII. Mystical properties of gems 558 IX. Catalogue of the Isaac Lea Collection of gems 587 A bibliography 649 . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Facing page. 1. Banded nodules of azurite and malachite, Morenci, Arizona. Specimen No. 48567, U.S.N.M 490 2. Crocidolite in ([uartz, Griqualand West, South Africa. Specimen No. 4710.'i, U.S.N.M '. 500 3. Amazonstone, Pikes Peak, Colorado. Specimen No. 81813, U.S.N.M 514 4. Opalized wood, Clover Creek, Lincoln County, Idaho. Specimen No. .' 82584, U. S. N. M 518 5. Crystal.- of (inartz, Dauphiny, France. Sjjecimen No. 82218, U.S.N.M 522 (i. Carnelian ajiate, Uruguay. Specimen No. 61770, U.S.N.M 524 7. Kutile in (juartz (Venus' Hair Stone), Alexander County, North Carolina. Specimen No. 47620, U.S.N.M 526 8. Topaz with smoky quartz. Specimen No. 81242, U.S.N.M 530 9. Siberian topaz. Specimen No. 8 1244, U.S.N.M 532 TEXT FIGUEES. Page 1 Diagram t( ) illustrate refraction 483 2. Diagram to illustrate double refraction 483 3. Nich( )ls()n hydrometer 485 4. Emerald crystal. Stony Point, Alexander County, North Carolina; weight, 8| ounces. Specimen No. 83730, U.S.N.M 491 5. Corundum crystals, Ceylon. Specimen No. 81441, U.S.N.M 498 6. Diamond crystals, Kimberly Mines, South Africa. Specimen No. 84799, U.S. N.M 504 7. Garnet crystal and pebbles of pyrope. Specimen No. 82575, U.S.N.M 510 8. Agate, Brazil. Specimen No. 44948, U.S.N.M 521 9. Agatize(lwood,Chalcedony Park, Arizona. Specimen No. 82485, U.S.N.M. 522i 10. Amethyst crystals. Upper Providence, I'ennsvlvania. Specimen No. 83676, U.S.N.M 523 11. Moss agate, Sheridan, Kansas. Specimen No. 49261, U.S.N.M 525 12. Spinel crystals, Kandy, Ceylon. Specimen No. 49163, U.S.N.M 528 13. Topaz pebbles (gouttes d'eau), Mitchell River, New South Wales. Speci- men No. 83782, U.S.N.M .' 531 14. The brilliant: <i and /^ manner in which the brilliant is derived from the fundamental form; c, <I, and e, top, side, and back view of brilliant with 58 facets; /, y, and //, top, side, and back view of modified l)rilliant with 66 facets 548 15. The double brilliant: top {a), side (h), and back (c) view 549 16. The half brilliant: top {a) and side {h) view of half brilliant. In c the top is cut in the form of a star, then called English single cut 549 479 480 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1900. ' Page. 17. The trap brilliant: top {a), side (h), and back (c) view 550 18. The Portuguese cut: top (a), side {h), and back {e) view 550 19. The star cut: {a) front and (b) back view 550 20. The rose cut: a and b, top and side view; c, side view of a double rose 551 21. Upper and under side of trap cut. 551 22. The step brilliant cut 552 23. Top and side view of table cut 552 24. The cabochon cut: a, the single cabociiun; b, tlie double cabochon; c, the hollow cabochon; d, flat or tallow-top cabochon; e, mixed cabochon ... 552 25. Tlie zodiacal stones, with their signs (after an old print) 560 26. The ligures of the planets with their signilicant stones (after an old print) . 562 DESCRIITIVE CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTIONS OF GEMS IN THE UNrrED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. By Wirt Tassin, Assistant Curator, Division of Mineralogy. I. DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES OF GEM MINERALS. A gem mineral may be defined as a mineral of any sort distin- guished, especially when cut and polished, for its beauty, durability, or rarity. The essentials, beaut}'^ and durability, are dependent upon the color, brilliancy, and hardness of the stone, and these in turn are dependent upon certain chemical and physical properties characteristic of any one kind of mineral as compared with all other kinds of minerals. A detailed description of all these properties is to be found in any text- book of mineralogy, so that a discussion of them here will be limited to those that will afford a more or less read}" means of distinguishing one kind of gem from another or upon which their beauty largely depends. These several properties are: Color. —The character of the color in ^\\\ one kind of gem is not a constant, and may vary within rather wide limits. The garnet, for example, which popularly is supposed to be a blood or purplish red stone, varies through red of several shades to l)rown, black, green, yellow, and nearly white. The color depends upon the power of absorbing certain portions of light and reflecting others—that is, absorb- ing certain rays of the spectrum that pass through or fall upon its surface. Thus a gem appears red because it a))sorbs all other colors and reflects, or transmits chiefly the reds; a gem appears green because it reflects, or transmits chiefl}^ green rays, absorbing all others. In all cases the color results from the constituents of the light which have not been absorbed. Those which reflect or transmit all the colors in the proportions in which they exist in the spectrum and absorb none are white; those which absorb all and reflect or transmit none are black. Between these two limits there is an infinite variety of hues, according to the greater or less extent to which substances reflect or transmit some colors and absorb others. 481 482 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1900. Among- minerals the many varieties of color are classed, first, as metallic and nonmetallic, and all shades are referred to eij^ht funda- mental colors—white, gray, black, blue, green, yellow, red, and brown; second, according to peculiarities in the arrangement of color, as play of color, opalescence, iridescence, and asterism; third, as to difference in color shown for light transmitted in ditierent directions through the stone. This case of color absorption is called pleochroism and is peculiar to certain minerals. Diaplianelty. —The capacity of transmitting light materially affects the beaut}' and value of g-ems. There is a wide difference in the degree of this property possessed by most gems and the amount of light transmitted, or the degree of transparency is classed as transparent when the outline of an object seen through the stone is perfectly dis- tinct; subtransparent when an object may be seen but its outline is indistinct; translucent when light is transmitted but oljjects are not seen; subtranslucent when merely the edges are translucent; opaque when no light is transmitted. , Luster. —This is that character depending upon the power and man- ner of reflecting light and is dependent upon the nature of the reflect- ing surface and the quantity'' or the intensity of the light reflected.
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