DOCSLIB.ORG

Impact of the Eocene on the Evolution of Pinus L. Author(S): Constance I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Impact of the Eocene on the Evolution of Pinus L. Author(S): Constance I Impact of the Eocene on the Evolution of Pinus L. Author(s): Constance I. Millar Reviewed work(s): Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 80, No. 2 (1993), pp. 471-498 Published by: Missouri Botanical Garden Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2399795 . Accessed: 02/11/2011 13:05 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Missouri Botanical Garden Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.jstor.org IMPACT OF THE EOCENE ON Constance I. Millar2 THE EVOLUTION OF PINUS L.1 ABSTRACT Pinus evolved in middlelatitudes of the NorthernHemisphere in the middleMesozoic. By the late Cretaceous pines had spread east and west throughoutLaurasia, attaininghigh diversityin eastern Asia, the eastern United States,4nd westernEurope, but havinglittle representation at highnorthern latitudes. Changing climates in the early Tertiaryestablished warm and humidtropical/subtropical conditions in a broad zone to 70'N throughoutmiddle latitudes.Pines and theirrelatives disappeared from many middle-latitude areas duringthis time and were replaced by diverseangiosperm taxa of the boreotropicalflora, which were adapted to the equable, tropicalclimate. The effect of thisclimate change and spreadof boreotropicalflora was to displacepines from their former habitats. A hypothesis is defendedthat pines shifted,during the threewarm periods of the Eocene, intothree major refugialareas in the NorthernHemisphere: high latitudes, low latitudes,and uplandregions of middlelatitudes, especially in westernNorth America.Some of these refugialareas (e.g., Mexico/CentralAmerica) underwent active volcanismand mountain- buildingin the Eocene and became secondarycenters of pine diversity.Many phylogeneticpatterns within Pinus can be traced to thisfragmentation, isolation, and evolutionin Eocene refugia.Subsections Oocarpae and Sabinianae appear to have originatedfrom refugia in Mexico and Central America. Older subsectionssuch as Sylvestres, Ponderosae, Contortae,and Strobi were distributedover several refugia;subsections Leiophyllae, Australes,and Cembroidesevolved in southernrefugia in NorthAmerica; and Canarienses evolvedin southernrefugia along the Tethysseaway in Eurasia. Followingthe coolingand dryingof the climateat the end of the Eocene, manyangiosperm taxa of the boreotropicalflora became extinctand pines recolonizedmiddle latitudes, a zone theyhave occupied to the present.Migration out of refugiaprovided additional opportunities for hybridization and introgression,as formerly isolatedlineages expanded and met. The past two decades have seen an explosion of understanding of the origin of the genus (Miller, informationon the paleohistory of the Earth. Ev- 1976, 1977, 1982, 1988; Robison,1977; Black- idence on plate tectonics has clarified the position well, 1984; Stockey & Ueda, 1986; Stockey & of continents in differentages, continental geo- Nishida, 1986). Similarly, studies on the Quater- morphology, and the dynamics of inland seaways nary historyof pines have led to new interpretations and changing coastlines. Physical and biological about the impact of recent paleohistoric events on evidence has been used to infer paleoclimates with the genetic structureand evolutionaryrelationships finer resolution in time and space. New fossil dis- of extant species (Critchfield, 1984, 1985). coveries have added to the record of past vege- The broad-scale events that influenced the evo- tation, and new diagnostics for identifyingtaxa lution of the genus between its origins in Mesozoic have led to systematic revisions of many fossil (Table 1) and its present diversityremain obscure. floras. The widespread use of radioisotope dating How did important secondary centers of pine di- has added precision to determiningthe ages of fossil versity in Mexico, western North America, and floras. eastern Asia originate? How do these areas relate This information, together with phylogenetic to the primary centers of origin for the genus? analyses of extant taxa, has contributed new in- What events triggered the diversificationsof taxa sights and a revised understanding of evolution for within the genus, and how have historical events many plant groups. In pines (family Pinaceae, ge- influencedcurrent and fossildistribution? Although nus Pinus L.), major syntheses have focused on there have been important contributionsto under- two time periods in the historyof the genus. Studies standing regional biogeography and evolution of on the Mesozoic history of the pine family, and pines in the Tertiary (Eguiluz Piedra, 1985, 1988; especially Pinus, have significantlychanged our Axelrod, 1986; Lauria, 1991), the impact of Pa- l I especiallythank B. B. Kinlochfor valuable discussion and reviewof the manuscript.I also thankD. Axelrod, L. Loveless,C. Miller,S. Strauss,E. Zavarin,and an anonymousreviewer for critical comments on the manuscript. I dedicatethis paper to the late W. B. Critchfield(1923-1989), whosestudies on the impactsof the Pleistoceneon conifersdemonstrated that geneticstructure of extantspecies cannotbe understoodwithout looking to the past. 2 Instituteof Forest Genetics,Pacific Southwest Research Station,U.S.D.A. ForestService, Berkeley,California 94701, U.S.A. ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD. 80: 471-498. 1993. 472 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden TABLE 1. Approximateages and durationsof geologicaleras fromthe Mesozoicto present. Duration (millions Millionsof Era Period Epoch of years) years ago Cenozoic Quaternary Holocene Approximatelythe last 10,000 years Pleistocene 2.4 2.5 Tertiary Neogene Pliocene 4.5 7 Miocene 19 26 Paleogene Oligocene 12 341 Eocene 16 54 Paleocene 11 65 Mesozoic Cretaceous 71 136 Jurassic 54 190 Triassic 35 225 The Oligocene-Eoceneboundary is accepted to be 34 Ma, coincidingwith the terminalEocene event. Authors publishingbefore the middle1970s and some currentones accept the boundaryas 38 Ma. leogene (Paleocene through Oligocene) events, es- 1989). At tropical latitudes, pines occur only in pecially the Eocene, on the evolution of the genus uplands or semi-arid regions. as a whole has not been analyzed. In this paper, I Pinus contains more species than any other attempt to synthesize recent informationon plate genus of conifers, although Podocarpus may rival tectonics, climate, fossils,and biogeographyof pines it. Pines have been recognized since Classical times, and other dominant plant groups as they affected and more than 40 classificationsystems have been pine evolution. From this synthesis, I argue that proposed (Critchfield& Little, 1966; Mirov, 1967; the Eocene was one of the most important phases Little & Critchfield,1969; Price, 1989; Millar & in pine evolution. Kinloch, 1991). The most widely accepted is the system of Little & Critchfield(1969), which built upon and modifiedthe classificationof Shaw (1914, SYSTEMATICS AND CURRENT 1924). Little & Critchfield(1969) divided Pinus BIOGEOGRAPHY OF PINUS into 3 subgenera, 5 sections, 15 subsections, and The genus Pinus is one of the most widely dis- 94 species (Fig. 3). They updated the classification tributed genera of trees in the Northern Hemi- by incorporating new types of informationbased sphere. Pines occur predominantly at middle lati- on genetic data, especially from contemporary tudes (30'-550N), but important centers of pine studies on hybridizationand biochemical variation. species also exist at high (> 550N) and low latitudes Thus, their classification implicitly suggests phy- (< 30'N) (Figs. 1, 2; Critchfield& Little, 1966). logenetic relationships and common origins of spe- Pines are abundantly represented in North Amer- cies and groups of species. Since the time of Little ica, Central America, Europe, and Asia, with some and Critchfield'sclassification, several new species taxa extending into northern Africa. Within their have been described, especially from species-rich range, pines occur in diverse habitats, extend from and as yet still incompletely known regions such sea level to 3,700 m, and dominate natural veg- as Mexico. In this paper, I accept Little and Critch- etation in many regions. They are absent fromhot, field's authority for species, and cite authors of wet, tropical environments, where they are poor taxonomic names only for those taxa outside of competitors with other taxa (Mirov, 1967; Bond, their system. I also accept most aspects of their (Do 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 160 120 80 40 0 40 80 120 160 ( -) a + ~~~~S/ Sy ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7~S 40~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 co 20~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~g- 0- + 2 FIGURE1. Distributionof Pinus subgenusPinus, showinggeneral locations of subsectionswithin the subgenus.A =Australes, Ca =Canarienses, Co =Contortae, L= Leiophyllae, 0 = Oocarpae, Pi =Pineae, Po =Ponderosae, Sa = Sabinianae, Sy= Sylvestres. 160 120 80 40 0 40 80 120 160 Cet D0 Ce ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~C - 40 B1 Cs~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C = Ce = FIGURE 2. Distributionof Pinus subgenusStrobus and subgenusDucampopinus, showinggeneral
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cambrian Phytoplankton of the Brunovistulicum – Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy
    MONIKA JACHOWICZ-ZDANOWSKA Cambrian phytoplankton of the Brunovistulicum – taxonomy and biostratigraphy Polish Geological Institute Special Papers,28 WARSZAWA 2013 CONTENTS Introduction...........................................................6 Geological setting and lithostratigraphy.............................................8 Summary of Cambrian chronostratigraphy and acritarch biostratigraphy ...........................13 Review of previous palynological studies ...........................................17 Applied techniques and material studied............................................18 Biostratigraphy ........................................................23 BAMA I – Pulvinosphaeridium antiquum–Pseudotasmanites Assemblage Zone ....................25 BAMA II – Asteridium tornatum–Comasphaeridium velvetum Assemblage Zone ...................27 BAMA III – Ichnosphaera flexuosa–Comasphaeridium molliculum Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone .........30 BAMA IV – Skiagia–Eklundia campanula Assemblage Zone ..............................39 BAMA V – Skiagia–Eklundia varia Assemblage Zone .................................39 BAMA VI – Volkovia dentifera–Liepaina plana Assemblage Zone (Moczyd³owska, 1991) ..............40 BAMA VII – Ammonidium bellulum–Ammonidium notatum Assemblage Zone ....................40 BAMA VIII – Turrisphaeridium semireticulatum Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone...................41 BAMA IX – Adara alea–Multiplicisphaeridium llynense Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone...............42 Regional significance of the biostratigraphic
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Serravallian Stage (Middle Miocene)
    152 152 Articles by F.J. Hilgen1, H.A. Abels1, S. Iaccarino2, W. Krijgsman3, I. Raffi4, R. Sprovieri5, E. Turco2 and W.J. Zachariasse1 The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Serravallian Stage (Middle Miocene) 1Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected] 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy. 3Paleomagnetic Laboratory “Fort Hoofddijk”, Budapestlaan 17, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands. 4Dipartimento di Geotecnologie per l’Ambiente e il Territorio, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy. 5Dipartimento di Geologia e Gedesia della Terra, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy. The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for point in a continuous marine section facilitates communication among the Base of the Serravallian Stage (Middle Miocene) is Earth Scientists as it permits to export the boundary as a timeline away from the GSSP, using multiple stratigraphic tools. defined in the Ras il Pellegrin section located in the During the last decade, much progress has been made in the coastal cliffs along the Fomm Ir-Rih Bay on the west Neogene by defining GSSPs of the Zanclean (Van Couvering et al., coast of Malta (35°54'50"N, 14°20'10"E). The GSSP is 2000), Piacenzian (Castradori et al., 1998) and Gelasian (Rio et al., at the base of the Blue Clay Formation (i.e., top of the 1998) Stages of the Pliocene, and the Messininan and Tortonian Stages transitional bed of the uppermost Globigerina of the (Upper) Miocene (Hilgen et al., 2000a; Hilgen et al., 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Neogene Stratigraphy of the Langenboom Locality (Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands)
    Netherlands Journal of Geosciences — Geologie en Mijnbouw | 87 - 2 | 165 - 180 | 2008 Neogene stratigraphy of the Langenboom locality (Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands) E. Wijnker1'*, T.J. Bor2, F.P. Wesselingh3, D.K. Munsterman4, H. Brinkhiris5, A.W. Burger6, H.B. Vonhof7, K. Post8, K. Hoedemakers9, A.C. Janse10 & N. Taverne11 1 Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, the Netherlands. 2 Prinsenweer 54, 3363 JK Sliedrecht, the Netherlands. 3 Naturalis, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands. 4 TN0 B&0 - National Geological Survey, P.O. Box 80015, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands. 5 Palaeocecology, Inst. Environmental Biology, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands. 6 P. Soutmanlaan 18, 1701 MC Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands. 7 Faculty Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 EH Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 8 Natuurmuseum Rotterdam, P.O. Box 23452, 3001 KL Rotterdam, the Netherlands. 9 Minervastraat 23, B 2640 Mortsel, Belgium. 10 Gerard van Voornestraat 165, 3232 BE Brielle, the Netherlands. 11 Snipweg 14, 5451 VP Mill, the Netherlands. * corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Manuscript received: February 2007; accepted: March 2008 Abstract The locality of Langenboom (eastern Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands), also known as Mill, is famous for its Neogene molluscs, shark teeth, teleost remains, birds and marine mammals. The stratigraphic context of the fossils, which have been collected from sand suppletions, was hitherto poorly understood. Here we report on a section which has been sampled by divers in the adjacent flooded sandpit 'De Kuilen' from which the Langenboom sands have been extracted.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2018
    ANNUAL REPORT 2018 March 2019 __________________________________ ANNUAL REPORT 2018 INSTITUT CATALÀ DE PALEONTOLOGIA MIQUEL CRUSAFONT DAVID M. ALBA Director © Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont 2019 Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona. Museu de l’ICP c/ Escola Industrial 23, 08201 Sabadell, Barcelona. Patrons: Member of: __________________________________ Annual Report 2018 Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont WELCOME TO THE ICP Greetings from the Director _______________________________________________________________________ At the ICP we are convinced that Paleontology, as a discipline halfway between Biology and Geology, should make fundamental contributions not only to the history of life, but also to evolutionary theory. Therefore, the research performed at the ICP clearly follows a paleobiological approach. In other words, for us it is not enough to know how past living beings were and what are their kinship relationships with extant ones. We also aim to know how they lived, how they moved, what they ate, how they developed and reproduced, how they interacted with one another, what environment they inhabited and, ultimately, how past interactions between organisms and environment have shaped the ecosystems that we know today. It is precisely the access to deep time (or geological time, the one which is measured in millions and millions of years), by means of the study of fossil remains, what provides Paleobiology with a unique perspective of utmost importance for understanding why and how living beings have evolved in relation to the environment than surrounds them through Earth’s history.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Neogene Chronology: New Perspectives in High-Resolution Stratigraphy
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Columbia University Academic Commons Late Neogene chronology: New perspectives in high-resolution stratigraphy W. A. Berggren Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 F. J. Hilgen Institute of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands C. G. Langereis } D. V. Kent Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964 J. D. Obradovich Isotope Geology Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225 Isabella Raffi Facolta di Scienze MM.FF.NN, Universita ‘‘G. D’Annunzio’’, ‘‘Chieti’’, Italy M. E. Raymo Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 N. J. Shackleton Godwin Laboratory of Quaternary Research, Free School Lane, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3RS, United Kingdom ABSTRACT (Calabria, Italy), is located near the top of working group with the task of investigat- the Olduvai (C2n) Magnetic Polarity Sub- ing and resolving the age disagreements in We present an integrated geochronology chronozone with an estimated age of 1.81 the then-nascent late Neogene chronologic for late Neogene time (Pliocene, Pleisto- Ma. The 13 calcareous nannoplankton schemes being developed by means of as- cene, and Holocene Epochs) based on an and 48 planktonic foraminiferal datum tronomical/climatic proxies (Hilgen, 1987; analysis of data from stable isotopes, mag- events for the Pliocene, and 12 calcareous Hilgen and Langereis, 1988, 1989; Shackle- netostratigraphy, radiochronology, and cal- nannoplankton and 10 planktonic foram- ton et al., 1990) and the classical radiometric careous plankton biostratigraphy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neogene/Quaternary Boundary in India: a Review
    Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), Vol. 90. Number 2, July 1981, pp. 111-123. @ Printed in India. The Neogene/Quaternary boundary in India: A review D P AGRAWAL, D K BHATT*, SHEELA KUSUMGAR and R K PANT Physical Research laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India *Geological Survey of India, Lucknow 226 007. India MS received 5 January 1981; revised 30 April 1981 Abstract. The Neogene/Quaternary boundary has been variously defined in different continents. A global review of the problem shows that only the Old- uvai event on the palaeomagnetic timescale may provide an universally accept- able isochronous datum for delineating this boundary. The N/Q boundary in the Siwaliks, Kashmir and the Andamans in India is defined in the light of recent research. Keywor~. Neogene/Quaternary boundary ; palaeomagnetic data. 1. Introduction Lyel] coined the term 'Pleistocene' in 1839 as a substitute for the term newer Pliocene (Lyell 1833) and included the sediments which contained 90-95~ molluscan species still living. During the Pleistocene many of the living mammals made their first appearance. The onset of the first glacia- tion was also used as a marker to define the boundary between Pliocene and Pleistocene by geologists working on continental sections. Recent literature, however, prefers to use the term Neogene/Quaternary boundary in place of the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. The Russian workers, however, use Neogene/Anthropogene and interpolate an 'Eopleistocene' stage between the Pliocene and Pleistocene (Gerasimov 1979); this stage marks the first appearance of hominid forms. We will, for the present, use the term Neogene/Quaternary (N/Q) boundary.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraining Neogene Temperature and Precipitation Histories in The
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Sciences Spring 4-21-2016 Constraining Neogene temperature and precipitation histories in the Central Great Plains using the fossil record of Alligator Evan Whiting University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss Part of the Climate Commons, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Paleobiology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Whiting, Evan, "Constraining Neogene temperature and precipitation histories in the Central Great Plains using the fossil record of Alligator" (2016). Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 79. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss/79 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. CONSTRAINING NEOGENE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION HISTORIES IN THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS USING THE FOSSIL RECORD OF ALLIGATOR by Evan T. Whiting A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Under the Supervision of Professor Sherilyn C. Fritz Lincoln, Nebraska April, 2016 i CONSTRAINING NEOGENE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION HISTORIES IN THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS USING THE FOSSIL RECORD OF ALLIGATOR Evan Tyler Whiting, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2016 Advisor: Sherilyn C. Fritz Most amphibians and reptiles (excluding birds) are poikilothermic; their internal body temperature varies with that of their external environment.
    [Show full text]
  • A Middle Eocene Lowland Humid Subtropical “Shangri-La” Ecosystem in Central Tibet
    A Middle Eocene lowland humid subtropical “Shangri-La” ecosystem in central Tibet Tao Sua,b,c,1, Robert A. Spicera,d, Fei-Xiang Wue,f, Alexander Farnsworthg, Jian Huanga,b, Cédric Del Rioa, Tao Dengc,e,f, Lin Dingh,i, Wei-Yu-Dong Denga,c, Yong-Jiang Huangj, Alice Hughesk, Lin-Bo Jiaj, Jian-Hua Jinl, Shu-Feng Lia,b, Shui-Qing Liangm, Jia Liua,b, Xiao-Yan Liun, Sarah Sherlockd, Teresa Spicera, Gaurav Srivastavao, He Tanga,c, Paul Valdesg, Teng-Xiang Wanga,c, Mike Widdowsonp, Meng-Xiao Wua,c, Yao-Wu Xinga,b, Cong-Li Xua, Jian Yangq, Cong Zhangr, Shi-Tao Zhangs, Xin-Wen Zhanga,c, Fan Zhaoa, and Zhe-Kun Zhoua,b,j,1 aCAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China; bCenter of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China; cUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China; dSchool of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; eKey Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044 Beijing, China; fCenter for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; gSchool of Geographical Sciences and Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; hCAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; iKey Laboratory of
    [Show full text]
  • Faunal Characterisation of Neogene and Pleistocene Localities of the State Jalisco, Mexico
    ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at carolinea, 62 (2004): 63-68, 2 Abb., 1. Taf.; Karlsruhe, 15.12.2004 63 H. D ieter Schreiber Faunal characterisation of Neogene and Pleistocene localities of the State Jalisco, Mexico Abstract The collection at the MPG (see fig. 1) contains fossil The collection of the Museo de Paleontología de Guadalajara, remains of vertebrates (Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Jalisco, Mexico (MPG) contains fossils of vertebrates from Amphibia, Pisces) and plant remains (e.g. siliceous several localities in the State Jalisco, SW-Mexico. The locali­ ties are Miocene up to Pleistocene in age. Based on investiga­ wood) from Miocene up to late Pleistocene localities. tions during a visit at the MPG in 2003 a faunal list and a short Unfortunately, precise coordinates of the localities or characterisation of the faunal assemblage are presented in strata of most fossils are unknown. Whereas coordi­ comparison to the localities Rancho la Brea (California, USA) nates and stratum are reported for a skeleton of a re­ and Mina (Nuevo León, NE-Mexico). Potential projects for fur­ cently excavated gomphotherid, the lack of precise de­ ther investigations on the fossil material and the localities are proposed. tails on the fossil sites and in consequence their ages is a result of the historic origin of the collection. Kurzfassung Faunistische Charakterisierung von Neogenen und Plei- stozänen Fundstellen des Staates Jalisco, Mexiko Die Sammlung des Museo de Paleontología de Guadalajara, Origin of the collection Jalisco, Mexico (MPG) umfasst Wirbeltierfossilien aus mehre­ ren Fundstellen im Bundesstaat Jalisco, SW-Mexiko.
    [Show full text]
  • International Chronostratigraphic Chart
    INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2014/02 numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Erathem / Era System / Period GSSP GSSP age (Ma) GSSP GSSA EonothemErathem / Eon System / Era / Period EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) / Eon GSSP age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ± 0.4 ~ 541.0 ±1.0 Holocene Ediacaran 0.0117 Tithonian Upper 152.1 ±0.9 Famennian ~ 635 0.126 Upper Kimmeridgian Neo- Cryogenian Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper proterozoic Pleistocene 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 850 Calabrian Oxfordian Tonian 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 Frasnian 1000 Callovian 166.1 ±1.2 Quaternary Gelasian 2.58 382.7 ±1.6 Stenian Bathonian 168.3 ±1.3 Piacenzian Middle Bajocian Givetian 1200 Pliocene 3.600 170.3 ±1.4 Middle 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- Zanclean Aalenian proterozoic Ectasian 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 Eifelian 1400 Messinian Jurassic 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 Toarcian Calymmian Tortonian 182.7 ±0.7 Emsian 1600 11.62 Pliensbachian Statherian Lower 407.6 ±2.6 Serravallian 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 Miocene Pragian 410.8 ±2.8 Langhian Sinemurian Proterozoic Neogene 15.97 Orosirian 199.3 ±0.3 Lochkovian Paleo- Hettangian 2050 Burdigalian 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 proterozoic 20.44 Mesozoic Rhaetian Pridoli Rhyacian Aquitanian 423.0 ±2.3 23.03 ~ 208.5 Ludfordian 2300 Cenozoic Chattian Ludlow 425.6 ±0.9 Siderian 28.1 Gorstian Oligocene Upper Norian 427.4 ±0.5 2500 Rupelian Wenlock Homerian
    [Show full text]
  • Paleogeographic Maps Earth History
    History of the Earth Age AGE Eon Era Period Period Epoch Stage Paleogeographic Maps Earth History (Ma) Era (Ma) Holocene Neogene Quaternary* Pleistocene Calabrian/Gelasian Piacenzian 2.6 Cenozoic Pliocene Zanclean Paleogene Messinian 5.3 L Tortonian 100 Cretaceous Serravallian Miocene M Langhian E Burdigalian Jurassic Neogene Aquitanian 200 23 L Chattian Triassic Oligocene E Rupelian Permian 34 Early Neogene 300 L Priabonian Bartonian Carboniferous Cenozoic M Eocene Lutetian 400 Phanerozoic Devonian E Ypresian Silurian Paleogene L Thanetian 56 PaleozoicOrdovician Mesozoic Paleocene M Selandian 500 E Danian Cambrian 66 Maastrichtian Ediacaran 600 Campanian Late Santonian 700 Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian Late Cretaceous 100 800 Cryogenian Albian 900 Neoproterozoic Tonian Cretaceous Aptian Early 1000 Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian 1100 Stenian Berriasian 146 Tithonian Early Cretaceous 1200 Late Kimmeridgian Oxfordian 161 Callovian Mesozoic 1300 Ectasian Bathonian Middle Bajocian Aalenian 176 1400 Toarcian Jurassic Mesoproterozoic Early Pliensbachian 1500 Sinemurian Hettangian Calymmian 200 Rhaetian 1600 Proterozoic Norian Late 1700 Statherian Carnian 228 1800 Ladinian Late Triassic Triassic Middle Anisian 1900 245 Olenekian Orosirian Early Induan Changhsingian 251 2000 Lopingian Wuchiapingian 260 Capitanian Guadalupian Wordian/Roadian 2100 271 Kungurian Paleoproterozoic Rhyacian Artinskian 2200 Permian Cisuralian Sakmarian Middle Permian 2300 Asselian 299 Late Gzhelian Kasimovian 2400 Siderian Middle Moscovian Penn- sylvanian Early Bashkirian
    [Show full text]
  • The Neogene: Origin, Adoption, Evolution, and Controversy
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Earth-Science Reviews 89 (2008) 42–72 www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev The Neogene: Origin, adoption, evolution, and controversy Stephen L. Walsh 1 Department of Paleontology, San Diego Natural History Museum, PO Box 121390, San Diego, CA 92112, USA Received 4 October 2007; accepted 3 December 2007 Available online 14 December 2007 Abstract Some stratigraphers have recently insisted that for historical reasons, the Neogene (Miocene+Pliocene) should be extended to the present. However, despite some ambiguity in its application by Moriz Hörnes in the 1850s, the “Neogene” was widely adopted by European geologists to refer to the Miocene and Pliocene of Lyell, but excluding the “Diluvium” (later to become the Pleistocene) and “Alluvium” (later to become the Holocene). During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the ends of the Neogene, Tertiary and Pliocene evolved in response to the progressive lowering of the beginnings of the Quaternary and Pleistocene.
    [Show full text]