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The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje Babe I Cave

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The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje Babe I Cave G Model ANTHRO-2689; No. of Pages 28 L’anthropologie xxx (2018) xxx–xxx Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect et e´galement disponible sur www.em-consulte.com Original article The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia): Arguments on the Material Evidence for Neanderthal Musical Behaviour§ L’instrument musical mouste´rien de la grotte de Divje babe I (Slove´nie) : arguments pour l’e´vidence mate´rielle du comportement musical des ne´andertaliens a, b a,1 Matija Turk *, Ivan Turk , Ljuben Dimkaroski , c,d e Bonnie A.B. Blackwell , Franc¸ois Zolta´n Horusitzky , f g h Marcel Otte , Giuliano Bastiani , Lidija Korat a Institute of Archaeolgy ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia b Lunacˇkova ulica 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia c Department of Chemistry, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA d R.F.K. Science Research Institute, 75–40 Parsons Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11366, USA e 14, Alle´e des Comptes-de-Montfort, 78610 Auffargis, France f Universite´ de Lie`ge, 7, Place du XX Aouˆt, Baˆt. A1, 4000 Lie`ge, Belgium g Via Puccini, 16b, 34078 Sagrado, Italy h Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimicˇeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: In 1995, an unusually perforated femur of a juvenile cave bear was Available online xxx found in the Divje babe I Palaeolithic cave site in Slovenia. The supposition that it could be a flute led to heated debates. According Keywords: to its archaeological context and chronostratigraphic position, if Mousterian made by humans, it could only be attributed to Neanderthals. The Divje babe I crucial question was related to the origin of the holes. These could Neandertals only have been made either by a carnivore or by human § The paper is dedicated to the memory of Ljuben Dimkaroski. * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M. Turk), [email protected] (M. Otte). 1 Deceased author. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2018.10.001 C 0003-5521/ 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Turk, M., et al., The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia): Arguments on the Material Evidence for Neanderthal Musical Behaviour. L’anthropologie (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2018.10.001 G Model ANTHRO-2689; No. of Pages 28 2 M. Turk et al. / L’anthropologie xxx (2018) xxx–xxx Perforated bones intervention. Results of experimental testing of both hypotheses Palaeolithic music do not support a carnivore origin of the holes. Furthermore, the Symbolic behaviour method of artificial creation of the holes, which left no conventional traces of manufacture, was defined. Computed tomography revealed traces, which could be the result of human agency and called into serious question the origin of some features previously declared to be solely of carnivore origin. Recent musical experiments performed on a replica of the reconstructed musical instrument revealed its great musical capability. Together with some other findings from Divje babe I, the Mousterian musical instrument offers a unique insight into the Neanderthals’ symbolic behaviour and their cognitive abilities. The multidisciplinary results of comprehensive analyses of this exceptional find are first presented here together with its chronostratigraphic, palaeo- environmental, and archaeological contexts. C 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. R E´ S U M E´ Mots cle´s : En 1995, un e´trange fe´mur perfore´ d’un jeune ours des cavernes a Mouste´rien e´te´ de´couvert dans la grotte pale´olithique de Divje babe I en Divje babe I Slove´nie. L’interpre´tation comme une fluˆte a conduit a` des de´bats Neandertal tre`s houleux. Selon son contexte arche´ologique et sa position Ossements perfore´s chrono-stratigraphique, si cet objet est bien humain, il ne peut Musique pale´olithique qu’eˆtre attribue´ aux Ne´andertaliens. La question cruciale a e´te´ lie´e Comportement symbolique aux origines des perforations. De toute e´vidence, elles ne peuvent eˆtre dues qu’a` des carnivores ou a` des hommes. Les re´sultats de diffe´rentes expe´riences confrontant les deux hypothe`ses ne confirment pas l’origine des perforations par des carnivores. Par ailleurs, la me´thode a` l’origine des perforations a e´te´ de´finie ici : elle n’a pas laisse´ de traces habituelles quant a` leur mode de production. La tomographie informatise´e re´ve`le des traces qui peuvent re´sulter d’agents humains et permet de s’interroger se´rieusement sur la nature de certains aspects nague`re de´clare´s d’origine uniquement due aux carnivores. De re´centes expe´riences re´alise´es sur des reproductions d’instruments en ont re´ve´le´ ses ` grandes capacite´s musicales. A coˆte´ d’autres donne´es inte´ressan- tes, du meˆme site, l’instrument de musique autorise une approche des capacite´s symboliques a` la disposition des Ne´andertaliens autant que leurs capacite´s symboliques. Des e´tudes multidisci- plinaires d’analyses complexes mene´es sur cette de´couverte exceptionnelle sont pre´sente´es ici pour la premie`re fois, avec les informations sur la chrono-stratigraphie, le pale´o-environnement et les contextes arche´ologiques. C 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits re´serve´s. 1. Introduction Finds of symbolic significance are of primary interest within Palaeolithic research. Particular attention is devoted to the discoveries that predate the arrival of anatomically modern humans (hereafter AMH) in Europe. A find of great interest and importance, which is radically changing our understanding of Neanderthals, was unearthed in 1995 in the Divje babe I Palaeolithic cave site in western Slovenia. Like many other discoveries that might reflect a symbolic behaviour and advanced cognitive abilities of Neanderthals (Soressi and d’Errico, 2007; Bednarik, 2014; Burdukiewicz, 2014), a Please cite this article in press as: Turk, M., et al., The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia): Arguments on the Material Evidence for Neanderthal Musical Behaviour. L’anthropologie (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2018.10.001 G Model ANTHRO-2689; No. of Pages 28 M. Turk et al. / L’anthropologie xxx (2018) xxx–xxx 3 perforated femur from Divje babe I, initially interpreted as a possible Neanderthal flute, remains a subject of strong criticism, denial, and ignorance. Ivan Turk, who (after Mitja Brodar) with Janez Dirjec conducted excavations at Divje babe I in 1990–1999, was the first to express doubt that the holes were produced artificially. As an alternative, Turk proposed the hypothesis that a carnivore may have made the holes (Turk et al., 1995a; Turk et al., 1997a, 1997b). However, subsequent research by Turk and others (Bastiani and Turk, 1997; Kunej and Turk, 2000; Turk et al., 2001, 2003, 2006, 2014a, 2016; Dimkaroski, 2011, 2014; Tuniz et al., 2012; Horusitzky, 2014) revealed that there are no reasonable grounds for the carnivore hypothesis to be true. Nevertheless, doubt about the anthropogenic origin of the holes became deeply rooted in part of the scientific community due to some authors who strongly advocated the hypothesis of the carnivore origin of the holes (Chase and Nowell, 1998; Holdermann and Serangeli, 1998; Albrecht et al., 1998, 2001; d’Errico et al., 1998, 2003; d’Errico, 2002; d’Errico and Lawson, 2006). Based on numerous multidisciplinary scientific experiments and analyses, the finders of the perforated bone and their co-workers proposed many strong arguments in support of the artificial origin of the holes (Bastiani and Turk, 1997; Otte, 2000; Kunej and Turk, 2000; Turk et al., 2001, 2003, 2006, 2014a, 2016; Tuniz et al., 2012; Horusitzky, 2014). These investigations, together with most recent musical analyses, showed that the find is not an ordinary flute, but a special, seemingly simple musical instrument whose capability is similar to modern wind instruments (Dimkaroski, 2011, 2014). Therefore, we no longer use inappropriate term flute, but more wide term musical instrument. Many papers have been written about Divje babe perforated bone. It is not our intention here to engage in polemics with those who fiercely oppose its interpretation as an artefact, i.e. musical instrument. Divergent views on the perforated bone are already summarized and critically reviewed in the final Divje babe I monograph (Turk et al., 2014a; see also Turk et al., 2016). The multidisciplinary results of a comprehensive analysis of this find are first summarised and presented here together with its chronostratigraphic, palaeo-environmental, and archaeological contexts. This article strives to list characteristics of perforated bone, including the results that provide clues to its creation and subsequent diagenetic transformation. 2. Presentation of the site The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic cave site Divje babe I (hereafter also DB) is located in western Slovenia in the foothills of the southeastern Alps (Turk, 1997, 2007, 2014a) (Fig. 1). The cave opens on a ˇ steep northern slope below the edge of the Sebrelje plateau (municipality of Cerkno) at an altitude of 450 m a.s.l. and 230 m above the Idrijca River valley. The 45 m long and up to 15 m wide cave is formed of Cordevolian dolomite and contains more than 12 m of Quaternary deposits, consisting mostly of autochthonous clastic sediment (Fig. 2). During the Upper Pleistocene, the cave was mainly a den in which female cave bears delivered and raised cubs (Debeljak, 2002). Between 1980 and 1999, the Institute of Archaeology ZRC SAZU from Ljubljana conducted systematic excavations, which were crowned by an unexpected find, a juvenile cave bear femur with two complete and two partial holes resembling a flute (Fig.
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