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PICOT, Problem Statement, Research Question, Hypothesis © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ChapterNOT5 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORPICOT, SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Problem Statement, Research Question, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEHypothesis OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Lucy LLC B. Trice and Kathaleen C.© Bloom Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEChapter OR DISTRIBUTIONObjectives NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION At the conclusion of this chapter, the learner will be able to 1. Discuss processes involved in identifying a researchable problem in nursing practice © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC2. Write an effective problem© statement Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION3. Discuss essential characteristicsNOT FORneeded SALE to pose ORa research DISTRIBUTION question 4. Identify the criteria for establishing research variables 5. Contrast the various types of hypotheses 6. Explain the differences between conceptual and operational definitions © Jones7. Critically & Bartlett evaluate Learning,research questions LLC and hypotheses found in research© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORreports SALE for their OR contribution DISTRIBUTION to the strength of evidence for nursingNOT practice FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Key Terms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ➤ ➤ NOT FOR SALE Associative OR DISTRIBUTION hypothesis ComplexNOT hypothesis FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ➤ Categorical variable ➤ Confounding variable ➤ Causal hypothesis ➤ Continuous variable © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2ND© JonesPAGES & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 122 | Chapter 5 PICOT, Problem Statement, Research Question, Hypothesis © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ➤ NOTDemographic FOR SALE variable OR DISTRIBUTION➤ Nondirectional hypothesis NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ➤ Dependent variable ➤ Null hypothesis ➤ Dichotomous variable ➤ Problem statement ➤ ➤ © Jones & Bartlett Directional Learning, hypothesis LLC Research© hypothesis Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE➤ Discrete OR variableDISTRIBUTION ➤ ResearchNOT question FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ➤ Extraneous variable ➤ Simple hypothesis ➤ Hypothesis ➤ Variable ➤ Independent variable © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Every research study begins with a problem the researcher would like to solve. For such a problem to be researchable, it must be one that can be studied through collecting and analyzing data. Some problems, although interesting, are by their nature not appropriate research © Jones & Bartlettproblems Learning, because LLC they are not researchable. ©Problems Jones involving & Bartlett moral Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORor ethicalDISTRIBUTION issues are not researchable, as theNOT solutions FOR to SALE these prob OR- DISTRIBUTION lems are based on an individual’s values. For example, one could not research a question such as “Should marijuana use be legalized?” because the answer to the question depends on one’s values rather than on a clearly right or wrong answer. This is not to say that mari- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCjuana use cannot be studied.© Jones One could & Bartlett study people’sLearning, opinions LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONregarding marijuana use. ForNOT example, FOR SALEone might OR ask DISTRIBUTION the question, “Do cancer patients hold more favorable opinions regarding legaliza- tion of marijuana use than the general public?” The need to avoid moral/ethical questions as a research topic applies to both quantitative and qualitative studies. © JonesOther & Bartlett factors influenceLearning, whether LLC a problem is researchable© Jones using & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT quantitativeFOR SALE methods. OR DISTRIBUTION For a problem to be considered researchableNOT byFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION quantitative methods, the variables to be studied must be clearly defined and measurable. This clarity is necessary to apply statistical measures that will identify relationships among the variables. Qualita- tive studies are not subject to the same restriction, as the purpose of © Jones & Bartlettthese Learning, studies is LLC to describe in detail the phenomenon© Jones of& interestBartlett as itLearning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORis perceived DISTRIBUTION by the study subjects. In other NOTwords, FOR qualitative SALE studies OR DISTRIBUTION are descriptive in nature and are not concerned with relationships among variables. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2ND© JonesPAGES & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2ND PAGES NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. Introduction | 123 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT IdentifyingFOR SALE Researchable OR DISTRIBUTION Problems NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION There are a number of sources from which researchable problems can arise. Personal experience, whether as a healthcare professional or as a consumer of health care, is a rich source. For example, © Jones & Bartlettreviewing Learning, procedure LLC manuals might raise ©the Jones question, & Bartlett“Does one Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORprocedure DISTRIBUTION for giving mouth care apply to allNOT patients?” FOR SALEIn consider OR- DISTRIBUTION ing such diverse groups of patients as those with endotracheal or nasogastric tubes in place; those with full-blown AIDS, often accom- panied by buccal mucosal lesions; and cancer patients on chemo- therapy, one might ask, “Does one size fit all, or should separate © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCprocedures be established© for Jones each case?”& Bartlett Thus, Learning,as many authors LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONpoint out (Macnee & McCabe,NOT 2008; FOR Norwood, SALE OR 2010; DISTRIBUTION Polit & Beck, 2010; Schmidt & Brown, 2012), practice experience is a major source for identifying gaps in knowledge that would benefit from research. The nursing literature can also be a valuable source for research- © Jonesable &problems, Bartlett particularly Learning, for LLC the novice researcher (Burns© Jones & & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT Grove,FOR SALE2007; Norwood,OR DISTRIBUTION 2010; Polit & Beck, 2010). For example,NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the researcher might identify a topic of interest and then review the nursing research literature to determine which kinds of studies have been done in that area. Seeing how other researchers have approached a problem can often spark new ideas or perhaps point © Jones & Bartlettto Learning, studies that LLCwould benefit from replication.© Jones In addition & Bartlett to offer Learning,- LLC NOT FOR SALE ORing DISTRIBUTION such indirect assistance in the developmentNOT FOR of SALEa problem OR DISTRIBUTION statement, the research literature, including unpublished disserta- tions and theses as well as published research articles, provides direct assistance through specific suggestions for future research in the area. These suggestions may be offered under a special heading © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCfor future research, or they© Jonesmay be &part Bartlett of the discussionLearning, of LLC the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONfindings. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Social issues often give rise to topics relevant to healthcare research (Norwood, 2010; Polit & Beck, 2008, 2010). For example, the feminist movement raised questions about gender equity in health care and in healthcare research. The civil rights movement led to © Jonesresearch & Bartletton minority Learning, health problems LLC in general and to explorations© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT ofFOR the differencesSALE OR in DISTRIBUTION effectiveness of medical treatment in NOTdifferent FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ethnic groups. Shifts in the U.S. population including increasing numbers of elderly, and increasing numbers of individuals with one or more chronic diseases, also provide impetus for healthcare research. For © Jones & Bartlettexample Learning, the emergence LLC of conditions such ©as Alzheimer’sJones & BartlettDisease has Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORled DISTRIBUTIONto research dealing with the nursing careNOT of these FOR patients, SALE as ORwell DISTRIBUTION as research in how best to give “care for the caregiver” (Elliott, Burgio, & DeCoster, 2010). The rising epidemic of obesity at all ages of the 2ND PAGES © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2ND© JonesPAGES & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
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