The Usefulness of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches and Methods in Researching Problem-Solving Ability in Science Education Curriculum
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On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: the Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 482 462 TM 035 389 AUTHOR Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J.; Leech, Nancy L. TITLE On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: The Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies. PUB DATE 2003-11-00 NOTE 25p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association (Biloxi, MS, November 5-7, 2003). PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Pragmatics; *Qualitative Research; *Research Methodology; *Researchers ABSTRACT The last 100 years have witnessed a fervent debate in the United States about quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. Unfortunately, this has led to a great divide between quantitative and qualitative researchers, who often view themselves in competition with each other. Clearly, this polarization has promoted purists, i.e., researchers who restrict themselves exclusively to either quantitative or qualitative research methods. Mono-method research is the biggest threat to the advancement of the social sciences. As long as researchers stay polarized in research they cannot expect stakeholders who rely on their research findings to take their work seriously. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the debate between quantitative and qualitative is divisive, and thus counterproductive for advancing the social and behavioral science field. This paper advocates that all graduate students learn to use and appreciate both quantitative and qualitative research. In so doing, students will develop into what is termed "pragmatic researchers." (Contains 41 references.) (Author/SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher 1 Running head: ON BECOMING A PRAGMATIC RESEARCHER U.S. -
Introduction
1 Introduction he field of public health has never been as widely known or popular as T in recent years. On a global scale, the spread of HIV/AIDS beginning in the 1980s gave public health enormous impetus and visibility. Much like infectious diseases from earlier eras, HIV/AIDS was deeply enmeshed in environmental and behavioral contexts. If left unaddressed, the disease promised to engulf large portions of the world’s population. Yet today’s most enduring and pervasive public health problems are far more mundane, e.g., poor sanitation and water quality, malnutrition, and the everyday violence of grinding poverty. The 20th-century reign of the germ theory of disease etiology, with its emphasis on curing over preven- tion and laboratories over communities, has been tempered by these real- ities and by the vast increase in chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. Similarly, the dominance of quantification, in which ever-more sophisticated measures and statistics are expected to capture the full range of human experience, has given way to a more nuanced and thoughtful matching of methods with the problem at hand as well as with the people and places experiencing it (Baum, 1996; Rapkin & Trickett, 2005). Enter Qualitative Methods A colleague once astutely remarked that virtually anyone can read and appreciate qualitative research—its narrative reporting style makes it appear easy to carry out. By comparison, a quantitative study relies on complicated 1 2 QUALITATIVE AND MIXED METHODS IN PUBLIC HEALTH statistical analyses that require prior knowledge to decode their meaning. Yet the appealing end product of a qualitative study represents the culmi- nation of intense involvement and intellectual labor. -
The Role of Qualitative Research in Science Education
Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 2010, 6(1), 77-84 The Role of Qualitative Research in Science Education Iztok Devetak, Saša A. Glažar and Janez Vogrinc University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, SLOVENIA Received 22 October 2008; accepted 21 January 2009 In the paper the qualitative research in which the researcher has been directly involved, and has himself been examining the research phenomenon in the studied environment, is presented. The aim of this qualitative study is to gather data in the form of rich content– based descriptions of people, events, and situations by using different, especially non– structural, techniques to discover the stakeholders’ views and similar, to orally analyze the gathered data, and finally to interpret the findings in the form of a concept or contextually dependent grounded theory. The main purpose of the paper is to identify research approaches used by authors who have published in respected international science education journals in the last three years. It can be concluded from the results that authors have been using qualitative and mixed research approaches in more than half of the published papers in the last three years in order to address the research questions in their studies. Keywords: Qualitative research, Science education, Document analysis, Journal analysis. INTRODUCTION should also give some clear answers or - in other words - should have a clear »take home« message (Bunce, Authors who publish papers in respected science 2008). education research journals always try to make some Research problems and research questions provide efforts to bridge the gap between science education an important guideline for the researcher in selecting the research results and conclusions and their applications appropriate research methodology or methods designs: in the educational process at all levels of education. -
Survey Experiments
IU Workshop in Methods – 2019 Survey Experiments Testing Causality in Diverse Samples Trenton D. Mize Department of Sociology & Advanced Methodologies (AMAP) Purdue University Survey Experiments Page 1 Survey Experiments Page 2 Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Overview .............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 What is a survey experiment? .................................................................................................................................... 9 What is an experiment?.............................................................................................................................................. 10 Independent and dependent variables ................................................................................................................. 11 Experimental Conditions ............................................................................................................................................. 12 WHY CONDUCT A SURVEY EXPERIMENT? ........................................................................................................................... 13 Internal, external, and construct validity .......................................................................................................... -
Importance of Survey Research
Introduction to Survey Research Melissa Martin, The Nelson Report, 2020 It is not uncommon for people to doubt the results of a survey, unless they feel confident the survey was done “scientifically.” A survey that has gone through the steps of the scientific process poses a higher percentage of validity and reliability of the results. Rarely, can every member of a population be studied because it is cost prohibitive. Public opinion survey research is the most efficient method for collecting information about a large group of people. A researcher is able to collect the opinions, perceptions and observations of a small, representative subset of a population in order to generalize to the whole. Communities want to feel heard by their public entities and local representatives. Valid survey research is a valuable and powerful tool because it enables a public entity to solicit opinions from community members they may not otherwise communicate with on a regular basis. It is important to keep in mind, however, that surveys can be a two edged sword. On one hand, when they are conducted with the intention of using the results to formulate a proposal that is reflective the community’s input and priorities, it can foster a greater level of trust and goodwill and increase the likelihood of support for that public entity. On the other hand, when surveys are conducted with a proposal already in mind with no intention of altering that proposal to reflect the community’s input and priorities, it can foster resentment and mistrust that can be very difficult to overcome. -
Mixed Methods Research Approaches:Warrant Consideration Phenomena in Themethodological Thirdmovementon the Humanities Sciences
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 11, Ver. II (Nov. 2015) PP 21-28 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Mixed Methods Research Approaches:Warrant Consideration Phenomena in theMethodological ThirdMovementon the Humanities Sciences Kamal koohi Assistant Professor of Institute ofSocial Research, University of Tabriz Abstract:Today, Dramatic changes and transformations has happened in theories sociology similar to other areas.We have seen in recent sociological theories emerging paradigms of integrated. Social research methods are not exempt from this rule. Simplification of complex social problems cannot be easily by a deterministic selection approach to both qualitative and quantitative methods. Therefore, since the condition of today's postmodern discourse of diversity technique, Selection mixed research approach is a methodological necessity in the social sciences. Today, the simultaneous use of both quantitative and qualitative methods is justified.As mentioned, the mixed researchapproach qualitative and quantitative methods are combined by each other.The main objective of this paper is to introduce integrated research approach and review of advantage and disadvantage mentioned method. It is expected that using this approach contribute to overcome the shortcomings of positivistic hard and soft humanistic Blumer. Because the main idea of mixed researchapproach is to combine of qualitative and quantitative approaches,more appropriate and comprehensive understanding is obtained of topic. Keywords:Mixed ResearchApproach, Third Movement ofMethodological, Qualitative Method and Quantitative Method. I. Introduction In the present age, significant changes has occurred in sociological theory and paradigm as a researcher thought and action guidance ( the entire process of research ). -
Repko Research Process (Study Guide)
Beginning the Interdisciplinary Research Process Repko (6‐7) StudyGuide Interdisciplinary Research is • A decision‐making process – a deliberate choice • A decision‐making process – a movement, a motion • Heuristic – tool for finding out – process of searching rather than an emphasis on finding • Iterative – procedurally repetitive – messy, not linear – fluid • Reflexive – self‐conscious or aware of disciplinary or personal bias – what influences your work (auto) Integrated Model (p.141) Problem – Insights – Integration – Understanding fine the problem The Steps include: A. Drawing on disciplinary insights 1. Define the problem 2. Justify using an id approach 3. Identify relevant disciplines 4. Conduct a literature search 5. Develop adequacy in each relevant discipline 6. Analyze the problem and evaluate each insight into it B. Integrate insights to produce id understanding 7. Identify conflicts between insights and their sources 8. Create or discover common ground 9. Integrate insights 10. Produce an id understanding of the problem (and test it) Cautions and concerns (1) Fluid steps (2) Feedback loops – not a ladder Beginning the Interdisciplinary Research Process Repko (6‐7) StudyGuide (3) Don’t skip steps – be patient (4) Integrate as you go STEP ONE: Define the Problem • Researchable in an ID sense? • What is the SCOPE (parameters; disclaimers; what to include, exclude; what’s your focus – the causes, prevention, treatment, effects, etc. • Is it open‐ended • Too complex for one discipline to solve? Writing CHECK – Craft a well‐composed -
How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis
NursingPlus Open 2 (2016) 8–14 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect NursingPlus Open journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/npls Research article How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis Mariette Bengtsson Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Care Science, Malmö University, SE 20506 Malmö, Sweden article info abstract Article history: This paper describes the research process – from planning to presentation, with the emphasis on Received 15 September 2015 credibility throughout the whole process – when the methodology of qualitative content analysis is Received in revised form chosen in a qualitative study. The groundwork for the credibility initiates when the planning of the study 24 January 2016 begins. External and internal resources have to be identified, and the researcher must consider his or her Accepted 29 January 2016 experience of the phenomenon to be studied in order to minimize any bias of his/her own influence. The purpose of content analysis is to organize and elicit meaning from the data collected and to draw realistic Keywords: conclusions from it. The researcher must choose whether the analysis should be of a broad surface Content analysis structure (a manifest analysis) or of a deep structure (a latent analysis). Four distinct main stages are Credibility described in this paper: the decontextualisation, the recontextualisation, the categorization, and the Qualitative design compilation. This description of qualitative content analysis offers one approach that shows how the Research process general principles of the method can be used. & 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). -
Quantitative Research Methods Undergraduate Study
Quantitative Research Methods Undergraduate study Introducing Bristol Q-Step: teaching data Q-Step at Bristol analysis for social science, research and The University of Bristol Q-Step Centre offers the workplace a choice between Single Honours degrees (Childhood Studies, Geography, Politics, Social The University of Bristol Q-Step Centre is part of Policy, and Sociology- with Quantitative Research a national initiative enhancing quantitative skills Methods), and stand-alone units that are open training for undergraduate students in the social to other students in those disciplines. sciences, better equipping them for their degree, for research and for the workplace. Units currently include Convincing Stories? Numbers as Evidence in the Social Sciences; The British Academy, the UK’s national body for Principles of Quantitative Social Science; the humanities and social sciences, has said that, Segregation and Inequality in the UK ‘well-rounded graduates, equipped with core (Measurement and Debate); and Conducting a quantitative skills, are vital. Quantitative methods Research Project using Secondary Data. These facilitate “blue skies” research and effective, units will introduce you to ideas and concepts that evidence-based policy. Yet, the UK currently are relevant to study in the social sciences and to displays weak quantitative ability in the humanities quantitative methods, software and data analysis. and social sciences.’ Q-Step is a response to this skills shortage. For students on our BSc/MSci courses, in year three we provide support to complete a research dissertation in an area of applied quantitative social science. For students choosing a master’s-level (MSci) qualification, in year four we offer further training in more advanced quantitative methods, including longitudinal analysis, and mapping and programming in the open-source software R. -
Research Questions in Design-Based Research Arthur Bakker
Research Questions in Design-Based Research Arthur Bakker Freudenthal Institute Utrecht University [email protected] August 25, 2014 Design-based research (DBR) is a relatively new method in the learning sciences (Anderson & Shattuck, 2012; Brown, 1992; also see special issues in Educational Researcher, 2003; Educational Psychologist, 2004; Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2004). For older and more established methods such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the argumentative logic has already been worked out more clearly (Cobb et al., in press). Several predominantly qualitative approaches such as ethnography, case studies and action research have been around so long that they are discussed in most research methods books (Creswell, 2007; Denscombe, 2007), but DBR has not yet reached this stage. Despite its potential and importance for the improvement of education and educational research (Plomp & Nieveen, 2007; Van den Akker et al., 2006), there is thus still some way to go. In this document I focus on the topic of research questions. Many design-based researchers struggle with formulating good research questions, and in many cases the debate on formulations continues until the end of a project. To some extent this inherent in qualitative research approaches, but in DBR the situation seems more poignant. I address the issue of what counts as a good research question, summarize some of the discussion points and propose an argumentative structure that seems to work for the type of DBR that our students in mathematics and science education do. I do not rehearse the main characteristics of DBR (see Bakker & van Eerde, 2014; Cobb et al., 2003). -
Quantitative Skills in the Social Sciences and Humanities
A POSITION STATEMENT SOCIETY COUNTS Quantitative Skills in the Social Sciences and Humanities 1. The British Academy is deeply concerned that the UK is weak in quantitative skills, in particular but not exclusively in the social sciences and humanities. This deficit has serious implications for the future of the UK’s status as a world leader in research and higher education, for the employability of our graduates, and for the competitiveness of the UK’s economy. THE PROBLEM 2. The UK has traditionally been strong in the social sciences and humanities. In the social sciences, pride of place has gone to empirical studies of social phenomena founded on rigorous, scientific data collection and innovative analysis. This is true, increasingly, of research in areas of the humanities. In addition, many of our current social and research challenges require an interdisciplinary approach, often involving quantitative data. To understand social dynamics, cultural phenomena and human behaviour in the round, researchers have to be able to deploy a broad range of skills and techniques. 3. Quantitative methods underpin both ‘blue skies’ research and effective evidence-based policy. The UK has, over the last six decades, invested in a world-class social science data infrastructure that is unrivalled by almost any other country. Statistical analyses of large and complex data sets underpin the deciphering of social patterns and trends, and evaluation of the impact of social interventions. BRITISH ACADEMY | A POSITION PAPER 1 4. With moves towards more open access to large scale databases and the increase in data generated by a digital society – all combined with our increasing data-processing power – more and more debate is likely to turn on statistical arguments. -
How to Write a Systematic Review Article and Meta-Analysis Lenka Čablová, Richard Pates, Michal Miovský and Jonathan Noel
CHAPTER 9 How to Write a Systematic Review Article and Meta-Analysis Lenka Čablová, Richard Pates, Michal Miovský and Jonathan Noel Introduction In science, a review article refers to work that provides a comprehensive and systematic summary of results available in a given field while making it pos- sible to see the topic under consideration from a new perspective. Drawing on recent studies by other researchers, the authors of a review article make a critical analysis and summarize, appraise, and classify available data to offer a synthesis of the latest research in a specific subject area, ultimately arriving at new cumulative conclusions. According to Baumeister and Leary (1997), the goal of such synthesis may include (a) theory development, (b) theory evalu- ation, (c) a survey of the state of knowledge on a particular topic, (d) problem identification, and (e) provision of a historical account of the development of theory and research on a particular topic. A review can also be useful in science and practical life for many other reasons, such as in policy making (Bero & Jadad, 1997). Review articles have become necessary to advance addiction sci- ence, but providing a systematic summary of existing evidence while coming up with new ideas and pointing out the unique contribution of the work may pose the greatest challenge for inexperienced authors. How to cite this book chapter: Čablová, L, Pates, R, Miovský, M and Noel, J. 2017. How to Write a Systematic Review Article and Meta-Analysis. In: Babor, T F, Stenius, K, Pates, R, Miovský, M, O’Reilly, J and Candon, P.