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Quaternary Evolution of the Suluova Basin: Implications on Tectonics and Palaeonvironments of the Central North Anatolian Shear Zone

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Quaternary Evolution of the Suluova Basin: Implications on Tectonics and Palaeonvironments of the Central North Anatolian Shear Zone Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Quaternary Evolution of the Suluova Basin: Implications on Tectonics and Palaeonvironments of the Central North Anatolian Shear Zone Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2018-0306.R2 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 03-Apr-2019 Author: Complete List of Authors: Erturaç, Mehmet; Sakarya Universitesi, Department of Geography; Sakarya University, Research, Development and Application Center (SARGEM-MALTA) Erdal, Ozan;Draft Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences Sunal, Gürsel; Istanbul Technical University, Department of Geology Tüysüz, Okan; Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, Department of Geology Şen, Şevket; Sorbonne Universités, CR2P-UMR 7202 CNRS-MNHN Suluova Basin, North Anatolian Shear Zone, Amasya Shear Zone, Keyword: Quaternary Palaeoenvironment Is the invited manuscript for Understanding tectonic processes and their consequences: A tribute to consideration in a Special A.M. Celal Sengor Issue? : https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 1 of 57 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 Quaternary Evolution of the Suluova Basin: Implications on Tectonics and 2 Palaeonvironments of the Central North Anatolian Shear Zone 3 Mehmet Korhan Erturaç1,2, Ozan Erdal3, Gürsel Sunal4, Okan Tüysüz3, Şevket Şen5 4 1 Sakarya University, Department of Geography, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey 5 2 Sakarya University Research, Development and Application Center (SARGEM-MALTA), 54187 6 Sakarya, Turkey 7 3 İstanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, 34469, İstanbul, Turkey 8 4 İstanbul Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, 34469, İstanbul, Turkey 9 5 Sorbonne Universités, CR2P-UMR 7202 CNRS-MNHN, 8 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. 10 Abstract 11 The Suluova Basin is a prominent memberDraft of the wide transtensional Amasya Shear Zone, located 12 at the central part of the North Anatolian Shear Zone. This basin is crucial and provides well- 13 resolved data in order to understand the evolution of transtensional tectonic zones as well as the 14 morphological and paleoenvironmental changes of North Anatolia during the Quaternary. 15 Analysis of detailed stratigraphical sections, faulting data and mammal paleontology reveals that 16 the Suluova Basin has started to evolve as a closed half-graben along the NW-SE-trending, SW- 17 dipping basin bounding fault zone with normal slip in the early Quaternary. Initial sedimentation 18 mode of the basin was dominated by alluvial-fan facies associations. Progressive basin subsidence 19 resulted in an expansion of a fresh water lake at the basin depocenter as faults propagated 20 westwards. Further extension in the basin were caused to initiate the E-W-trending southern 21 tectonic boundary. Newly created accommodation space hosted a vast fresh water lake during the 22 Calabrian (~1.8-0.78 Ma) acting as a refugia for a rich faunal assemblage of large and small land 23 mammals. 24 The conditions prior to the onset of Middle Pleistocene (MIS19, ~0.79 Ma) is marked with 25 increasing regional erosion where paleo-Lake Suluova was captured by the regional river system. 26 Synchronously, the next phase of the shear zone formation was introduced with E-W trending 27 dextral and NE-SW trending sinistral strike-slip faults, cross cutting the former basin structure, https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 2 of 57 28 forming new depocenters. These faults are still active with noticeable seismic activity and 29 comprise future risks for the major cities of the region. 30 Keywords: Suluova Basin, North Anatolian Shear Zone, Amasya Shear Zone, Quaternary 31 Palaeoenvironment 32 Introduction 33 The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is a 1400 km long continental transform fault characterized by 34 right-lateral strike-slip motion. The NAF forms the northern boundary and accommodates 21 35 mm/year westward extrusion of the Anatolian Plate (Fig. 1A). The fault extends between 26° and 36 40° E longitudes and forms a broad arc roughly parallel to the coast of the Black Sea within a vast 37 shear zone (the North Anatolian Shear Zone or Keriogen; Şengör et al. 2005, 2019) overprinting 38 Tethyan subduction-accretion complexes (Fig. 1A). The first visible perturbations to the smooth 39 geometry of the NAF main strand are, at around 34-37°E longitude, two main synthetic splay fault 40 zones that bifurcate from the main fault lineDraft and strike through the Anatolian Plate (Fig 1B, Erturaç 41 and Tüysüz 2012). Those secondary faults show remarkable morphological expressions 42 accompanied by elongated basins and significant microseismicity (Fig. 1B). The NAF, together 43 with these splay faults, form a broad wedge-shaped shear zone, reaching up to 90 km in width and 44 150 km length, hereby called the Amasya Shear Zone (ASZ, Erturaç and Tüysüz 2012). 45 The fault pattern of the ASZ shows a typical “half fish-bone” or “horse-tail” geometry (Şengör 46 and Barka 1992; Şengör et al. 2019). The components of this geometry are the central convex bend 47 of the NAF main strand and its E-W-trending synthetic splays (Şengör 1979; Barka and Kadinsky- 48 Cade 1988) the Ezinepazar-Sungurlu Fault Zone (EzFZ; Erturaç and Tüysüz 2012) and the 49 Suluova Fault System (SFS, Şaroğlu and Arpat 1979; Erturaç and Tüysüz 2012; Rojay and 50 Koçyiğit 2012). Activity of these faults controlled the evolution of narrow uplifts reaching up to 51 2000 meters (such as the Akdağ and Tavşan Mt.’s) and wide basins (the Suluova and Amasya 52 basins). The active segments of the NAFZ, bounding the ASZ, was ruptured by successive 53 earthquakes in 1939 (Mw: 7.9), 1942 (Mw: 7.2, 1 in Fig 1B) and 1943 (Mw: 7.3, 2 in Fig. 1B) 54 (McKenzie 1972). The seismic activity within the ASZ is marked with moderate sized earthquakes 55 such as 1996 event (Mw: 5.7; 3 in Fig. 1B, Pınar et al. 1998) which ruptured NE-SW trending 56 sinistral Salhan Fault (Erturaç et al. 2009). There were a series of earthquakes on the active faults https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 3 of 57 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57 within the ASZ and the bounding NAFZ until today where Karasozen et al. (2014) have studied 58 the microseismicity within the ASZ between 2006 and 2008. By calculating the focal mechanism 59 of 112 earthquakes, they have defined five distinct zones of deformation with changing stress 60 directions along the major faults (Fig 1B). Block modelling of GPS velocity vectors (Yavasoğlu 61 et al. 2011) yielded 25.5±1.8 mm/yr total slip rate for the ASZ where the NAF main strand 62 accompanied 80% of total slip. These data indicate strain partitioning between the NAFZ main 63 strand and its splays within the ASZ. 64 Fig.1 65 Sedimentary record of tectonically-controlled basins includes valuable information on both timing 66 and changes of the tectonic regime and also provide insights for faunal and environmental changes. 67 The Suluova Basin (SB) stands as the most prominent morphotectonic element of the ASZ, which 68 records the complete Quaternary history of this portion of the NASZ. We performed an extensive 69 field survey for mapping the SB fill toDraft reveal the evolutionary steps of formation by means of 70 sedimentary architecture and depositional environment as well as tectonic control. The chronology 71 of the basin is built using detailed micro and macro mammal paleontology. 72 Regional Settings 73 The SB is a prominent depression located in North Central Anatolia within the Central Pontide 74 Mountain Range. It is one of the largest intermontane basins within the southern Black Sea domain. 75 The shape of the basin resembles a deformed E-W-oriented right trapezoid covering an area of 76 ~560 km2 (Fig. 2). The geometry of this trapezoid can be defined with its acute (45°) and obtuse 77 (135°) angles with dimensions of the long (40 km) and the short axes (23 km). Northeastern, 78 northern and southern sides of the basin are bounded by the segments of the Bayırlı Fault Zone 79 (BFZ), the Merzifon Fault Zone (MFZ) and the Eraslan Fault Zone (EFZ), respectively (Fig. 2). 80 The activity of the Suluova Fault cuts and offsets this trapezoid for 10 km and its 7 km long right 81 hand step over caused further extension that is marked by formation of a new pull-apart basin (~60 82 km2) at southeast corner of the SB. Although the basin fill reaches up to 750 m asl, its modern flat- 83 plane lies in between 550-450 meters of elevation with tilting to the SE. The basin is surrounded 84 by the Akdağ Mt. (2067 m) to the northeast, the Tavşan Mt. to north (1907 m) and the Çakır Mt. 85 (1200 m) to the south (Fig. 2). https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 4 of 57 86 The basin is today drained by the Tersakan River covering 2637 km2 watershed. The main stream 87 originates as an outlet of the Lake Ladik, a pull-apart basin on the North Anatolian Fault, then 88 flows to the south inside a 200 m deep Havza gorge merging with its first tributary, the Derinöz 89 River. Another tributary, the Salhan River joins the Tersakan River at southeast to the recent 90 depocenter of the SB (Fig. 2). The river then flows through the narrow Boğazköy gorge (~400 m 91 average depth) where it joins the Yeşilırmak (Iris) River which is one of the major river systems 92 draining from Northern Anatolia to the Black Sea. All these rivers incised their valleys 93 significantly during the middle-late Pleistocene (Fig. 2). 94 Fig 2. 95 The basement rocks of the basin are the geological formations of the Tokat Massif of the Sakarya 96 Zone (Şengör and Yılmaz 1981; Yılmaz et al.
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