Winegrape Grower's
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The North Carolina Winegrape Grower’s Guide Click here for ADA-compliant book 1. Introduction 2. Cost and Investment Analysis of Chardonnay (Vitis Vinifera) Wine- grapes in North Carolina 3. Choice of Varieties 4. Vineyard Site Selection 5. Vineyard Establishment 6. Pruning and Training 7. Canopy Management 8. Pest Management 9. Vine Nutrition 10. Grapevine Water Relations and Vineyard Irrigation 11. Spring Frost Control 12. Crop Prediction Authors and Contact Information Glossary Editor E. Barclay Poling Professor and Small Fruit Specialist, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Authors Amy-Lynn Albertson (Chapter 3) Davidson County Extension Agent, Lexington, NC R. Andy Allen (Chapter 3 and 4) Extension Viticulturist, Institute for Continental Climate Viticulture and Enology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Ryan Boyles (Chapter 4) State Climatologist and Director, State Climate Office (SCO) of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC Carlos E. Carpio (Chapters 2 and 4) Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics and Statistics, Clemson University, Clemson, SC Jean Harrison (Chapter 8) Yancey County Extension Agent, Burnsville, NC Wayne E. Mitchem (Chapter 8) Horticulture Extension Associate, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC E. Barclay Poling (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, and 11) Professor and Small Fruit Specialist, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Charles D. Safley (Chapter 2) Professor and Extension Economist, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Turner B. Sutton (Chapter 8) Plant Pathology Professor, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Tony K. Wolf (Chapters 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 12) Director, Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Winchester, VA Copies of this book may be ordered from Publications Office, Department of Communication Services, Campus Box 7603, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7603 Price: $20. Make check or money order payable to NC State University and be sure to request AG-535, North Carolina Winegrape Grower’s Guide. The mention of commercial products, services, or publications is for the reader’s convenience and does not constitute endorsement by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service or the North Carolina Grape Council, nor does it imply discrimination against other products, service, or publication not men- tioned. Published by NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE and distributed in furtherance of the acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. North Carolina State University and North Carolina A&T State University commit themselves to positive action to secure equal opportunity regardless of race, color, creed, national origin, religion, sex, age, or disability. In addition, the two Universities welcome all persons without regard to sexual orientation. North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating. Copyright: NC State University, Raleigh, NC. All rights reserved. For more information, contact Depart- ment Head, Communication Services, Box 7603, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7603. Portions of this publication are adapted from the following publications by Tony K. Wolf, Director of Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Winchester, VA, with permission of Virginia Cooperative Extension: The Cost of Growing Grapes in Virginia (463-006); Dormant Pruning and Training of Grapevines in Virginia (423-011); A Guide to Commercial Vineyard Estab- lishment (463-018); Commercial Grape Varieties for Virginia (463-019); and Grapevine Nutrition (463-007). Chapter 5, Vineyard Establishment; Chapter 6, Pruning and Training; Chapter 7, Canopy Management; and Chapter 12, Crop Prediction; were previ- ously published in the Mid-Atlantic Winegrape Production Guide, © 1995, NC State University. Chapter 10, Grapevine Water Relations and Vineyard Irrigation, is adapted from the same source. Figures and photos 4.1 on page 65, 4.2 on page 47, 5.2 on page 66, 5-3 on page 69, 5.4 and 5.5 on page 70, 5.6 and 5.7 on page 71, 5.8 on page 72, 6.1 and 6.2 on page 75, 6.3 on page 76, 6.4 on page 80, 6.5 on pages 82 through 84, 6.7 on page 85, 6.8 and 6.9 on page 87, 6.10 on page 88, 6.11 and 6.12 on page 89, 7.1 on page 92, 7.2 on page 94, 7-3 on page 98, 8.6 on page 123, 9-1 on page 139, 10.1 on page 151, 10.2 on page 152, 10.3 on page 153, and 12.1 on page 175 were previously published in the Mid-Atlantic Winegrape Production Guide, © 1975, NC State University. Figure 2.1 from http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/viticulture/462-008/fig2.html used with permission of Virginia Cooperative Extension. Figure 3.1 from http://www.ncwine.org used with permission of the North Carolina Wine and Grape Council. Figures 3.2 and 8.6 used with permission of Turner Sutton, professor of plant pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC. Figure 4.2 used with permission of Oregon Winegrowers’ Association, Portland, OR. Figure 4.3 on page 49 used with permission of Joe French, Superintendent, Upper Piedmont Research Station. Figure 4.5 used with permission of Ashley Johnson, Agricultural Research Technician, Upper Piedmont Research Station. Figure 6.4 was redrawn from an original illustration by Katherine Esau 1948, “Phloem structure in the grapevine and its seasonal changes,” Hilgardia (journal) 18: 217-296. Figure 6.11 used with permission from Cultural practices for commercial vineyards, 1981, Cornell University Extension Misc. Bul- letin No. 111, Ithaca, NY. Figures 9.3 and 9.5 on page 147 used with permission of T. J. Zabadal, Associate Professor SW Michigan Experiment Station, Ben- ton Harbor MI. Figure 11.2 used permission of Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Service, Pullman, Washington. Chapter 1 The North Carolina Winegrape Grower’s Guide Introduction New and current grape growers will find practical information on site appraisal, establishment, and operation of commercial winegrape vineyards in the North Carolina Winegrape Grower’s Guide. This publication focuses on production of vinifera and hybrid wine grapes. We are greatly indebted to Dr. Tony K. Wolf, In chapter 3, Choice of Varieties, you will find Director and Professor of Viticulture, Virginia a great deal of new information on vinifera, hybrid, Polytechnic Institute, for his original development and native American winegrape varieties based on of the Mid-Atlantic Winegrape Grower’s Guide in the practical observations of Andy Allen, Exten- 1995, a guide that has proven to be an indispens- sion Viticulturist, NC Cooperative Extension able resource to anyone interested in learning Service (2001-2004). This chapter also includes about grape production in North Carolina. The an up-to-date listing of grapevine suppliers climates, soils, and growing conditions in Virginia compiled by Amy-Lynn Albertson, Extension and North Carolina have many similarities, and Horticulture Agent in Davidson County. the guidelines on vineyard site selection, pruning Albertson and several other Extension agents in and training, canopy management, and vine counties with vineyards and wineries have nutrition have stood the test of time remarkably provided invaluable assistance to the entire well. In this new publication, we have kept intact winegrape industry over the last 2 years since most of the cultural information presented in the Allen’s departure for the Institute for Continental Mid-Atlantic Winegrape Grower’s Guide. Climate Viticulture and Enology, University of The new budget in chapter 2, Costs of Missouri. Dr. Sara Spayd, a viticulture and wine Growing Grapes, by Carlos Carpio and Charles quality expert from Washington State University, Safley, Department of Agriculture and Resource assumed duties of state viticulture specialist with Economics, NC State University, reflects current the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service costs and returns for vinifera grapes grown in in March 2006. North Carolina. If you are interested in evaluating The original chapter 4, Vineyard Site Selec- the potential of raising winegrapes, and specifically tion, in the Mid-Atlantic Winegrape Grower’s vinifera grapes, as an alternative farming enter- Guide, has been greatly expanded to address a prise, you can use this new production budget to critical issue in site selection: damaging spring compare the economic profitability of winegrapes frosts. A new methodology is introduced to assess with alternative farm and non-farm investments. the frost risk of potential vineyard sites. The Your analysis will not be complete, however, importance of good site selection, as well as without careful consideration of the market for careful pruning, training, and canopy manage- winegrapes. Contact your local Cooperative ment, cannot be underestimated if the goal is to Extension agent for more information about produce consistent, premium quality wine. This wineries in your area, and current prices being chapter will help you better appreciate the paid for different winegrape varieties. Unless you importance of other climatic factors, such as have a contract from a winery for a variety only extreme summer heat, that can adversely affect that winery wants, it is better to grow varieties grape and wine quality. High daytime tempera- that are in demand. tures, coupled with high nighttime temperatures, can reduce fruit pigmentation, aroma, and acidity 1 Chapter 1 Introduction with certain varieties. New information from a it will also infect hybrid and native American research