DOCSLIB.ORG

Lawrence Bragg's “Brainwave” Drives Father-Son Collaboration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lawrence Bragg's “Brainwave” Drives Father-Son Collaboration www.mrs.org/publications/bulletin HISTORICAL NOTE Lawrence Bragg’s “Brainwave” Drives Father-Son Collaboration In 1912, some 17 years after the serendip- and quickly began to learn what he could itous discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm on the subject. Röntgen, a debate raged as to the wave or Until this point in his life, at age 42, particle nature of this radiation phenome- William later recalled, “It had never non. William Henry Bragg, a 50-year-old entered my head that I should do any professor of physics at Leeds University in research work.” His curiosity aroused by England, came down firmly on the side of his reading on radiation, he soon obtained particles, citing the bullet-like nature of the some radium samples and began the rays, and how they were preferentially experiments that were to make him a lead- scattered in the forward direction when ing figure in radiation theory in a few colliding with matter. Max von Laue of years’ time. He quickly developed novel Germany, having produced elegant spot- hypotheses about the nature of radioactiv- diffraction photographs of CuS by aiming ity. The penetrating power of x-rays, and x-rays at crystal samples, used the diffrac- the fact that they are not deflected by a tion behavior as evidence for the wave magnetic field, were accounted for by the argument. Experiments by Charles G. “neutral pair hypothesis,” which stated Barkla that demonstrated the polarization that x-rays consisted of “an electron which of x-rays confirmed the wave theory in the has assumed a cloak of darkness in the minds of many scientists. Ironically, it was form of sufficient positive electricity to Bragg’s son William Lawrence Bragg (who neutralize its charge.” Many of his ideas went by the name of Lawrence) whose were initially proposed in letters to British burst of insight—a “brainwave,” as he physicist Ernest Rutherford, a correspon- called it—settled the argument, at least for dence that sustained him throughout the time being. Unfortunately for his father, what historians now call the “Bragg– Sir William Henry Bragg. Copyright it was in favor of von Laue and Barkla. ©1915 The Nobel Foundation. Barkla Controversy.” “When I was walking one day along the Lawrence Bragg was only 22 at the time Backs at Cambridge—I can remember the of his “brainwave.” He had studied mathe- place behind St. John’s College,” Lawrence matics at Trinity College and again at Bragg recalled in The Start of X-ray Analysis, Adelaide University before his father con- “I suddenly realized that von Laue’s spots vinced him to add some formal physics were the reflections of the x-rays in the study to his curriculum. Returning to sheets of atoms in the crystal.” Prior to this Trinity College upon his father’s transfer to realization, von Laue’s interpretation was Leeds, Lawrence worked in the Cavendish that the patterns were due to a complex set Laboratory under J.J. Thomson and lis- of wavelengths coming from the x-ray tened as the eminent physicist lectured on tube. Lawrence Bragg announced his the wave nature of x-rays. A fellow stu- insight in the Proceedings of the Cambridge dent in the scientific society at Cambridge Philosophical Society (November 1912) in a read a paper concerning the packing of paper titled “The Diffraction of Short atoms as spheres in crystal structures, Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal,” which led Lawrence to the realization that deliberately avoiding the mention of x-rays atoms in crystals were arranged in parallel to allow his father’s theory some hope of planes. It was the combination of these surviving. But instead of driving father ideas during his walk in 1912 that gave and son apart, the discovery prompted a him the insight into von Laue’s x-ray rare father–son collaboration that resulted photographs and led to the determination in the awarding of a joint Nobel Prize in of the crystal structures of KCl and NaCl. Physics for the pair in 1915. For their He soon developed the mathematical efforts, von Laue was awarded the Nobel expression that defines the conditions Prize in 1914, and Barkla in 1917. under which reflected waves interfere con- X-ray diffraction has proven to be a structively, aptly named Bragg’s Law: powerful analytical technique for the Sir William Lawrence Bragg. Copyright nλ = 2dsinθ, (1) determination of the atomic structure of a ©1915 The Nobel Foundation. solid. While the symmetry of crystals where n is an integer, λ is the wavelength found in nature was recognized long William Henry Bragg began his career of the incident radiation, d is the inter- before the discovery of this technique, the in Australia as the Professor of Mathe- planar spacing, and θ is the angle of inci- detailed nature of the positions of atoms matics and Physics at Adelaide Univer- dence of the radiation. The schematic or ions—their relative locations and spac- sity in 1894, with an excellent back- illustration of these factors can be ings—remained a mystery. Chemists ground in mathematics but none in accessed at Web site www.britannica. spoke of molecules of NaCl in a solid as if physics. In 1904, having been elected com/eb/art?id=30656&type=A. the sodium and the chlorine ions bonded president of the physics section of the In order to confirm that the diffracted in one-to-one correspondence; indeed, Australian Association for the Advance- waves were indeed x-rays, William Bragg some were upset by the true ionic solid ment of Science, he chose the topic of constructed the first x-ray spectrometer picture when it emerged. radioactivity for a speech to the members with his assistant Jenkinson at Leeds. MRS BULLETIN/JULY 2001 577 HISTORICAL NOTE Radiation from an x-ray tube was colli- Bragg and Charles Barkla were right in marine detection during World War I, and mated by passing through a slit, then their early dispute; their differences arose took up investigations of organic crystals through the sample crystal, which was from choices in experimental techniques after the war. He was knighted in 1920, mounted on a pedestal. The ionization and their own preconceptions. Barkla, con- made director of the Royal Institution in chamber that served as the detector was vinced of the wave nature of x-rays, set up 1923, and president of the Royal Society in mounted on an arm that could rotate polarization experiments that confirmed 1935. He died in London in 1942. Follow- about the crystal, and the angles of reflec- his theories. Bragg, having experimented ing his father’s path, Lawrence Bragg was tion were read from a scale on the sample with α particles, conducted experiments knighted in 1941, and elected director of pedestal. A Wilson gold-leaf electroscope designed to detect the preferred forward- the Royal Institution in 1954. He retired in measured the charge of the ionization scattering effect of particles. Both found 1966 and died in Ipswich in 1971. chamber. Whereas the von Laue photo- what they were looking for. Albert TIM PALUCKA graphs could take up to 20 h to produce, Einstein’s paper on the photoelectric effect with frequent stops to cool the x-ray in 1905, with its characteristic equation E = FOR FURTHER READING: G.M. Caroe, William tube, William Bragg’s ionization tech- hν (where E is the energy of a photon, h is Henry Bragg, 1862–1942 (Cambridge nique made the analysis faster and more Planck’s Constant, and ν is the frequency University Press, Cambridge, 1978); Sir accurate, since the angles between the of the radiation) predicted this dual Lawrence Bragg, The Development of X-Ray crystal and the diffracted beam could be wave–particle nature of radiation and mat- Analysis (Hafner Press, New York, 1975); measured for each reflection. Lawrence ter, but it was not generally understood in and Sir Lawrence Bragg, The Start of X-Ray had been trying to deduce the structure of 1912. Later in life, William Bragg frequent- Analysis (published for the Nuffield diamond at the time from the von Laue ly explained to listeners, “Physicists use Foundation by Longmans, London, 1967). photographs, with no luck. However, the wave theory on Mondays, Wednes- As mentioned in the article, a schematic when analyzed in the x-ray spectrometer, days, and Fridays, and the particle theory illustration of Bragg’s Law can be accessed the diamond quickly yielded its secrets. on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays.” on the World Wide Web at www.britannica. It was later concluded that both William William Bragg devoted himself to sub- com/eb/art?id=30656&type=A. 578 www.mrs.org/publications/bulletin MRS BULLETIN/JULY 2001.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2019 in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)
    THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER FACTS AND FIGURES 2020 2 The University 4 World ranking 6 Academic pedigree 8 World-class research CONTENTS 10 Students 12 Making a difference 14 Global challenges, Manchester solutions 16 Stellify 18 Graduate careers 20 Staff 22 Faculties and Schools 24 Alumni 26 Innovation 28 Widening participation UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER 30 Cultural institutions UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER 32 Income 34 Campus investment 36 At a glance 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER Our vision is to be recognised globally for the excellence of our people, research, learning and innovation, and for the benefits we bring to society and the environment. Our core goals and strategic themes Research and discovery Teaching and learning Social responsibility Our people, our values Innovation Civic engagement Global influence 2 3 WORLD RANKING The quality of our teaching and the impact of our research are the cornerstones of our success. We have risen from 78th in 2004* to 33rd – our highest ever place – in 2019 in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU). League table World ranking European ranking UK ranking 33 8 6 ARWU 33 8 6 WORLD EUROPE UK QS 27 8 6 Times Higher Education 55 16 8 *2004 ranking refers to the Victoria University of Manchester prior to the merger with UMIST. 4 5 ACADEMIC PEDIGREE 1906 1908 1915 1922 1922 We attract the highest-calibre researchers and teachers, with 25 Nobel Prize winners among J Thomson Ernest Rutherford William Archibald V Hill Niels Bohr Physics Chemistry Larence Bragg Physiology or Medicine Physics our current and former staff and students.
    [Show full text]
  • William Lawrence Bragg
    W ILLIAM L AWRENCE B R A G G The diffraction of X-rays by crystals Nobel Lecture, September 6, 1922* It is with the very greatest pleasure that I take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude to you for the great honour which you bestowed upon me, when you awarded my father and myself the Nobel Prize for Physics in the year 1915. In other years scientists have come here to express their thanks to you, who have received this great distinction for the work of an illustrious career devoted to research. That you should have given me, at the very out- set of my scientific career, even the most humble place amongst their ranks, is an honour of which I cannot but be very proud. You invited me here two years ago, after the end of the war, but a series of unfortunate circumstances made it impossible for me to accept your invi- tation. I have always profoundly regretted this, and it was therefore with the very greatest satisfaction that I received the invitation of Prof. Arrhenius a few months ago, and arranged for this visit. I am at last able to tell you how deeply grateful I am to you, and to give you my thanks in person. You have already honoured with the Nobel Prize Prof. von Laue, to whom we owe the great discovery which has made possible all progress in a new realm of science, the study of the structure of matter by the diffraction of X-rays. Prof von Laue, in his Nobel Lecture, has described to you how he was led to make his epochal discovery.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Fragmentation Reactions: from Basic Research to Medical Applications Igor N
    Nuclear fragmentation reactions: from basic research to medical applications Igor N. Mishustin Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), J.W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow Part 1: Introduction: Nuclear break-up processes Basic Research Statistical description of nuclear break-up Multifragmentation of nuclei Nuclear Liquid-Gas phase transition Applications Propagation of heavy ions through extended medium Cancer therapy with ion beams Transmutation of radioactive waste Conclusions Introduction: Nuclear break-up processes, historical remarks Anticipation of nuclear “explosions” Nobel prize in Physics (1922) “for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962) the radiation emanating from them" Evaporation/fission of compound nucleus t=0 fm/c t>1000 fm/c p A CN low excitation fission Compound Nucleus (CN) is an equilibrated hot nucleus whose excitation energy is distributed over many microscopic d.o.f. (introduced by Niels Bohr in 1936-39) Sequential evaporation model—Weiskopf 1937, Statistical fission model—Bohr-Wheeler 1939, Frenkel 1939 Nuclear break-up: multifragmentation t=0 fm/c t>100 fm/c p A pA collision spectator A or B spectator A moderate excitation peripheral spectator AB collision B slow expansion equilibrated system at freeze-out Power-low fragment mass distribution around critical point, Y(A)~A-τ Can be well understood within an equilibrium statistical approach Early 80s: Randrup&Koonin, D.H.E. Gross et al, Bondorf-Mishustin-Botvina, Hahn&Stoecker; Later: S. Das Gupta et al., Gulminelli et al, Raduta et al,... Explosive disintegration of nuclei t ≈ R/v < 50 fm/c t = 0 fm/c f hot foreball central AA collision compression+heating E>50 AMeV collective flow fast expansion of fragments Typically, exponential fragment mass distributions, Y(A)~exp(-bA) The stronger is flow-the smaller are fragments-mechanical rupture Dynamical modeling is required: QMD, IQMD, NMD, AMD, ..
    [Show full text]
  • (Owen Willans) Richardson
    O. W. (Owen Willans) Richardson: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Center Descriptive Summary Creator: Richardson, O. W. (Owen Willans), 1879-1959 Title: O. W. (Owen Willans) Richardson Papers Dates: 1898-1958 (bulk 1920-1940) Extent: 112 document boxes, 2 oversize boxes (49.04 linear feet), 1 oversize folder (osf), 5 galley folders (gf) Abstract: The papers of Sir O. W. (Owen Willans) Richardson, the Nobel Prize-winning British physicist who pioneered the field of thermionics, contain research materials and drafts of his writings, correspondence, as well as letters and writings from numerous distinguished fellow scientists. Call Number: MS-3522 Language: Primarily English; some works and correspondence written in French, German, or Italian . Note: The Ransom Center gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics, which provided funds to support the processing and cataloging of this collection. Access: Open for research Administrative Information Additional The Richardson Papers were microfilmed and are available on 76 Physical Format reels. Each item has a unique identifying number (W-xxxx, L-xxxx, Available: R-xxxx, or M-xxxx) that corresponds to the microfilm. This number was recorded on the file folders housing the papers and can also be found on catalog slips present with each item. Acquisition: Purchase, 1961 (R43, R44) and Gift, 2005 Processed by: Tessa Klink and Joan Sibley, 2014 Repository: The University of Texas at Austin, Harry Ransom Center Richardson, O. W. (Owen Willans), 1879-1959 MS-3522 2 Richardson, O. W. (Owen Willans), 1879-1959 MS-3522 Biographical Sketch The English physicist Owen Willans Richardson, who pioneered the field of thermionics, was also known for his work on photoelectricity, spectroscopy, ultraviolet and X-ray radiation, the electron theory, and quantum theory.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 X-Ray Diffraction Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department Of
    x-ray diffraction Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department of Physics, SUNY at Binghamton (Date: January 13, 2012) Sir William Henry Bragg OM, KBE, PRS] (2 July 1862 – 10 March 1942) was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son William Lawrence Bragg - the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics. The mineral Braggite is named after him and his son. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg ________________________________________________________________________ Sir William Lawrence Bragg CH OBE MC FRS (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer (1912) of the Bragg law of X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure. He was joint winner (with his father, Sir William Bragg) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg 1 1. x-ray source Fig. Schematic diagram for the generation of x-rays. Metal target (Cu or Mo) is bombarded by accelerating electrons. The power of the system is given by P = I(mA) V(keV), where I is the current of cathode and V is the voltage between the anode and cathode. Typically, we have I = 30 mA and V = 50 kV: P = 1.5 kW. We use two kinds of targets to generate x-rays: Cu and Mo. The wavelength of CuK1, CuK2 and CuK lines are given by K1 1.540562 Å. K 2 = 1.544390 Å, K = 1.392218 Å. The intensity ratio of CuK1 and CuK2 lines is 2:1. The weighed average wavelength K is calculated as 2 K 1 K 2 = 1.54184 Å.
    [Show full text]
  • Lsu-Physics Iq Test 3 Strikes You're
    LSU-PHYSICS IQ TEST 3 STRIKES YOU'RE OUT For Physics Block Party on 9 September 2016: This was run where all ~70 people start answering each question, given out one-by-one. Every time a person missed an answer, they made a 'strike'. All was done with the Honor System for answers, plus a fairly liberal statement of what constitutes a correct answer. When the person accumulates three strikes, then they are out of the game. The game continue until only one person was left standing. Actually, there had to be one extra question to decide a tie-break between 2nd and 3rd place. The prizes were: FIRST PLACE: Ravi Rau, selecting an Isaac Newton 'action figure' SECOND PLACE: Juhan Frank, selecting an Albert Einstein action figure THIRD PLACE: Siddhartha Das, winning a Mr. Spock action figure. 1. What is Einstein's equation relating mass and energy? E=mc2 OK, I knew in advance that someone would blurt out the answer loudly, and this did happen. So this was a good question to make sure that the game flowed correctly. 2. What is the short name for the physics paradox depicted on the back of my Physics Department T-shirt? Schroedinger's Cat 3. Give the name of one person new to our Department. This could be staff, student, or professor. There are many answers, for example with the new profs being Tabatha Boyajian, Kristina Launey, Manos Chatzopoulos, and Robert Parks. Many of the people asked 'Can I just use myself?', with the answer being "Sure". 4. What Noble Gas is named after the home planet of Kal-El? Krypton.
    [Show full text]
  • Absolute Zero, Absolute Temperature. Absolute Zero Is the Lowest
    Contents Radioactivity: The First Puzzles................................................ 1 The “Uranic Rays” of Henri Becquerel .......................................... 1 The Discovery ............................................................... 2 Is It Really Phosphorescence? .............................................. 4 What Is the Nature of the Radiation?....................................... 5 A Limited Impact on Scientists and the Public ............................ 6 Why 1896? .................................................................. 7 Was Radioactivity Discovered by Chance? ................................ 7 Polonium and Radium............................................................. 9 Marya Skłodowska .......................................................... 9 Pierre Curie .................................................................. 10 Polonium and Radium: Pierre and Marie Curie Invent Radiochemistry.. 11 Enigmas...................................................................... 14 Emanation from Thorium ......................................................... 17 Ernest Rutherford ........................................................... 17 Rutherford Studies Radioactivity: ˛-and ˇ-Rays.......................... 18 ˇ-Rays Are Electrons ....................................................... 19 Rutherford in Montreal: The Radiation of Thorium, the Exponential Decrease........................................... 19 “Induced” and “Excited” Radioactivity .................................... 20 Elster
    [Show full text]
  • William Henry Bragg 1862 - 1942 Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915
    William Henry Bragg 1862 - 1942 Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915 William Henry Bragg was a pioneer British scientist in solid- state physics. He was born on July 2, 1862, in Wigton, Cumberland, England. Bragg's father came from a family of farmers and merchant seamen. His mother, a sweet and kind woman, was the daughter of the local vicar. He did not remember her very well, as she died when he was about seven. The small boy was taken to the family of his uncle, the owner of a pharmacy and grocery shop. In 1875 his father took him back and sent him to school at King William’s College, Isle of Man. Bragg was good in his lessons and sports and became the head boy. He was fond of all games and played them rather well. In 1881 Bragg tried for Cambridge University,but the first interview was not a success, and he had to return to school.After the next attempt he was granted a scholarship to Trinity College. Here he worked very hard at mathematics and two years later obtained third place in the final Both he and his son examination. Bragg played tennis and hockey well. His teacher was the famous physicist J.J. lectured at the Royal Thomson with whom he also played tennis. Thomson advised him to send an application for the Institution post of professor of mathematics and physics at Adelaide University in Australia. After an interview Bragg was appointed and went to Australia where he began his career. In Adelaide the young professor became one of the best lecturers and a brilliant experimentalist.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawrence Bragg's
    www.mrs.org/publications/bulletin HISTORICAL NOTE Lawrence Bragg’s “Brainwave” Drives Father-Son Collaboration In 1912, some 17 years after the serendip- and quickly began to learn what he could itous discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm on the subject. Röntgen, a debate raged as to the wave or Until this point in his life, at age 42, particle nature of this radiation phenome- William later recalled, “It had never non. William Henry Bragg, a 50-year-old entered my head that I should do any professor of physics at Leeds University in research work.” His curiosity aroused by England, came down firmly on the side of his reading on radiation, he soon obtained particles, citing the bullet-like nature of the some radium samples and began the rays, and how they were preferentially experiments that were to make him a lead- scattered in the forward direction when ing figure in radiation theory in a few colliding with matter. Max von Laue of years’ time. He quickly developed novel Germany, having produced elegant spot- hypotheses about the nature of radioactiv- diffraction photographs of CuS by aiming ity. The penetrating power of x-rays, and x-rays at crystal samples, used the diffrac- the fact that they are not deflected by a tion behavior as evidence for the wave magnetic field, were accounted for by the argument. Experiments by Charles G. “neutral pair hypothesis,” which stated Barkla that demonstrated the polarization that x-rays consisted of “an electron which of x-rays confirmed the wave theory in the has assumed a cloak of darkness in the minds of many scientists.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Got Moseley's Prize?
    Chapter 4 Who Got Moseley’s Prize? Virginia Trimble1 and Vera V. Mainz*,2 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States 2Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, United States *E-mail: [email protected]. Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (1887-1915) made prompt and very skilled use of the then new technique of X-ray scattering by crystals (Bragg scattering) to solve several problems about the periodic table and atoms. He was nominated for both the chemistry and physics Nobel Prizes by Svante Arrhenius in 1915, but was dead at Gallipoli before the committees finished their deliberations. Instead, the 1917 physics prize (announced in 1918 and presented on 6 June 1920) went to Charles Glover Barkla (1877-1944) “for discovery of the Röntgen radiation of the elements.” This, and his discovery of X-ray polarization, were done with earlier techniques that he never gave up. Moseley’s contemporaries and later historians of science have written that he would have gone on to other major achievements and a Nobel Prize if he had lived. In contrast, after about 1916, Barkla moved well outside the scientific mainstream, clinging to upgrades of his older methods, denying the significance of the Bohr atom and quantization, and continuing to report evidence for what he called the J phenomenon. This chapter addresses the lives and scientific endeavors of Moseley and Barkla, something about the context in which they worked and their connections with other scientists, contemporary, earlier, and later. © 2017 American Chemical Society Introduction Henry Moseley’s (Figure 1) academic credentials consisted of a 1910 Oxford BA with first-class honors in Mathematical Moderations and a second in Natural Sciences (physics) and the MA that followed more or less automatically a few years later.
    [Show full text]
  • Applications of Synchrotron Radiation in Biology
    Physics and Biology: applications of synchrotron radiation in biology Louise N. Johnson Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, University of Oxford and Diamond Light Source, Chilton, Oxon, UK International Symposium on Contemporary Physics Islamabad , March 2007 Abdus Salam 1926-2006 Erice 1980 Nobel ceremony Stockholm 1979 Abdus Salam Enthusiasm for Physics and for Science in the Third World • Scientific thought is the common heritage of all mankind Discovery of X-rays (Roentgen 1896 in Wurzburg) Filament electrons 40 kV X-rays X-rays penetrate most materials. Target Only those containing heavy elements (copper) absorb X-rays significantly 1.3922Å 1.5418 Å Spectrum from an X-ray tube with a copper anode Bragg’s Law (W. L. Bragg 1913) Diffracted Incident 1 rays X-rays 2 θ θ θ θ Planes θ of atoms d sinθ in crystal d 2 d sinθ = n λ Z-1 = 10 e Z+1 =18 e where d is interplanar spacing θ is angle of reflection (Bragg angle) n is an integer λ is wavelength DNA diffraction pattern (Franklin & Wilkins 1952 Rosalind Franklin Layer lines Maurice Wilkins Watson Crick model for DNA 1953 p = d = 3.4 Å 34 Å James Watson & Francis Crick 10 base pairs per turn of helix d is spacing between nucleotides; p is pitch of helix The first protein crystal structure; Myoglobin (1959) myoglobin John Kendrew & Max Perutz Hemoglobin1968 Lysozyme; the second protein structure and the first enzyme (1965) David Phillips David Phillips: The Royal Institution, London, 1965 Synchrotron radiation • Building on work of A. Lienard (1898), G. A. Schott (1912), D.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter, November 2017
    ISSN 1756-168X (Print) ISSN 2516-3353 (Online) Newsletter No. 35 November 2017 Published by the History of Physics Group of the Institute of Physics (UK & Ireland) ISSN 1756-168X IOP History of Physics Newsletter November 2017 Contents Editorial 2 Meeting Reports Chairman’s Report 3 Rutherford’s chemists - abstracts 5 ‘60 Years on from ZETA’ by Chris Warrick 10 Letters to the editor 13 Obituary John W Warren by Stuart Leadstone 15 Features Anti-matter or anti-substance? by John W Warren 16 A Laboratory in the Clouds - Horace-Bénédict de Saussure by Peter Tyson 18 On Prof. W.H.Bragg’s December 1914 Letter to the Vice- Chancellor of the University of Leeds by Chris Hammond 34 Book Reviews Crystal Clear - Autobiographies of Sir Lawrence and Lady Bragg by Peter Ford 54 Forthcoming Meetings 69 Committee and contacts 70 61 2 Editorial A big ‘Thank you’! Around 45 people attended the Bristol meeting on the History of Particle Colliders, in April. It was a joint meeting between the History of Physics Group, the High Energy Physics Group, and the Particle Accelerators and Beams Group. With a joint membership of around 2000, that works out at well under 3% - and that was a good turnout. The Rutherford’s Chemists meeting held in Glasgow attracted probably a similar percentage - not very high you might think. But time and travel costs to attend come at a premium so any means by which the content of our meetings may be promulgated - reports in our newsletter and in those of the other groups - is a very worthwhile task.
    [Show full text]