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Marina-Benedetti-Il-Santo-Bottino-Circolazione-Di-Manoscritti-Valdesi-Nelleuropa-Del COLLANA DELLA SOCIETÀ DI STUDI VALDESI 24 Volumi disponibili nella Collana della Società di Studi Valdesi: 7. A. ARM A ND HUGON - E.A. RIVOIR E , Gli esuli valdesi in Svizzera (1686- 1690) (Esaurito, disponibile presso la Società di Studi Valdesi) 9. AA.VV., I Valdesi e l’Europa - saggi storici (Esaurito, disponibile presso la Società di Studi Valdesi) 10. AA.VV., Il glorioso rimpatrio dei Valdesi. Storia - contesto - signifi- cato 11. AA.VV., Dall’Europa alle Valli valdesi. Atti del Convegno «Il Glorioso Rimpatrio, 1689-1989», a cura di A. de Lange (Esaurito, disponibile presso la Società di Studi Valdesi) 12. Giorgio ROC ha T , Regime fascista e chiese evangeliche. Direttive e articolazioni del controllo e della repressione 13. Marie BONN E T , Tradizioni orali delle Valli valdesi del Pie monte, a cura di A. Genre (Esaurito, disponibile presso la Società di Studi Valdesi) 14. Giorgio SPINI , Studi sull’evangelismo italiano tra otto e novecento (Esaurito, disponibile presso la Società di Studi Valdesi) 15. Giuseppe LA S C ala , Diario di guerra di un cappellano metodista durante la prima guerra mondiale, a cura di G. Vicentini (Esaurito, disponibile presso la Società di Studi Valdesi) 16. AA.VV., Dalle Valli all’Italia. 1848 - 1998. I Valdesi nel Risorgimento (Esaurito, disponibile presso la Società di Studi Valdesi) 17. Una resistenza spirituale. «Conscientia» 1922-1927, a cura di D. Dalmas e A. Strumia 18. AA.VV., La Bibbia, la coccarda e il tricolore. I valdesi fra due eman- cipazioni (1798-1848), a cura di G.P. Romagnani 19. Emanuele FIUM E , Scipione Lentolo (1525-1599). «Quotidie laborans evangelii causa» 20. AA.VV., L’annessione sabauda del marchesato di Saluzzo. Tra dissi- denza religiosa e ortodossia cattolica. Secc. XVI-XVIII, a cura di Marco Fratini 21. AA.VV., Essere minoranza. Comportamenti culturali e sociali delle minoranze religiose tra medioevo ed età moderna, a cura di M. Benedetti e S. Peyronel 22. Samuele MONT alba NO , Ermanno Rostan cappellano militare valdese 1940-1943, presentazione di Giorgio Rochat 23. AA.VV., Piero Jahier: uno scrittore protestante?, a cura di Davide Dalmas COLLANA DELLA SOCIETÀ DI STUDI VALDESI - 24 MARINA BENEDETTI Il «santo bottino» Circolazione di manoscritti valdesi nell’Europa del Seicento con 22 illustrazioni fuori testo CLAUDIANA - TORINO Marina Benedetti, insegna Storia della Chiesa medievale e dei movimenti ereticali presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano. Si occupa di eresia e inqui- sizione – temi a cui ha dedicato i volumi Io non sono Dio. Guglielma di Milano e i Figli dello Spirito santo, Milano, Edizioni Biblioteca Francescana, 1998 (rist. 2004) e Milano 1300. I processi inquisitoriali contro le devote e i devoti di Guglielma, Milano, Scheiwiller, 1999 – e di valdesi tardomedievali, su cui ha pubblicato numerosi saggi dedicati anche alla religiosità femminile. Questa pubblicazione fruisce in parte di un finanziamento otto per mille della Tavola Valdese, che ringraziamo, nell’ambito del progetto di studio sui manoscritti valdesi medievali. Le fotografie sono pubblicate con il permesso della Cambridge University Library. © Claudiana s.r.l., 2006 Via San Pio V 15 - 10125 Torino Tel. 011.668.98.04 - Fax 011.65.75.42 E-mail: [email protected] Sito web: www.claudiana.it Tutti i diritti riservati - Printed in Italy ISBN 88-7016-646-5 Ristampe: 10 09 08 07 06 1 2 3 4 5 Copertina: Umberto Stagnaro Stampa: Stampatre, Torino INTRODUZIONE I barba, i predicatori itineranti valdesi, viaggiavano a coppie accom- pagnati da piccoli testi utilizzati per la predicazione nelle case dei fedeli, alla sera. Alcuni di questi codici – talvolta di piccolissime dimensioni – contenenti un messaggio religioso perdurante nei secoli si sono salvati: una presenza tangibile, una prova visiva, di parole ormai mute. Gli inquisitori e i giudici, attivando un altro circuito d’azione, pon- gono i barba al centro del loro bersaglio giudiziario. Tale azione genera documenti: fascicoli processuali – in alcuni casi di spessore corposo – a testimonianza di una perdurante esperienza religiosa di itineranza aposto- lica. I barba della fine del XV secolo diventano protagonisti di un doppio circuito documentario: attivo attraverso la letteratura didattico-religiosa e passivo tramite gli atti giudiziario-inquisitoriali. Non è il contenuto dei codici didascalici e dei fascicoli giudiziari a riempire le pagine che compongono questo libro. Interessano, invece, spazi marginali e inconsueti che si fanno protagonisti: a lato dei docu- menti dove si fissano ricche tracce di frequentazione o nelle opere che echeggiano dibattiti confessionali. I segni dei commentatori e le parole degli utilizzatori dei manoscritti mostrano una storia vivace, trascurata, esterna alle tradizionali istituzioni di conservazione e permettono una nuova prospettiva di ricerca sul passato dei Valdesi tra la fine del XV e l’inizio del XVI secolo. Il nesso tra rogo dei corpi e rogo dei libri è tema ampiamente affrontato. Qui si tratterà del rapporto tra documentazione e suo utilizzo nell’ambito delle tensioni culturali delle grandi controversie religiose del XVII secolo. I documenti e le fonti si intrecciano con la storia della loro formazione, ricezione, trasmissione, conservazione e, in senso ampio, con la storia della cultura. Dal “frammento” documentario si passa all’“insieme” storico e storiografico1. Prima di iniziare la loro avventurosa itineranza i codici didattico- religiosi e i fascicoli processuali sostano sul tavolo del pastore protestante 1 Il punto di partenza rimane la proposta euristica delle relazioni intercorrenti tra frammento e insieme nella valutazione di un presumibile complesso documentario e il diversificato approccio alla storia e alla storiografia, cfr. Grado Giovanni ME R L O , Identità valdesi nella storia e nella storiografia, Torino, Claudiana, 1991, pp. 11-22. 5 Jean Paul Perrin in occasione di una grande impresa editoriale. La sua Histoire des Vaudois, opera fondante la storiografia valdese, rappresen- ta un esperimento editoriale capostipite di una catena di histoires, ma soprattutto un eccezionale “imbuto documentario”, l’esito di una prima mobilitazione alla ricerca di testimonianze riguardanti i Valdesi sostenuta da motivazioni culturali e da istanze ideologiche2. I viaggi dei barba proseguono in altri viaggi. Rovesciando tale imbuto documentario, il contenuto si disperde per l’Europa secentesca compa- rendo qua e là negli studioli del piccolo/grande mondo degli uomini di cultura: un mondo che s’infiammava per passioni erudite e si affrontava in schermaglie polemistiche. In maniera più o meno fluida è possibile rintracciare le testimonianze manoscritte riguardanti la repressione e l’esperienza religiosa di una minoranza – i valdesi tra i protestanti – or- mai proiettata su un palcoscenico esterno alla propria vicenda storica, tanto è che i documenti e le fonti variamente e principalmente giungono a Cambridge, Dublino, Parigi, Grenoble, Ginevra, Zurigo. La suggestione della presenza inconsueta di commentatori che in- tervengono in modo anomalo in documentazione non pubblica e usual- mente solcata solo dalla penna dei rappresentanti dell’officium fidei ha sollecitato le pagine che seguono. In maniera concretamente visiva, la necessità dell’osservazione storico-paleografica dei documenti e delle fonti – «l’attenzione alle minuzie, ai particolari solo apparentemente oziosi, ma che finiscono quasi sempre per rivelarsi utili»3 – ha permesso l’apertura alle prospettive culturali dell’indagine storico-documentaria. 2 Sulla storiografia valdese delle origini, una recente reimpostazione – e utile punto di partenza – in Euan CA M E RON , The Reformation of the Heretics. The Waldenses of the Alps (1480-1580), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1984, pp. 230-252, e, in particolare, ID., Medieval Heretics as protestant Martyrs, in Martyrs and Martyrologies, «Studies in Church History», 30, 1993, pp. 185-207. Sul Cinquecento, periodo antecedente a quello qui considerato, e sull’uso delle fonti in prospettiva di rafforzamento dell’identità storica protestante si legga Protestant History and Identity in Sixteenth-century Europe, I: The Medieval Inheritance; II: The later Reformation, edited by Bruce Gordon, Al- derschot, Scolar Press, 1996. Da non trascurare Jean-François GI L MONT , Aux origines de l’historiographie vaudoise du XVIe siècle: Jean Crespin, Étienne Noël et Scipione Lentolo, in I Valdesi e l’Europa, Torre Pellice, 1982 (Collana della Società di studi valdesi, 9), pp. 165-202. 3 Ancora più proficuo è il richiamo ai libri e ai codici «nella loro duplice materialità di prodotti e canali insieme del pensiero e del lavoro di uomini, la base prima per poter cogliere e studiare la trasmissione delle idee e l’aprirsi delle menti a nuovi interessi e prospettive che stava lì, nei manoscritti, nei libri, nella storia delle biblioteche, il capitolo preliminare ed essenziale per ogni storia della cultura» (Giovanni MICCO L I , L’insegna- mento di Campana alla Normale, in Testimonianze per un maestro. Ricordo di Augusto Campana, Roma, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1997, p. 38). 6 Così si è avviata la ricostruzione di una «strana storia»4 contestualmente ad una nuova avventura editoriale che intende pubblicare l’edizione critica dei principali processi tardo-quattrocenteschi5. MA RIN A BE N E D E TTI Berlino-Milano, aprile 2005 Questo libro nasce all’interno delle ricerche per la mia tesi di dottorato e si conclude grazie ad una borsa di studio della Alexander von Humboldt- Stiftung presso l’Accademia delle Scienze di Berlino.
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