Address the Place of Energy In, the /Industrial Arts Curriculum. Photographs, Charlts, and Diagrams Illustra.Te Many of the Articles

Wighaman, =Paul F.:_ 3imme7man,_ Earl R. Pennsylvania s --Energy -Curriculum for SeCondary Grades: -Industrial Arts. INSTITUTION Penhsylvalia State Dept. of Education,Harrs,burj.- _SPONS AGENCY- Pennsylvania St_ate Governor!s-Energy ncil, Harrisburg. 0,8-DATE BO: NOTE 146p.:=Forrelated documents,, see'5E434450-457. Contains photographs which may not reproduce well. I 'EDES PRICE HFOI/2C06 Plus Postage. , DESCRIPTORS Building'Systems: *Energy; EnvironmentalEducation: Heating: *IndustrialArts: *Power Technology:. _ = = / secondary, EducationEducation:*Shop Curriculum;SolarSol ,. Radiation:= *Technological Advancement; Technology lternatire Energy Source

ABSTRACT . Compiled in this guide are/- 23 previously published documents for use by secondary school indUstrial arts teachers who wapt-t-o-iirdarpio-nat_e_ energy studies into/their curricula.. Over- half the entries describe energy-related projects, such as-fireplaces, i-solar-water-heaters-,-and-solar -r_oVens,--bther materi,als-presented-- address the place of energy in, the /industrial arts curriculum. Photographs, charlts, and diagrams illustra.te many of the articles. ,(W13

*************************************************t****************** ReprOductions,upplied byEDRS_arethe best that can be made from the original document. *

******************* *************************************************.(5 U 5 DEFARTmENt OF NEACTH "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE-TH4S EPUCAT1ON & WE LFARE MATERIAL-HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF * V EDUCATION_ av THIS': DocumENT HAsWEFN OE-PRO.. bucrbE4ACTLY. As IRECE'lvp PI_ orRes.ea TA-E- PEraSON DE orae-,ANIZATION TT RgIN'TSCW:JIEW Q14,CIPINIat SYA TED -DO Akar NECESSARILY RERWE= SENT OEC AL t4AYiONAL-if.45.T.TpTE TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE; AFORMATIONCENTERYERIO)

Pennsylvania Department of Education 1980 kirids Provided by Governor's Energy Council 0.:

1 _ -

Commonwealth ofTlennsylvaniaj. Dick Thornburgh, Governor

A. Department of Iducatton Robert.G..Scanlon, Secretary

Office of Basic Education Rohald H. Lewis, Commissioner' Francis J. Moran, Deputy Commissioner

Bureau of Curriculum Services David C. Campbell, Director

Health, Science and Technology Division Irvin Edgar, Chief John J. McDermott, Senior Science Adviser.

PeinnsylvIa Department of Education P s. Box 9.11, 333 Market Street Harrisburg, PA 17108 Paul F. %%Inman. ersville State College. "

,'--.---'-'_ .,,,t----,V3--rli "--,---'.---'. Z:-7'--..s-- ,, - __ *.-- __,.',' =,--_-_,.- -__,-_: ..2.,_,,-.- -- 1. CKNOWEED-MENTS--. '--(----- "t--"--'

7 =

-- Translating Energy Into Power," C: David Gierke, NEeEP-Journal, Ckotb1'6r1971'

"Is Solar -Power a Practical Splution?7,- I Charles Alexander, TerrinceR. ,',G4Stei _.Harry , Thomason, Malcom_ Wells, Popular-Science. Building Manual, Spring-Stnnmer

Activities

"Electric Truck is Wind-Powered, Too." Edward Mciran'Popular Science, AdvintureX iriAlternate_ EnergyA'pril 1977.

\ m d

"Turn Your Fireplace into 'a FOrnacp,," Popular Science, October1977... _

"Solar Assisted Heat: Pump," Edward Moran, PoPitiar SciencexAdverituresin Alternate Energy. , . -.1 "Windmill on aBOom," EdwardMoranr-, Popular SciEnce- Adventuresinf_ATternate E-riergy7 7February 1977. . .

Solar Heating Design and Construction, M. Filepas,-3. Chlebowski, E. nine,Central Dauphin - School itrict, -

"Five Solar Water Heaters You Can Budd", Edward Moran,Popular Science Adventures in Alternate Energy, May 1976. L "Solar Window", Edward Moran, opularScience Adventures in Alternate Energy.

"Si Power for SPac'e Heating," Edward Moran, Popular Science Adventuresin Alternate Energy. "Solar.Plus ,Wooditove `Heats His Water," Edward Moran,__Popukr, Science Adventures

, _/! - -- I _

',ITS Opdate, the Newest Solar _ afing Erjuipme Richard- pler, Popular Science,' August 1977. Ste t '6.' iI -,-.. v r .-- ' e I C i"SOlar' Hornesteding- in a_'Bioiphere," E. F.,,Lin :_ y:PopnlarScience-Advehtures in Alternate -1- , _ ; , t, , ,,:EnergY. _, , --, . 'Solar OvenThe SPokestrzarz June-July 1978,

71I _ ' "Focusing. Collectors. Heat a Northern l Gine' Edward Moran, Popyla; Science Adventures fir Alternate Energy, Decernber 1976=_ v

cilar Pool- Heater-on .a Pedistal,"-E. F. Lindsley, Popular ScienCe Adventures in Alternate Energy:.

. --"'"Solar Bubble Keeps _oPtilar- Sezence- Adventures U-CAlterriate--- - - Eriergy;Septerither'4

Rotor Dernons s Wind PoweMartin Greenwald School Shop; May 1978.

6 INTENDED USE OF PUBLICATION

- The material published here is for the'use bf industrial. arts-teachers= and should -of s __their ongoing classes; Much of _the material fits natUrallI into a PoWer Technology 'cla: °Weyer, with a little work it can -be incorporated into other areasofindustrial arts instruction. _ . This publication -is a part of 'a larger publication that encompasses all subjectareas in education. It is intended to be used in the upper grades and is tb emphasize-the importance of conserving energy for our society. All 'students must be made aware of its importance and the industrial arteacher can-play a major role in thii effort

Consider the mformatibn provided here as suggested material for buildinga progrant for the conservation of energy. Try to make use -of the suggested projects as they appear, and build-on-these ideas as studentsgam.knowledge o energy. . Industrial arts has educational_value for all pupils in.the elementary and sedandaryschool, providing experiences that 'are progressively intensive in accordance with pupil maturity: The industrial arts program is a sequence of exploratory experiences to .assist in the de'velopment of -insights into technologyand the attainment of otaupational literacy: Industrial- arts provides vocational orientation. exppriences through its labbratory skills and also has the unique abilityto acquaint- students -with a variety of career options and possibilities.

In Pennsylvania the -industrial arts program is a broad basedarea of study in and technology:

an integral part of the total educational program, industrial arts will aid students in acquiring a comprehension of industrial, technOlogy, career potential and proper use ,ofaten rough - .manipulative actions and research experienes witha variety of tools, Materials, prone- es aid products of industry, students have the .oppOrtunity to developa self;concept in relation to changing requirements for participation in an industrial and technological culture,

Industrial -arts has a special contribution to make to the total educationalprogram. While industrial arts utilizes 'and contributes to the goals of education in pieparation for life, its interrelationships with other disciplineS-.provides substance to vocational educatiemas well acareer education concepts. Furthermore, industrial arts provides unique opportunities forsstudents to participate in realistic experiences in the production of goods, or the rendepring of services, through the effective use of people, methods,-machines, money, management; and marketing. Students study the effects of industrial technOlogi upon all elements of society. Industrial artsmust stand, upon the demonstrated values for which if is especially adapted;.and should be integrated with the other subject-areas inthe-development-ofthe total-educational process_ 0 Purposes

The purposes of _industrial arts in Pennsylvania aconsistent with the goals of quality education in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

To provide a sound program, of industrial arts, clear and realistic objectivesare essential. The following statements.of purpose are unique -to industrial arts prpgrams in Pennsylvania. A properly planned and coordinated Industrial Arts Program should:

.Devel p technological literacyin a technological society one must be abto coin- municate in the language of industry; technology and science.

Develop an understanding of the place of industry in our society- Industry is a constructive, dynamic force in the world today, It-is them-esponsibility of the school to provide opportunities for each student to understand this force. Industrial arts provides learning activities by which,students acquire knowledge and performance skills.

Discover and develop student talents related to technologiel,- the industrial arts pro- _ gramshould assist students:in discovering and developing their' aleutst Industrial arts- helps 'students identify' special abilities through manipulative research experiences.

Develop.-=problem solvink abilities related to the use df tools. materials, processes and prothicts - the problem solving approach in industrial arts involves creative thinking and gjvesStudents oPPortUnitiq to apply principles of planning-and design Constructive clmiques, industrial processes; scientific principles and mathematical computations -are applied to achieve solutions to problems- =

Develop skill in the safe use of hand and power tools =Industrial arts provicl6s plannine, construction and productioh activities which enable students to aequfre industrial and technical skills.- These activities offer opportunities to::clevelop hand and power tool skills commensuratt with the mental and physical maturity of the student:

Content

Industrial arts is a multi-disciplinary presentation of knowledge, skills-,-_and- attitudes acquired by students. Three common areas required for a'aninimal Program wouldlleI,Clesignated as industrial -materials, power technology, and-visual communications---

, = Industrial Materials --is a study of physical materials as t heir-natural environment and how these materials are transformed through_ex onabrication-nanufaCturing and construction- into consumable products. Activities o aroup prpvide experiences fundamental to proper conservation, expementation,n. rig, use and analysis of materials.

Power Technology - is the study of energy and its application to such fields as communications, transportation and rnanufactming.

Visual Communications.- as the process of communicating through sight. Visual communi-_- cations includes studies ..in graphic arts, photography and drafthg. 0

These areas are to be taught as general laboratory experiences with multiple teaching methods being used in an effort to individdalize instruction. Wide use of instructional media and methods, appropriate in laboratory experiences, are encouraged. Students should be taught in small, groups or as indiyiduals; therefore teaching materials must be developed and available to students according to need. A personnel /management system should be used in all laboratories for the develqpment of the human relations' *eats of the program. Mini-courses should be available for students who desire specific _expgriences, a'ridscheduling should be flekible enough to permit courses of varying ration. Industrial Arts Education is --a phase of education that h4 the unique responsibilitk to proyide students with the capability; to undfirstand and Manipulate _modern day indUstrial technology. It is the subject area in the school that deals with tho.industnal technological society and the problems and benefits of these technologies, The fundamental., goal of-industrial-arts is to proVide,each

individual-. with the capability to make relevant judgments, to(think-effeCtivelyito_ make Value- chdicei to communicate, ideas and to:a:se able to efficientlyuse technology for the individnal's benefit- variety of life troles (family, occupational, recreational, etc.) and touse these knowledge s and skills abdutindustrial technology.

, _ , This imper was developed in cooperation with the Industrial Arts Association-- of Pennsylvania and _ ___ the Pennsylvania Department Of Education..

John T. Feckk, PresidentIndustrial Arts MsOciation of Pennsylvania

Earl R. Zfmmennan Senior Program Adviser for Industrial Arts7 PenOsylvania _Repartment of Education

. Revised Qctober 19, 1978 --POWER-TECHNOLOGY

RIME MOVERS AND ENERGY SOURCES

UBJECT MATTER FOR INDUSTRIAL ARTS

by-John J. Geil

_ The TollOWing article isexcerpted:from an Unpublished master's thesis of thecarne title, done, ent State University, :Ohio, June, 1967. Original sources_ are hereby grateftilly-acknoWledged. Readers &siring further informationi_may contact the ICSU,Library or the author, Portions.of this work previously appeared in the NECEP-JOURNA.L, October1976and the conceptual is - 7 3 = Tefleetedin-ENERGY-AND-TRANSPORTATION7POWERIMOchilat-Exploratioirof-Fethnology--- ,-,Seri6) Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs-, NJ 1976:

Dwindling resources and a-rigv:! role for industrial arts empfiasizea need `for: corn rehensiie courses dealing with energy and-power: While the conversion of vast quantities of energy.into usable forms -of power cOnstitutes a-branch-technology that-is:fundamental-to the-American way of lifer . only- a small 'percentage. of students-enrolled in industtial arts courses have oppoftunities to study: complex energy/pbwer relationships. Many so -called powertechnology courses are in reality only autornotivgs or small engines comes, but American youth needs programs dealing with the entye energy -power picture. Research to identify a comprehenSjve body of subject matterifor -use in the study of power is king oVerdue.,Cornprehensive courses must be 'concerned Viithlracing the sources of energy and with the role Of prime movers which trangform energy into useful power;

The study from which this article was taken was abroad inquiry to determine past, -current" and future sources of energy and 'to trace .the historical deYehapment of primemovers. Rather thab being only theoretical-scientific in nature, the study was technical-culturak- No attempt was made to assign energy and power subject matter to school grade level. The study was a starting point-a big picture upon which to build comprehensive prograrns,

Energy sabrces d prime movm are fundamental bases for constrUction'Power technology courses: In add_ iti6n to teaching the tethnology of power, 'there are pctssibilities for learning experIenceg in the history Of technology, the concept_ of techilological flow, in the eyents of hurriankind, the manifestatIons4of humaricreative spirit" rising to the conviction that there must be a, better way,-and the impact of manit:Personalities rarely found in our school history books.

INTRODUCTION,

The story of enemy and poWer is the story of the industrial might of America. A hundrtd yearsagogonly 5 percent of the total power being consumed was produced by Mechanical means; 95 percent was supplied by hiiman and animal power. Today approxrruately 9S percent of our power comes from mechanical sources. If industrial arts education is to reflect technology and industry, thestudies of powergeneration and utilizati must be included itr the curriculum. The use Of! vast quantitieS- of energy ts- basic to :the IiirctiOning-of the entan,economy.- The United States- has:six =percent of the_-_world!s popidationi'hut.donsurnes 35 percent of theglobal production of energy And materials. The per capita 'consumption ofenergy Was about six _trines-ti the world average.

The use of energy is characteristic of any, highly. industrialized. nation: Industry in the'Linited-- States accounts for two-fifths'of the total energy-cOnsumption2In'1975.aUtomobites,, trueks, buses, ,ancLother.automotive transportgonsumed. about one - fifth. cif' total energy; aboutOne-half of that 'consume=d in industry. Modern householH consume. another one-fifth for healing, cooking, and, nil- operating _appliances_ Industry, -:transpoftation,':and-; hoUseholds.::together consume'about,* four fifths of allenergy used,' with the remaining 'fifth used by commercial -canderns,-- the governnint, -and agriculture. Converting_these vast quantities of energy to usable forms of power constitu:es a branch of technohigy ,that is fundamental to the-American way of life. ' But-While power and en6rgy are "basic :tiiithe AmerIeaneconomy and tfie.lAriiprican way of life; the industrial arts has hot responded - fiade-qUately...---,- -to :lire-need_ for cbmprehensive._ ,.._

Power technology prcigrami; The USOE S:ehnritt/Pelley study of the mid- sixties revealed:that. only, 2.7 percent of the students enrolled--i_n Indirstriat arts progranrs_ received instrucTion-inpower mechanics :: The -true- picture of power technology instruction was probably eVen more bleak since- -many (if not mott)_prorairis consisted of_na rawly zconceived_smalf_engines or autornotivesiourses.___ 4 Prime Movers'

Joseph W. Duffey in Power: Prime Mover of Teelfnology defined prime movers as .devices. that convert the dower of hutnanand'anfirial muscle running water, wind, heat. OF electricity into a. _More. usable form of.energii: By subscribing to a definition such as this, it trnmediately becomes apparent that courses with. limited scope such as-small gasoline engines will fall- short of-the mark in providing the education and experienciS needed by today's yduth. It isralso apParent that basic = = thermodynamics-m-1_1st- be-a.-:-pait=of-the -program and that- studying-the-historical -develoPinent ofr prime movers will aid, in seeing where We are and where we Might be going.'

The complete study from which tliis material was taken is, summarized in the accompanying chart, 'Figure I. It included external combustion engines, kinetic energy prime niovers,direct energy conversion-, electric it, and the so-called-aotie-sources. The following excerpt deals only with internal combustion deifices and is;of necessity, shortened.

ERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Inteinnalicombustion engines fiarm,-in terms of quantity at least, the backbone ofour power needs. Steam power is used to generate the tremendous: quantities of electricitywe need, but the internal combustion engine is the basic source of power for nearly all our transportation and other

requirements, . .

Intenjal combustion engines are not efficient. They are generally noisy and plagued with _vibration...They emit noxious ,and_offensiv_e lumes_and are.often_short-lived. But the _versatility-and adaptability cifdfrese engines, especially in the reciprocating form, has literally transformed our way of life. So common is the "gas ". engine that we take .it" Very much for granted until, for some reason, it fails to perform its jab. Internal corribustiot engines are now made in many forms- reciprocating, rotary, turbine, reaction, and rocket. They may be very small or vent large, with vaous methods of accomplishing ignition, cooling, and lubrication_ But they are all heat engines c cterized by the fuel being burned rapidly inside the engine..

Reciprocating Engines

The reciprocating internal Combustion engine is perhaps the most familiar, form of power. Throughout we World, automobiles, trucks and other engine-driven conveyances transport people and goods., perform as regulatory and emergency vehicles and provide a freedom of movement undreamed of a century ago. Thelto industry is one of the largest employers in the United States Almost every family has a car, and the trend is to two or even three Even with the increasing complexity of automobiles, [he average Ameri,an feels he is something of an expert on cars. The popular "scientific" literature abounds with articles on the subject High aLhoolcis by the thousands repair,rebuild, Arid modify evt,i y thing twin Jalopies to lacing cars

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Otto' was not satisfied, however, and returned to the pursuit of the four-cycle idea. His efforts this time, due to his experience in _the field, were successful, and in 1876 he marketed an engine producing three horsepower which ran at 180 revolutions per minute. It was so quiet in contrast to.the earlier engines that it became known as the "Otto Silent

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Aircraft jet engin and turbo-pro ngm s are forms of gas turbines, but due to their highly pequitiect. nature, theyare usually considered separately from general types for stationitiy ma ntle r vehicluar use

Systems

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1,,.13 .1 ENERGY ALTERNATIVES AND ':THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL ARTS

by ,Fran COwens & Fhontas Pinelli

The Arab .yil embargoand the hardship and suffering, experienced during the wake o It country's coldest winter of the twentieth century piovide additonal evidence and,ieditality tothe belief -that this nation's traditional sources of energy will one day prove inadequate for meeting 11 S energy needs, These recent experiences which are symptomatie Ailierica'steadily deft' iolaring energy situation, necessitate the development ofan atticinativc plan olaction against conditions whiCh llii aten national sevnii ay ,,ontintred 1.) $ e0114)1111, glow tit and development, and the active participatLoytole 4,4 1.11c 11 S Inwotitiatfllii,Solving, Allit:11, ptobiLin3 i,icsenta aii golininotis itic Joint cliOils go,..141141,;1,t litt3,,c.03 andt.,tlttsttyrile dcadentic ..ommunity,and most turportalitly the Americanpcoptc will-king together L., help dev, lop a diveisliwic....1 ononly so that !intro., ciictg,,N. 1.)c inteL he a11.miltillvc 13 es.on.Oillk, stagnaLi.. -in 'able ,,Bang, titfkinc.iii an

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u A 60 l ENERGY CRISIS Arab Oil Embargo

50 Imports

20 ----U.S. Oil and 0a ConsumpLien 10 U.S. Oil and Gas Production 0

1 ( r FT I 1 1950 55 60 65 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

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a Any discussion of energy use and k.:onservation would have to in,lude the energy for electrical generation. a function which cuts across the thrce end picvtou,ly jilentionedBecause ofs,pe peaks and valleys caused by s'1,111,11 the Indust.' y

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Americans WillUse

More Enernv But rawth Rates Will Slow

Increase 1n Use of Fuel s (Annual%Averaoes) Annual Consumutian of rneroy Households qcxsZaTMIWa b41 Hrplan C.7.3 21 thermdl 1 Comerce 1407/0t- 9% 1990-850-0.6% Industry 19e5 /0a==zzi 4,Z1 1980 85==.253.-/.% II Onayoeteth.,,

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11 The Occu Aspect

'Industrial arts as de tin Public Law 94482 has the responsibilio of assisting indiYiduals in making inrormed and meal inglul occupational choices. Occupations in ener124, policularly, in the elecoripower industry, are expi eted to increase about as fast as the itIera'ge`or all industries- through mid 1980's However. any new occupations and open s in the field of energy are Apceted to occur withthe expan:oon and development ot alicioate soul, e:, All,:m_ig, Student:, 'pled occupational informati,ni and oticntation to the broad.spe,:trum ot ipations witli exist in thus most tinpol (ant aspc, I.ul ]1).icly

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U Greater Los Angeles Area Energy Symposi Our Natio 961 EneFgy,ProbleinsCreating Energy Choices for the Future, May 19, 1976, Vol. I1. North Hollywood', Oulifornia. Western Periodicals Company, 1976.

Campbell, Paul C,anal 1 t11els. lnSchool Energy Education:An Analysis CurrentStatus and Furure Needs; Fiteigy and Poel Jouretal (Mara 1977 20.3 4

Lii AtssocId(1,1 t,, ,t)etini AIL I ..1C11.,:i tk 1' 1/

.. I 1401I11an A tioh.d , k(A(AA.IA A

piA 1 A 1tict 11. W411,1 hiafyil ,1,111a) /)) - The author is a- curriculum co ee,member of the National Educational Council -on Energy and Power '(NEC-Ep), w= qse members are engaged- in ;the 'deverapnient of a national curticulum:niodel:- BasmajianT "as -been- conducting similar activities ginia Polytechnic stituteand has been writing a cou. e prograrir on.,Enerii and Pow

, This Article represents a course outline derived from the flow charts as publikfiejd in the April, . 1976 is-sue:of 'Energy,'& .P01,yerlijumal, Page 25.-It is'hoped that this article Will give further details = ,_ and guidelines-,to: scliO01-administraiorS and edueators-as lol the- scdpe_ and magnitude of an Energy ,-, , . , ____ , _, . _ -and_ Polker program; -!'--_.-- -.-_-,-:-: z.-,-.- 1,-; . -_-_. _- ' r __ ., --0 - , ___...___,. ._,, , r .. , .,. Tifeenergy TelatethsociaVecOnornicind_ politlear-up.heav -Is in U.S. and world wide have, dei'le:V1,-diruen-Siari-`-and;;;n7lir reitiarlil5dilig7f ,ill& m` oscimportan --_ , &Ufa- -Taitairily concern is.- prepa students of today fir theenergy condit ons that-Will exist tomorrow.

: .:-_ -, i .- .. .l , , The ,Nation's edergyArernarictlfor the future and the declining 'supply 'of fossil-fuels indicate_ .. -_- __, clearly kneed, for a 'new emphasis on alternate energy systeMsFederal, Industrial or Research- --=' Agencies--_cOndficting anenergy:analysisiall' agree or(orymatter.;. the ultimate solution:of U.S. energy- shortagel-2:lepends.7_ on-T-thet,-deVelciPment----of--alternatefenqgY sources.;Urc_ eS.--Fori--this --ie l education has t4- play An- important:-role_ inxthe -transition from traditional povVer_techno gy pro&Ins that are essentially small engincprotrariiiihtollibseinclusive of dlleimite enerkk sources;,,- The student needs to be able to relate new energy sources tadevices-thaf_can prodacepower. Additionally, ithe must develop an awareness of the emerging occupationi in thig -field-A well planned curriculum with the proper hardward and_ software will be the:beginning of a transitional period of growth asIthe student developsnewcareer awareness. ItimperatiVethat a curdculurn'be structured Modularly and with continuity. lie-ft-nisi be able to follow .the prograirNhrough various

= levels and achieve_the prescribed competeney levels. No doubt an Energy and Power Curriculum model must offer the student an awareness orientaribn, exploration and preparation-sequence.

It is hoped that the following model can serve as-a basis for the above objectives and assist

educators and adininistrators, in making their. decisions as how best to serve the needs of the students and the nation. CONVER- `TRANS STORAGE SOUReES - SIGN MISSION -DEVICES CONTROLS

- CHART` The above: energy -flow_ chart indicates the interrelationship whichexists between energy sources, conversion devices, transmission, storage and controls. In order -for the student to develop total energy ..awueness forenergy and power, in a given area of t laboratory he must be able to explore the various sources_ of energy_ and thecen-responding.conversion systems.Upon producing poWer, the student certainly must be aware of the various methods by whichpower is transtrutted

-"GEOTHERMAL GRAVITATIONAL NUCLEAR CHEMICAL FOSSIL SOLAR

Fission Electrical :Thermal

Tidal . Fusion anal Liquid' Electricity

Radiant Solid Photosynthesis

Hydro,

ElsIERGY'sopREEs-

PRIMATiY ENERGY SOURCES

The above chart indicatesthe primary energy sources which haye the greatest potential in the

21 =---7,-- development- of-U.S.-- alternate- energy -supplies, - There. are secondary_sourcesWhig4.are deliendent_on the primary source.-Theie are not listed-in-ccthe major emphasis during thenest twenty five years

will-KS plated. on the above listed. energy -The student'sawareness and,, exploration-must be directed towards,:the primary.SOUrces ofenergy::Nevi*emerging-oecup'gtioni and careers that are a direct result of the. development of these energy sources must bebrouibf to the student's attention:-

ENERGY SOURCES

4 A. The-Natiire of Energy_ and Power

Concept of Energy Definition ofinergy, work and power Relationshicitetween different forms of energy

Fossil Fuels

1. Historif of fossil fuels utilization 2. Formation of fosSil fuels . The availability of fossil fuels in the U.S.' and the world 4. ConinniptIOn of fossil fuels for transportation, commercial; purposes 5. Production Of power from-fossil fuels-. o. Advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels 7. Fossil Fuels as chemical raw materials 8. Environmental Impact 9.

C. Radioactive Materials

Nature of the atom 2. Explanation:of nuclear reactions (fission and filsian) 3.. How a nuclear reaction can be used to pmduce power t 4. Uranium mining 5 __Availability of uranium in the W, 6. The advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy 7. The role Of nuclear-ffels in the utility indu-stry- 8. Environmental Impact 9. Career opportunities

D. Hydro

Hydro Power, its history and origin Availability How it can be used to produce`power 4. Applications - for induitrial use '5. Advantages and disadvantages of itsuse o. The role of hydro power stations for the generation ofelectricity 7. Environiftental Impact `8.. Career Opportunities Explanation of Solar Power -Historical utilization. ': .. 4It§appjications-for heating and air conditioning' -, . Its advantages0 and disadvaritageS as an alternate source-ofenergy 5. The role of sOlar power in thefutUre 6. Environniental Inipact 7. CareerOpportunities'--

F. Wind

I . Explanation_of how the winds are produced _ 2. _History of their use 3. Power generation-from Wind Advantages and disadvantage,s _ 5. The role of wind power for the nation's futureenergy needs 6 Environmental Impact :eer Op_portunities__

Description of geothermal ;energy source Location of geinherrnal energy sources Power production of geothermal sources Advantages and disadvantages

5. The role of geothermal Tower for the nation's future energy needs . Environniental Impact . . Career Opportunities

ENERGY CONVERSIONDEVICES

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Traditionally the internal combustion engine has been the primemover of the transArtation industry and this sector consumes approximately 25% of the ,oilin the United States. The nation is 92% dependent on fossil fuel% yet these are thevery sources= that are depleting rapidly. Greater awareness and emphasis should be placedon alternate energy sources and 'conversion devices which could. reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. The student mu%t developan awareness and-explore various methods of power conversion systems. Newcareer opportunities must be sighted where these industries are growing rapidly.

. RECIPROCATING 2 & 4 CYCLE SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

HISTORICAL-DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES * SAFETY IN THE LABOR ATORY

TWO AND FOUR STROKE (CYCLE) ENGINES

Fundamental Mechanics of 2 & +Cycle Engines

Learning the Components and Subsystems of 2 and 4 Cycle 'Engines , (a) , Piston & Rings (b) Carburetor and Power Control (c) Connecting Rod Wrist' Crarikkhaft and Crank Gear Camshaft and Cam Gear

Engine :Main Ilirarings : = .Cylinder Heads -Valves--;:1 Rocket Arms and Lifters Spark Plug Points and Condenser 'High -Voltage Coil Ignition_Power Source Flywheel (p) Engine Block-

D. ,- OPERATION OF 2 ti:4CYCLE ENGINES

1. Starting Systems (a) RopgStart (0) Recoil Start (c) Starter Motors

Operation (a) Start up Procedures (b)_.'Operating Controls

E. = POWER CONTROL

_ 1. Function of a Carburetor 2. Principles of operation of Venturi type Carburetors 3. Air/FuelMixture Ratio 4. Various types of Carburetors (a) Float _ (b) Diaphram (c) Overflow 5.- Filters--

IGNITION

Types of ignition systems (a) Battery -Coil. (b) Magneto 2. Definition of ignition timing 3. How to Read Ignition Timing 4. How to Vary Ignition Timing 5. Relaitionship of Piston position to spark plug fm 6. Effect of Ignition Timing on Engine Power

COMPRESSION

Definition of Compression Ratio ow to Vatif Compression Ratio _ Effect of Compression katio on Engirie-PoWer -_ Effect of Compre. S.sion Ratio On-EnginefExhauit-=-- - COOLING SYSTEM-, =

_Need for Engine Cooling Tykes of Cooling (a) Air CoOling _ (b) Water Cooling

LUBRICATION

Need for-Lubrication Types of Lubrication Systems (a) Splash (1:) Spray (c) Pressure

Dynamometers

Connecting Engines fo Dynam9meters . Definition of Torque and Iforsepower -3. Operating Principles of Electric Dynamorneters Operating Principles ofllydraulic Dynamometers 5. Operating Principles of Prony Brank Dynamometers 6. Operation of Electric Dyn arnometer/Generators (a) Starting Mode (b) ,Loading the Engine- (c) Electric Power Generation

Performance of 4 Cycle Engines

I. Measiiring Horsepower Output 2. Factors affecting POW& Output

L. Perforri alice of 2 Cycle Engines

Measuring Horsepower Output Comparisons of 2 & 4 Cycle Engines

Applications

Single Cylinder Multi-Cylinder

Environmental Aspects

1. Emissions of 4 Cycle Engines 2. Emissions of 2 Cycle Engines Career Opportunities, -=

--RECIPROCATING-2 & 4YCLE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENG

Historical Developme- t_of Diesel Engines.

Safety in the Laboratory

Operating Principles of 4 Cycle Diesel Engines

Operating Principles of 2 Cycle Dieu' Engines

Fuel Injection systems Diesel Engines

Common Rail System Jerk Pump System = Fuel Injectors

1. VariablePiatori-Stop Type 2. -Variable-Lifter Type 3. Bosch Type

Diesel Fuel r

Combustion Process in a Diesel Engine

Operation of a Diesel Engine

Cold Start armStart Power Control

oading and Powereasurement

Conhecting Engine to Dynamome er Torque (a) Definition (b) How it is Measured Horsepower (a) Definition (b) How it is Calculated 4. Efficiency

Performance

1. How Throttling is Achieved 2. Relationship of Air/Fuel Ratio nd Load 3. Relationship of Injector Timing and Power Output

27 _Fuel System --- a Injector (b ) = --Injection Pump `Cylinder and Head-

___Coinparison of Diesel and Spark IgnzttonEngines

Applications

Single Cylinder ..Multi-Cylinder

Envirprimental Aspects

I. Emissions of_Diese 2. Comilarison withISpark Ignition Engines and its Effect- on Environment

P. Career Opportunities

Ill ROTARY ENGINES

A Historical nackgrodnil of Rotary Engihesand Comparison to Reciprocating Engines Safety in the Laboratory

The Wankel Engine

Fundamental Principles-Of Operation L Identifying the. Comppnents and Subsystems_ (a) Rotor and Seals (b) Carburetor and Power Control (c) Mainshaft and Eccentric (d)o Housing .(e) Side. Plates (f) Flywheel (g) Spark Plug '(h) Magneto

Power Control in Rotary Engines

Function of Carburetor 2. Principles of Carburetor Operation 3. Air/Fuel Mixture Ratio 4. Types of Carl3uretors (a) Float (b) Dia (c) Overflow 28 nfiecting-Enne to Dynamometer -2. peration of Ertgine. (a) Cold Start (b).Warm Start Throttle Control Operation of Electrie Dynarnometer/Gendrator (a) Principles of Operation (b) Starting Mode- (c) Loading the Engine (d) Electric Power Generation 4. Operatitin of a Pydraulic Dynarntaeter--

'aivr Mea sUreMents.

Torque --7 (b)_-: How it, is measured

Horsepowe, (a)-Definition (b) HOw it is calculated 3. .EffiCiency

Fuels and Mixture4

1.' Connecting _flow meters 2. Definition of Air/Fuel Mixtures 3. Efteet of Mixtures on Engine Po*er 4. Effect of Various Fuels on Engine Power

5. Efficiency .

Comparison o °tau and Reciprocating Engines

I. Applications

Single_RotOr Multi-rotor

Etzvironiner4m1 Aspects

1.. Emissions °Maury Engines Comparison With Reciprocating Engines and its Effect One the Environment

Career Opportunities

29 -

AL COMBUSTION ENG

_TURBINE GENERAirO r

±Fundamental Priddiples_of open "Cycle Steam:Turbines.

Safety in the Laboratory s Components and Subsystems of Steam

Steam Generating System `(a) Heat Source and Controls-- (1?)'s Boiler (c) Pre hater Coal d) Superbter' e) Ste:' xhaust Energy Coersion Systems Turbine Wheel Electrical Gemrato .S3Tein Loa:dr' (a) Fixed .Resistors (b) Variable Resistors

pow r Output-

How to Measure PoWer 0 put How to Vary Power Outpu Relationship of Output Powand Load 4_ Relationship of OutPut,Power and Input Steam Pressure -.

Applications

F. Environmental Aspects

reer Opportunities,

RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINES

A. Fundamental Principles o Open Cycle Reciprocating Steam.

Engines .

Safety in the Laboratory

A - Components and Subsystems of Reciprocating Steam Engines

"Steam Generating System EnergyConversion System (a) Piston-Cylinder (b) Valve Train (c) Connecting 'Rod (d) Crankshaft (e)--Flywheel _ 7

_ EnvironmentallAspects 7F 77t., 7t E Ciireer Opportunities

' NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION

NUCLEAR REACTION AS HEAT SOURCE

,:- IT. SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY

. = NUCLEAR POWER GENERATORS:

A. Fundamental Principles of a Closed Loop Steam Cycle

Components and SubsySterid 'of a Nuclear Power Generation System _ - _

. - _ = I. Stearn Ge-netating:System . -(a)-7-Reactor and:Confral Rcids:

Superheat It§ Control . (c) Condenser (d) Reheater System (e) Water Pumps and Controls. Z. Energy-eonveksion Systems ,

(a) Turbine Wheel _ (V) Electrical Generator 3: System Loads- (a) Fixed'Resistors (b) Variable Reststors

13; C Pulver Output

I. How to Measure Output Power How to Vary Output Power = ,1 RelationtliliS of Otitilat.Powee,-gnd Load Relationship of Output Power and Input Steam Pressure

E. Envirbninental Aspects

Career Opportunities SOLAR ENERGY

Introduction to Solar Radiation as a Direct Source of Energy

Geogsaphic Distribution of Solar Energy Input , Solar Flux at Varidus Parts of4he Day and Night Cycle

fety in the Laboratory

Solar-Electric Generator;

Eupdammtal principlesof bperation of SiliCon Solar Cells Components and Subsystenis of a Solar-Electric Generator_ _ ourcesof Energy L Natural -un 2 Artificial Density Lamp -- Energy ConVersion-SysteMs I. -Silicon Solar Celt Array 2 _Other, Cryst System Loadg Resistors 2. Batteries

3. 3 Electro-Me anical wer Output, Solar Electric' Generators a_ Uow to Measure the Oufput Power ,floVv_to Mary the Output Power, Relationsh1of Output ?aver and Load RelatiAiriiVof Oigiiiitt'dAr-and -Light Density :Relationship_of Output Power-and Distance_frorn Light Sour9e ApPlications, Environmental Aspects Career Opportunities'

al System

Fund lprinciples of operation df solar thermal sys Components and systerns-of a sqlar- tl erir al system= .a. Energy ConverSibit _ I Solar-Collector _ (a) Types of Collectors (b) Insulation (c)-Paint Selection (d) GI* Covering Plumbing Syiten-W! (a) 'Pumps: (b) Tubing-Fittings Operation-and Controls ApplicatiOns _ Environmental-Aspects ' Career OpportUnities

D POWER

Introduction-_

B Safety in- hei:Labbfatory

Wind PowerP Gefleiation

Fundamental principles of operation.of-a-wwkpove generator" - Components and subsystenks,of a wind power generato a. Energy ConverSign tein 1".;" Windinill types 2. Mechanical Drives 3. ' Electric Generator SyStein Loads L Resistors' atteries a Output Power (a) -Ylow_to Measure the Output Power Ow to Vary the Output Power JO Relationship of Output Power and Load (d) Relationship of.CtuiOut Power and Wind Velocity

Applications

Environmental Aspects

Opportunities

HYDRO PO

in luction Pldwing Water as a Source of EnetY

Safety in t le Laboratory

HYdko` Electric Power Generation

Fundamental pnnc,es of operation of a Hydro-Electric Gentritor Components and subsystems of a Hydro-Electric Generator a. Water System

1 Supply and controls Discharge b. Energy Conversion Systems 1. Types of nozzles 2. Types of turbine wheels 3. Electric generator c. System Loads 1. Resistors 2. Electro-mechanical Output Power a. How to Measure the Output Power b. How to Vary the Output Power cl Relationship of Output Power and Load d. Relationship of Output Power and Input Water Pressure

D, Applications

Environmental A3pe

Career Opportunities

LrAtuAw IttANSMISSI,04

ILA LLIK11,A1 Jut ,...441It

1 FUEL I RARSPOrt I CURRENT UFA!hi

T,, MAGNET 1,, VARIOUS METHODS OF ENERGY &POWER TRANSMISSION

The power transmission industry has long been concernedwith the cost of power distribution especially when the primary' supply or energy is at longdistances from the point of distribution. The primary method of transmittingpower has been through solid conductors through alternating current.

Solar__ energy transmission from outerspace has seriously been considered as a means of uninterrupted power through microwave beams_ The industrialapplications of microwaves and lasers have been established andare the most rapidly growing areas. Student awateness and exploration in the laboratory must highlightnew emerging technologies and careers

MECHANICAL ENERGY I.KANSMISSION

titatuft.. th: vclop nier Sash 14.2. t.,..A

dieLat./01...4ton I8 2 3 Wolk 4 Speeu

(d) I ()J)

2 Ocala

3 13,11. (a) (b) t'/Ai (c) Vee (d)

) II ELECTRICAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION

or BaekgroId of Ele4triciti, and Itcilse

Safety in the Laboratory

C Fundaments of Electricity

n of-Electric Current

(a) Matter y. (b) Atomic Structure (c) Electron flow (d) Conductors and lnsu rs Circuits De tinition laws Power Puvvcr Giontruk Method of Eileigy Stuidge

'11-,tA, --

1 V\ CIIIar1a11113,1

( ,1,

(1 ) \'.1

1V . Hydraulic PumpsTramstrassion Fluid Energy

Basic Types 2. ComPonnts and their functions 3. Flow rates

Basic Hydraulic System components

Pipes 2. Connectors 3. Filters 4 Control Vdlve 5 Actuators (d) Liu (b) Rota ly c) Scala 7 1 ype (a) S.,fica (b) Paralki

Is .

I. re,

aFti-

U1 (SI -114 &Sit 1(4,1 IN

t Pipes Connectors.. Filters 4. Control Valves 5. , Actuators (a) Linear (b) Rotary 6. Water Separators

comparison to Hydraulic Systems

Response time Power Density Tank energy storage

A pplica iuris

Etivirottutc

Career Opporitirtitie.s

AcUUSI'lk, LAILK(iY 1 kA i

hi( f,,a,t. 114,14 F., 1.

I., .ter,

outpunelltS411d 31.1by4Li 1;..1,i II A,

( ) I ower Supply (2) S04116: 1 by/ Reception systel, Sy.t.-au l.Qad3

Ilt 4,3111t.:111011i I . 1iCa.,111C111011L -11!1 RG111134,11131111)Ai Iat1a.1111I1C,I Kelrltl.,I13I11p..I 1.., cIvca )c) ,ri;1 trsu3lutLtex,1,1 ci Rtia1.1.1113hipofrc..,ci'vc, traitamItici a 141 ic,,civci rhc,I,,v I., a 1 in ti D. Applications

Environmental Aspects

Career Opportunities

'VI. LASER ENERGY TRANSMISSION

A. Introduction to Lasers and Their Uses

Safety in the Laboratory

Laser Thin_ssion Systems

Fundamental principles of Opei411011 ur Id ci citc.i6) transTissian systems Co rents and subsysten,a ni tian.nlissicn system (a) Power Source (b) Energy transmilull 3ysicAAA

1 Power Su 2 Laser E.neA6y reception ay (d) System loads 1 fansizils&1011 (a) Measurement l., A.. (b) Measurement of received vci (e) Relating the input power to out, (d) Relating power ict.eived 41bLc,/, and receiver t_i Relating pow untii.. and receiver Al) The efteet ot Ai. (g) 10 c.3

11+

Al,t41144 i. iAI

VIA! L. LtIL

I/I

8if5.011,1 I 2. Components and subsy terns of a microwave transmission system (a) Energy transmission I. power supply 2. microwave transmitter (b) Energy reception system (c) System Loads Energy transmission (a) Measurement of transmitted power (b) How to vary transmission power (c) Measurement of received power (d) Relationship of power transmitted and power reset (e) Power variation due to angle between transmitter and receiver (I) Power variation due to distance between tian6inittoi and receiver (g) The effect of various ubata,l, di, 1,. (h) Transmission losses

D. Applications

Envi runrrrental :4 )pc, I)

Carecl ENERGY CONTROL AND STORAGE

CONTROLS STORAGE

MECHANICAL [ELLCTRICAL 1 MECHANICAL tELECTRICAL LH 1HE RPM I [

II I INDUCTORS [ELECTRO- CHEMICAI I I 1 Fu"i 1 KINEI IL, IPOTENTIAL TORI I ILAVAC.I

icub-tAsHESSED ri (WNW EAVI1 AI KAM I 1-141rn, I I

IA II-IAA. A1 A1.11 hAPI ALIA. I k ..1

1...

A 0.111 .1iurc ens tutlni de:1`4okla I Unit; MILLS. , I I tint' _ .1. illy the ,1 ail cic% Ws, PUS Ilk t)i pl.lt lit Of hew types 01 znergy sty rage systems. UhL studdni must hi able tt, tievelor, su 11 a ,,kher,:,ss and variona ot e.neigy stprage in a labo.aioi CC. 111113( (1C tuglilig,htckiand brought to the student's attention

A As

di AI , (II) Mechanical Energy (a)'Flywheels (b) Positiongravitational (c) Spring tensioncompression (d) Compressed gasses 3. Thermal (a) Hot Mass (b) Evaporation condensation (c) Fusionsolidification Chemical Fuels (b) Batteries

L) .4 p /iltcultutt

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11 EN LK (A)141 I

LF.. tiOtt t,/1-,,.

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t tit.t

1r 1

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I (h) Ear al;

. I CURRICULUM-GUIDELINE FOR ENERGY SOURCES AND CONVERSION DEVICES

Part I

By Dr. Leonard Sterry and NECEP Curriculum Committee Members

Gerald Ansonellis John Murphy Vahan Basmajian tierbert Seigel Eugene Bower Paul

I Iii s,..pc, of Lt.,: hublem

NiA II. pah, .1... inio,mation pertaining to the development 01 blier,y lid Pow, it,,gimilLSin, e th,s<)je.. s ot hioad st.,opc, dild depthItwilt Lic dIVIdedIntotwo pall,

lit1%441 I II,014, 114. t.Ii .. 4, .41 I

A,. MIthe .71 ALA,1,3141, 111,11 1,7.4 11 a W01.1 ol t1111t.,:

1, 110W 111.7,3, 111101.e7.1 le y011.1 . .4414. .1 4 ..1111 I It ,

and k.ittkie,ttly by ,ciatt ,t1 ,.

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. .,_. 1 1 , . 14 1 11 I 1 4 4 1 0 ;,1Ill 'tit; .t..,.1 ,,..e,i, I , 14 , i ii. 1 i i1; 1 1:

a,.111711,L3LLI,atci.,-,16yt. 4. t AL.14414, 1 .1.4,1V itt,,iit ..,1 11,,I4,,1,,,bitII ,ii,.t.,1,1 4.,1 3111gcAktcl..L. 11- dointui

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7,61;3, 8. 4. .11,104, 1 , 1,,11,,

, .11e' ,Litt, I IV LA I 1, 71, 3 171,1, 4,77, I'

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,.,1,1 ,1., ., 3,01. 77N 111) 111,117...1.01717113 7 (1,.,,).1 , , 1 . E ) t, . 7 11. ,11, ... 1,,, ,7 ,17111 7. 7..47117:

Ill. I 1,7il 0447.1 ,11 ,41, . ,,,.1,;18,} 1.1. 117,7. ,7 1 il.1, 1 11111 I I I .1 41 1111,1

+/...4_1. t ill, , El 1411 I,Ally 1114,1434,.41411,4,a, .41 44,14,. ,7 7 4 ki4.1L,..1.1) 1,7117.,111 ANNED SPACE STATION OREiTiNo THE EARTH

-EA 11 TH ORBITING THE SUN

tIC,IIHE1.11LI...1El tuVV1.11 gKI

/,,_.E1,,AL ar A,E5rlir CARP',

G.,c,iby 1141i A ii; k ill i,ii I 1 111 . 411 I _t ale( CI)lcdLiS (U aik,i3oileCi 1111n11h1 II -.. Ii1i3 bh.,J. it it Willcc riIhniy izlitel the physiobluiogii2a1 hot will also be Tectccl Ruin such conditions thereby decrcaSiag the ilinount ati,1

.7.11 5 .1,1 . UAL ,4 i .1;1 5.; v ;no. 1111. IIItE,t L/C chpu..,LI ilia,V.,LJ,1 L1111.11 ,Nk Jb 13 1 tlik; 4./1 113 find tk./1111 tlicyLE. C L11/11j1.011..;Al Eli (1./t3 n71 ./11,1 3i1.1 I, CS, L.(1 u1_.1 1I :.,., IrtztLoti3 And tic,w ..morg1/ ca.) be st,,te,i mid k uti,IL lieu

11,1 ..111c11.

Jilt! a+ Ail,II I /.1. 1.: a/ (1 n.1 . 11, 1 t., jilt' , 1,1. 1

114.;i1 1 .11;igyatIll. t..:.3L. LI 113( /./1e.1 1./1...... 1 1.1 , l iI,: El I. i I1I; I11 ,I.1 A.,. . .II 1,11,4, .I.L.z, I . hL3 , C ,01. ,14,..t6 A,1.11(1111.11I.1L11 .a1.10II, III t iiI.,. 1,. IC , 1:1,_It 0110,1/A10 1ft 4, 1.1,1t1..5 E, ,..1..41141/114- iA hilt 111../ 3. n.l AAA .All ..Altlli. I I a ,...li,ii.iit .I,1 II

i 4 1 i 1.11 t

I 1 ..,}1 It Li a r,1 i , iI . I I. ,,,..I, ik 11.,, li .11 511 .

pi ..kti, z A. 114. 1, . . it .,.., A itt II it . I . .III,

Li,;iii,,,IAL 14 1, .J.bz.I II,', t.I.ail . . I I : -,1 1 li(t,,',' ,.i.11111 I..I. 1 iU A AAI A ,:,,Ic,Ig3,,LIf,'CI An kicl4 G.. 44 Anotherimportant element is to claSsify the energy conversion devices so that the student can point out thebasic differences for each classification, For example, internal comb.ustion engines operate on adifferentprincipleif compared to external combustion engirrts. The folio v parameters characterize the energy conversion device

I. Operating Principle Uses and Applications Performance Cost of Operation Efficiency 7. Availability 4 Emissioro Adaptability to the enviionincia

IL15 3111310113 111,11. 1.1../1.1VC1M011 31101.11t1 lake 111..1t...; Nltll 111g11 L-71n1..1,111) Itl 1

11.11 11111111111.1ffl 1.11.t;1111:3,3.1011

"11,1 11,nt...1111,31,in 114. 11..11Q, ....1...141; .1. L1

and with ppr*c, the f..'].1,08) 1, .li1 , 1(1 6 gkLv..;1.al parameters ,.;)u.sidered

I ,1

4 A11.11't.t il/1(.1

. .11. 3',,,11141 d , L.id 111,. , I .1 1

Bell l alltii ki 11 L., LI .1 I,3 (11.14: 311111 tidlt.i.111k)113 ./3111 .11 III,11,1 111...:1C1IL (3 I 1. ,11L.,

111. 111,141 iLt11 L/Liist, ALL 13 d413)11, 1 . L. ,1.1i. fat en.ig .A./111,11 ibC.11i1t314,1. ,1,1..nt Lk/ ate,t11111 1/,1s1,1..;.

.11 k 1.1 14.,11(,11 a, 1 (II,

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Wit 10,106; , 1111.114k .41

I :1111. IIE IE.) Ist3 .it1 1.. spN-

SOLAR GRAVITATIONAL

RADIANT

IIDAL ilYL/fito IIIERMAI tifCTRIC. MeCHANiL- 01?prATt,.

(-01,0,NA slii

, .

a., )1i Ihei c two t)" a I,. ./.

,q011,,L6 have .30 , atIOLA

rarloc. Cornpiession IgTlll11.11 erl,pnes areft) tc ho ,his I Lrgc: 1, Rt)(al Vibik.)11 C116,111c., ha vl; 110 LLcc.411aL,1,It. ,AItIL I,\11aI the cas., with 1ecipmc.4ting

2111011 )111, i I \,I1

1 g i 111 0

41."1 I . A 01 ,.).aa,,I 1 MIIII, ,, I 1 i l I,

1,01)1143.1,ki 4,t11/ 13 133 ,k3J. 10111Al 133,3 3. 3 I I 1 I I ,,

44111i1.ut4 , .3,1111 VVI1 .iitl116,3111+. II ;10 .)1.3 Al, 1 III

It 1 .1 ..II Is', 1

I.a,,,LI AL =3,/Eit.;1, 14,. aii. II A 11

I ilk, 1 akAo, , hogI, .o ,,,, ,111,1k, ,, 40 There are many other varieties of energy converters. Exceptng the hydro-turbines, the rest are in experimental stages. Fuel cells, thamionic, solar and others presently produce a small fraction of the needed power. However, the future development of alternate sources, of energy is directed towards fhe exotic types_ Solar, Geothermal.. Hydro and`MHD generators show II e reatest

potential in power generation. .

GOTtieotmAi Lv1kAvi A 1 IONAL TEAR Ltitmet..AL Sul APt

The,

,1.1,t

iC1.1 /I t., g, 4 .1 . I tl ,: -1g 119A I. l

1. 411 41 ill,

L it 4,1 ',I, t. 11 ,:rgs i.

1,7 ,( I. t al, 1 I/1 if , IIII, 11,,1,1

iiik k 1 I . 1..1B) 1 1, 4,1 10 ItAROX. CONY. DV=

FIGURE St ENERGY CONVERSION DIC S

FIGURE 6L, CATEGORIZATION OF ENERGY TRANSMISSION METHODS CONTROLS

- - !.ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL. <

POTENTIAL

CHEMICAL :SOLIDS LIQUID

FIGURE 7;

FLOW CHART INDICATING ENERGY CONTROLS & STORAGE

49 5014f1 OVEN

. solar oven makes`use o The sun -is a vestresarvoir_of slree",.enaigy. which comes to us assunlight , - this energy and, through scientific principles of heat retention, raises the temperature to a point where food can betaked. =- -

ANGULAR POSIT ION OF SIDE PANELS 120

INSERT. GLASS: BEFORE ATTACHING Go-Tram

ILLUSTRATING 'SEAL .AND '- TOP AND BOTTOM :;ANGLEREINFORCING - REFLECTOR PANELS AROUND GLASS SIDE REFLECTOR . PANEL _ , MAKE I EACH SEALING 'COMP MAKE 2 17 -17 GLASS GALV. ANGLE AND METAL -. FASTENER-

HINGE AND SLOT IHINGE AND SLOT 1 1 , OPPOSITE -HAND OPPOSITE HAND.

I ON NO, 2 PANEL' I 1 7 OK NO. 2 PANEL

1 1

Alternate Design inste6d of uding one piece of metal to form back and sid they may be made separately. Sheet Metal screws may be used instead ofmachirl screwe. Aluminum may be substituted for the galvanized sheet steel and tin plate. 50 _ - - - _ _-

r Detail Drawing

I 13. 1 11

ALL FOLD I _ LINES 1 L-_ J I-6i -I-64-4 T

54 :

19 MITER 30."

POLO ALL AROUND r

POLO LINE _ -

SEND 445'. Is LAYOUT OF ILLUSTRATING OVEN BOTTOM DOOR REAR SNOWING FLANOE5

. .

Bill of Materials

1 Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage x191/2 inches 1 Piece glass, double thickness,173A inches wide x 221/4 square, base. inches long .1 Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage x223/4 inches _ 2 Pieces band iron, V8 inch thickx 3A inch wide x2 inches wide x 54 inches .lohg,, back,.top, and sides fabrication long door clamps 1- Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage x 13 inches 4 Fair strap hinges, 1 inch x 4 inch square, false bottom 3 Sash pulls 1 Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage-x.9½ inches 1 Piece steel safety chain, No. 1/0 x 9 feet long wide x 141/2-inches long, door 5 Nails, No. 6 penny 1 Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage x3/4 inches 2 Sash handles wide x 2834 inches long, tojiand tides, door insert strip 40 Machine screws, No. 6 x 32 xinch long, round- 1 Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage x 1% inches head, With nuts -wide-x 12.34 inches long; bottom, door insert strip 1 Machine screws, No. 4-x 48 xinchlong, round- 2 pieces galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage-x 13A inches head, with nut wide x 18 inches long, glass support 16 -Tinner's rivets 2 Pieces tin plate, No. 25 gage x 17 inches wide x 221/2 Duco cement inches long, top and bottom reflector panels Flat Black paint 2 Pieces tin plate, No. 25 gage x 171/2 inches wide x 22 Solder inches long, side reflector panels Sealing compound 1 Piece Fiberglas insulation. 1 inch thick x 24 inches Heavy white thread x-96-inches long

51 - - -,-a .-,Saaa, _ a->-- a _ =

aasa:s

ENERGY CO VERSION TECHNOLOGY 1 -.. ,.

/- Industrial Arts Education:

gvolving eContemporary Program From a Traditional Base

TRANSIATING-ENERgY INTO-POWER

_ Students in Action

- _ -Molt of the articles- concerning energy ! edudation deal with, the -philosophy of energy education programs, the identification of the scope of the field, and the formidtion of goals and Objectives, Sneh articles are not much help to a teacher who is operating in an automotive, 'small

engine or power mechanics program within a school district-Which is on austerity._. The problems of -.. implementing energy educatiOn.in such cases are many, but can be condensed to money, facilities '--aIi-d eciiiipirferirlf the-teacherand-theadininistration-arededicated;--conterned-abbut-the-future:and------: enthusia-stic, a solution maybe arrived at within eiisting conditions. _ . . . , At West Seneca East- Senior High School (West Seneca Central School ,System; a suburb of Buffalo, N.Y.) an Energy conversion Technology program has been operating for the past seven , years. From a very meager beginning, the program Has advanced with very little monetary support

- to the-Positiontof-eicellence-ai reflected--hy=tlie -perldnnanae- of7=the-energy.-eduCation- students:- ----=,- Numerous -competition victories by the students in local American Society of Mechanical Engineers (A.S.M:E.) sponsored_ events plus first place finishes in the local Science -Congress competitidris-- in lecture-demonstration for the past two years point out this success.

. West Seneca East is the only high school to' be funded by the Federal Energy Research and Developritent Administration (E.R.D.A.) for work on alternate Energy systems in the forthcoming- SCORE ERA II intercollegiate competition. The student group's proposal was ranked 5th from the 80 proposals received for grant request review. Over the years, many of the -energy technology studpnts =have- gone -on to-college and: specialized- 'in energy-environmental related careers. They havf obtained scholarships which have demonstrated their exceptional ability and dedication in the area of energy related matters, including the Westinghouse Science Talent Search scholarship, which is competitive on the national

level. - = Power tTechnol

iiTickotco

Zr'

-111111 _ One ii-s'eii,fifr Indlirfin-lthardi in the 1.61,-;`7716--- One (lescrtho the meanthe of Power Tecluitthis,9% 52 r Three_ Of the students,. placed__ in: the_ top,;00 percent -,of the National- Maierials Jiandling_ competition, which was .held.h- inlast -ChicagO SPrizig. Who-re Wethere_ competitors? ProfesSbrs of engineering, practi&ingerigineers and college engineefing-studenti.- - .... I , k _The. procedures to achieve this success are introduced in this article, but space Will'lot permit' reports on how tO construct, on Mow budget, specific projeCts such as small dynamornete , _ , human horsepower-. dynamometers, lime -propagation demonStrators,' atmospheric engineS

- _concentratingsolar collectors electric generating wind turbines.-- -

, Few teachers are lucky enough to have bond issue or-CaPital Outlay monies to finance the . necessary equipment for the energy laboratory. The' majority] must operatein existing faciliiits which are designed -_ for other subjects, mechanics, small engine repair) and on yearly departmental budgets, which are ridiculouslylow.

.- 19 AmericanS ciety of Mechanical Engineers (A..S.M.E..) winning "efficiency vehicle". student Vince Kuntz. The secret is to identify the. field of energy conversion technology and formulate your philosophy, based upon the rationale of Industrial Arts education. Industrial Arts, in its broadest concept; is really general education, and belongs in the academic high school; for all students. Such a rationale of Industrial Arts applied to energy education is a good case for convincing your department chairman, the schoOl administrators and the Board of Education of the value of a technological study of energyand power. Traditional auto mechanics courses may not meet th needs of the students for entry into the new and emerging energy/poWer occupations. Just such a- presentation to the Board of Education in 1968, explaining why an energy program was needed. over that of the existing auto mechanics course, gave initial support to the West Seneca East High -School program. . , SL"_

Western' New _York engineering contpetition nerJames:CaPece begins an official nut with his materials handling entry:

The W.A.S.F. team's 12' diameter electric gen- ,erasing wind turbine, tinder construrtion.,

The key word any presentation is preparation. Be certain that you know the philosophy of IndUstrial Arts. Be sure youihave the self conviction and rationale for an .energy program logically . deriVed. List-the-course goals and objectives. Organize a- topical-outline which-descrihei-the major areas to be-taught. Show the length of the -program: -18 -weeks,-36 -weeks,- etc. Include an explanation describing how the course is going to be conducted. Later based upon administrative approval of your propoial, this sane description can be used by the guidance department to, tell prospectivestudefits about the new energy technology program.

A comprehensive energy prbgram should be based- upon the concepts and princiPlei approach, through testing and experimentation. Such a program has little time to concern students with maintenance and repair of 1aboratOiy energy systems ,or engines. Mechanics training can be obtained at the local vocational center, which specifically deals with these matters. Yet, reality an energy technology course, at the high school, articulates. well with the vocational center. Having future vocational students receive the advanced conceptual education and basic_ skills greatly enhances their manipulative competencies if they select further study in mechanics training. This program also provides excellent preparation for entry into post-secondary technical- and higher education studies.

With surprisingly little difficulty, the Board of Education enthusiastically approved our curriculum request. In addition, the Board sent a directive to our other high school advising similar cuniculum-change=action-This-same 'program-was'bitedas being-the number one automotive-course-- in New York state several years prior: 54 National. Inalerials-handling_ ennan4 the _egecarrying tttc %ihei.,.LeJt_ti, right." Itilarh-Tity lor. Russ FnllInd-James Capec.

The curriculum change thairld energy concepts progressed slowly. However, change is continually-taking place.-The lack of funding forced the development of-instructional apparatus and equipment as part_ of the lab prOgram. At first, small engines (model airplane engines and: Iawn mower types) were used to obtain necessary activities: These. were supplemented by experiments Stith expansion (heated pistons), the utilization of measuring instruments; calibration of flow peters or measuring _energy input flow rates), displacement, compression ratio, valve timing oft a our-stroke cycle engine, and model Vehicles. The application of energy systems to -models closely epicts full scale concepts and _principles. The testing of these model vehicles (model rockets, lanes; land vehicles and hydro machines) provides students-with a feet for performance.

Each semester one new piece of 'or a- new activity is added to the program. Practicing teachers know that _withouiwithout adequate activities, _the best theoretical programS will die.

Inter-class competition helps, with the a portant mOtiVational problem. Some of these'

paper airplane design contest for performance a. duration of flight . b., -longest-(distance) flight a.. -x. ...,'.--,...,...--,-,-,C 7, , .- t''--54:, % '.''

=" poweredland - .1 , for obtaininithetgreatest lineal distance from-h-standard,= = - energy source (mousetrap spring) 3. , materials handling contest

--' -_ ,-- a. delivering a marblealonga horizontal string and depositing it 'inacontainern 4 the shorteit periodOf time. : F . '4. materials handling contest - --- ._ --a. ---delivering a raw egi mamachine of student design which is powered by standard - rubber bands,toa solid wall (252et away from start) in the shortest period of , , r 5. solid propellant rocket car contest =. a. with limited materials designing a model land car powered by a rocket

engine (Estes- Co.) which- can travel a prescribed straight line course 'qn a . guide wire (ZOO' or more) in the shortest period of time The obvious question relates to where many of the materials and supplies can be obtained -if there arenci,monies.-Here-ard sonie-exaniples:,..--

1. When' building :an Automated-S ery Atniospheric ;enginethere was a_need for a

natural gas' flow Meter of considerable accuracy A telephone -call fo National Fuel Gas resulted in eir donatiOn of :a $60000 laboratoryinstr*nent to our program.-

11.

Energy-Techitology students-pose-with- ning science and engineering project.v.Teacher Gierke shares in their triumph. 56 When lOoking- f o r a = method- to corporate; wind en in bin. conrse' -' the Federal - government' helped with its income tax write -off for donations made to educationalinstitations- -policy.-This opportunity was 'presented -tor a lOcal farrnerwho gladly took ,advantage of this by ,donating a 46 year old water pumping mill,whichthe 'students restored andAs currintlY standing on its 30' tower for ekperimenfation purposes. '40- r 3: Our 8' diameter, concentrating solar colletor. required many= materials. A call to the local division of Hooker Chemical -resulted in the donatiOn,of 20 gallons of polyester resin. A local plastics fabricating company donated tools, materials and expert supervisionIO the project.

:--Help' needed during the design phase of the Flame Propagation demonstrator project. A call to- our local electric -utility company resulted in the yrgineering and. materials needed. ' .41t . Many Of the machPies and experiments -which populate our lab are constructed' as an indireerresult of the leacher s imaginative nature for trying not to throw out anything which Might

be_ used later__Salvagediterns_Trom_surphisinclude_rocket_components_to_junked_computers.__

6: The greatestaccorriplishment of,the program occurred this school year With the help,- of our tip, ary-,- our energy technology'laboratoryl- has raised just over $5,000 in cash, equipment, materials arid services for our students' entry in the national alternate energy competition.

-By contactinglocaLindustries and service organizations (Lions and Kiwanis Clubs) thenames_____ and addresses Were obtain id for potential donors to whom a prbject prospectus could be Ont. Over 60 of these descriptive bulletins were sent out with the request that the student representatives and teacher be allowed-to give a` slidepresentation and talk lb their Membership.-

After tiir'weeks, follow -up phone calls were made to the recipients of out bulletins to see if they had received the rnaterial.-As mentioned earlier, the responSe:was most gratifying/One-third of .those contacted donated something to our energy cause; The local West Seneca Kiwanis Club and National Fuel Gas each donated $500 00 and represent our largest: contributors Each contributor was sent-a thank you-letter--which-eontained the-signatures ofll Wind and-Solar Power (W,A,S,13) Members. They will also receive regular student edited progress report's showing how their donations are being utilized.

Many of the 'program accompliShments described above relate- directly to public relations. When a program and students do something worth mentioning, write a short article; include a photograph, and submit this to the local newspaper: If your school system has a newsletter which goes out to the taxpaying public, include your noteworthy energy article.

When the community sees that the schools are teaching for the future with applications to realworld problema by motivated.,enthusiasticstudents, many problems -which seemed insurmountable will begin to fade.

Keep in touch- with your district- administrator in charge of curriculum, for any state or Federal, grants which :ma; become available. In a dynamic and current area such as energy, attention is demanded for any well thOught-out and carefully written proposals.

The energy teacher must keep current of the leatest publications, as something new happens ost every day. Some excellent sourcesinclude-

57 e Frublicationi: (ask ito'be adlied.tt:; their -mailing

,Resources, - Resources for the Future .175 Massaehuseqs Avenue N.W.- ,..Washington, D.C. 0036

Petroleum' Today.- Circulation Deparirnen P. O. Box 441 Detroit, Michigan 48231

PPG Products- ..fublic Relations' One Gateway Circle -_,Pititsbrirgh,,PA _15222

Insulation Reporter National Min-6ralNo l'Ini4lation Assn. 382 Springfield Ave. Summit, N.J. 07901

-E.A.R.S. Catalogue nvirohniental Acticin Reprint- Service' 2239 EastorColfax 'Avenue DenVer,. Colorado 80206

Energy Reporter.- Federal:Energy . A, amtnistration.:Citizen Newsletter Federal Energy Administration \ Washington,D.C...20461

The Texaco Star 135 East 41st Street New York, N.Y. 10017

Power From Oil Metropolitan Petroleurrr Co. 380 Madison Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017

Aerospace Aerospace Industries Assn. 1725 DeSales St. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036

Chernecology Manufacturing Chemists Assn. 1825 C onnecticutAveN.W. ----Completely reconditioned-8' diameter ,water punzp Mg windmill. Students spent their summer in theWashington, D.C. 20009 Energy Technology Loh to complete the work. 58 J --7-2!-";2f -_-- tees of vertical file information.free pamphleti, posters, etc.) _

TipS ori.Savink Energy Energy Activity Guide Council of getter BUsiness Bureaus, Inc Anne 1150 17th St., N.W, Park Project on Energy Interpretation Washington, D.C. -20036 atit;nal Recreation-and Park_ Assn.

_1601 li&ith'KentSt. arilyn Edwards t- VA 22209 _Public Information;-- NASA Windmill Project =_. _NASA Lewis . Infonication on-windpoi,ver Clevelin%1, Ohio '44135 Los AlarnosScientifia Labora ory Attn: BalcOmb.= -Los Ardmos; New Mekico 87544

Solar Energy:: Geothermal Energy; How: to eon-duct-4n Energy Addit,-SOlar Collector- ManufactfiringBidlettn.-Careers in Eitergy _Industries

. . InformatiCin Dissemination Rtanch ERDA Headignarteis Attn:_R__Turnipseed. 20-Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20545

Information on windpower mOrican Wind Energy Assn. 21243 Grand River --_Xletroit, Michigan 48219

Info rriatiorron energy-and-power- Enviromnental_Action_ 1346 Co'nnecticut Ave., N.W. ir Washington, D.C. 20036

School Energy Contests Region T,:vo 26 Federal Plaza New York, N.Y. 10007

Information on solar energy Sandia Laboratories Public Information Division Albuquerque, New Mexico 87115 A

thr '11`,1 c,P.feta,/ h,itheh, whir"1711 hii whiuh tee, ft, ( r,A1 q u, +iiirioihd inr r rnl ia!hlte elicrutogitri + +l? I N. 59 =44 .--

. agatines..which'rekulariy feature articles on energy:-

Alternative Source's oftnergy Roiite 2°,13Ox 90A Milaig, Minn. '56353-" (Cost $5..00 fora one year subscription. -,4 issues)_

Methanixr Illustrated Popular Mechanics Popular Seience Science Science News Soientific American

Wind-Power Digest-- 54.468 CR 31 .Bristol, Indiana- 46507

(Cost S6.00 for a one year subscription -- 4 issues) Books for a basic energy collection in a school library:., Danielsi Farrington, Direct--Use,of the Sun'± Energy New _ _ _ .

Ballantine, 1964. ($1.95) .---

Althoughritten-thirteen years agb, this book is.still generally acclaimed as the bestAn -the- - field, from a layrnan.'s point if view. Semi - technical in nattire,and loaded with practical, home-build 1projects, Direet -Use of the Sfm's Energy is a must for the alfirnate energies library.

U.S. Department of Energy

A-Nation-A-Plan for Lnergy-Research, Development, and Demonstrat Creating Energy Choices for the Future, 1976. Volume I The Plan. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976. ($2.00)

This publication outlines the official position of the government on energy - related matters. An enlightening section concerns = itself with the roles of the private and public sectors, the Federal agencies and of E.R.D.A. with.the national energy, problem and the nature of Its solution.

Chapters include: 1) The Plan, 2) Budget, 3) Implementing the Plan, 4) Developing the Plan. Special note should be made that there is an executive summary included, which precisely deicribes the key points of the book. A must for serious investigation.

Friend, Gil and David MOrris. Kilowatt Counter: Milaca, Alternative Sources of Energy Magazine, 1975. ($2.00)

As stated on the cover of this publication, the included material (34 pages) is, A consumers' guide to energy concepts, quantities, and uses: Itis written -in nontechnical terms, aimed at the ---,layman- who - =is interested-in-learning -more -about energy- and-Poweri--as-it-is-re lated-to-his everyday life. There is an interesting quiz at the end of this booklet, entitled, Testing your energy awareness.

60 _ --

Eriergy,Eleetric-PoWer and Man. Fraticisccil -Boyd and Fraser,---1974._ ($9.95)

_T-he _best reference found to date on electric energy-and:4re- biAineisVf -its generation. The text thor6 covers the _technology (inreltivelya simples terms); economics and environmental considerations --inVolved.-An excellent section= deals with our codryes future energy -requirements and the derriarids-which.will be placed on the power

National 8ciende Teachers-Assn. Energy- Environment wide.Washington.: -NSTA, 1975. ($2.00)

ThiS excellent resource listS the-folldwing:

1. Readings- .for _teachers-,.- RealiiWor 5-9, 8- 2) Guide to filing and audio /visual materials- Guide energy-environment curriculum materials 5. Sources of information and materials 6. 9uide to goVernment documents - 7. Keeping cun-ent: Bibliographic and subject terms

This valuabe guide' contains literally hunderedg of sources offree materialsA mutt" for the professional section.

National Scice Teachers Assn. Energy - Enviro era Source Book. Washington: NSTA, 1975. (54.00)

This source is loaded with well organized, up to date materials inclu ing many tables and graphs'assembled from the nation!s leading authorities on energy and the_environment;

L - companion `to the Material Gnide, especially chapters inJude Evidence of a Crisis; Energy Production and the- EnvironMent,. Energy; What itis, ..What it DOs, and The Exponential Century.

Reynolds, William C. Energy: From Nature to Man. New York: McGraw-Hn 1974. ($10.00)

An. excellent source, (on the teacher's level) which was developed for use in a course about energy and energy technorogy, aimed' primarily towards .-non-engineering students. High school science, and matlidmatics seems adequate preparation for. comprehension.

Especially good chapters include: The Big Picture- an Overflow; Mechanicsit all Starts Here, Heat and Other Things, Flow System Energetics.

Probably the best dissertation ever read on the Second Law of Thermodynamics an is given in the chapter on heat. Highly recommended. Scientific American. Energy and Power San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1971. (33.95)

Besides having the most concise statement concerning the energy-power predicamentin its Forword, Energy and Power contains eleven original works by prominent authorsin the field, such as M. King Hubbert and Earl Cook, who havebeen widely quoted for the past several years.

The chapters in this book were first published in the September 1971 issue ofScientific American, which was the twenty-second in the series ofsingle-topic issues publishedannually by the magazine.

State of t"Iurltla Depaiinient ut Adminhitation A Holidiall'N Guide to Solar Energy Cape Canaveral, HaFlorida Soial Eneigy Center 1975t Approxost. $

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....expert. Di h t.a/h.:1 slic13,11.+:1: 41 , 1 lin..., Lukik ENERGY CONSERVATION DR. CHARLES ALEXANDER: 'By 1985. L.4R POWER :PRACTICAL more than half of all new homes will be heated and cooled by the stn.'

The energy crisis elf the lasttwo years has generated a ii.ompleNity oftlr )blems the most plessmg of whh.:h ,cntel Humid the scald' totail ,.111,C111A1VC 1t.)11..)(V.311 fuels Many divetse solutions have becn ploposed. Elltlethe IlloSt prakAlcal the Lath/anon ut theDowel 11111

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I I It,. 1 .11 for using solar energy is quite simple,Most significant problems are in the areaof refinements in mass production and in constructiontechniques. However, we expect theseproblems to be 'solVeli. shortly. Partial results of three major studies fundedby the National Science Foundationshow that about two-thirds of all new buildings arepotential solar candidates., This amounts toapproximately 4o. million buildings by the yea 2000.

Our clwll mdependen y agrees with these projectionsWe expect that by 1985, more than half of the new homes bei wilt will be heated and cooled by the rays orthe sun Obviously, move thensolar energy is a useful energy source,and we no lunge' need to ask when we toward the utilication ut solar Ltneigy, fur wehave already ,riteled the Sohn Age

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.111 I I I ( I his home by factory-trained dealers. Flecan become, in effect, his own utility fort'gstong ashe owns the house. Sun power is a fuel that belongs to all of us, and one that no ioun can embargo. My company, Energy Systems Inc., started a research program over a year ago that has resulted in the solar collector panel we are now producing. Out collector has an eight-pass aluminum fin absorber with copper tubing to pipe the heated water tothe storage tank. The collector is enclosed in an aluminum frame and covered with two layers of tempered glass. We havebroken ground on a manufacuting plant in San Diego that will be able to turn out up to 1.000Allectot panels every `tight -hour shift. One day's produ,tion could tarnish the energy needed to supply 250 families with up to 90 percent of their hot water needs for yeais to come. In othciworg, each day's output will produce enough aill1111111111 say,: (tic111111 e.1 SluLe tu1,11Ii 5 to 18 million Btu's of energy each day which would otherwise have to come foliooncentional luck

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1,4 c Ali II. rre k. (Ct. et1 PRODUCTS THAT HARNESS THE SUN

Typical solar systems circulate wateror some other medium through collectors, usually placed on a roof. Sunlight striking the collectorsheats the water to 100-200 demes. Pipes conduct the water to a storage tant,-where heat is extracted from the water to supply part of theenergy required by domestic heating and coolingequipment. (Because it cannot store enough energyduring prolonged sunless periods, a solar system willnot fully satisfy a bitilding's heating and cooling needs,) Many of the principles involved inharnessing the sun arF, neither newnor highlytechnical. But until the oil crisis, the publicwas apathetic about solar research. But few major manufacturers are producing residential solar equipment at this time. For themost part. they are leaving the field to local firms, On thesepages we -show a selectionof solar products Be aware that the solar industry today compares with theauto indttsti y early in ati¢ray when small inaaine shops 'wilt and sold experimentalcars for whh;.1their mconJusivi. pertormank e data the l-cdeuat Department of Consuffic, tvains pin, ha., ly ot ,olat eytttt,lrrlt L1I be wary of exaggerated pertormance claims

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1,1 I+. +,111 It, .1111, solar-heated water circulates in a closed loop, it can be treated with 'corrosion inhibitors and with antifreeze to permit the collector to function in winter. Solar Research, Granada Hills, Calif, packages a system like this, which includes two PPG collectors, $2-gal. tank, heat exchanger, pump, and electric controls. Universal Solar Systems, Ocala, Fla., markets a similar assembly. Seen in a display model, ituses five solar receptors (collectors) made of flat vinyl coils, through which heat-transferfluidcirculates.Itcosts about $1,300. Sol-Therm, New York,- N.Y offers an open-loop system that has no moving pans. Sunlight heats water in the 'collectors, 'reducing its density and making it rise into the tank, where it can be drawn off. Incoming cold watci sinks to the bottom of the tank and into.the collectors to finish the cycle.-the system must be chained iii freezing weather. Say Heater, is another open-loop system From Fred Rice, Van Nuys, ('alitit employs cylindrical modules that serve as both collectors and storage vescls L4,11 Illoduk holds I gal of water The system's curved surface affords maximum exposure to the sun's ,hangiug angle

tr SOLAR FURNACE

Most solar systems use water as a heat-transfer medium. A solar furnace, as its name implies, uses air. The furnace seen here was developed by International Solarthermics Corp., Nederland, Colo., and is being made by several manufacturers, including Solar-Aire. White Bear Lake, Minn., and Solar Power, Glenside, Pa.Itisfreestanding and totally compatible with existing forced warm-air .heating, systems. So it adapts to heating remodeling as easily as to new construction. Like other solar space heaters, it is an euxiliary system, deSigned to supply most of a home's heating needs but not all, Study the drawings: Aluminum collectors on the side of the A-fraine structure, absorb solar energy, which is intensified by a horizontal reflector on the ground. Air warmed by the collectorstransfers its heat to a storage battery composed of stones Air tweed through the stones by a blower becomes hot and enters conventional ductwork to heat rooms 'The stone storage battet y call ictaln enough heat to warm the average house suttieierilly tot three to five sitillcss days

-a4;;Lexe,- POOL HEATING

Several companies offer pool-heating systems thatinoperation resemble the domestic hot-water systems described on the preceding page. These companies include Burke Rubber, San Jose, Calif., and Fafco, Redwood City, Calif., reported on in previous issues, Here we show tow other approaches to pool heating, L. M. Dearing Associates, Studio City, Ca lif,, developed the Solar Pool Blanket. Transparent and =only. 3/16' thick, the blanket contains thousands of encapsulated air cells between two flexible plastic sheets. It traps about two-thirds of the solar energy that strikes it. °vent a period of several sunny days it can raise and maintain pool-water temperatures 10 to 15 degrees without pumping or auxiliary heatingIt also conserves water and chemicals and minimizes heat loss. One persog can fold or roll it up. Cate.1 Mfg Co., Moinovia, Califiiiakes Solaf Like the blanket, tgey transfer solar energy to a pool and ieduk;e the loss of Ilea(LlicffilLals, and water through evaporation1-hey have 5' dtaiiictcisaic made or plasticalikt easilybut ',all also be left in the water while (tic 1)001 I Iii use1'01 L)( results (he) :31101414i)VCI 011111liesillik4Ed) L$Ail) thuds of Ow pool's surta...e raise 1Cg10

impita DO-1T-YOURSELF SYSTEMS

The installation of a simple solar-heating system is primarily a plumbing project-one that a handy homeowner can do himself. The domestic water-heating systems described on a preceding page, for instance, do not require great skill to assemble, Seen here are systenisspecalically geared to the do-it-yourself market. The Solarator collectors are the heart of a system available from Fun & MadisOli Heights, Mich. They were developed by Professors Conan E. Fisher and Edward J. Konopka, sell for about $40 each, and reportedly' have been used inmore than 15.000 1111,1114itions, Instructions available from the company tell how to use the collectors in various applications, from pool heating to space heating The drawing shows how to tie them intod hot-watei system. jardenway Laboratories, Charlotte, Vt is marketing a compact sySteill tut people who want to test the potential ut solar energy without making a 1110j01 in itCalk:kJ S,/4.1/ PlOtic'er 41(hlel 22 the system about S250It ,:onsht.of a'N6' 5,01 K lc, A( ele0.11, pkwip 2(1 of nylon intnnEand ,k11111C...ilt14 1'..)11 th,lil Ai1vatc, consiei itto tal4 .;oil unit to heal suliAll rooms, oi Lailion_s-n. editor amid publisher or Solar Energy Digest. Sall 1,1cgo(...dit13 ...ilk:A nig a )() that contains plans and specifications for building Ills 114:A amid heatJolliest',waft'and swilllingpools 4) ji,I1 111:_,I.41144.1 EdnIondsoncs own house. The booklet Costs $25

'ifrl..

mo , C1-1R- --:;- A14,-,1:44 \

ANAL. -1 _ _ TWO IN ONE: A HOME AND ASOLAR COLLECTOR

EAPEP &UNWALQ OPEN PUP1Ndr 50.1 V 41gPEIZU96 1.0660 PIJ2IN6'ur PE 9101)6 AN9 6UNLE&3 POZ005 (N16141, 6 4. OUPY)

I * 4.411si.

vI IT RIM MAMF'AMIAI TIMM DRAWINGS. WILLIAM 1 WARM. JR.

I I, -A...oil-16 I L I,Ilec .1 1 I Aructi-4,1 1.0 1110St II45il 1111.. prOjc4.(1.1 be titic;c1 with IOUvei:,,i1,;1 4111ciz JOSe411.)4J11.14)11ie,1 11111114r L14ya LA.,. 14t k sunlight'IsIif toithIA4,11., I. . sshssi,., 4Liciitly 5t. CtIled 1111 plkI 11.1tktslillil itiL4(41411.P t14,1) . III 111 Si11111C11 ItIikk)1,k1 ,III!1,1/i i ..01 .11 ,11 .111411

I extei'ior Oi-ithan . South-facing facade,reveals the successful joining of a traditional Cape Cod array of solar collector panels mounted on the roof.Clapboards sheathe the structure. SiidlTd-ec provides outdoor living space. Contemporary light-tilled living room, opposite, is twostories:high with a glazed gable end and a game loft. Decorator was interiors by Priscilla of Hartford. = .

"*.

i.nost solar sysftiiiitiLheat water (0 at leapt 100 a York heat own')Ella( c.tract heat fromvo.t1.,.:,tha, . .1., t,), I ltitsta,Iglit I ill, 1,

4..)11 1 t , 1,!litsair link).,1 "Ottkill ii

tt I tittt,,,e 100 -7,TRADITION-AbAPTED-TONEW, TECHNOLOGY1' - Combining tractitional 'styling with'Ispice-age technology, this Cape Cod Awned byr. and. -:`..Williarri.P. Ward:Of-Quechee Lake-,:Vthas.a solar' heating system teamed with a heapump.- at .plate,:collectors-ori ,the-. south-roof trap-tiolr--energy, to- ,heat -;the water. in-3he -cldsdd _ . rcuit,-- _- system.- The-warm, -water returns-kJ a 2,00,Q-gal-.- st6rage' tank below the first floor. Hot wate froni __the = tank flows..to the heat pump. The -heat pump works likean air coUditioner.-Herei-inst _ad of --:_=-7-- ' -egtraetitig heit7froni inabni'air,;_ina releasing itoutdoors, it extracts.heat- from the tanIC,of-Avater and distributes it through forced -air duets.: In summer, the heat; pump's refrigerantloop can _be reversed to supply central, air eonditionitIg. The,systemwas designed by Sol-It:Fedi of Hartford, \IX,ivitich... designs and markets co_mpletely'integratedsolar heating'systerns.,

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WARM 3 -WAY SUPPLY COIL UM) OM VALVE tO ;'HEA PUMP 7A1111.Er SUPPLY-PUMP

SOLENOID VALVE EA I PUMP sronui TANK

I a TO RESIN ALTERNATE ENERGY

cTruCk is Wild-powered too,

Ety Edward' Morgan.

One day lastfall, Michael Hackleman and -a coup16 of his co-workers at a California cooperative called 'Earthmind ..hefted a 460-pound wind .turbine. onto the back of Oxi their home-built -electric truck Michael flipped a switch, andrOx trundled off silently to a remote site, whpre a 47-footLtall octahe rotower stood waiting to be topped -off . They unloaded the turbine, 'plugged -their 32-kOlt.tOdis .-a socket' on the froittiof the truck,, and soom-had 'the windmill mounted and churning oupower". Power that would` later be fed backto Ox in a happy energy symbiosis.'-

arthmind is one of uiany: self-sliffioient ertergy-r0earch groups that are beginning to trot America srlandicape in this fuel-shOrt era. Such communities shard a-, common faith with DrY"pfsin ow-technology,,ruggedly individualistic sofutions: to the energy, crisis

r s.

PHOTOS Bt VACS A NAUMANN Ear d's electric truck(left)is han auier for farma, kits, or remote work sites. Check local laws. to see whether such a vehicle would be street- legalIt's versatile, drawing current from windmill, in background of photo. above,- ' aswall A as from standard batterycharger.. .11 I Upper left Michael Hackleman runs ,his 32-volt drill dircictly off the truck, using ' it as a remote -generator.- (Don't run conventional AC toolsor appliances without an inverter, however.) In wiring diagram below, batteries are wired in series. Earthrnlnd is contemplating add= ing metro batteries to the.truek, wired In parallel, to increase capacity. ,-FWD-NEUTRAL-REV =BYPASS SWITCH OTOR STRIPS FAST

FIELD RESISTIVE SLOW 0 COILS _0- ACCELERATOR = 36-VOLT BATTERY BANK FECAL ACTION

PS has featured eleetric cars in this series before #Feb. '76; Apr. '76'; -like those two, the Earthmind- truck has a limited range and Speed due 'to the realities of battery storage. But that shouldn't be much of a Prbblem for wworkhorse application on a farm' or remote -site: ._, .- 'Ox -was-originally' an industrial truerescued: from the rust heap in -a Goodwill yard in', California's affluent Orange County the original.price was $200, but, relates. Hackleman, we noted the fact That the batteriei were very evidently dead, so we talked them down to $9.5.

.Thetnick's motor had-a series field rated at '24 volts, 41 amps, and 1.5 hp at 1700rpm. This provided a lot of torqueiliiit didn't permit the luxury,of regenerative braking,' whichwould put energy back into the batten Th'e oil-bath gearbox and gear ratio limited the vehicle to a -top speed_ 1 of about 10 mph This fact, plus the ample truck prompted Earthmind to adapt it for use as a

utility vehicle instead of trying to turn-it into a passengercar. .

- Adapttns the (vehicle

Hackman tore oil the cuMbersome, top-heavy front cab and. replaced it witha frame assembly welded togeth r of thin-wall electric conduit bolted to the front end. This frame w S

designed to protect. . driver and. passengers as-well as the control-linkages (accelerator, brake, d steering). -Utter, roof, siding; and windshield will-be added to this support, which becomes something to hang onto in rough terrain.

-A hank of used, six-volt, 180-ainp-hour-truck batteries noW-serves-asthe-power-storage Urn. Standird golf-cart battefies will be installed at replacement time, however: As an ".added ovation, Earthrnind is contemplating, adding two moresix,volt batteries to the bank to create two sets of 24 volts in parallel. In this manner, says Hackleman, wedouble our capacity, or, in other wOrds, cut the rate of discharge of any one battery in half. Therefore, the extra weight (about six percent more) is justified by thi-bverall increase in efficiency -of power transfer, by the increased life of batteries, and a lower voltage at the Motor.

LtPAccele' ation is simple and straightforward, using a pedal-type switch. The-farther the pedal is depressed, the fewer the number of resistance cdils that areln series with the motor and therefore the greater the spied pf the motor.. . . Hackleman admits that this type of contik5Lhaglirawbacks: At low spee it wastes poWer by, dissipating heat, and it develops. Very little. As a solution, he suggests solenoid-switching .,---. controls, which won -14 take power from traps therapy varfing the number of batteries hooked in seriesto. the motor:But another .'problem ari§es:-'charging batteries: that have been unequally -discharged. An electronic _chopper Control is the only_ real answer to efficient electric- vehicle circuits, Hackleman concludes,_but the-expense is' prohibitive for the average- persOn.i_

Yoking tip tcrQls-

lights, and appliances "can be yoked onto Ox via a householdall receptacle' that Hackleman mounted on the front, of the vehicle.'Earthmind's tools, of course, can work directly from the 30-40 VDC drawn from the windmill, or froM current stored in Ox's batteris. We simply drive to, wherever we need power and plug our 32-volt saw or drill directly into' outlet, says Hackleman.ackleman. (To operate conventional tools, they use an invertinverterrated at HO VAC.) And it's just as easy to hook up electrodes across the battery for arc-welding.

Into the future-

We've come to think of Ox as being.. a process, not a product, says Hackleman. Future plans include a monitor panel to displayyoltage and current and switches for horn and lights.

Hackleman, who is research director at Earthmind, has written Electric Vehicles: Design and Build-Nsour4n, which-should ile-on sale this monthr(Two-of-his-earlier-publicaticinsinclude-Wind and- Wind pruner and jhe Romebuilt:_Wind-Generld Electricity Handbook) -The electric-vehicle book (160pp.is $6.50, -check payable, o Earthmn ;address below

To inquire about these books, or to ask a specific question about the Ox electric truck; send a stamped, self-addressed envelope to: Michael Hackleman, c/o Earthmind,- 524-6 Boyer Rd., Mariposa, Calif.-95338.

7 - 7 --TURN -YOUR-FiRE7PtACEINTO4A7FUtiNA-CE'

.Your-__fireplace--wastes about-80 percent of the-heat, it produces.' It's pulley up the chimney7-- and replaced by cold air suctioned in from the outside.

'''Souti-ieastern-SOlar Systerns, Inc. (4705LJ Bakers Ferry Rd., Atlanta, Ga, 30336)says you can' increase efficiency with its new fireplace heat-extraction systemso you ,use 50 percent 'of the heat your fireplace produces. The system ,has a box-channel steel grate that draws heat frOin the ffre. Wa puiriped through the grate transfers the heat- to your existing fOreed-air orhot-water system. He distribution to any or- all rooms is-controlled by thermostate or blower: Becausejill of the system's piping is stainless steel, or copper, it can also be converted to heat. potable water in your home

Operation.of) the fireplace system is completely automatic:A sensor detects the fire when it's lit and actuates the circulating pump: When the fire-dies down and ther s no longer any usable beat the pump shuts-Itself off.

Originally designed as a backup for sol-ar-heated homes, the heat extractor is now_ being ._-= offered-asla-primary-heating-systemAllyoulre---willing-to.xhop a:sizable-store, of=firwoodtrAvoould -save up to 98 percent of your fuel bills,. the manufacturer claims. The system collects enough heat . ,. in four hours to heat the average home for an entire day.

Total cost or the system is 5699, plus installation. Extra piping and labor generally run about $300, but instructions are included for installing J the system yourself. It's guaranteed. for` five t --.-y_earsSoutheastcrn-saysit should last--20.NancY-Smith------and Cynthia-Edney SOLAR - ASSISTED HEAT PUMP=

By Edward Moran

Belfast, where this hour is located,is onorthwestern New York's Cold shoulder--thf .7.007degree-day blizzardy tract abutting Lakes-Erie andOntario. Last winter, the Edneys spent an averageof 85 cents a day to stay warm in 1128-sq.-ft. houle they built themselvse withi selected prssional r Th house, complete with $7200 worth Of solar arid wood-heatequipment, cost Dave and rnthia Edney-about $25 a square foot. Thas? the goingrate: for a lot of solar collectors these days, like the-ones in the worldismostadvanced horize..Dave, a mechanical engineer, and Cynthia,a chemist, are Convinded--that- a well-designed-energy -efficient houseis not an impoisible dream for --young couples (he s-30i--shes-.28)..

So how did the Enneys--end up heating their home- for $26 in -Januaryof That Winter of '77? By a judicious mix of domestic technologies, 'both in overall disign andin the heating system itself. The house is a single-floor ranch style with wo bedrooms anda family room l't's slab-ongrade, except for an excavated 12-by-12-ft. baseme; a 24--by-30-ft. garage/shop is attacd.

The walls of the house (post-and-bearn construction,with no,inter forload-bearing 110 are `-six-inches !thick. The roof, nearly flat to 'maintainan insulating snow load in winter, has aluminum sheeting to reflect heat in summer. And it's got six inches of insulation. Grapevines plated around the Wegt-facing porch (great-grandma _knew how to keep her cool) reduce heatgain on summer afternoons. The gage- and:Shop are-on the _north side to area from harsh winds. A closed-door policyaid old but oftforgotten trick, zones heat ,into living areas in Winter: The family room, for ex mple, is self-contained, with wood stove and springwater for use under extreme comditions.

There are three major components to Ole Edneys' heating system:a York solar-assisted heat

81 Dave Edney monitors _all gauges and motets twice a day. for continuous-per- , The -280-sq.-ft. aluminum 'trickle .co forrrianco' data. Edney reports solar collector efficiency averages 6Q pe lectaf dwarfs Cynthia Edney. Fleat pumrk (shove) is capped with insulated duct." Prping at roar brings water to -arid from'. water-heating coil in fireplace.-: -n pump; the flat-plate trickle collector that supplies the pump-and a backup -fireplace; complete wi outside venting and water heating coil.

Theheatptimpextracts heat from the solar-heated water and supPlies thatat htea to the -forced-air sustem using a refrigeration cycle. The process is reversible provide-cooling in summer, When water temperatures are between .45 degrees and 85 degrees;-thy heat pumpcomeS-91-_line. Above 85 -degrees; the house is heated. directly by water through aradiatoi in the forced-air duct see diagram); belbW 45 degrees, the fireplace auxiliary heat...

The ,fireplace is equipped with heavy metal doors that can be clOsed for gooddraft control, Air, preheated around the firebox supplements the heat pump; and water from the coil is pumped to the solar storage tank to replenish the supply; or can beusedforidomestic hot water. The fireplace. supplied abOut 16 percent. of the total heat requireinents last winter. Its combustion airis supplied from the outside, a sensible setup: Why waste indoor air.you've paid to heatwhen the -fire could just as well withcolder air?. a - The -rlrain7down collector on the, south wall is corrugated aluminum sheet painted flat black

and double-glazed with acrYlic, with four. inches of Styrofoam insulation' behind Water _trickles over the -280;54.41, collector at a rate of 25- gpni and flows into a belbw-groui3d 1500-gal. concrete tank -that provides andtit two dayi' storage;

The Edneys- estimate- that itwould-- have cost $284 to heat their hotise _with- an electrical-resistance system last winter. This gires us a-system CO.P. (coef icient:o performance) of ;:approximately 2.33, they say.

. The table baloW indicates performance' data for the last heating season. To aska specific question, send a stamped return envelope to the Edneys, c/o_ Belfast Specialties Co., P.O. Box. 501, Belfast, N.Y. 14711.

Performance data 1976,1977

. Dec. 87.56,799.360 84 26.79 Jan. 128.5-7,823,360 1528 80 28:96 Feb. 141.1 5.002,240 '97796 28.50 Mai.. 145.3 .3,527,680 680. 100 21M5 -Apr. 72.4 +2.370.560 463 ='100. 16.72 'House heatless et 10' -5120 Btu/degree day. , 7TOtal hOUrS of aursiliary heat required, divided by hours in month 3Figured frorn electric meters on-heatff-purnp 'and- water pump; and froth -hour meters. bayed on electric rate per .kilowatt hour 'Reflective .altiminum covers were installed onApril13.- when storage - temperature. reached 145. System iiVis shut dowit from- this'point, except for the heat.pump, Covers will he in place until early October: heat will he provided from storage or from the fire. place until then.

a 83 Stepban Sieradzki: __MINDMILL ON A BOOl

- By Edward-Moran

Someday in the 'not -distant future, Steve Sieradzki hopes to his i&dmill along on a fishing trip: A flexible tower similarIp the-one pictured hire will b ountedrin the roof of his van. When he arrives at his favorite fighing.spot, he'll raise the 10-foot prop skyward and fill ballast tanki with water_to stabiliie it The- power zeneratedL400 watts m a 15-rr5Ph windwill be used to cool the beer and cook the fish, he saysquite an pnergyaving angle.

Although Sieradzki hasn't yet built this mobile unit, he has created a novel DIY windmill at Fairdealing, Mo., home. -Unlike most rigsit's not mountedcon a fixed tower, but on a 'flexible boom that rises and falls with the windfor safety efficiency, and ease of maintenance.

15" PULLEY Fle?dble-boornwind- 2-BLADE -PROP millisdesignedto lean!' in high winds, praventingdangerous LLbvg - pverspinoidg, The pro- nLocKs 2 REQ*as pellerassembly can GUICE also be brought 'clown W-VIEEL to the around for easier I 2 0SOIE) maintenanceUnit:511s assembleseasily Rfor Aa SLIP -RINGS storage and moving. Ir- Ek BRUSH ASSv a VERTICAL. 2 2 ventor Sieradzki plans B SHAFT. UPPER ENO to mount smaer me- 2ak,' HORIZONTAL LOWER END bile unit atop his iian. SHAFT -

.1NGL. DRIVE -.2 a-4 BELT , 1/4"

ALTERNATOR WITH 3" PULL0Y

WET. 214a 3'

PRIMA WEIGHT 0 SECONDARY CO LB. WEIGHT BOX 30 Le, I 2 REEVED ) _ -. -,-...,-..-...-,..--,...... ---.... -,...,-

t .. .

= = Anyone who's-ever handled a spinning windmill, from the tiny water-pumpers on the plains to the gaint NASA/ERDAUbb- at Sandusky, knows the importance of speed control 'A rigtrieriP itself toRieces if the blades oversPin hustrong wind. And laster doesn't always mean better when it-comei-to_generating power. Further, nMinting.the propeller atop a 20- to 60-foot mast means the rnilltender has to shinny --Up-to dizzying-heights every time anything needs attention.

Why not bring the prop down to the grtnind, and solve both problems? SieraclzkireaSonid. . So he designed a windmill oil a boom like that-of a hoisting crane and balanced it by counterweig#ts' (here", rocks in wooden boxes), so- that the prop is\ lifted to its maximum height and automatically adjusts to face wind.-

. "I use very light construction- braced by steel cables and mounted on a base similar in operation to art antiaircraft gun mount," he says. "In fact, a German 88rimi-mo-unt would make an excellenfbase for a 50400t boom"

When the Wind Blows

The tower is ahnost vertical in winds up to,a preset limit (say 25 mph) and the -prop faces squarely into the wind.. Above this limit, however, the wind overcomes the counterweights -and

pushes the boom over)edownwind and closer to the ground. This tiltingip of .the shaft reduces. the area . ._ . of the spinning propeller that faces the wind, thereby preventing rpm from exceeding dangerous limits. Pressure on the structure is also reduced, permitting lighter construction. '

ent rigid towers, the inventor points out, must be designed to takelhe highest. wind force for their area-a force that occurs rarely-or never. When' such a blast does come, Sieradzki's Prop will be lowered to within 10 feet of the ground,- where it will -stay until reset at its operating height after the storm-a further protection-to the equipment.

7Built principally of recycled materials, the windmill-on-a-boom cost Sieradzki about $75. He = obtained the alternator from a junked car, and used shock absorbers from an old truck to cushion the boom' and prevent it -from -slunming into the swing-limiting stops. For the drive belt, he -recornmencls_using round 'polytirethane belting_becausei` 's ex..tremely tough, yet elastic enough- to,_, keep the "belt under proper tension.

A store-bought propeller can be costly; Sieradzki made his of 0.032' fiberglass sheet.- It weight but 3. 1/2 lb, a boon because it keeps the rig from becoming top-heavy and makes the prop esponsive to changes in wind conditions- One warning if you decide to build a windmill of this ty eIA prbp spinning at 300 rpm isa lethtl weapon; you won't want it to come down closer than .10 feet to the ground, hence the swing-limiting stops mentioned earlier.

Generating Electricity

Sieradzki' primary goal was to test a novel design, and he admits that the power output of the, device could stand improvement. By:using a 5:1 stepup belt drive, he obtains 200 watts at 12 volts in a 15-mph wind.

The generator is located near the lower end of he boom ; power is'transmitted fron3 the prop an -removed via slip rings at the base.

Steve Sieradzki plans to make finiher refinements of his concept (when he's not working on a _ salar-powered engine that also occupies -much:.`of his tune) : He thinks his idea can be adapted..to larg. &scale-- ipPlicitionii:stich.as inPO-pidared Ii where there might-lie-desthetit-clbjections"tu-rigid towers; he envisions an arraY of invisibie_windmills that could be deployed automatically at night oy . , during=higlf-winds:

TO ask a specific question, send. a:stamped return envelope to Stephan Sieradzki P, O. Box 81, Fairdealing, Mo. 63939.

_ , . _ _ _ _

86 = _ _

- _ _ r INTRODUCTION_ - _ Central DaUphin School District initiated a-TrieWprogram in-theitindustrial AyteDepartrrient = An September, 1975. =

I - 1- Under the direction of Mr. Lou Reda; Industrial Arts Department Head,Mr. Wm Morris, 'Supervisor of Secondary Education,-Dr. John Hine, CurriculumDevelopment, Mr. W.- H. Bitile, 'Principal of C.D. East Jr. High School and Mr. Mike Filepas,Industrial Arts Instructor at East Jrjfigh-,-.1,the-pilotprograrn -was-Started.

The students designed, built and installeda solar heating unit at East Jr; High: :-

Filepas, a graduate student at Penn State University, is doinghis masters thesis on The Design .and%Constraction of a Solar Heating Unit for 40 degree Latitade. Aftertwo years of research, a low cost .solar unit was designed and built The students at East Jr Highand two students from the Dauphin County Vo-Tech School (former students of Mr.FilepaSes) worked on the unit.

Witthe help pf- Mi. Ed Hine-, Electricity and Drafting Instructorat East Jr. and Mr. John Wrote and et-upa test programat-II-reit SehooLThe program went ve/y well and in three months the unit was completed and installed in Filepas's-hom.

Paul Wigharnan anktwo-Jnernbers-Of the Governor's EnergyCouncil made ,a visit 'to East Jr.igh and met with Mr.Bifile ard Mr. Filepasto see the solar' unit and its workings To _their knowledge, this was the first school district in Pennsylvaniato actually build an 1-install a7selar unit.

The students were, very excited-about the whole project andiricorporatecl what they learned in geography, earth science and industrial arts to build the unit.

Once installed, the unit was monitored, 18 hrs.a day, seven days, a week for-one year JoAnn Filepas (wife of Mike) and his family.

Materials were cheap and industry was more. than 'willing to help. Pittsburgh PlateGlass donated the glass and was very helpful by sending tehcnical informationto the school.

Central Dauphin-Administration-gave their support and -Mr. Mortis -and Dr.--jblin- Hines supported the programi all- theway. Without -the support of the principal; Mr. W. H. Biftle, working with his industrial arts department, the project wouldn't have been completed.'

The secbnd year tit- the' program is, now into full swing. Thisyear other possible designs are being considered by the studbnts and Ed Hine and his electricity studentsare working on-a new electrical system.

Lou ,Reda, -Department' Headand Dr. Hines are in theprocess of looking into state or federal funds.

John Chlebowski has students, welding and fabricating sheet metal in his metalsarea and is writing a new curriculum for the solar application of metals.

Any interested persons may write to Dr. John Hines, Curriculum Development,or Mr. Cou Reda:Industrial Arts Department Head, Central Dauphin School District, 600 Rutherford Road, Harrisburg, PA 17109 fOr any information you rkay need' pertaining to So. lar Heating for Industrial

. . -Mi ke Fdepass

fi 87 '-K.---::'-...:1-.,-_- s _ `,P.-- - AAA , ,,. _ - -. -- - _ - -..- -,,,,-:,--...,,...... ,.:-..,-,-,-, 1:--_,44:, - -- - -,----"--- .,-,--- 7 _V"

...;,.., - SOLAR HEATER §UPPLIES _--.7-_-_ c_-.

3' tans of P.P.G. Quick Dry Zinc Chromate Primer; 1 Quart Wrought Iron Black*

'_-2x8x8N --c-,- r . -,A -- , 4x8x1 Styrofoam, -___ -

, -._-___ ,-- Y4'.'f '; Sheets 20 dnaie At -ix61-g 9.89,each- - ,.: : , - ,--- ,: InsulationV- (3, I/2' Cofrig Fiberglass Angle Mild Steel -1/8xixt @ :26 -28' class1/2"x61x4' iti! ft. shebts) r- 2 '-Quarts Alkyd Epoxy Enamel

p? c-

% 5 Roll's of 6xI5 insulation

3/4 Plywood Sheeti_(T&G)

TubesVinyl Caulking.

31t 2- Reducers (i .09 each)

-I Fasco Mdl. 648S Fan

I 21,99 Fasco Mdl. 663 Fan _ gorbf Venting Hose (4" DiL)

. 'Box 10"x20': Air Filters

Extension. pipe; IReducer 2 Plástic4"-T. - _

= 6 Ton 4A Stone (Limestone)

Mdl. 648S Faso Fan

88 `.?

IFItEPAS SOLAR COLLECTORATA g s_ =

AIR _ DATE TIME AMR. TEMP. (OLL. TEMP. Into HOUSE 'WEATHER

2-20-76 11;30 A.M.:.. 40? -- 156° '-- 85* =- Sunny 1:01)-P.M. ., 400 --'-, . 120° 92* _._

12:00 Midnight- 29* .- -52* - 70°- Night .- . ,-, -2-23-76 -1-2:30 P.M. 28 -. 140° - 72* -Cloudy. . 0 --25-762 1:00P.M. ; 64°, 1-90* c 9CP- , Sunny.- .

2-26r76 12:30 P.M. __ ---64* 209° --- -- 867 Sunny 2-27-76 .7:20-A.M. 49* X . 72° - . 2-2876- : 1.:00P..M 60° , 164* -- 122-- Sunny :7- 6:00 P.M.--, -_ Sr --'-' '74° -_ ' 88°.. r

1 1 tO0 P.M. . ---36,--- . .X= _ 86- . Night ,-

.r. 2-29-76 91:3d AIM. . 39° -X-r- -. _ -- 804 Cloirdy- . -. -11:30 A.M.. _- 40 .= . 170* -. :122°-- Sunny . 1930 P'.14. 44° - -=X 88° - ifNight..

---= 1:00 A.M-. .- 39* - 83* Night i-' : -- _- _3-1776, ----MO P.M. ______--, 49_?-_ -___. 3- .._ . .... ----a : --, - 867:------Night: -7-'--- _. -- 72b _ 3-2:76, }:30 P.M; ,. 38° , X . Rain,,. . 3-3-76 8:45 A.M.'. 3''' -2 . -- X - 60* Rain

. - X _ _ 2:40 P.M.,. 38*-- .. : 62* , _Rain -. 3-5-76 .6:10 PM. 56* X . : 4 700 Rain 3-6-76 10:00 A.M. :' 38* - 100° 8-0* .. Sunn 11-:30 AM.- ' , - 42° X '90 -' Sunn ,

1 -: 11:45A.M. :47* -.' X -- _ 102* Sunny

2:00 P,M... 42° 108-* . c Sunny 5.00'PA4t---_. 42* ------90- .-,-===g4. 'c-- -.- Sunny 377-76 _ 11:00_A.M.- ..40'7' 149* ---. .. 11.0* -. Sunny, 11:00 P.M. 40° ; ' X ' TO* Dark r 3-8:76 5:00.P.M., - 40°.- 80* Daik 3-10-76, ' , :-.-. :5:00 P.M. 38* .- X , 4? . Dark 3-11:76 1:00 P.M. 42°,, - -'-- 170' 120° Sunny , - - 3:00 P.M. 40°. 90* _- 90* Sunny

3-13-76 12:30 P.M. -- 500 X . 100° . Sunny

- 3-22-76 1:00-P.M.-- .-- 40*. -. X 110? , - , Sunny 3-23-76 1:00 P.M. 50° ' X -_,,..,100* Sunny

6 0 -,COLLECTORs. TEMP for -AUGUST/SEPT./0

-76 _ 2:00 P.M. 80° Sunny 2-76 3:00 P.M. 86° 1827 .Sunny 1 i-76 12:00 MN.: 8e 1867- Sunny_ 9-21-76 .12:00 Noon ' 68° 17° Sunny 9-22-76 12:00 Noon 60° 170° Sunny 10-18-76 12:00 Noon 41.° 200° s..S.unny 10-19-76 .12:00 Noon 47° 2007. Sunny- 10-28-76 12:00 Noon 38° 200° Sunny-.1 10-29-76 12:00 Noon 50° 225° NOTE:Orr ran: 2; fein the collectors was as in October and higher than in August.

90 SUPPOR11 FRAME, BAFFLE and-DIJCT WORK ONSTRUCTION Metals Area

FRAMECONSTRUCTIO14'

MATERIAL:

118 ux I '-'x l!' Angle Iron .,. --The following outline inefudes:7 Frocedures,and egpment needed

. Mini demo ations that are conducted at each ---dep. assc structionprogresses . -it - - - M surement arid layout of all necessarynecessary_ len

Proper use of ruler, try square, layout dye atfZ--s-Z-fiber

utting stock

Pover hacksaw demonsation

Deburrin _ _

ProPer use of file and file card

IV Layout, of all necessary drilled holeg , Same tools as in plus center punch

Drilling of all.necesary holes

Drill press and electric hand drill demonstration

Weld lap joints

VII Assembly of frame

a. -M jo_rile nonstFation incorPorating'Welding, riveting, an d clamping

VIIIApply finish

prayarid`brush painting demoti 20 Guage Ralf-Hard Aluminum Sheet

= The follOwing outline includes

Procedure and equipment heeded

_ i-demonstrations that iire-condticidd-at each step.as construction progresses-

I 'rutting sleet stock =to required sizes

Squaring shear demonstration

eburring : -a. Proper Use of file, file card and emery cloth

Layout of all neces sary-drilled holes oi' both ductwork and baffles

Demonstrate layouttools-

V Drilling

a. Demonstrate drill press and electric hand drill

V Layout of all necessary folds, bends and cuts on duct workand baffles

VI Develop grid assemble all ductwork Demonstrate sheet metal benderpop riveting

VII Develop bafflesMsemble to reflector face

VIIIPrepaint all metal surfaces before final assembly

Zinc chromate

IX Fasten duct work into reflector frame

92 SOLAR HEATING COLLECTOR

CONSTRUCTION and FABRICATION

ystem)

Construct collector frame

measure and cut framing material to length two 2x8x8's and two 2x8x4's

fasten collector frame with glue and 16d -nails.

(Weldwood_Plastia_Resin_Glue)' _

c, ue and fasten 1/4"x4ix81- plywood tes the collector frame.

Cut stringers for collector glass -two 3/4"xl "x4: and two 3/4"xl "x8'

Construct solar` unit base using 211x10"x10's with 2x10 joists 16" o.c.

a. till the collector base with 2 inches of polystyrene insulation-and 6 1/2" of fiberglass - insulation. The floor of the base is 3/4"- tongue and groove plyWood 'subflooriiig.

Place ,the collector on the be and fasten the, collector -to -the 55- degree collector frame..

Using heavy duty aluminufoil; cover the inside of the collector and the back of the collector unit. lace 4" of polystyrene insulation inside the collector box and cover tie insulation with 20 gauge aluminum, primed with one coat of zinc chromate and two coats of flat back epoxy paint. CAUTION: The\AL2 collector base, should be tnade from two pieces of AL2) overlapped to allow for c6 traetion and expansion. --T

The stringer should now be )aced over the alurninum holding the AL2 in place.

Cut holes in, the AL2 and collector back to allow hot air to eh-alike from the collector to the "storage area. Duct work is now put in position.

Place one layer of 1/4' glass on-the stringer and cau t 10 The second stringer is now placed in pdsition and_e second layer cif glass is placed on this . stringer.

The back and ends of the storage unit are made from 2"x4"x8' frames and 1/4" exterior fir plywp

2. Insularthe Pack and 'ends with 3 1/2" fiberglass insulation and cover with 1/4" plywood.

13. Cover the interior of the storage unit heavy duty AL2 foil to stop ultraviolet radiation and reflect heat back teitlie stones. Monartiltelebtria-nwtors-and=eamplet_

, 15'1- -\--yr 9 19-- istône to'widim 24\ to the top oHhe

v, " This. lilitieniay-ble: abocre:groUnd insulatea /with _fit;erglais-._insulatiein _And ;plastic,: be-finT be, ',,_-' installed under the ground blow the frost Ifil.e. '' ' 11 ---e-= 9-7 -._- 9-4- '-..9_ 99 79.--_-91- --___ -S:,7 , i --__: - 7- 99-99i9s99.-4r99,79.9. 9s-91-9 = -- 9 -9-7 1...... a1V-i-kr-,...--7,....9 ,.....-999:ka-79--.19;`9,-'9,1,9-99.99,99 9 _ _ , 7 l .1 _

= _

= -- =, A _ = ,,,, ..__ ,_ ,.,t_ , ,:.-,,,\p,__ L,: _,_.,...:_-__ :- ,--

, A,, . ., :. - -1,,,____ ..-: - ,. ',,, - . s -; `. 5--, S .t? - -

= -1

a a r 9 - --F - 7 -

- a

= '

...,

9- 94, _ THEORY OF OPERATION

, e solar heater control:consists of five mainpartL They are the p&Wer supply, the switching.-; cfrcuits, the control cirCuits; the temperature sensors and theblowe

+7 volts at 2kand +9+9v volts alts at The polar Supply is a tripleunit providing,, ',-5 volts at 100 MA, IA; All three Suppliessare ,electroniCally regulated and hive acommon ground-. the '-5 volfs is used, ,:.., or._ the 'negative 'supply of the:ICS.- The +7 volts is used for -the Positives-upply Zif the IC's-and the relay 'Circiiits, The +9 voltauyfily feeds the bridge circuits and alsosuppliesIthe ttmer. =---

Che .bridge circuits consist of the_ five (calibrate -controls, _the = fiye thermistors and two i.- on-board'resistors Bridge, circuits were chosen because of thek, high sensitivity. The britlge_tirciiits ,-7-feed-thieelecomparaterS-611-the -eontrol---boardr-The-three=cOmparators,contfollhe-relay:Switchea=, : arid a-special timer. The timer is activated 'when.the solar collectors are much,'warrher-than the-heat I 1 ....- stbrage' areas. This causesjthe,blOwers to oscillate on4nd-off aboiit once very five,seeOnds;T -,--.---, _ass 1 .Prevents the extreme heat differenee -froin crackfrig the collector's , - I,' : The switching, circuits -acre simply =an interface between the low power thermistersand egrated-eircuitsi-and theiligh-power blowers,They include three power relays, three relaY_drivers__1__ and associated circuitry and the manual power controls and indicaters`on the front panel.Triabs '`cOuld'have been usedinplace,of relays, but relays were chosen for-the sake of simplicity.

'f- The blowers fare- all of the squirrel cage.type and all but oneare mounted inside the collector. The' one that is not mounted, inside the 'collector is mounted inside the house where itcan pull the hear from the collector to 'inside the' building: There is 'also an auxiliary blower which can only be turned on manually:-Thiw,blower is used. when the operator wishes a faster air circulation inside the collector.

This .unit plugs directly into a standard 110 -1 20 volt -A. C. outlet and draws less th 000_ watts with all blowers running.

t _

ELEeT PARTS LIST,

Part Number Part

C191e003, 105 2000mf 25v Electrolytic'capacitor,

C102, 104 100mf 25v Electrolytic capacitor_

C106 200mf 15v hlectnilytic capacitor

C201, 202, 20.5, 20& 1600mf_15vElectrolytic,capaci

O3 = 5mf 15v Electrolytic capacitor _ .01mf lkv ditc capacitor.

0 PTV 2A Silic9n Rectifier

D102-106 50,PIV IA Silicon Rictifier

07- 5.6V 1/2W Z9ner Diode

,DIOS 11.5V 1/2W Zener Diode

D109 9.1V, 1/2W Z ner. Diode

F31 1 Fuse IOA Slow-Blo

002 Fuse lA

1301,302 S.C. Min. Bay. Inc. Pilot Lamp (120 MB)

1303-305 S.C. Min. Bay. Neon Pilot Lamp (NE 51)

K201 Relay 6V coil SPST LA contacts

K301-303 25A 9-

O101 ECG =129 trinsitor.

0102, 10S

Q201

Q301-303 Fart Number

201 202, 204Integra ed circuit ECG 910, 1147 0

1 202 NE-555V

R102 i 270R- 1/2W. 10% . ,.. .

103 680r .1./2W 10%

04 1200i :1/2W-107 .,_

RI 05, 106 1000r:1/2W10%

R201,202, 205, 208

R203- 180Kr1/2W 10%

204 1001(1-.02W 10%, 11

R206, 207 _3000r 1/2W 5%

03 47Kr, 1/2W 0%

8304 1Meg-go ten tiome er 2W- linear taper

R305-309 3500r potentiometer 2W linear taper

8301, 303, 304 Toggle Switch SPST 15A contacts

S302 Toggle SWitch SPST 3A contacts

5305 Toggle Switch DPST 15.E contacts

T301 Transformer 12.GV C.T. 2A

302 s:1A

Th301-305 Thermistor 3000r cold

97 =

Miscellaneous Items

QUANTITY

Fuss Holder-3AG Panel Mjunt

SIngle Con;n *Bay.-Panel Mount Lampholder

Green lens,

2 Amber lens

Red lens

rug terminal strip

2 lug terminal strip

1 4 lug terminalr

-6.1ug terminal

30 ft. 6 cond. 20.guagchlble

(C1 ft. 4 cond. 14 guage ca

. 50 ft. Sin e cond_14 guage hook-up_wire

50 ft. Single cond. 20 guage hook-up wire

Power Supply Circuit Board

Computor Circuit Board

Hardware, assorted

-Heatsink drilled for one TOT3

Heatsink drilled for

Thermostat Eq-OCK DIAGRAM

7NA SWITCHING CIRCUIT BLOWERS

-TEMPER-=- CONTROJ_ ATVRE SENSORS

33= PARTS pIAGRAMS 2 _- all- parts actual size except where noted -

Silicon Rectifier

Pilot Lamp

integrated Circuit

inted - Therrnistor- Terminal Strip Circuit (2 times actual size) Board (% actual size)

99 - 1 -

= NFIVE SOLAR WATER HEATERS YOU CAN BUILD- \ :- .- a-. _- -- By Edward Moran-, :' --_ --:- _7- _ _il"-- ---,.. _ _. -_,_-- ,- - __- -__ -_! _-Ken Herrington, the evolution of a systertr:-:- .

77 1-

Ken Herrington just cantf-say no when it conies to homegrown energy. When we featured . fireplace heater in this senes ',ye werent' aware that we'd net up with an avid craftsman whO is turning his- ranchson a northern California hilltop into a veritabte atternaie-energy-.lab.- . . Over the months,--i, we' 'e-. 'been fed dozens of_photos- (Herrington is a topnotch industrial -- 4 photographer) of solar pool heaters, solar greenhouses, solar -water heaters, storage tanks, piping,

._ heat exchangers-each,device carefully built and tested by this do-it-yourselfer.

. We asked Herrington to showulanssTp for an inexpensive,.__edsy4o,build collector that a typical homeowner could Olt together with. a few tools and a little spare time Materials for the f . collector shownp Photo I", cost exactly $160- 3,-WhOlesale-_ askimbly takes a few_ hOurs. . . . - - This model is by-no means Herrington's first nision; and we re sure it ,w-on't be his last; he sees solar research as an evolving process, and is always making innovations His first 4-by-8 collector, built last year, was little more than a plywood box with a flat metal plate to which copper tubing had been soldered Later, he added fillets of heat-transfer cement to- improve performance. Then heCirne-tiv with the idea that's the basis for the-- collector-described here: Instead of merely: soldering pipes to a flat plate, he reasoned, why not firsf nestle them in V-shaped groves? . , 7 At first, he used, individual ships of metal, crimped V's down the center, then screwed them together (phosos 5 and 6). A much simpler method is shown in photo 4:?Yriu can ask a sheet-metal shop tePpunch out a 24-guage sheet to the-specsgiven in our drawing.

100 j

v drawi6g

Nurnber and spacing of V_ grooves copper; 16 sets of vpper..return bends el' To form a tray for the piping, glob 7can be varied (cprnpare drawing and,arid and plywood (optional) beddboard stripi;lo frat headboard igataimme.

HOT ,WATilF OUT TO'tiOijar PfiriIMATE0 FTWR IN Diagram shows possible setup, linking HAT- three.4-by-8 solar. panels Into a Conven- EXCHFF4e Eljet.ing TA NK tionalhot-watersystemforbackup. F VA6Vt .NO gab. Check valves permit solar collectors to be bypassed at night or on cloudy gays, (Mime when you'd draw on stored, water. Pros, sure-relief valve Is necessary to prevent ,,EQ7011.1 damage -In case of steam buildup. For most American climates, heat-exchange FLOyf ir=WAY . _OK VA6vt system is recommended. The original plywood bolt has 'given way to one made front steant-expanded polystyrene (beadboa.0), which costs about $10 for a 4- by-8 -by-1 1/2" panel (Herringtonalsorecommends Cplotexis Technifoarn, slightly- more expensive, but more durable )Edging for the box is a I 1/2"-wide strip (cut from another headboard panel) glued around the perimeter'Nee photo 2). An inch of fibirglass insulation (photo 3), avoids any danger of the beadboard melting due to the heat of the pipes.

The 4-by-8 ske was cho -0Lake Ai-vtnlLw; 411.1iltlard ill 10' lengths, which can easily be cut to three 80" lengthsWilli rcturii bends or sticctells added (photb 4 drill 5), the piping assembly should just,stitig into the beadboard box (photo 7). Before inserting, though, clean all surfaces thoroughly with soap and water, then covet with a flat blaelc paint.

I WI,avealll 1.1.1.1tIC tlotttlle 64141116Is 1,1.1-,I1111=11. 1I ,11.1 111. eonvcctive heat lossnio8,etfr,.sty-elyirlcold, 4reaslie .i.eswill.I.l lilt: fiberglass cover (,025" thick) : boltingitinai,-anieot=l ly wood sir lrsa1 .1scaliltbitwith butyl-rubber silicone:

L'ulleCtOr

the cl1a6A4J11 la 11,-.41,... pA,),Ide hot water Mr a typical liou.sch 1d1 iu. 0. ti I it you have th4..:spaeea ttlo-esiliOunt them., ,.11e ..11

Summer heating or hytat,'111 lily .1111tate t, it,,,,t supply all my needs. Winter is a different matter; i need.4t least 9(1 I) IOU ayItof collector

tietlingturt USCa the Itc,itt. . loopEal 111:111,- u i1101,11i.i days and at nightAlsosince lie uses a water conditiouLr to ,,.st aild foa k ,la. IR 11 Heating System Condittonekl he inust keep his tap water separate flt,tit the w .ter Is l ffinped throlig,h the system_ 102 Performance

in winter, the preheated Water may leave the heat exchanger at 95 degrees; on a sunny . summer day, it might be as high as 130 degrees_ Space doesn't permit us to detail all the careful monitoring Ken Herrington has made on hiS system. He would rather err on the side of e'aution,so intent is he on not making any unwarranted claims,

Some figures he sent us for the middle of Feblualy are insti theDuring a week iii win...11 daytime temperatures ranged from 50 degrees Eo 01 degrees, he lepolts tank tenipeiatinesipse by 40 degrees, to 50 degrees eachday,when the Nola' .3ysiciii was working (holt' 80 degices I21 degrees the first day, from 100 degrees tO I. I 11113 wort S 11{11O./ a tliCall lrf 180 Btu per hour per square foot ocollector. I

data arc h.., , wain mole 111101111,1tWii Scud to K411ici , 2 !II I St0.,1,1,.1 1'2 11) ii want to ask a specific qu.estion (hee) in, lad,: a stamp, d n.01111 1 J. DON FIELD, ROOFI:00P -TRICKLE' COLLECTOR

Not to be outdone by Ken Herrington's elaborate system, a Roanoke,Va., experimenter, working independently from previous PS articles, hasalso been Otecking out solar water heating.

Photo and diagrams illustrate the 42-sq.-ft. aluminum collectors thatField installed on his due-south-facing roof more than a year ago. It's a trickle collector: Waterflows directly over a corrugated- aluminum surface backed by a slab of insulation_ (At press time,Field reports some success with a new copper-tube collector he built recently)

Materials for the aluminum unit cosi Field about 11300 tic tkliutla average savings of $7 (150 to 165 kw shaved off his power bills) so payback time is about tour years.

. As with Herrington's system, this setup need a heat -exchange". If an aluminumeollectot is used, it's a good idea to mixIiiwater inhibitors toievent oriusion Field retains his electric water heater as a backlip.

I t iblt

It"11.. 104. I ,. . 3 culiveuleliceof using standard cut lumbei A uasic box Is first mime oy naihri&2-by -4's 10 a shed of 4 by 8 by 1/2 plywoodNext, add a 1 1/2" thi.A!aye' of insulationInitially.Field used Styrofoam, but now recoilluiends using

Atop the inaulation goes uu ,411.,1111111 11, 1116pc.0,1114;(111dt1,1a.,h A

. tor pan at the lower and leads to as/4- PVC than, !inc.-The aiitire collector is co aed with double strength window glass

Aridl'161...1 II Il . ,)l, Mien ..mbient temperuture was 42 degicesFahrenht.Ittie N rs able to beat the 11, e gaiizms flom 35 degrees to 120 degrees in 90 minutes.

1L4 Q1.11LE.EITIRENOT,.... WINO COLO wATEN ALow127.1,-.1101-

eet6E, WATEff NE 1A22622,1 E6Ec COLLECTOR wATER .EATEA -gToAOER w,,womn rA.K anERa NO epACEIR ELCTO vi KG Be Hy .37 of.4111QC.F ,-;g r6ATEALLAN. E %CH

e8YER HE.TER TRA 10,

riAttl< AmEas.,,,A A.0 A,E2 T1 T A 1,/12 PUMP TOCAE VVE1142, p Od up 10 roofTOp C011.26101 11$ tl,I,.klss ) b0lwiion two sheets 41.0 ck. Of corrugated alue11,.orotiiagrarn abo I1,.,e -A et,ow3 11..d101,41,hangvr .411L1 tie 11, with bailt,up heater

61:d111:..11.1.1)16:1: 1),1: I I i .11 pit , 1 .11111111 ;1sheet u. ht4kMule110. 1./ We/ tfIC IL .11 1..11t111t.vili4il OCINA,.:, .1 hiII,

AA 1,34 1., 11,..1 11

si,)rage1s 41-1u .11011 L,IsvoLrheti mide 1,10-g t Ti it 1% st 1 b

plywood oodtcd 111,,CIA,A33 I1t..1Wi 111),,...1 t,,.41.1;11. ..41,11 11;411a1,1-,,.\-,111 Islt.413 y ioft.1111 I 411C1 heJ. LIded to ,.143t mil pol) ;01) I ,lic., titI tli, I Ito,11131 ,1=

picycnt It, Aks F'.)IaI Cal etc .hditget(d'. V li.:A kg}i WI till iligil t .II N 01i 1 ,,, 1).441)11_15: 3 .1,111u11.,;11 III (tic 1..11k,1.1.4.3 1)I,.;1,.:,,Atc,.,1 vv,Atet (tIC,. ctit.13111%, Cle,11.,11,-111.1 III .11 11.. ...,

1. 44.-.411012.21.i1.... .1,81 i .1 111.1 11).1 E,11: 1,1 ..1 111,,1 A., ,,,A1

anzi 12ebruary, wit!. tL.! ne Ai copper c,Ilector d1l(IC(1N17i1 n (1(,111)1e,1 the)fli;,, ) 131, iitiernoon tailk afisi.,,1 9() gi,_, I,; I;() ,1,,h,,, 111..4 1-12 11-',3b 27 tc,,,pciat ,1-611 ,:) _I I I.. 1 .., I, 10 2., 110 ,NELL, CIRCULATING-AIR COLLECT°

4,111.1.4 I I .1 .1. hiss .. 1.1 It.41111111,; vs411.11 t ,milt i ht bd., /0 ;Igi.)timl 1.11.4118 ll,. 1101011 NI.1111 110 tt n1 1014 1N 111110; all .11111, Ille 1 C. 11,101/ /.1

100:.00,0,111Ita 180 igtuti.111 la aa.1 u i it1.i4r 1, k

) ,1 . , 11,t?I I,I. . .01 ,1,.4/1 11,16. I , / ..ii IIM11 .1 I. i/ I S 1 IAI t III 1 + J. .1 Will.11,, I II 1 IIII1,..111t Ii.) ,I,I1i.11.I.7t'1 I. ii,.

11,01 1 ,0 I, ,.'.=10.,,1114011, 0= s it.10. 1. 11-.. .)) 11, , .31,I.,11,It, f (c..0 ,31 IA 4... it., p

1 . 14 . . 4.411 I,,,S .is , . 111,I.a1i. 4 4.1. 4,

I 1 , I I, 1,11 :1- , .1 4. 1,1,1I, ,II,I. I Vv1111 ,, I,I,,,it I ,t.litt,,,. \ ,. i`i 1,,,,11, all.

..I ,t ii,,it . II Ili' .., : ,I141 ,,l/..I z.1 . . 1 5 i .. at 41 .1.1 , . I... ,,I.I.

I . W. 1 Iik. 11,'III ..II 11 i. 4 l 1,11 iii

If.

1 I 1 I I, . 1., , 11a. r Is

PII ,1 I.1 RON HANNIVIG: ROOFTOP

Wh-at started as a do-it-yourself project two years ago has since blossomed into a full-time solar distributorship for Ron Hannivig. The tank/collector module described here is the original homemade (iersion that anybody can-try.

Tank and collector are exposed on the roof, so it's['latch for Hannivig's Florida climate_ (For o der locations, use the heat-exchanger systems, such as Herrinston's or Field's.)

this system wrks on the therMosiphofi principle,p,e, thusi_us eliminating the need101 a1..11,,,111a1111g pump As water in the collector is heated, it expands, rises, and passed into the storage tank Denser cord water then fills,the collector, and the cycle continues as long as the,sun keeps_ shining. Note that the photo shows 40-gallon tanks. one standing and one lyingI ocal building inadc this setup more practical, thidugh the di awing shows a* singe vci 06,11 tank, whidi0111 L/C a full 80 gallons, or as big, as the system can handle

#rliCS.( uSL,p1 , 011,, i, 1.11,41. I 1/L...111 L111,1 11. ,11.,11dsed off- the -shelf for $150Ebtlitth Led k/ay-ba....ktune it about ii.ici; years 11. rs that dung% the balmy Hulicki summer, his system Lan provide np 1,1 95 percein iiis , but water requilements up11-1 05perc.ent'

LorolruL 11tl/1 the wook.111.41111; tug A," ay (1 1.411,1S) .1 1414

1 1/'. 01umoiglit, met: goalEel 111411 4,..01_41C.11.111)111V, $.3C dlag,.1111)140-i,1/401111,41C(1 411C11.1101,11111.A.1 011 tUp (J1 theurethanein the device shown, sand was drounclthe pipit fin neat transfer (see detail)d11,-.1sprayedWith astucco bindingagent Assembly was thatudiiiied flat blak Yinally. 1/4" float glassWas S111.:0111,0,1a1cd 1...) the sides the 11a111eb.,t anelten.,tive tight glaLtity, Pressi,ne-ri. het ..ilve is a must

1 .4 I Pc/ fl.r/11,11/. II.11.111,1g 1 1.... , .11. LAA 1.4di I i in .)t,ii-neated water generally availiblt. at 135 neagre.m140 degree; ft .e .

11..11AIA, 1,

A t1 a .t1k.1,1,14;fla

nac if PETER WEST, THROUGH-T E-WALL COLLECTOR

Why .11141w full 1,111.111 t.h..,1141,(1 )..,4.4 I1., .411141e1 heatel .44

llvcpI4 ZICtits,11!LAC 1,, z, turpi4;111e,11 11.411431 system from March through Novembvrit vitcatl(-1 Lome on the Detavdarc coapilmc, where the Meal, annual stinshille 14,14115 about 2600 ad 4,110S..11 Otte.,.. 01 ,1,11 11141.:11 air1 lic sy31111 IIRA LIcCZA: Ill Outlackilig a

, .b.,111 Iilif,. --Apt. 1,411, A [I.

A s.',114;1 111=11. 3 .11)1,1,1W,:,1,11 AA .4. [14111, 4.111,1g A.. A. 1 ,A.A,,k

34;1/C.',1 ilL,14.,4/C 1114 4,1114;4.4t41i

.4 A

1,1 titki 4..I Id) Al 1, b AI t.1.4 Ali..44 I I 1 1,.

IL. a .1 ,1, 111111 iI,. I. 1 1 ,1 1 , 1

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1 411 Li..., 111, .1 ,111.1 V.., 2203G 108 Solar Water Heating: tips, forgetting started

Even if you've read this month's" cover story, and have been religiously following PS's heavy Coverage of solar energy, you might still hive some doubts you'd like resolved before you take the plunge. It's not surprising that many people are taking a wait-and-see attitude: The industry-is new, claims and counterclaims are flying fast, and sometimes it's hard to separate the charlatan twill the honest entrepreneur.

Consul:tier awarelicss Is the key, whether yuu14 building a aystid 4,1al.11 LW_ Als components off the shelf Check out some of the books and periodicals in iity Alternate Energy Bookshelf (listing PS. Jan.) Learn what the solar rv,acaidieocpctts are saying, find out what kind of perlorniaii,,e can icasoilably be eXpcctcd bum a aulal you bainbooLicil by a fast-talking salesman mukng, outlandish t;1411115 4

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LILL. kmks.11L_... ()Ur 11VC k 4;11 ''k I)C."111=.1Ei;I f 1E11 Va111)11.111)1,1,1 23 111,1 4(.11 109 BILL RANKINS AND DAVID WILSON, SOLAR WINDOW

This month's energy projectisa natural, for the do-it-yourselferwho would prefer to experiment with a basic solar device before talking some of the complete systems featured here in previous months.

A solar wiijdorequires neither an ERDA contract, nor a master plumber is easily assembled on a Saturday afternoon, and isan ideal heating supplement for locations thatdon't permit a permanent array of rooftop collectorsapartment houses, for example.

There's no provision for heat storage, so the window is useful as a daylllm,atippicilic;,* but outlet temperatures on sunny days average between 100 and 120 degrees, report Bill Rankins and David Wilson. Air is circulated through the unit by iiitural convection, although blower, thermostat, or automatic dampers could be added,

The air-flow diagram shows how cool air is heated in the insulated tutigLie 01 111; Lottc.:,tua thou itSCS through the lip into the house The collector automatically pulls in colder ail toreplace it If you use a fan to force-feed the air through the collector, says Wilson, you will movt, a greater quantity of air, but will have a lower temperatuie provided by the heating process.

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As with any conc,,tuf, ttic Solat wlintuvs, (JCL 0.114_;illa 1, (hc (tilt 1 t hewthdOw that leceives the most stiNhie the time is we obvious 4,,Altdida(C, 1,1,1t becansc of tte portability of the solar window, you could insjall several of them, to capture more Furthermore, by adjusting the base support, you could adapt the collector to sea,onal angles of solar incidence- without too much difficultylhe unit cal(be an,fto.ed to thegiouud lust ailed ina ti;otid-story window 0\ er aputZ,11roof or attadied to ashelf,as 1.1 W 1111.1W be.

Collector attaches to existing sill;it's from window (photo, upper right)Is supported by specially built frameor not appreciably impaired. You can even by roof below upstairs window. View adapt the device for a storm window 110 Assembly details

Actual dimensions will vary, of course, dependin&on each window sash, but the thickness of the insulation and glazing given here has worked well for Rankins and Wilson. Before you start to assemble the collector, paint all wood parts )1,11 sides) with two Loais of ma door rano. or spar varnish. Ma Jce a box first, by cuttingI x4's at a 7 1/2 degree angle arid making a hockey stick by attaching the two pieces with a metal strip Add the top hp and mid on the bottom haidboard sheet, plus the end piece

1\4,11 tA30,:tititi)ittrttIlk.:the tt . litt.tt tt .tt t i tt..11,t ,it tt. 13,1..0 itttht.;titti Ott: al, ,t1,,t11,4ti.,It cltatitt, b ,1r.-111/4 1 Ili l f,111..:1the heatobsorbing surface ona 1/8" nardboard shc,:t itiat is fitted 1 3/4" over the hartlooaro bottom (.-reating the lower ...old air 611,ntliel) Kankto.s and Wilson nos;a 23" %kid,. bt.;,...ttott t)I 2 3/4" tibetglass insulation buttwith Its 1.tatt paper backing painted bl,A, k h.c.y ae, rric.1 ihis ball at Cat II cudwith 5,..teett ,tittAtl itt,1 3/4ins It) have &An ,,i1 Mk (.1 sheet metal dui path( that

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ailing the collector

When you installthe coileetui in the window, the hot au utak( al the loom lutist he eitittzt horizontal or pitched upwards tut proper airrlow.Add a rain ,t ()vet, an,.i seal any leaks bctwecii collectoi and ftatne with duct tape and insuldtton To prevent revelscL' c011VeCLIoll atnight of on cloudy days, make two snug Wilily, wood doorsto plug up the intake and outietIfy.,tt are inounthig the LI rUUt bCliCath a Window bolt L. twith angle hia,s, any hol,: c.at. be quickly tepattited with tat li the ..ollet;t0r is moved

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1 Bo?, 1 lI 1*A I E. PAUL MINK, SUN POWER FOR SPACE HEATING

By Edward Moran 4

Paul Mink is every exeption to the rule Few home tiers who pct into solar energyInstalld totalsit:lee-heatingsystem fromthestart. Many picicitocl.lreritncntWilliaItcknicillaiy water heating system before tackling illOie ConiplcA piojeLt.l.

1,1( , 1,1ti..,N14431.4.11,1 ti. .1 oil a navolabk. cast -west Paul1V1,.14, a,I,1 array ut 14 solar \-ollectorb a. rosy ,ubuihali10,11up. Tidilygallons of a 5000 v4 ,lt !,tullttcci sululwn flowtroutthe collectol): to a heat exchanga in the ha...inent, watcs In an adjoining manlinoill )50Aallonlank lickALcd klavciy hollci and faiiicilwz,i\inti, isIh.tthi, system will k_ht his hei,ting tills in halt maybe mot.: this winter

inventor Mink assembles contactorsin hie work.innp (above)Belowbni.,:on30AFiks4F, t .1.1correcs pitch of 0.1be blybriied sate:-All ,-einderi eiie eveileLio the al all

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110 l haven't tapped my faucet water into the system yet, he told, rnewith asigh..Haven't had the time_ That project is plahned for later this year. as is a plan to air-conditionthe Mipk home with water:from a.deep well.' .

The solar project is reallythe most visible elemcnt of allall out cuelgy couseivatioh uldn Before he lifted a solar thumb, Mink reinforced attic insulation with Styrofoam;added storin doors and windows; outside-vented his furnace,even painted his white ho Se a icdwood hoefoi gieotel heat absorptionThese pielhuinary steps cost him about SI50 The .4`01a,- project cost abouts3opo, butMink figures 'a payback of sevcAl yea's based ou a piojeLted annual saving of $400 in fueloil.

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fI NORBERT KLE PSOLAR POOLHEATER ON A PEDESTAL

By E. F. Lindsley

For the-c-ast three seasons, Norbert Klemp has been heating his ,l $- by -36. =foot swimming.pool with an extremely rygged and compact home-built solar heater. Unusual?.,Not these days: Prompted in part by recent restrictions or gas and electric heaters in many. localities:_ re and more pool owners,are aiming toward solar energy.

In this southern Wisconsin ch 01,-SW al,., Metuolial Day through Laboi'Day, a Solar heater can Jual,c evoling Swint llalltca all alt14,1.1VeOpLIOn,and may even extend the swimming season.

Kleilits unp typifies what ta. t,ccl,,,lcal1,,,,,,,,,sl aildv,Ili%..1.).Simpi, ,ollittuckcion. Niaiolials cost him about $100, half -ptthat°nig lot t,,vo II 0-vult solenoid water vriVeS and an Automatt re-sensindevice 'n .1ce valves lliag1111) d11,,t wares flow 411111:1 through thecollector1 around Lt depeupang Ott the avallahtlit} 0 tskAal heatisle valvcs 4Pe activated aUtomatik.ally, so shoe's no need td pauo,..II aiteuito., t ttla sysiLin other tLian furihnittal maintenance.

Nicilly a tA41..., tut ust 1p4tta 1, 1,1. 11.,1 tAttrtrle ..topla&pole, The bubt'Ieis apla.tn s1.3/1161,, dome and the In, JC, is k53atiy polyvinylchloride piping 134 feet in length. Some experimenters Neter copper piping because of its supdrior heat - transfer capabilities and its icsIstance lu einitivinnentd Joindgc plastic piping, he had to use more of it to ,ompensao.: loi Its iclattvely pool thomal ularacte,isik,s

changos in sinlocatior,Ir ti 1,11tr1. to,' friVdiltOr '

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GIUNCIED PLUG

. , _ Choice of.rhateriais. is,,hOwever ,tess critical_ here, thair -foradomestic hot-water br,spaceTheating collector, because optimum pOol temperatures (75 degrees to80 digrees Fahrenheit) are much *-2 lower than for other applications.if 'you.. do use plastic, you've got to be extra careful about :maintaining _a constant water flow whenusing the solar mode. Stagnant water Can freeze on .a cold day- or boil and _rupture the pipes on an extremely hot day..You can -avoid these probles by draining the collector when shutting down the solar modeas at night or inwinter. Klemp'i system' accomplishes this automatically, of-course.'

--The freestanding, mast-mounted collector makes it easier for a pool ownerto take full advantage of_the sun's rayg,.especially if he doeSn!t.have a south-facingroof, or patio cover. Since he uses his pool .during the summer months,Klemp tilts his collector 30 degrees from horizontal. is adjustable as the azimuth changes; It would be tilted more nearly.'veritical in winter.

long as collector' temperature remains belOW -100 degrees Fahrenheit,the filter pump corks as normal,-moving:water through the solenoi&con.trolled bypass valveinto the pool. But once the temperature sensors record 100 degrees, thebyPass..valve,autornatically Closes and -the return valve from' the:collector opens '(see- diagram). The-Solafmode is activatedintermittently, depending on_temperature.

it was still: winter when} visited Klemp to ,take-these photos, but he assures me his heater does A good. job during the swim season,-,that his pool'1VascOnsistently-warmer than others in toWn, by at least:5 degrees.

TO.10ca specific question, send 'a stamped-; return enitelopotNorbert 'Klern0;-4806-W:-Cedar---- Creek Rd., Grafton, Wis. 53024. . Sr:Edward' Moran

s:Whiter,;as_tenipdrhtiireg sank below zero in .1s1eW_Iersey, O. W. Wood sauntereddown to basement, W-ciod 'info-a-Potbelly stove: Before king; hot water-, began flowing into his cubical 7itofigetankwater-that had been heated, by both solar and wood. _7 Twa''ileirs ago Woodembined- these- tiko',7,-altertiate sources: of energy: into--a neat. and._ _ 2 compact' package-that has cut_ hisfamily's -oil 'consiimption by nearli-'30 pef;centt-135_1eprints and _ her -data_are directlY from the inventor (see address at end of t_article).

tein cOintonents:, __

The, -Wood ground7motinted Solar collector and a siOve'ind storage tank ,that take up,:dnly30 square 'feetin the basement (set'photos). All of the liot water required by wee- adults runs through thesystem, says Wood: On theaverage;--the solar iystem heats 10,000, potinde(1200 gal.) _of water, each month formerly heated by anoilLfired- space-heating' furnace.

'CR

Dual 1 water;haatIngsyStIsis -combines- solar `collection- with wood baCkup. In . SOLAR 14-0T WATER - 'photo atleft, vinyl-glazed collector is. COLLECTOR TO EXISTING 1:1EATER! -mounted at ground level to avoid prob. , - ._- lernof' inappropriate roof :pitch. Mainte7- right, _ coL® -WATER nonce Is simplified, too. In photo at -__ =FROM _, inventor Wood chocks storage tank; at , STREET, .- his left Is_patbellY stove capped with?W HouscHoLD diator (enclosectIn fiberglass.lined'gel:, -Varilied-irtin-box). Two - inch -thick Styro LOOP foam insulation is pressed into pities' bo.' FLy tween all tank risers: Heated stove we- Otit. ..Jri ri . ter and heated collector water merge f. w- la..0.. La _ side tank and enter tank via pipe through [Ph i -_ lid: 'This permits air to enter_collector I -`andand inlet drain -down wheh required. I shin v V Valves can be manually adjusted to ...1 ,-1 off woedstove loop on warrk,sunny,days. cbs.PER- ..1 I Backup -heater might still be required, '7 ,V7-corL : 7---i, depending7 on' viiirinte- a-hirain-fariefor SYSTEM DIAGRAM houteholwater SOLAR / wOOOSToVE p-== UNiT INSULATED PREHEATING. TANK. t VINYLLINED PLYWOOD) T he w0 o d booster is especially useful when the solar unit is Linable to supply, hot water on its 'min-br-clOiiirdaYibltrrietholdisfielkOn'(Nov'aber-throuil February) In theSenenthi;, --:- Wood tells me, as little as -15 pounds of wood meets the',,:iideds of 2 1/2 days. ,.::, -. 4

Low-builget collector -- ,- , s...

'_- Wood says his 32q.-ft. collector gives him 'about IVO Btuh per square foot. Highly efficient ufactured collectors can do better, but not at ,15- per square foor, which_ is how much Wood spent= on fnaterials: Aaa the-collector is mounted at ground leVel, which eliminates the need for ' costly4nd heat4osing-piping -

4 ThCcollector is -designed to, drain down when the sun isn't shining, but the system can be -- adapted to permit Useof antifreeze solution. (Note the closed domestic,water loop in the diagram.)

A .. . ,_ "- ---*--= ,.--- Theframe'-----isf----ply'woodit edged-withLpinWto,---Whieh-'inth4hick-Styrofoirn-has-been--:-

pot-glued. Four 60-ft. toils of ,,3/8' 0:d. copper tubing are required for the- colleetor;" they're -,s

- initalled at a slight pitch so water will drain down easily. The eight-foot mit to the basement storage '- ... , _ tank is 5/8' garden hose wrapped in-fiberglass and vinyl. -'--P' - , -,,

, Wood recommends' assembling the collector with glue, C clamps, and screws instead of nails.

--,,---To enhance-heat-absorption-Ae-coVered-the-entire-surface;with cement-(two-80-1b.-kags of-Sakrete --,:- .,, should do the job,' he says), and ,painted it flat black.

. . _ .______- -, , -. Glissi-is. excellent 'as-a cOvering'. Wood believes, but expensive.-Instead, he uses a sheet of clear vinyl five-mil thick. To prevent the cover from sagging in the min, he,glued some wood spacers- to the cement surface. . . . _Storage tank

Wood's 'vinyl-lined plywood tank holds 3000 -pounds (ab9u)50 ial.) of water when full. ed water from solar-collectOr and wood stove= enters- through the 1i4 (see diagram): -Heat. is transferred to the domestic loop via a copper heat,exchange coil suspended in the tank.-Because of the considerable water pressure on all sides,- Wood recommends using plenty of wood..Screws in . construction. And the vinyl inner lining 'Must be completely waterproof. (A swimming-pool technician might be able to handle this part of the job.) Finally, a pump was installed 10 draw from the bottom (coldest) section of the tank. Total cost for tank construction was $312. Used copperpiping would have reduced this expenditure, claims Wood.

Wood-burning booster ===

A potbelly stove with a cast-iron-radiator- mounted on top- completes,O. W. Wood's heating

. system. (A water-jacketed stove would work too, he claims) For -Safety, 'Wood first pressure-tested the radiator, and installed 112' fiberglass insulation on the radiator enclosure.

To order plans, send $25 in check or money order to O. W. Wood, 82 Church St., Liberty Corner, NJ 07938. To ask a specific question (free), enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelope.

..." --== ''' ''''''''''--''''''--7--r2.='''''''''''-'7.1 :?:-.'-f:-.-- '' '-':-II-1- '.:'' : P SI tq , , tal 1 E :=l, THE NEWEST:''' = .--7:-'7!-'''-7=---2:=%_---st:';----7-_ --=',------'-'-'------',-- _L-,,.---_-,-,.SOLAWHEATINGEQUIPMENT ' re' -_. 1 , _ _ -.r, - ._ fr.,t, -1,,-:, ,-,, -'__tr _--,.' , - __ _ 1. -. -. !-,by--lkichard Stepler';--r- .-_, ,,. '. ; . "-'1nj,,,,'T , { ,1 -.' -. -. .',..7.' .= '--. , ''', OE _ ,,1-.:' :',.. _ -_, Suddenly, it -seemS, -everyone's talking abetIC-S-tin_ Poivef. If Makes-negland_ newspaper headli --:,,- rjlelevinionApecials.--ven your next-door ,neighbor may be talking about -putting solarcollectors on

- - _ - Why- Suddenly? Much of the interest was sparked by the btutal Winter of 1976-17, which -7 shocked many -Americans with its record high heating WIN: Perhaps the catalyst was Provided by President Carter's proposal for solar tax:Credits- included' hi. his energy message last April Inany , cage,' the -ptibliegAnierest in solar, energy_ l -is ar an all-time, high.'4..And -a record number of mani4acturers are now able to provide the most reliable' and economical solar-heating equipment

-- liig gercoi1panies are now Producing solarhard ware The names should pe familiar:

= -

Apt 4-r1 RETURN

MINGLE-SHEET PILAZINa= SOLAR COLLEcTORS HEA:PASSOPLE-S PLATS 'erigerfoL.Ass INSULATION THERNIAL oorgoon ,AIR RETURN

2 -igo-Ace ITHERNOEITAT . - ,- - , ------=, ------.,------=, --,- co-6C- _ ,r ------, -1---Acorn Sunweva 420 Energy System Is It'AIR r- HOTWATrRflUPRLV Vi4RA4 AIR designed_ fbrcompany'sfactory-built homes, -_ garages.Coppertubes- _ are _ - INSULATED-- clamped to aluminum absorber plate in-, VENT STORM:1E ''4-by-20-ft.- collectors; glazing Is fiber- _ glass-reinforced plastic. Untreated wa- --, II ter is pumped through collectors to vinyl- SKTID2 TO HEAT lined -plywood storage tank; collectors selffdrain In subfreezing temperatures. DO V -== Installedcostof completesix-ponel 11 1/1.2-1-1 ($20-sq.-ft.) system: $7200. PUMP I/2-HP 211200/DiKLmw WATER PUMP 110 v IVELATAI 22=2/AggVer

r DRAIN _

119 55

ERED ,=:,_.-;SILICONE-RUBSER PADS- 41,,1-. -1, - _1=7- -- CENAIDX LSD IS,-1' -._ ' - .',., LQW.IROt..1,-,--....,ISOLATE,-,_THE-ABSORSERt7._ __:, -7",:- -._-,----.'SOL.-AR COLLECTORS----'....--,-7i:T' -_ = -. '._-:1 - -2-, :-._I-- SEE-- GET- LEFT I- _ 7 ."---_' GLASS- ,:'--' PLATE FROM OTHER METALS , , = -

#711-

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LVALUME -_±A ---STEEL - ,. . - _ _poLLgcTo _- _ - HOUSING SLACK.CHROME.COATED _"FIBERGLASIS ,-:-_En-EEL ABSORDER PLAT -._iNSULATiON -- ., 1 MI WRAPS AROUNDCOPPER , "Lew -mimes US-" -r- Lennox Solairmatel spacb- and water- -- _- ,-- heating system uses transfer fluid to-car- r ry heat from-collectors to epaae-heatIng,:------' coll. storage ta9k; and water healer. . ;:--13aPkup Is oil- or 'gas-fired Lennox NI.- r i -nace or heat pump, plus water heater.- _ _:__ ;,; ,- -t-Coliector'steeke-absor erlate Acetail,, ------,rS T-O'_R A=,G- v ReLEAGE-8 Wove) Is formd around copper flow AuxiLIAFtv EXCESS itubes and sealed with solder,fillei. Cam. , ,- :. , _ -- ,- _ FURNICE E'XPANSION - SOLAR HEAT plate systdm will be offered .later,_this . _ HOT-WATER -.-1-' - -AUXILIARY_ DRAGE - HEAT EXCHANGER :WATER HEATER TANK- PUMP year; hot-water system (available:90w)- - . . costs from $1200 to $3000, Installed. . SPACE-HEATING COIL .. HEAT EXCHAOER

. _ -- Iowa-based Lennox Industries,, in 'cooperation with Honeywell, will marketa- complete 1-Solar-heatinepackage-(see-drawing)-throUgh-Lennox's 6000 dealersokldready,available:i hot-water system (average installed cost$1500). A dealer-trainini program covering the design, - installation, and servicing of solarLheatilig systems began this summer.

General -Electric, which-initiaLlY offered a flat-plate-colleeior with its solar-assisted heat-pump system (see drawing)( has now developed an advanced evacuated-tubecollector: GE plans to have the units in produelion at its Valley Forge plantabOtit the time. you.read this. r-

ITT's Fluid Handling Division offers pumps, heat exchangers,, and valves for solar heating . . , - systems. The company also provides a design manual to help contractorsand engineers plan solar 4D-

-- projeats. . Glass manutacturersOwens-Illinois and Libbey-Ownes-Fordare joining rivalPPG in the solar- fluid. 0-I is pdtting its Sunpak evacuated-tube collector on the market thishear. (see last month's _cover story ,for a description 0 tow prototype systems). LOF has taken a more conventional approach With its Sun Panela double-glazed flat-plate collector. . . 4

.Westinghouse's new Solar Heating and Cooling Division offers a solar-asOsted air-to-air heat Pump, using air-type. collectors made by Sunworks (see drawing). AlWeinsth, division manager, says a system costs about $10,000.

. And giant automaker GM, through its Harrison Radiator Division,. plans to developand market solar hot-water system in 1978. 0

.New, small companies Are introducing some of the most exciting innovations,however:

. Daystar Corp., founded only two years ago, has developed a flat-plate'Collector that features' an- ultrathiri-polymerstnicture-between -the-cover-glass-and-absorber--plate.--It-both.enhancea solar transmission, says Daystar, and reduces heat loss due to radiation and Convection. Atleast one independent engineering fimr rates Daystar's collector above all others tested. 120 :2--/ -A"; new idea in Control- stems complete' prepackaging. _Ecosol Ltd; offal- an energy:recovery '-system that includes -Tpumps,r-valves,-.7,electronic, controls, an air handler,- And a backup heat pump in a unit that very -much:researblesa conventional oil-or gas-fired furnace. That's- no accident. New trades are not going to be iNstalling solar heating- systems says EcoSol vice- president ,Bruce Aodin. We w ted a_ unit that would bejainiliar to electricians, plumbers, and heating contractors Price of Eco ol's model 101,system: $3900 to $4200.

0 DOMEISTie - - BOUT H-PACINO .r.o.re A OLEEB_ --EVACUATED OPTIONAL :- , .j'i4DFF-WATF-sSTNANK _ S Roor TLIEIC V TN _ LEXAN _ _ = DELECTWE _CUTER OLEMO TUUL _ _ SOLAR .,-f . E04TIND COLLECTORS 1-116H-TEMP_ : _- __ CTRL FIN INSULATION_ OTORAOS _ -12R.ZE ,-- TANK . TO HOUSE -- = JOINT HOT , WATER LOW- _ TEMP STORAQE -, TANK titL.14,, ;.

- FLEXIBLE

*cc

NTAKE : . HEADERS . . ,

. :.':-:'''--::'-.-: .:-,:,:-.::.-7 SOLAR -.------(= Soler input for G.E.'s solar-assisted niat-Onrnp.sys7:-,,,-, - HEAT ?--- _HEA-rip-ro u tern is provided by company`sneliv TC100---evecuated,..:-', -PUMP AND- ooL IN°, cdit..e._ : bibevollectors.-:Enon:167eq.7ft,:onlle0orgonsiSts.of,10 -.-,- 'PLUMBINO TO S FROM. ...-.._-, ..' '''' : '-.-"',..:!-' '.7 _ :. -,:tglass -,tnbest(481rk,lenO) rneunted!over-,siuminUrnre SOLAR HEAT..-:':_. .--,,,-..T ., . HEAT.PLIMP UNIT flector-:'Heat4ransfer' fluid .. circulates In ...two' copper----- XCI.-iANOSR:,-..j --. , -., _ ,. . - , : ' ".- ' ,- ---_,,inbeSinleanh.gless!tubelineet,above).--.G:Egys there. EXCHANO _,..-. ---,.-.7-.._ .--- -:- fitt, .. . . .,...-.: ,...... OLAR EXPANSION NI w--o-Ufd be no fluid leakage '-if glass tube were broken. pniTur-o-owN---rANK,,_.,- -7-'; TO :SUPpLY ' ,C.Ornpany,,sayS:..TC-100 supplies almost double ',the .--t enerdy70t,WflatOlete nollectoPrice:"abbut.$20/SO ft. . .

And Minnesota-based Sun-source Systems Corp. has developed a black-liguid systemthe collector structure itself is traiisparent extruded plastic with a reflective backing, a blackened heat-transfer fluid is the absorber.

Meanwhile, some companies are expanding their lines of. solar systems and components:

.PPG, which offered a Baseline solar collector with an aluminum absorber plate two years ago,. now -offers three different models standard collectors with copper or aluminum absorber plates; a Poll Plus collector for swimming-pool or domestic-Water heating; and a box-type collector f . for higher-temperature spice-heating purposes.

Grumman, the aerospace company, has been marketing solar space-and water-heating systems since late 1975 'see Solar. Water Heaters You Can Buy Now, May "76'. The company's Sunstream collectors were originally all-aluminum; now there's a version with copper tubing (see drawing).

Solaron, maker of the air-type space-heating system first reported .in our March '75 cover story; -now--offers -a-domestic. -hot-weer- systemalso with--air-as- the heat-transfer- med i um- (see ---- drawing). Solaron reports that it now has distributors in 42 states.

121 unworks; a _small independent 'company two years ago,. has since been purchased by ..TEnthbne-divisiciri of Akarco.-In addition JoitSlall-coPperliquid=type:SolectOr coilector, the:company.- now has an air versiom-

Revere; another' company -coveted our March '75 issue, has_ introduced its Sun Pride water-heating system, as well as a new Te-in-Strip collector absorber plate (see drawings), Revere 'offersc011eciorS -bothnevi- co struction -and retrofitting,7 Plus a special 'collector -fOr- swimming-pool heating.

About :a year ago, State Industries, the water7heater mantifacturer, introduced 1 solar -. water-heating system that featured two aluminum collectors, DowComing's silicon heat-transfer fluid, an 82-gallon storage tank with backup electric element, plus controls. Price: $1895. A 'second-generation Model recently unveiled uses a porcelin- and enameWinished steel absOrber plate with distilled water as the heat-transfer fluid. If temperaturies drop below freezing, and air pump forces the water out of the collector. Price_ of the new system, which carries a 1© -year warranty.: $895.

Rho Sigma; a company that specializes in solar controls, has introduced a ,proportional, control which, instead of merely providing -all-on or all-off control of solar collection, turns the heat-transfer fluid on and. off gradually, according to the temperature differential between ;Collectors and storage. Thii has advantages on days-Of low insolation, 'claims Rho SigMa 5 president ---'RObat-Sehleginger. ooLAR COLLECTOR 4 e =" DET RELOW) . OLVOOL PILL POINT . iSc INS ROULATI VALVE PUMP

STORAGE TANK DOUEI LS -yboLLE,T0R-FGAQCUITH"G' GLAZED FANGL . ATEMPERED GLASS r:

Solaron has added an ansonnen air -typehot-water PLATE- -system to its line of solar products. There are no freeze-up or AIR corrosion problemsCHANNE_ with this type of sys- ncvmnE tem, which uses wa- INSULATION -rusE-IN-emnip ter pump, blower, air- INSULATION to-water heat ex- 1-IE A T MANIFOLD MANIFOLD PORT exco-oANoco ,changer. Price, about C TYPICAL I EXTRUDED ALUMINUM HOUSING $11.00. Ratiireilatiiiffers Sun Pride; a complete voter-heating system with a glycoliv.rater heat-transfer fluid. Price of components, including two collectors and a storage tank is $950, The company estimates ifistalled price of $1500. 122 Solar, builders

_ The housing industry is hardly-talcing-secend place-in all this activity:

-Acorn Structures, the_ precut-home company, manufactwes a complete solar space- and, water-heating.system designed to fit its line of contemporafy homes (see drawing

. American Timber Homes has commissioned DonalaWatson (architect-for our March '75 , cover home) to deSign two solar-house packageS. The Solartran- liomes Sunworks deflectors for spade and water heating, plus a greenhouse for passive solarleating.

_ . Stanmar,- another maker of precut houses, says it will: custom - design solar homes for i Clients, using off-the-shelf hardware.

. A California builder; Blue Skies Radiant Homes, recently sold outits`firs solar subdivision. ce range of the home§f-537'900-ro-$46:4007---_

MI this activity adds up to some impressive statistics:

In the March '75 issue, PS listed 33 manufacturers of solar equipment ;a recent survey by PS staffers revealed nearly 200 companies-too many, in fact, for a complete listing in this issue. (To et our co Py -of the PS Solar Marnifa-ctUrer-sl-Iridex, see-the la-st-p-ai-a-giapli-of

Solir-collector production; which totaled 136,000 square feet in 1974, reached nearly two - million square_ feet in 1976, Richard Stoll, with the Federal Energy Administration's Task Force for Solar COmmercialization; estimates -that more than four million square feet will roll off the assembly linesin1977; Those figures do not include low-temperature (under 100 degrees Fahrenheit)'collectors for swimming-pool heating. According to Stoll, 3.875 million square feet-of this type of collector alone were manufactured in 1976.

And earlierlhis -year ,:arvard's William A. Shurcliff issued the 13th and final edition of his Solar-Heated Buildings: A rief Survey. Shurcliff says-he's quitting now because the number of solar-heated,buildinks is incr asing so fast. and duplicate designs are becoming increasingly common. Shurcliff's survey shows that by the end of 1971 here .were 24 such structures in the U.S. By the

end of 1976; the number had climbed to 286. "The number of solar-heated buildings completed in . the U.S. in 1976r-namely 146-exceeds the total number completed in all preceding years-namely a 40," he adds. A Federal. state, and loco. action

Government participation and encouragement is proceeding apace, hough not with the vigor some solar-advocates would like to:see. - While no legislation to benefit solar installations has been enacted at the federal level yet, at least 35 states have already passed or ape considering solar-related laws. TheSF range from property-and sales4ax exclusions _to so-called sun-rights laws. The latter would 'prevent your neighbor from planting a tree or building a fence or other -.structure that would shade a solar collector already installed on your property. (The city of Los Alamos, NM, has the first such -ordinancef Which-prohibits-casting-a shadow on a solar' collector between 9 -Lin. and = Fecteral agenciei are stepping up their solar-proMotion programs ERDA recently added SO = = _projects---to, 32 -already- ielectedi-in a five-year sOlar-deMonstration program-for nonresidential . buildings HUD- has just announced= -granti in its third-cycle residential dernOnstration program. Grants in cycles one and two went to projects involving more than 1500 housing units.'"

's business? ; s .{ r-, - 7 In a word: booming. Grumman's .16e Dawson described it recently as unreal=-one of our dealers in upstate New York just -sold solar systems for three homes, a library, and a medical building in one week. At =last count Grumman had-more than 70 dealers in 24 states and eanada. - G.E. 'says it has already sold out its' prOduclion of evacuated-tithe collectors through the end Of this year. And that -was before the company had even beguir, making them.

--" Bill Heidrich of Revere says that inthe first quarter of 1977 business doubled over the same . penod 1976.------Heidnch-sees-a-growing-nUmber-of-commencal-and-mdustnaHnstallations: "Initially, all our systems went into residential c" nstniction; now we're installing the,equipment in

'schools and hospitalk," he says. , Ray Williamson, Solaronis marketing administratoi, says that the company sold more solar gear in the second quarter of this year than it did in allot 1976."If we didn't have access to extra , manufacturing capability;" says-Williamson, "we couldn'tkeep up with demand.11______

And the price? . The initial investment in solar hardware is substantially higher than that for conventional space- and water-heating equipment, A typical solar water-heating system-With two or three collectors,- storage -tank, and contr011v-will run =fiom-$1000 to-la little over $20000, installed. Add space 'heating, with morecollectors' and larger. storage, and you're in the $500 to $10,000-plus bracket.

Charles -Pesko, Daystar's, marketing manager, says that :a present fuel prices Daystar's solar_ equipment has a payback period of eight to 10 years. (That's the time it takes file] savings to cover the cost, of the solar hardware.) Daystar's prices: $2000 'for a water-heating system; $8000 for a space- and water-heating system with 210 sq: ft. of solar collectors."We really need to get the payback' period` down to under five years to geeinto the mass market," says Pesko."Now-honestly -we're selling to an elite, first-on-the-block type of market." 3/Q'OO COPPER. auT- .FLOW TIMM. ... ouFpLy AND RETURN OUCTING ALUMINUM TYPICAL Ansoneen DUCTING PLATE

LOCK ACRYLIC COYER ti INSULATION' -!Vr.o; ALUMINUM, Aasoneen IS DUCT LOCKED AROUND COPPER' FLow.TUSEB. .11-1.N I SEE CET.) MGUNTING,SURFACE OUT SACK INLET / OUTLET ALUMINUM INLET / OUTLET RIDE INLET/OUTLET coNrvEcrrioNs FRAME CORKER. TUBE CONNECTIONS = Grumman's Sunstrearn division offers Finplank, a collector Sunwork, maker of all-copper liquld-type collector, also with copper flow tubes locked into aluminum absorber plate offers on air-tyPe model. which the company recommends for Price of 27-sq.-ft. model 60F collector: 3300. Origi- space heating. Absorber is selectively coated copper sheet. nal model 60A, with aluminum absorber! 9275. Collector (3 by 7 ft.) costs 012-14 a square foot. 124 I John Dixon,r_df,Dixon Energy-Systems, a New En and-bised solar manufacturer, puts it this sway sOlar !space ,lieatinek.,northern =climates is,notr._ yet _cost-effective.,'Solar_witer- heating,.however, is much..betteri- and that payback periods- of the order of 10=years are i_reasonable. Claikns of much shorter paYback,Peritls,' we think, are simply wishful thinking and will not be_ realized;lintil 'oil and electritity pnces_ haincreased considerably. This, of course, is Ve likely tp happen Over the next decade or so, and then solar-enemy will be very cost-effective. Dixon feels that solar equipment isn't 'going to come down-_ in price, however: "The manufacturer of collector's is largely a matter of cost of materials, not labor. Theinstallation, of course, is labor - intensive. But we don't expect thatithe materials used, in solarcollectors aregoing to -get less expeniive. Nor do we expect the cost of installation todecrease.Rather, all these costs are

ely to increase along with noranil inflatiOn: ,

Two recent government- sponsored- reports reflect the' consensus, on the present state of solar economics: . In a study prepared for ERDA, THE Mitre Co dicatd that solar could already compete. with eleairic -.heating in New York and in 12 other ci les-including Atlanta,-LOs Angeles,' and '- Seattle. But Mitre concluded thatsolar.would be cOrripetitive-Witli oil and gas-only if-the cost of installing the solar equipment was reduced 50 percent, or if these conventional fuels rise in price,

A dOiriPuteftear=n- -fro-in-the Ural-failof New Mexico predictS thatsolar will-be-cheaperthan--- Oil dr-gas M states',by 1985. In a study prepared for Congress' Joint gconarnic Committee; the team alsci Concluded that solar is already cheaper than electric heat for newhomes in 30 states.

Should you ko solar? Some factors to- consider -before you optforsolar:your space-and water-heating requirements; climatic zone; availability of sunshine; present fuel costs and, whatthey're likely to be in 10 years-if that fuel is still available; means of financing the solar equipment (ahigh-interest loan could cut deeply into any prbjectes savings); and whether there's a suitable location for solar collectors and other equiprgent- on your home or property. Asmed with these facts-(the sources listed at the end of this article will help you determine them), you're ready to talk to dealers and get quotes On vstems. To get your copy of the PS Solar Manufacturers' Index, send a stamped, self-addreised envelope to: Solar Index, Popular Science, 380 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017.

Have a question on solar heating you want answered fast? You cari dial the National Solar Heating and Cooling. Center toll-free: (800) 523-2929; in Pennsylvania, call (800) 462-2983.

Buying Solar, a booklet put out by the FEA, will help you decide if solar will Work for you. t's1-1.85 -from 'the- Superintend ent-o 1-Do cuin ents Govt Prin ting-Office;- Washington,; 20402. (stock no. 041-018-00120-4). 125 nerg-y: The Solar Prospect, by Dehts Hayes, ought to fire:up even.the' solar pessimist. The. -= booklet =is $2 froin-thei --Warla.kat :i776 ,MassAdhusetts''Ave .; NW,t,Na,shington,-DC 20036k ..,- , (Worldwatch Paper 11).

Designing and Building a Solar House, by Donald NAtson. This well3kustrated book-is $8 95tc_ =(paper); $12.95 (hard cover) from Garden Way Publishing'', Charlotte, Vt. 05445.-

"Home-Book by Bruce Anderson (see review in Shop Talk, 'Jan. 17 J.-$7.50 from CheshinkBooks, Church Hill, Harrisville, NH 03450.

= Solai:,Heated Elnildin& A Brief Survey, :13th --ed., by Shurcliff. Capsule descriptions of the .ficlar 'heating systems in 319 bid abroad. $12 frontWm. ShUrcliff,.19 Appleton' St., Cambridge, Mass. 02138.

Economic Analysis of -Solar--Water =and -Space 'fearing. Div. of Solar Energy, ERDA,1-1.85, Superintendeni of Documents,- US Govt. Printing Office, Wash" gton, DC 20402' (no. 060-000-00038-7).

-The 1977 SUN ,,Catalog,, a 126-page catalog of solar components from various manufacturers. $2 from Solar Usage Now, Box 306, Bascom,' Ohio 44809.

126 o lar basics

- A solar -_heating heating systemconsists of collegtors', water tank or rockpile interconnecting, Pipes _and /or ductwork, rand /orblowers,-confrots (differential therrhostats, i _ sensors), .-. pluauxiliary heat source (s as, or electric fuinace or heat pump. Thb latter are ,,,, ,-. need auge.riorYfair gating system; supply 100 percent ofyOur needs and be economically competi_ ____ . ._e. withwith` . ciitcfentiOiral;"sditrces,r-Mostcsysterns_ aim for 50:- to-'-'75 percent of total heating requirements.' (If a.SOfilfht-arrig system were designed to supply all your heating requrremerits in --',' the coldest monthg, it would be oversized for the balance of the heating season.) -4.`

The -heart of any, solar heating system is the collector; most oftdn, these are-flat -plate collectors-glaA- or plastic-covered boxes that contain a ,-metal absorber plate-usually copper, aluminum, or steel, or a eqmbination of these metals: Other types of solar collectors include -- evacuated-tube collectots. The sun's raySlieat up -the eoector's abSbrber plate, and a heatttransfer medium-a-1141dd or.. air-carries off this heat for heating either space or water directly; or to fictrage for, later' ukeLlzat fhight --- or during cloudy weather. ,. , An insulated pile of rocks is th storage maim m air type- systems awater tank stores heat . in liquid systems- A variation --. is the system 'developed by Dr. Harry E. Thomason, Which uses a -combinatioq-rOckfbcd'and7watek tank--_40S;7:Marf-2.74%,ThelYsterns-:are..'hivally= c.apable- of 'Wiring enough heat to carry_alhOuse through_ three -to five days of cloudy weather before the auxiliary = =

_heatino. systerrncomeson _ .

How much -collector you'll need dePends on how much -space (or water) you plan to heat. Rules'of -thumb: Colleetorarea shoulitequal one- third to one-half the siluare footage of the space to' -. Ebe heated; of one square. foot of .collector for every gallon of water fale heated daily.

,-,-.- i Air systems, xvhjle.not. subject of the leaking, freezing, And eorrosion problems of the liquid systems; do require- ulkier storage (rocks require.up to twice. he volume.. to hold thesame amount. . of-heat:as- water); -also, ductwork- takes up much. more spade than piping. -These,. may'be- primary --- considerations in retrofit installations And air. systemS.are not as well suited as liquid Systems for heating domestic watery (Solon, however,-1 claims, to have overcome this diiadvantage with its domestic system. : . , ?' Liquid- syste deal with freeze-hp .problems in one of two I 7

-The, colkctors ardgall exposed pipes automat icallY_drain when thele freezing:-

r,. The .heattransferfluid contauk..?arrtifr ge#, cos asp5ciapiquid. with a low freaing point. Dow Corning, for example, claims that its silicon-based fluid prevent& freezing, boiling, and corrosion problemsIt , can operate; says -Row, from = 0 .degrees Fahrenheit to +600 degree's Fahrenheit. 4 differential thermostat keeps -a solar system -working-coll6cting heat when the sun's shining, and storing it whqn it s''not.- Thisdevice-turns on a pump or blower when a sensor mounted,

.the 'aollectdis Inditates-that -thecollectors' aie hotter tban-storage,'When the collectors -are-cookr thah,storage; the differential therrnostate stops the circulation until the next suiviy day.

127 KRUSCHKE, SOLAR HOMESTEADING A BICiSPHE

'By F. F. Lindsley-

The house is not handsome !_but Dave Krdschke didrktiy to make it so'uated here in;fhe sand country 'north-c4ntralWiiconsin, it is, a succeisfulf-ind interesting-experiment :in--energy liomsteading7A's indoor enviroment that features solar heating arid indooeVegetable,:gardineing, .- even in wintertime. , - ' The day f walked in,to-tht Idrig'' w,Iiuiing (64 by nine feet ) ,was a typical spring day for.- "s areanot, cold, but not pleasantly warm either. When I went through the- heat-tra .eittrande, warm_th and caught the lush-aroma of growing things. I- savk '55-gallon -: _ =-e'ciiatkielfa;.inug .,,, ..-_, , , metir.druins, filled with five tons of water, sIde by side near the garden plot. Dave,, Krischke-calls- ,the_set-40,his_b_fosphet!e: ,=-_ =-- ; z-- _ _,...._ Kruschke made the house as simple and as,tiled as he could ItVotf-pole _cOnstruction (6x6 timbers) with plenty of insulation: six inches tWfooki!Otis foUr- inthis-'of'f6am in the exterior

plyWood w11s,,The house rests on a 3 1/2-ineh COhcrae.slab with two inches of foam insulation

underneath. Along the south edge- of ,.the--: tab_ runs the 4 1/2-foot-wide gardening trench, foam- insulated on bottom and sides, and,-illed wi arth.

The sun supplies half r Sun_ligl l fgrowing_ and heating _streams through-the loWer 5 1/2-63ot section -of the south- wall, which= is made of a double layer of four7rhil polyethylene sheeting over 42 2x2 trtits, A gOod

_ deal of _solar _enegineerhig 'went :into KrusChke's design. He estimates that this 1108 =square feet futh-walllleutor proMes.hiqome'with,sotn$:23-million Btu, annually. After calculging heat losseiciie deieriniried=that the only supplextettline.at he'd need could be providedby a wood stove. a

r , '-ixterior -viitat'aiiOwa the..sloblhg, of as. serves as a solar:collectorfor bothheat- :. aothirgr:(jtretcli of ,aobill wall that ihgand growing food. , -. : , . 1 28 _

;

-- ; _ _

= -Dave Kroachia wetereVogetables In indoor trough bedide__ polyethylene south wall d Water tilled metal drums store heat:

-...,t ,= = The stoveoutput is calculated at 2:4! million Btu' per year; at 45 percent efficiency, Kruschkepeeds about 54-million Btu of wood 'fuel, The sun, therefore, provides about half his total heating needs.

- As the sun -setr-watc he k_ e-devised: to -prevent the day's heat ,,f7 escaping back to the outside. Fle-_-spaps two-inch-thick foam paneIs in_ to_ place against the sIGpJIg

inner_ face i: of Wall,: A_short wooden_ arm, sprung by a scr'en-door hinge; _kicks_ up against top of each partel-tOItecUre it for ihe;iight:.,Not .perfectly _airtight,- but fairly y snug an_d_ e_f_fective, says- . =

Storing the h-eat--

At first, Kruschke had no means-Of storing heat, and the houselended to overheat during the day and tool off rapidly at night, As a' SalutiRN he installed those 21 water-filled-drums, Which absoi-61soTe of the daytime heat And releaseit more 'slowly at night (Even so, the house must still beyentifated during the dayThe, drums can store- about .100,000 Rti; but Kruschke admits their inefficieny: They are not -interconnected, and theivater in them doesn't Circulate.- _ -,: ' Kruscl-ilce itigs It this way On a day with good suriShinei the water in the barxels would; by

evening, be.. .,about a1:legrees at the bottom, 75 degrees in the middle, and A little over 85 at tcie UV.' In'lanuary, this : -. is not enough to get you thrbughlhe night, but if the fire ittel out, we - don't wake up freezing. -1tIt's s also nice in the sprinime, he adds, when the water temperature falls

-extreTely,--, slowly below 701clegrees. . -..-._tr . _

Doilarpand-caittsavings,- _

.._. _ :. _. . Translating all this into enesgy,saliggs- is not as simple as Davel. kes it sOuria.-- lie says: We - burn a litter wood in'OL-tober, a little in -!NtiVember, quite a lot in the iie3kthife months; a little in arkch, andei.. -almost- nonein April. He estimatei that be's.. saved $101'. in *fueloil over last year-dquivalent, he says, to 6 in natural gas and $249 ectricity. This suggests to me that his

insulatioir mUst be very effective. Even without. the, 25-mill '.n-Btu solar assist, his heating b41 would ------4-have-beeri-:ve-sinaltICinkchkeliasn't=-8Y-tlie-WAY,--pligegra-Valifebb-the-vegetableSThe _ . grew ark, consUmed.-*

= _- So e after thoughts

I have conflicting feelings about the project. True, the hou-se was inexpensive to heat and inexpensive to build (the overall $13/sq.ft. costs includes 51/2 acres, well, septic tank, and Numbing). Still, I was oppressed by the lack of window space, the single entrance d9or, the absence of a garage anct, shop spaCe. I am especially, dubious about a,heating,systern that doesn't tend itself. Of course, even the pioneers knew that windows waste heat, that doors cause drafts.

Nicely drawn plans for this biosphere are being offered for $3.95; order th directly from Dave Kruschke at Route 2, Box 34A, Wild Rose, Wis. 54984.

klso, a frined of Kruschke, formerly with the nearby Windworks alternatenergy research group, wants to hear from other homesteaders who are working along similar lines_ Send information to Steve Harischel, Box 85, Route 4, Waupaca, Wis, 54981_

13 K. D. TENTARELLI: FOCUSING COLLECTORS HEAT A NORTHERN HOME

By Edward Moran

Even during frigid New Hampshire winters, the sun can be commandeered into providing into p vidinglow-cost heat and hot water: So says Ken Tentarelli, 'this month's- self-taught solar do-it-yourselfer_ He devised a setup that includes motor-driven focusing collectors, thermostatic controls, and three-tank water storage. The system provides hot water for domestic and swimming-pool use, as well as space heating for a basement family room.

Motorqciriven collectors

Most rooftop collectors in use nowadayscite Llieflat l,lutc vailuty lot DIY er to assemble in his garage workshop.

But Tentarelli advanced another step of two, lie tell he needed a Alcatel .on.,entiation ot. sunlightinhis northern climate (latitude 48. deglees), so. he built and installed an array of semicircular reflectors that aim sunlight even more directly on the water-bearing copper piping. These reflectors can be pivoted by a small mow* to change their angle seasonally according to the sun's azimuth Total expenditures for the collector: only $3 per square foot. [Our October cover story details some of the principles rentarelli used in his coile..tor design

Thisisa closed loop system. A ]0/t) watkniatitiiree4,_ sonnioo 1.1; LOlktors and transfers heat to the pot,.rble water loop in the triple storage tank Gee diagram).

Tentarelli used 1/2" copper tubing in the collectors, for added thermal efticiey he soldered

LAT DEAriArDIR 0-MILSuNerrE DOUBLE LAYER A,A,P 13/4° SPACE coLLCDTDR ,iiCE DETAIL BETWEEN AT LEFT

II NOT wazI

54, 5t e. D.FIEG1 E5at LARNTA10 r=IE AT DIAT.

FOeueitegGOOloe400 a employ SetTlIL.INAJIA.farlect,f1 3 made ,t1 itI, ,5tAy SECO, , flashing tu aim sunight onto copper pipi.ig (above)Gear k.otoi(Iti 1 TANK .5 C.)5t , 051 I .00 0A. shown) pivots raflectors to adjust to sun's akimuthfloat rA,JIAting Rut. 4-1- !FRE, Insulated tank (right) warms baseman! room ,1551-5.6 I WATER I

131 I6--oz. copper strips aroundtile pipes, then sprayed all surfaces h Iligh-tepetature flat black paintthe variety that's used for barbecues.

To make the reflectors, he bent _aluminum flashing into asemicircular shape, and made a trough by gluing and nailing wooden stripsalong its length. He glued a d screwed plywood braces to the ends, and hung the reflectors onthe pipes (see diagram) so they can be rotated as needed. Lengths of twine serve as drive cables to the Airborne Sales motor,

Tests show collector temper, tures jumped by 2) degrees whenthe e[letatul3 were a was worried about oxidation of theflashing, Tentarelli told me, so 1 CApe inlented with test strips, too; chrome- plated aluminum, nietalliLedMylar, even kitchen alumin foilWhen Iopened upithe collectors mouths later, l found none of them haddeteriorated

The collectors are double-glahed. l wo ltialwall'a 40 mil Sunhte were nailed to theplywood framework that houses the plumbing (see photo). Beforenailing the sheets down, Tentarelli spread beads of sili, onrubber between sheet and frame to achieve a watertight seal The glaking doesn't sag even Linde' an cc anti snowlOad he reports tfuSetlient Ituruge tik.3

Down below, Wal.,1r3314)i,,..1 l.a.,1,S 1 _16... I 'tacit ...tuStAt15-gallon tanks art shbilictg...d toa IladCd IOU gallu.t g..ivalthedsteelink dial ft enclosed in a urethanc-iiisuLaedLadIllb, 1 h.; 'Jinn, y tank 4,01.441113 the aialficcLs-lbv.,tct I that circulates in the collector loopat a fat:: .;f ttrin gallons per intinitc1 he Acwittddly tank contains chlorinated watel: It stores heat and dasscs it to the let liary t.ntk that .;an l.econnect,.] manually as either a domestic water r'preheater otaatvittlrnil,g poui heat,'l ent,rclu toed the intittitank approach as a failsafe niecharnsinIf cum:A the priinall01 twiialy tank ,Ining. a lk.dkitwill overflow into the secondary tank an.' not ...ontaininatct11,nte3tIt.,,,'aLciHeat Inthe sciA)ridary tan!,is Ly natural lei dyllaillin " he says"I have in as Jed teinlieratine dill ei ...-414.03 as giLdt d5 Id dch. eb4;.t' cen p1111. ii) and se....c.,,da,y rbw

La .41 1,13 .),411G4; pump is St/11ti.1 411 difIL r 1 I -S ,i1 1,) degrevs TI,e Lone vive is cAticitiely napt)ntit int vein.tilt.. ,1,,tion in Int. into loop 1/11..11

132 the pump is off. Withoiithis valve, water could thermosiphon back up to the collectors at night, and gained heat would be lost.

Savings

Tentarelli estimates his system has saved him an average of 200 kwh per month over the past year. At 5¢ per kwh, that adds up to about $120. He's-been able to save.an additional $80 in propane for his above-ground swimming pool; last June, the family enjoyed frolicking in 82 degree solar-heated water.

To ask a specifk question, scud a e11,Solt °d[1t1leeel cnvclupcto K. l)1 cntdrulli, Woodside Dr., Atkinson, NH 03811 DINH KHANH: SOLAR BUBBLE KEEPS HIS WATER WARM.'

By Edward Moran

Dinh Khanh is no novice when it comes to energy conservation. In his nativeVietnam, he helped edit a UN publication (called, coincidentially, PopularScience) that promoted energy alternatives for- that Oil-short nation. After moving to Florida two years ago,he translated -a long-standing interest in thermodynamics into a workable and attractive solar waterheater for his hoine. And lie's working on an innovative alternative-vehicle projectthat we hope to tell you about ( in an, upcoming issue. Khanh.i.s heater is different from the rooftop-trim:cited flat-plate panel that's -currently the most common type of solar collector [see Five solar water heaters youcan build, PS, May'). Instead of pumping his water through yards of convoluted piping, Khalth does what conicslogically in his mild climate: He butts a 66-gallon water tank against the south wall of his home(sec photo and drawing), encloses it within an insulated bubble, and achieves water temperaturesthat arc, nothing to shiver at.

Materials cost about $180, and atter a )(cat -tation, the healer Ilan savcd ih, than Half of their water-heating bills. 'thisSc1111111CJ says Khaub, 1 f1it63ee an

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th ti..A t.... A 4 A144 a rays from sunrise to sunset (on lidlt of its ate ioi whcn pia ,cd'ou A u.ur4.It 6011.11 tilted according to latitude. Calculating tilt anble la511..pk, In6ttly aJd 10 Jeg,c,;:i of out latitude (The drawing shows a 45 degree angle of in lination, which isabout 15 degiccs more than the latitude of Gainesville, Fla )

I Ik I .1 A. 111. .,,a.,4 _.,14.4 1 1614..3 t,IIi41.2,; 4, ,./,1II 4. 411C114 II -6teeth. 144314)4 14414.114 ilitf :41 1,1i1.,11,(IIIa111 tie

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411.4 ILECTIVL SURFACE

LA LAM., .to FRAMEVORK

LATER (TO° ,

Insulated, enclosed 68-gallon tank Is butted against the south wan of house. reasonable temperature rise and heat retention thrdiigh the night. I recommend using oo gallon or 42-gallon tanks that have diameters between 16 and 20 inches."

The bubble's. framework isa sandwich, with aluminum on top (tor 1,11,.,,tion12 6a galvanized steel on the bottom, and fiberglass in between. The almainnin, placed four inchc., below the tank, is polished, and gives a concentrating ratio of about L5. The box's ends are formed with two 2x4 strips of pine. Insulation fur the tank's end caps is provided by two inches of fiberglass.and one inch of Styrofoam cut to shape and glued with a rubber adhesive.

tip,

ll lake aull,c, to 61,114.1 _ 1 11 al.A11/giCater piovid,d by plastics manulacturers When screwing the Plexiglas ill11,1.e A: large ishera with i +4bber cushions, and drill oversized holes in order to prevent cracking

IllsII.; inA null is 4%;wik; _Ia icIaLlvc.1),1.111,1 04,111.11c4 11,11141,11.4 .1it).., M1CCIIY,withut a heat exchanger. Ktianh feels that its usefulness coulu bc extei Jed 11l.01,1er areas if another layer of Plexiglas were added. (lie hasn't tried this. however; pal -paps 11 more northerly experimenter might test this out and shale his of tier findings in a future article )

then, poses no problem, Khanli tells on that it would 141,k; malty had walrtll.t t 65 gallons of waterabout five days with no .un at i.11 and art ambient f.rriptrature or degrees FahrenheitEven if this happened, the would Itavk, room to expand because at the top of the tank, an air bubble is left above the outlet orifice, which is located at the center of he tank and not the highest spot (see drawing'.)

Performance data

Proof thatthe Khanh heater can be a workable unit for millions of households is suggested by the following data Even on a bad day last winter, when outside-air temperatures ranged from 25 degrees-65 degrees, the solar tank supplied 90 degree water to the series -connected electric water heater, which raised it to a preset 110 degree level. Even after a night of subfreezing temperatures, the water in the tank remained at a comfortable 80 degrees overnight. And there have been days when the water temperatures reached 110 degrees in midafternoon, rendering the conventional heater superfluous.

Things get even better in wanner wearti,i ...lib 31/11116Kilii1111s116dt1;1was Lea L. d ul Smittt Community 'College in Gainesville. Over a two-week period in April, daytime water temperatures averaged between 135 degrees and 140 degrees, and nighttime readings slipped below 105 degrees only onceto register 98 degrees.

To take full advantage of thc, solar supply. low A., I11 tawily bathe, inthe evening, when temperatui6s arehighestAl.& as a step toward ,:unservation of resources, they have tlulited then dailyousuniption of hot water to the 6u gallons pro Wed by the tankabout ont;-third less than that used by the typical 141111):

I0 a a send . .1 1 1 L.

1 _11111;11,1,C(111111C Fla3 2001 S' ROTOR DEMONSTRATES WIND POWER

By Martin Greenwald

Wind energy will play a significant role in future power generating schemes. The number of Colleges and universities offering courses in wind energy machine construction, repair, and insulation continues to increase as-people become more aware of the possibilities of on-site wind generators.

We have developed prototype wind generators for inclusion in an alternate energy devices curriculum within the secondary school industrial arts laboratory. The design, construction, and evaluation of such devices provides students with various learning opportunities, including individual or group working conditions. Problem solving situations are encouraged with each design undertaken. Materials for this type of project are readily available, often at either minimal or no cost.

Designs. Most wind energy devices are either horixontal or vertical axis chinedepending on the axis of rotation of the blades, or rotor assembly. Vertical axis devices are generally less complicated to fabricate than horizontal axis models. Of various vertical axis designs, the Savonius, - or S rotor, configuration is simp16, yet efticient, for extracting useable quantities of powei from the wind. Depending on its size and complexity, the machine can either perform work, as in pumping water, or generate electricity.

fhe Savonius design was develo1.cd llic4,181> 19203 h_y 1 _avOlitnS 04-41 40iniander. He discovered that if two hall-,ylintleiz faciis in opposite airctions we,e mounted on a vertical spindle, the airflow through one would spill into the other, making the rotor assembly spin rapidly. The shape of the resulting airfoil and airflow path resemblettkrie letter S, hence the short form of the name.

Fig. 2 - The top bearing and generator drive mechanism fora small Savonius rotor. Fig.1 This smallthree-stack Fig. 3A full-size generator; the rotor configuration drives a small unit drives an automobile alter- dc generator. nator to charge a email bank of storage batteries. 137 Fig.1 shows a three-stack S rotor configuration. The rotors, constructed of two No. 10 cans, are placed one on the other. The cans have been split, in half, with the two halves offset approximately one-third their diameter to establish the airflow pattern necessary for rotation. Each stack is offset 120 degrees from the central axis of the machine to provide the proper air catching surface as the windmill rotates.

The center spindle is of 5/16" brass, silver soldered to each of the rotors. The top and bottom bearnings (in this case autoclave roller bearings) are welded into the top and bottom angle -iron ..!frames. A Slot-car Fig. 2ris attached to the top frame and is driven-by the rotation of the rotor

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Fig. 4 Discarded throw-out bearings and a motor- Fig. 5This smallrotoruses cycle chain drive provide a 1:10 power ratio. shaped aluminum sheet vanes.

Fig. 6G&vanized shim steel Fig. 7Close-up of top aide of drive shaft shows rotor; steel 'drill rods radiating mounting detail -of bearing assembly made from from the axis maintain Shape. cast-off automobile axle hubs.

138 L10 c assembly. The motor is a permanent magnet dc generator, and when connected to a milliarnmeter will register current output in direct relationship to either an increase or decrease in wind velocity. The combination of lightweight and efficient bearing surfaces enables the machine to respond to subtle changes in wind velocity, thus demonstrating the S rotor principle while functioning as an efficient electric anemometer.

Oh a larger scale. The full-size electrical generating S rotor (Fig. 3) is designedto withstand significant amounts of centrifugal. force built up by the rotor in high winds. The umt frv,to-oikis constructed from 6" x. 6" oak, fastened with hand-cut dado joints drawn together with 1Qlag bolts. Resorcinal adhesive increases the strength of all jointed structural members

Itic rt tors ale three 30 galoil drums 4avvil )11 halt on Lilt; pullatic c.4Cnla, adw tiotol la similar to Fig I Platforms. constructed horn 3/4" ('1) exterior plywood and .ealed with..:.po,Ny resin and two coats of oil base extesiot ciiaiiicl yli pla,;cd between cati Ntd,k of _mot is fastened to the platforms with 6" I. brackets and 5/16" ..utornotiile grade machine bolts.

is 1 I /L pip.,I ffil, diJ L60111163 4,, 011"/ (111.

Icdilicd 4,...k.C1)1. the pipeInc Lot A 53 A14 V dtikuniAlve 41torliaLoi 1,01,16 .4 motorcycle chain drive inek.hantsiliith p tali° Of.10 ditc,natui vccd (Fig 4) Sid)ida,,1 automotive ignition and diarging 11,,tni,)Is tis:d 1,)1 We battery charging cuLtili. onipletcd unit is anchored 24" in the ground and g.tycd at tow p,.lnta with 5/16" galvalth ,d 3tzd alti.itl Operating pi, va,ltng winch (A 1 2I 5' ,111,11,tib unit Nth plood,;c, thl,;(0dtc ,Ita)gc a 1111411 bank of al.t0110611C ag.; La1.1,;11,s awl Jc.liv1 ;1 :AMU lent 1..0.,i Lc/ up, talc snail powel Ek.Oia and lights

weld...d to th, top b1,11 bAto, . . A, , II hg 1,I At ,111,1 Gearing ab..semoly are Lt, Pig I

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a.)loi.sol,i,: 114 (I-16 I) I1i,i 111),,, . 1161 II hi,. 3 Is used to rt..1 the altern.dor uriv oatte. yta. gini; c.rcuit