Automotive Stirling Engine Mod II Design Report
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Converting an Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle to an Electric Vehicle
AC 2011-1048: CONVERTING AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE VEHICLE TO AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE Ali Eydgahi, Eastern Michigan University Dr. Eydgahi is an Associate Dean of the College of Technology, Coordinator of PhD in Technology program, and Professor of Engineering Technology at the Eastern Michigan University. Since 1986 and prior to joining Eastern Michigan University, he has been with the State University of New York, Oak- land University, Wayne County Community College, Wayne State University, and University of Maryland Eastern Shore. Dr. Eydgahi has received a number of awards including the Dow outstanding Young Fac- ulty Award from American Society for Engineering Education in 1990, the Silver Medal for outstanding contribution from International Conference on Automation in 1995, UNESCO Short-term Fellowship in 1996, and three faculty merit awards from the State University of New York. He is a senior member of IEEE and SME, and a member of ASEE. He is currently serving as Secretary/Treasurer of the ECE Division of ASEE and has served as a regional and chapter chairman of ASEE, SME, and IEEE, as an ASEE Campus Representative, as a Faculty Advisor for National Society of Black Engineers Chapter, as a Counselor for IEEE Student Branch, and as a session chair and a member of scientific and international committees for many international conferences. Dr. Eydgahi has been an active reviewer for a number of IEEE and ASEE and other reputedly international journals and conferences. He has published more than hundred papers in refereed international and national journals and conference proceedings such as ASEE and IEEE. Mr. Edward Lee Long IV, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore Edward Lee Long IV graduated from he University of Maryland Eastern Shore in 2010, with a Bachelors of Science in Engineering. -
Physics 170 - Thermodynamic Lecture 40
Physics 170 - Thermodynamic Lecture 40 ! The second law of thermodynamic 1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy There are several diferent forms of the second law of thermodynamics: ! 1. In a thermal cycle, heat energy cannot be completely transformed into mechanical work. ! 2. It is impossible to construct an operational perpetual-motion machine. ! 3. It’s impossible for any process to have as its sole result the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body ! 4. Heat flows naturally from a hot object to a cold object; heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object. ! ! Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps A heat engine converts heat energy into work. According to the second law of thermodynamics, however, it cannot convert *all* of the heat energy supplied to it into work. Basic heat engine: hot reservoir, cold reservoir, and a machine to convert heat energy into work. Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps 4 Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps This is a simplified diagram of a heat engine, along with its thermal cycle. Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps An important quantity characterizing a heat engine is the net work it does when going through an entire cycle. Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps Thermal efciency of a heat engine: ! ! ! ! ! ! From the first law, it follows: Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps Yet another restatement of the second law of thermodynamics: No cyclic heat engine can convert its heat input completely to work. Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps A thermal pump is the opposite of a heat engine: it transfers heat energy from a cold reservoir to a hot one. -
Internal and External Combustion Engine Classifications: Gasoline
Internal and External Combustion Engine Classifications: Gasoline and diesel engine classifications: A gasoline (Petrol) engine or spark ignition (SI) burns gasoline, and the fuel is metered into the intake manifold. Spark plug ignites the fuel. A diesel engine or (compression ignition Cl) bums diesel oil, and the fuel is injected right into the engine combustion chamber. When fuel is injected into the cylinder, it self ignites and bums. Preparation of fuel air mixture (gasoline engine): * High calorific value: (Benzene (Gasoline) 40000 kJ/kg, Diesel 45000 kJ/kg). * Air-fuel ratio: A chemically correct air-fuel ratio is called stoichiometric mixture. It is an ideal ratio of around 14.7:1 (14.7 parts of air to 1 part fuel by weight). Under steady-state engine condition, this ratio of air to fuel would assure that all of the fuel will blend with all of the air and be burned completely. A lean fuel mixture containing a lot of air compared to fuel, will give better fuel economy and fewer exhaust emissions (i.e. 17:1). A rich fuel mixture: with a larger percentage of fuel, improves engine power and cold engine starting (i.e. 8:1). However, it will increase emissions and fuel consumption. * Gasoline density = 737.22 kg/m3, air density (at 20o) = 1.2 kg/m3 The ratio 14.7 : 1 by weight equal to 14.7/1.2 : 1/737.22 = 12.25 : 0.0013564 The ratio is 9,030 : 1 by volume (one liter of gasoline needs 9.03 m3 of air to have complete burning). -
Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Robert Stirling
Stirling Stuff Dr John S. Reid, Department of Physics, Meston Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB12 3UE, Scotland Abstract Robert Stirling’s patent for what was essentially a new type of engine to create work from heat was submitted in 1816. Its reception was underwhelming and although the idea was sporadically developed, it was eclipsed by the steam engine and, later, the internal combustion engine. Today, though, the environmentally favourable credentials of the Stirling engine principles are driving a resurgence of interest, with modern designs using modern materials. These themes are woven through a historically based narrative that introduces Robert Stirling and his background, a description of his patent and the principles behind his engine, and discusses the now popular model Stirling engines readily available. These topical models, or alternatives made ‘in house’, form a good platform for investigating some of the thermodynamics governing the performance of engines in general. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction 2016 marks the bicentenary of the submission of Robert Stirling’s patent that described heat exchangers and the technology of the Stirling engine. James Watt was still alive in 1816 and his steam engine was gaining a foothold in mines, in mills, in a few goods railways and even in pioneering ‘steamers’. Who needed another new engine from another Scot? The Stirling engine is a markedly different machine from either the earlier steam engine or the later internal combustion engine. For reasons to be explained, after a comparatively obscure two centuries the Stirling engine is attracting new interest, for it has environmentally friendly credentials for an engine. This tribute introduces the man, his patent, the engine and how it is realised in example models readily available on the internet. -
Automotive Maintenance Data Base for Model Years 1976-1979
. HE I 8.5 . A3 4 . D0T-TSC-NHTSA-80-26 DOT -HS -805 565 no DOT- TSC- NHTSA 80-3.6 ot . 1 I— AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE DATA BASE FOR MODEL YEARS 1976-1979 PART I James A. Milne Harry C. Eissler Charles R. Cantwell CHILTON COMPANY RADNOR, PA 19079 DECEMBER 1980 FINAL REPORT DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22161 Prepared For: U. S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Research and Special Programs Administration Transportation Systems Center Cambridge, MA 02142 . NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern- ment assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse pro- ducts or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer's names appear herein solely because they are con- sidered essential to the object of this report. NOTICE The views and conclusions contained in the document are those of the author(s) and should not be inter- preted as necessarily representing the official policies or opinions, either expressed or implied, of the Department of Transportation. Technical Report Documentation Page 1* Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. _ DOT-HS-805 565 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Dote Automotive Maintenance Data Base for Model Years December 1980 1976-1979 6. Performing Orgonization Code Part I 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Author's) J ame s A Milne , Harry C. Eissler v\ DOT-TSC-NHTSA-80-26 Charles R. Cantwell 9. -
Feasibility Study Into Stirling Engines Application in Ship's Energy Systems
Transactions on the Built Environment vol 42, © 1999 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 Feasibility study into Stirling engines application in ship's energy systems S. Zmudzki, Faculty of Maritime Technology, Technical University of Szczecin, 71- 065 Szczecin, al Piastow 41, Poland E-mail: szmudzkia@shiptech. tuniv.szczecin.pl Abstract The possibility of utilization of solar energy as well as exhaust gas energy from main and auxiliary marine diesel engines for driving Stirling engines has been analysed. The Stirling engines are used for driving current generators. The solar dish Stirling units of 100 kW total effective power may be installed on a board of different type of ships. The system utilizing the exhaust gas energy has been provided with three-way catalyst which may lead to the reduction of emissions below limits established by appropriate regulations. 1 Introduction The Stirling engine belongs to a group of piston engines with so called external supply of heat energy, flowing then through metal walls of engine heater into working gas circulating in the working space. The heat energy supply may be realized or by means of direct effect of the high temperature energy source or by an intermediate heating system i.e. heat pipe or pool-boiler receiver. Thus, the design provides for the possibility of application of different types of heat energy of sufficiently large power. In particular, the advantages of Stirling engines are set off when using the alternative energy sources, especially waste heat energy, the operating costs for which are relatively lower in comparison with capital costs. In case of ship s energy installations, the solar energy available at appropriate geographical latitudes for ships having very large open deck surface / i.e. -
Motor Gasolines Technical Review Motor Gasolines Technical Review Chevron Products Company
fold Motor Gasolines Technical Review Motor Gasolines Technical Review Technical Gasolines Motor Chevron Products Company Products Chevron Chevron Products Company 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road San Ramon, CA 94583 www.chevron.com/products/ourfuels/prodserv/fuels/ technical_safety_bulletins/ Chevron Products Company is a division of a wholly owned subsidiary of Chevron Corporation. © 2009 Chevron Corporation. All rights reserved. Chevron is a trademark of Chevron Corporation. Recycled/RecyclableRecycled/recyclable paper paper 10M IDC 69083 06/09 MS-9889 (06-09) center The products and processes referred to in this document are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of their respective companies or markholders. Motor Gasolines Technical Review Written, edited, and designed by employees and contractors of Chevron Corporation: Lew Gibbs, Bob Anderson, Kevin Barnes, Greg Engeler, John Freel, Jerry Horn, Mike Ingham, David Kohler, David Lesnini, Rory MacArthur, Mieke Mortier, Dick Peyla, Brian Taniguchi, Andrea Tiedemann, Steve Welstand, David Bernhardt, Karilyn Collini, Andrea Farr, Jacqueline Jones, John Lind, and Claire Tom. Chapter 5 prepared by Jack Benson of AFE Consulting Services. Motor Gasolines Technical Review (FTR-1) © 2009 Chevron Corporation. All rights reserved. center The products and processes referred to in this document are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of their respective companies or markholders. Motor Gasolines Technical Review Written, edited, and designed by employees and contractors of Chevron Corporation: Lew Gibbs, Bob Anderson, Kevin Barnes, Greg Engeler, John Freel, Jerry Horn, Mike Ingham, David Kohler, David Lesnini, Rory MacArthur, Mieke Mortier, Dick Peyla, Brian Taniguchi, Andrea Tiedemann, Steve Welstand, David Bernhardt, Karilyn Collini, Andrea Farr, Jacqueline Jones, John Lind, and Claire Tom. -
Some Science of Balance © Tony Foale 2007
Some science of balance © Tony Foale 2007. Readers who started riding before the 1970s, will easily remember the incredible vibration that we used to have to suffer, particularly with British single and twin cylinder machines. In addition to that, we also had to endure quite severe vibration from road shocks generally because of poor suspension. However, with the advent of the Japanese multi-cylinder machines, Lanchester balance shafts and the drive towards better suspension, today we can enjoy a much greater freedom from annoying vibration. In this article, we will only consider the vibration caused by the engine. This vibration has two basic sources, the least severe of which stems from the irregular torque output of reciprocating internal combustion engines. However, the biggest problem is due to the inability to balance inertia forces due to the piston motion in certain types of engine configuration. There can be two sources of mechanical imbalance, they are; rotating and reciprocating. Rotating balance Any rotating object can produce nett rotating forces if not properly balanced. Typical items of concern to us, would be the clutch assembly, alternators, flywheels and crankshaft. These out of balance forces are due to asymmetrical mass distribution about the rotating axis of the object in question. The clutch, alternators and any external flywheels can be fully balanced. However, due to the needs of reciprocating balance, certain configurations of engine, rarely allow us to achieve perfect rotating balance of the crankshaft, single cylinder engines, for example. There are two aspects of rotating balance which need to be considered. These are usually termed static and dynamic. -
Firing Order of 4 Cylinder Engine Pdf
Firing order of 4 cylinder engine pdf Continue IT Stock Free/Polka Dot/Getty Images Building the performance of a four-cylinder engine is much more difficult than building a six- or eight-cylinder engine due to displacement. Larger engines simply transmit more air through the engine, leading to high pure horsepower and torque, thus saying: No substitute to move. However, it is still possible to get decent results with a four-cylinder engine with many techniques used in the motorsport industry. Install a blank and a full catback exhaust system to allow the engine to breathe more freely. The exhaust reserve is very restrictive on four-cylinder engines, and a lot of horsepower can easily be released simply by installing a larger diameter exhaust system. Replace the intake tube and filter with a cold air intake. The system of receiving air in the warehouse is very restrictive; It is designed to limit the amount of noise you hear under the hood. The cold air intake will re-route the intake hose to the front bumper, where colder, denser air will be directed towards the engine. Dense air ultimately means more air in the engine and more power. Install aftermarket camshafts in the engine. Stock consumption and exhaust camshafts are designed for high miles per gallon figure, not for performance, which limits power and torque. After- sales camshafts allow valves to stay open for a longer period of time, allowing more air to enter the engine to increase power. Install high compression pistons in the engine if you plan to keep a naturally aspirated engine. -
Michigan State Police Tests 1998 Patrol Vehicles
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center National Institute of Justice October 1997 Jeremy Travis, Director Michigan State Police Tests 1998 Patrol Vehicles he National Law Enforcement and Correc- Table 2 Ttions Technology Center (NLECTC), of the Vehicles tested National Institute of Justice (NIJ), provides law en- Vehicle Engine forcement agencies with practical information on Chevrolet Camaro (Automatic) 5.7L (350 cid) SFI equipment and technology. A pioneer in research- Chevrolet Camaro (6-speed manual) 5.7L (350 cid) SFI ing new technologies, NIJ, through NLECTC, en- Chevrolet Lumina 3.8L (231 cid) SFI courages and helps agencies to maximize their Chevrolet Tahoe (2-wheel drive) 5.7L (350 cid) SFI budgets, ensure reliability of product performance, Chrysler Jeep Cherokee (2-wheel drive) 4.0L (242 cid) PFI and safeguard their employees. The advancements Chrysler Jeep Cherokee (4-wheel drive) 4.0L (242 cid) PFI Ford Crown Victoria 4.6L (281 cid) SFI that emerge from the annual Michigan State Police Ford Crown Victoria (CNG) 4.6L (281 cid) SFI Patrol Vehicle Tests validate the success of these Ford Expedition (2-wheel drive) 5.4L (329 cid) SFI efforts. Ford Explorer (2-wheel drive) 5.0L (302 cid) PFI Ford Explorer (All-wheel drive) 5.0L (302 cid) PFI Every year, the Michigan State Police (MSP) tests Subaru Legacy Outback Wagon new patrol vehicles as part of its procurement (All-wheel drive) 2.5L (150 cid) SFI policy. This year, from September 20 through 22, the Subaru Legacy Sport Utility Sedan MSP tested nine special service package cars (two (All-wheel drive) 2.5L (150 cid) SFI Volvo S-70 T5 Sedan 2.3L (142 cid) PFI Turbo Camaros, two Cherokees, two Subarus, two Explor- Volvo V-70 T5 Wagon 2.3L (142 cid) PFI Turbo ers, and one Expedition) and six police patrol pack- cid = Cubic inch displacement CNG = Compressed natural gas L = Liter age cars. -
DIY Balancing
DIY balancing. I hope that the main articles on the theory behind engine balance have removed the mystic which often surrounds this subject. In fact there is no reason why anyone, with enough mechanical aptitude to assemble an engine, cannot achieve good results with some home grown balancing on certain types of engine. The only equipment necessary being a set of scales and a means of crankshaft support that allows for free low friction rotation. Traditionally, the scales were the balance beam type most often seen in chemistry lessons at school. However, modern electronic scales with digital readout have largely replaced those. Scales with a maximum capacity of 1 kg. and resolution of 1g. will do very well for most motorcycle engine balancing. Generally, one of three methods of supporting the crankshaft is used. 1. Parallel rails. 2. Overlapping rollers. 3. Centres – either in a dedicated holding stand or in a lathe. Parallel rails are illustrated in fig.1. Although simple to make, their alignment is critical. They must be parallel and horizontal in both lateral and longitudinal directions to a high standard. Those shown use a circular profile but best results are obtained with the working surface hardened and ground to a blunt knife edge shape to reduce friction. Rails should only be used with crankshafts that have identical main shaft diameters on each side, otherwise the crank will want to follow a curved path and some extra friction will be introduced. Fig. 1. Using parallel rails to check balance. In this case the rails are circular in section, the inset shows an alternative cross sectional shape preferred by the author, to reduce friction. -
A Critique of Disney's EPCOT and Creating a Futuristic Curriculum
Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Spring 2019 FUTURE WORLD(S): A Critique of Disney's EPCOT and Creating a Futuristic Curriculum Alan Bowers Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, and the Curriculum and Social Inquiry Commons Recommended Citation Bowers, Alan, "FUTURE WORLD(S): A Critique of Disney's EPCOT and Creating a Futuristic Curriculum" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1921. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1921 This dissertation (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FUTURE WORLD(S): A Critique of Disney's EPCOT and Creating a Futuristic Curriculum by ALAN BOWERS (Under the Direction of Daniel Chapman) ABSTRACT In my dissertation inquiry, I explore the need for utopian based curriculum which was inspired by Walt Disney’s EPCOT Center. Theoretically building upon such works regarding utopian visons (Bregman, 2017, e.g., Claeys 2011;) and Disney studies (Garlen and Sandlin, 2016; Fjellman, 1992), this work combines historiography and speculative essays as its methodologies. In addition, this project explores how schools must do the hard work of working toward building a better future (Chomsky and Foucault, 1971). Through tracing the evolution of EPCOT as an idea for a community that would “always be in the state of becoming” to EPCOT Center as an inspirational theme park, this work contends that those ideas contain possibilities for how to interject utopian thought in schooling.