Index of Branches of Science
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The Plant Press
Special Symposium Issue continues on page 14 Department of Botany & the U.S. National Herbarium The Plant Press New Series - Vol. 20 - No. 3 July-September 2017 Botany Profile Plant Expeditions: History Has Its Eyes On You By Gary A. Krupnick he 15th Smithsonian Botani- as specimens (living or dried) in centuries field explorers to continue what they are cal Symposium was held at the past. doing. National Museum of Natural The symposium began with Laurence T he morning session began with a History (NMNH) and the U.S. Botanic Dorr (Chair of Botany, NMNH) giv- th Garden (USBG) on May 19, 2017. The ing opening remarks. Since the lectures series of talks focusing on the 18 symposium, titled “Exploring the Natural were taking place in Baird Auditorium, Tcentury explorations of Canada World: Plants, People and Places,” Dorr took the opportunity to talk about and the United States. Jacques Cayouette focused on the history of plant expedi- the theater’s namesake, Spencer Baird. A (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) tions. Over 200 participants gathered to naturalist, ornithologist, ichthyologist, and presented the first talk, “Moravian Mis- hear stories dedicated col- sionaries as Pioneers of Botanical Explo- and learn about lector, Baird was ration in Labrador (1765-1954).” He what moti- the first curator explained that missionaries of the Mora- vated botanical to be named vian Church, one of the oldest Protestant explorers of at the Smith- denominations, established missions the Western sonian Institu- along coastal Labrador in Canada in the Hemisphere in the 18th, 19th, and 20th tion and eventually served as Secretary late 1700s. -
The Social Sciences—How Scientific Are They?
31 The Social Sciences—How Scientifi c Are They? Manas Sarma or Madame Curie. That is, he social sciences are a very important and amazing in their own way. fi eld of study. A division of science, social sciences Tembrace a wide variety of topics from anthropology A better example of a social to sociology. The social sciences cover a wide range of science than law may be topics that are crucial for understanding human experience/ economics. economics behavior in groups or as individuals. is, in a word, fi nances. Economics is the study By defi nition, social science is the branch of science that deals of how money changes, the rate at which it changes, and with the human facets of the natural world (the other two how it potentially could change and the rate at which it branches of science are natural science and formal science). would. Even though economics does not deal with science Some social sciences are law, economics, and psychology, to directly, it is defi nitely equally scientifi c. About 50-60% of name a few. The social sciences have existed since the time colleges require calculus to study business or economics. of the ancient Greeks, and have evolved ever since. Over Calculus is also required in some science fi elds, like physics time, social sciences have grown and gained a big following. or chemistry. Since economics and science both require Some colleges, like Yale University, have chosen to focus calculus, economics is still a science. more on the social sciences than other subjects. The social sciences are more based on qualitative data and not as Perhaps the most scientifi c of the social sciences is black-and-white as the other sciences, so even though they psychology. -
Outline of Science
Outline of science The following outline is provided as a topical overview of • Empirical method – science: • Experimental method – The steps involved in order Science – systematic effort of acquiring knowledge— to produce a reliable and logical conclusion include: through observation and experimentation coupled with logic and reasoning to find out what can be proved or 1. Asking a question about a natural phenomenon not proved—and the knowledge thus acquired. The word 2. Making observations of the phenomenon “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia” mean- 3. Forming a hypothesis – proposed explanation ing knowledge. A practitioner of science is called a for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a "scientist". Modern science respects objective logical rea- scientific hypothesis, the scientific method re- soning, and follows a set of core procedures or rules in or- quires that one can test it. Scientists generally der to determine the nature and underlying natural laws of base scientific hypotheses on previous obser- the universe and everything in it. Some scientists do not vations that cannot satisfactorily be explained know of the rules themselves, but follow them through with the available scientific theories. research policies. These procedures are known as the 4. Predicting a logical consequence of the hy- scientific method. pothesis 5. Testing the hypothesis through an experiment – methodical procedure carried out with the 1 Essence of science goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. The 3 types of -
Sari Et Al. 2012 J. Biogeography.Pdf
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2012) ORIGINAL Tracking the origins of lice, haemospo- ARTICLE ridian parasites and feather mites of the Galapagos flycatcher (Myiarchus magnirostris) Eloisa H. R. Sari1*, Hans Klompen2 and Patricia G. Parker1,3 1Department of Biology and Whitney R. ABSTRACT Harris World Ecology Center, University of Aim To discover the origins of the lice, haemosporidian parasites and feather Missouri-St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63121, 2 mites found on or in Galapagos flycatchers (Myiarchus magnirostris), by testing USA, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State whether they colonized the islands with the ancestors of M. magnirostris or if University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA, they were acquired by M. magnirostris after its arrival in the Galapagos Islands. 3 Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute, St Louis, Location The Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) and north-western Costa Rica. MO, 63110, USA Methods We collected lice, feather mites and blood samples from M. magni- rostris on seven of the Galapagos Islands (n = 254), and from its continental sister species, M. tyrannulus, in Costa Rica (n = 74), and identified them to species level using traditional taxonomy and DNA sequencing. Results The blood parasites from the two bird species were different: Plasmo- dium was found only in M. tyrannulus, while a few individuals of M. magnirostris were infected by Haemoproteus multipigmentatus from Galapagos doves (Zenaida galapagoensis). Myiarchus tyrannulus was parasitized by three louse species, two of which (Ricinus marginatus and Menacanthus distinctus) were also found on Myiarchus magnirostris. We also collected one louse specimen from M. magnirostris, which was identified as Brueelia interposita, a species commonly found on finches and yellow warblers from the Galapagos, but never recorded on M. -
Karl Jordan: a Life in Systematics
AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Kristin Renee Johnson for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of SciencePresented on July 21, 2003. Title: Karl Jordan: A Life in Systematics Abstract approved: Paul Lawrence Farber Karl Jordan (1861-1959) was an extraordinarily productive entomologist who influenced the development of systematics, entomology, and naturalists' theoretical framework as well as their practice. He has been a figure in existing accounts of the naturalist tradition between 1890 and 1940 that have defended the relative contribution of naturalists to the modem evolutionary synthesis. These accounts, while useful, have primarily examined the natural history of the period in view of how it led to developments in the 193 Os and 40s, removing pre-Synthesis naturalists like Jordan from their research programs, institutional contexts, and disciplinary homes, for the sake of synthesis narratives. This dissertation redresses this picture by examining a naturalist, who, although often cited as important in the synthesis, is more accurately viewed as a man working on the problems of an earlier period. This study examines the specific problems that concerned Jordan, as well as the dynamic institutional, international, theoretical and methodological context of entomology and natural history during his lifetime. It focuses upon how the context in which natural history has been done changed greatly during Jordan's life time, and discusses the role of these changes in both placing naturalists on the defensive among an array of new disciplines and attitudes in science, and providing them with new tools and justifications for doing natural history. One of the primary intents of this study is to demonstrate the many different motives and conditions through which naturalists came to and worked in natural history. -
150 Years of Research at the United States Department of Agriculture
United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service 150 Years of Research at June 2013 the United States Department of Agriculture: Plant Introduction and Breeding I Cover photo: The stately building that once housed the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, D.C., ca. 1890. (This photo is preserved in the USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library.) II United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service 150 Years of Research at June 2013 the United States Department of Agriculture: Plant Introduction and Breeding R.J. Griesbach Griesbach is Deputy Assistant Administrator, Office of Technology Transfer, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD. i Abstract Griesbach, R.J. 2013. 150 Years of Research at the While supplies last, single copies of this publication United States Department of Agriculture: can be obtained at no cost from Robert J. Griesbach, Plant Introduction and Breeding. U.S. Department USDA-ARS, Office of Technology Transfer, 5601 of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4-1159, Beltsville, MD Washington, DC. 20705; or by email at [email protected]. The U.S. Department of Agriculture celebrated its Copies of this publication may be purchased in various 150th anniversary in 2012. One of the primary formats (microfiche, photocopy, CD, print on demand) functions of the USDA when it was established in 1862 from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 was “to procure, propagate, and distribute among the people new Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, (800) 553- and valuable seeds and plants.” The U.S. Government first 6847, www.ntis.gov. became involved in new plant introductions in 1825 when President John Quincy Adams directed U.S. -
A Very Useful Guide to Understanding STEM
A Very Useful Guide to Understanding STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) By Delphine Ryan Version 2.0 Enquiries: [email protected] 1 © 2018 Delphine Ryan – A very useful guide to understanding STEM INTRODUCTION Imagine a tree with many branches representing human knowledge. We could say that this knowledge may be split into two large branches, with one branch being science and the other being the humanities. From these two large branches, lots of smaller branches have grown, and each represent a specific subject, but are still connected to the larger branches in some way. What do we mean by the humanities? The humanities refers to the learning concerned with human culture, such as literature, languages, history, art, music, geography and so on, as opposed to science. A science is an organised collection of facts about something which have been found by individuals and groups of individuals looking into such things as how birds fly, or why different substances react with each other, or what causes the seasons of the year (different temperatures, amount of daylight, etc.). More on this will be discussed in this booklet. In the following section, I aim to give you a balanced explanation of what we call the STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) in order to help you decide which career path would be best for you: a career in the sciences or in the humanities. I will also talk about art and its relationship to STEM subjects. And finally, I aim to give you a balanced view of the relationship between the sciences and the humanities, and to demonstrate to you, in the final section, how these two large branches of human knowledge work together, always. -
Introduction to the History of Science
Intro duc tion to the His to ry of Scien ce . Vol. I, from Homer to Omar Khayyam. By George Sarton, Associate in the History of Science, Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C. Pub- lished for the Carnegie Institution. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins Company, 1927. In the introductory chapter to this truly magnificent volume Dr. Sarton, the author, who has already done so much for the history of science by his able editorship of Isis, states that his purpose is to explain briefly, yet as com- pletely as possible, “the development of science, that is of systematized positive knowledge.” He is careful to state that his work will contain but few references to political or economic history, nor to the history of art, not because of any lack of appreciation of their great importance but because there already exist many excellent books dealing with them. On the other hand he does devote much space to the history of religion because we cannot understand the intellectual background of a people without a study of its religious problems and ideas. This is obvious to the most superficial observer if he considers the way in which medieval thought was completely dominated by theological conceptions; “Theol- ogy was at once the core of science and the prop of religion.” Although music is now more generally con- sidered as an art than a science yet Sarton finds it is necessary to incorporate some material concerning its history, recalling that it was one of the main divisions of the quadrivium which dominated medieval education. Much impor- tance is also due to the early history of philology. -
René Antoine Ferchault De Réaumur (1683–1757), a Naturalist and Pioneer of Acarology and His Contacts with Poland
BIOLOGICAL LETT. 2016, 53(1): 9–17 Available online at: http:/www.degruyter.com/view/j/biolet DOI: 10.1515/biolet-2017-0002 René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757), a naturalist and pioneer of acarology and his contacts with Poland PIOTR DASZKIEWICZ Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nowy Świat 72, 00-330 Warsaw, Poland; and National Museum of Natural History, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris France; e-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author: Piotr Daszkiewicz, e-mail: [email protected] (Received on 7 January 2016; Accepted on 12 July 2016) Abstract: René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur was one of the most important scientists of the Age of Enlightenment. His relations with Polish scientists are analysed, with particular reference to Franciszek Bieliński (Grand Marshal of the Crown), Konstanty Franciszek Fremel (a Saxon specialist of glass tech- nology in Poland), and Johann Ernst Stieff (a Silesian scientist). Réaumur’s work on mites is discussed in the context of his entomological publications. For the first time, illustrations of mites drawn by Claude Aubriet (from Réaumur’s collection) are reproduced here. INTRODUCTION: RÉAUMUR’S SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH The 18th century marked a revolution in the natural sciences. The cabinets of curiosities, i.e. collections of natural history specimens, became more and more im- portant then. Descriptions of those collections resulted in many zoological, mineral- ogical, and botanical works. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) proposed the new rules of nomenclature and systematics: it was the beginning of the modern taxonomic system that we still use today. The work of Antoine Lavoisier revolutionized chemistry. -
A Glossary of Botanic Terms, with Their Derivation and Accent
A GLOSSARY OF BOTANIC TERMS WITH THEIR DERIVATION AND ACCENT BY BENJAMIN DAYDON JACKSON LONDON DUCKWORTH & CO. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 1900 CONTENTS Pages PREFACE v-xi Plan of the Work ... xii GLOSSARY .... 1-294 Additions during Printing . 295-319 APPENDIX— A. Signs and Abbreviations ..... 322 B. The Pronunciation of Latin and Latinized Words . 322 C. The Use of the Terms "Right" and "Left" . 323 D. Bibliography . .... 324-326 ERRATA ... ... 327 " Every other authout may aspire to praise, the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach." De Samuel Johnson. PEEFACE Nearly thirty-nine years ago Dr M. C. Cooke published his " Manual,'' which reached a second edition nine years afterwards. Since then no botanic dictionary has been published in Britain, while during the period which has passed since then botany has undergone a momentous change. While systematic botany has been actively prosecuted, the other departments of morphology, physiology and minute anatomy have been energetically pursued by the help of improved appliances and methods of investigation. One result has been a large increase of technical terms, which are only partially accounted for in the various text-books. The time seemed therefore ripe for a new Glossary which should include these terms, and, encouraged by the help of many botanic friends, I have drawn up the present volume. After the work had been partly written, and announced for publication, Mr Crozier's " Dictionary " first came under my notice. I have consequently compared it with my manuscript, and inserted many words which had not come within my knowledge, or had been rejected by me, as will be seen by the acknowledgment in each case. -
Medical Entomology in Brief
Medical Entomology in Brief Dr. Alfatih Saifudinn Aljafari Assistant professor of Parasitology College of Medicine- Al Jouf University Aim and objectives • Aim: – To bring attention to medical entomology as important biomedical science • Objective: – By the end of this presentation, audience could be able to: • Understand the scope of Medical Entomology • Know medically important arthropods • Understand the basic of pathogen transmission dynamic • Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) In this presentation • Introduction • Classification of arthropods • Examples of medical and public health important species • Insect Ethology • Dynamic of disease transmission • Other application of entomology Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Definition • Entomology: – The branch of zoology concerned with the study of insects. • Medical Entomology: – Branch of Biomedical sciences concerned with “ArthrobodsIn the past the term "insect" was more vague, and historically the definition of entomology included the study of terrestrial animals in other arthropod groups or other phyla, such, as arachnids, myriapods, earthworms, land snails, and slugs. This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use. • At some 1.3 million described species, insects account for more than two-thirds of all known organisms, date back some 400 million years, and have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on earth Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Arthropods and Human • Transmission of infectious agents • Allergy • Injury • Inflammation • Agricultural damage • Termites • Honey • Silk Medical Entomology in Brief- Dr. Aljafari (CME- January 2019) Phylum Arthropods • Hard exoskeleton, segmented bodies, jointed appendages • Nearly one million species identified so far, mostly insects • The exoskeleton, or cuticle, is composed of chitin. -
Some Central Pacific Crustaceans by CHARLES HOWARD EDMONDSON Bernice P
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM HONOLULU, HAWAII I Volume XX August 29, 1951 NumJ>er 13 Some Central Pacific Crustaceans By CHARLES HOWARD EDMONDSON BERNIce P. BtSHOJ' MOSEtrM INTRODUCTION The following report on crustaceans selected from materia1lwhich has accumulated in Bishop Museum for several years inc1uder (1), new species, (2) known species as new Hawaiian records, an,(i (3) known species rarely recorded in the central Pacific. Recently, valuable collections have been received as a result of the current dredging operations of the M alliin, a boat of the Fi hand Game Division, Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry. These collections clearly reveal the presence of a crustacean fauna a ut the Hawaiian Islands. at depths of about 10 fathoms and beyond, which is not seen on the shallow reefs. Many of the unique species taken nearly 50 years ago by the Albatross of the United States Fis Com~ mission have again been brought to view. Other rare crustaceans recorded in the report were receive1 from the Honolulu Aquarium and came from fish traps operated b~ com mercial fishermen off the coast of Oahu at depths ranging aro~nd 16 fathoms. These specimens show that fauna at these depths har close affinities with that of the western Pacific and the Indian Ocej. It is well known that many organisms, both land and marine ~orrns, have been introduced into the Hawaiian area within recent I.years, chiefly as a result of war activities. Ocean-going craft returning to Hawaii from forward areas in the Pacific transport on theil' hulls marine organisms not previously recognized among local shore fauna, and some of these inunigrants become established in the new e9viron ment.