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'The Movement' in South Australia

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'The Movement' in South Australia The Origins and Early Years of ‘The Movement’ in South Australia: 1932-48 Malcolm n January 1946 the term ‘the Cold War’ was hardly known in the Western world let alone in South Saunders Australia.1 True, the English novelist George Orwell Ihad used the expression to describe the ideological confrontation between the West and the Soviet Union in an essay published in October 1945, but it would have registered on the minds of very few South Australians.2 This was before the former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill’s famous speech in Fulton, Missouri, in March 1946, that ‘an iron curtain’ was descending across Europe separating the capitalist world from the communist bloc. And it was more than a year before American financier and presidential adviser Bernard Baruch delivered another famous speech in the USA in April 1947 declaring that ‘we are today in the midst of a cold war’.3 Churchill’s speech is often considered as marking the beginning of the Cold War while Baruch’s marks the point from which the term came to be popularised. In South Australia, before any of these events, battlelines not merely between communists and anti-communists but between Catholic anti-communists and others (principally the Labor left and Protestants) had been drawn. Even before it was appreciated that the Cold War had begun, Catholics had begun to organise against communists and leftists in the labour movement in this state; Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia, No. 40, 2012 81 The Origins and Early Years of ‘The Movement’ in South Australia: 1932-48 anti-communist cells (or ‘groups’) had been each has had a somewhat loftier aim: Hepworth formed in numerous trade unions; the long- to describe the cultural and intellectual milieu in serving left-wing secretary of the state branch the Catholic Church in which The Movement of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) had been developed; Warhurst to explain why in the mid toppled and a Catholic installed in his place; and a 1950s the Archdiocese of Adelaide refused to war of words between Catholic anti-communists support the creation of a political party in South and their many enemies and critics had raged in Australia based on The Movement; and Laffin the letter columns of Adelaide’s principal daily to detail (and to a great extent laud) the role of newspapers. Long before the wartime alliance of the Catholic Archbishop of Adelaide (Matthew the capitalist and communist nations against the Beovich) during The Movement era.4 Yet none fascist powers had broken up, the elements of a has provided us with a detailed account of its new conflict could be clearly discerned in South origins, achievements, and successes before, Australia’s labour movement. during, and immediately after World War Two. For this a narrative approach is almost In Australia, no less than in other countries of the mandatory. Western world, Catholics loathed the militant atheism and materialism of communism and were By its very nature, The Movement had a murky in the forefront of moves to oppose the influence past. Nevertheless, what will be seen is that, of communists. The focus of the Catholic right long before it was formally established in South was always on communist influence in the trade Australia shortly after World War Two, an ethos union movement and through it the ALP. This of virulent anti-communism had been fostered was because, while the Communist Party almost in the relatively small Catholic community in always attracted negligible support at federal this state. By late 1945 Catholic members of the and state elections, since the late 1930s it had Labor Party had been decisive in achieving several controlled several key unions, especially in the successes in their struggle against communists eastern states, and by 1945 had come close to in the labour movement. True, the ascendancy controlling the Australasian Council of Trade of the Catholic right in South Australia’s Labor Unions. It was in response to the evidence that Party was short-lived; by the end of 1946 the communist power in Australia was suddenly state branch was firmly under the control of growing that a clandestine and secretive group the centre-left and was to remain so for most within the Catholic Church was launched in of the second half of the twentieth century. But Melbourne in the early 1940s. Its founder was sixty to seventy years later, the right – many of the young, gifted, and charismatic Catholic whom are Catholics – are widely believed to lawyer B.A. (‘Bob’) Santamaria. dominate the South Australian branch and to be able to determine who should be the Labor This article, then, seeks above all to outline premier of the state. What is far less appreciated and explain the establishment of the South is that the numbers men of the right today are Australian section of the organisation that the direct heirs of the young Catholic men (and ten to fifteen years later would become the fewer women) who fought communists (and formally known as the Catholic Social Studies anyone they perceived as their supporters) in the Movement (CSSM) and popularly known as unions and the Labor Party in the 1940s and simply ‘The Movement’ or ‘The Show’. Several 1950s. Arguably, the foundations for whatever scholars – most notably John Hepworth, John influence that Catholics have in the state branch Warhurst, and, most recently, Josephine Laffin of the Labor Party today were laid in the 1930s – have written about The Movement in South and 1940s. Australia from one perspective or another, but 82 Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia, No. 40, 2012 The Origins and Early Years of ‘The Movement’ in South Australia: 1932-48 Origins and early victories of The Movement occurred in 1934 when the Guild invited him, in South Australia as a member of the Campion Society, to address Having said this, it is virtually impossible to a Catholic audience in Adelaide.9 Over the pinpoint exactly when The Movement was formed next ten years the young Santamaria – he was in South Australia. Former National Civic Council only 19 in 1934 – travelled to South Australia operative Gerard Henderson has pointed out that numerous times to speak to groups of Catholics, Santamaria, in his many accounts, has suggested becoming a close friend of Paul McGuire and at least five dates as to when The Movement perhaps even staying with the McGuires. From was inaugurated nationwide from Victoria.5 But late 1941, when the first meetings to discuss The Santamaria, equally correctly, had much earlier Movement were held in Melbourne, Santamaria made the point that its establishment was more regularly visited Adelaide as national director an evolution than an easily identifiable event; it of the National Catholic Rural Movement passed through several stages.6 What was true of (a leading Catholic Action organisation) to Victoria was no less true of South Australia. speak at its annual state conferences.10 Almost certainly on all occasions he visited Adelaide he The roots of The Movement in South Australia inspired many young Catholics with the beliefs can be traced back to at least 1932-33 when that Christianity was under threat, Catholic the husband-and-wife team of Paul and Christianity especially so, and that it was the Margaret McGuire, with the help of a few duty of committed Catholics to help fight priests, founded the Catholic Guild for Social atheistic communism. Studies (CGSS) in Adelaide.7 This was perhaps the most active of a number of societies being The vital years of the CGSS (1930s) and the formed at that time under the rubric of Catholic NCRM (early 1940s) must therefore be seen Action, whose broad purpose was to foster the as the time when the seeds of The Movement spiritual, intellectual, and social development of in South Australia were sown. Certainly, by the Catholics. Throughout the mid and late 1930s closing years of World War Two, there were Guild members studied social issues and trained many Catholics actively opposing communist as public speakers. No insignificant society, the influence in the state branch of the Labor Party guild attracted two thousand Catholics, mainly and in their own trade unions. In the early young people, at one event in its first year. Paul 1960s two political scientists at the University McGuire, born in Petersburg (Peterborough) in of Adelaide, R. Hetherington and R.L. Reid, 1903, was a prolific and versatile writer.8 Like produced a study that has been the starting- Santamaria, he took inspiration from Pope point for many an essay on the political history Pius XI’s papal encyclical, Quadragesimo Anno of South Australia in the immediate post- (1931), which implored Catholics to oppose war period.11 Reflecting on the 1940s they ‘totalitarian communism’, and was greatly observed that in 1944-45 the right dominated affected by the attacks on the Catholic Church the ALP in South Australia (although it was during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39). Until increasingly being challenged by the centre and he joined the armed forces in World War Two, the left). Through regular attendance and sheer he was the driving force and face of Catholic determination, the right, ‘mostly Catholics’, Action in South Australia. controlled numerous sub-branches and even set up ‘ghost’ sub-branches, which enabled it Another strong influence was, of course, to maximise the number of delegates it could Santamaria himself. According to Catholic send to the annual convention and thereby Church historian Margaret Press, Santamaria’s exert an influence out of all proportion to its first known appearance in South Australia real numbers. Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia, No.
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