Graduate School of Education

HIGHER EDUCATION IN REGIONAL AND RURAL : DISTRIBUTION, PROVISION AND ACCESS

Jenny Chesters, Hernan Cuervo and Katherine Romei AUTHORS Dr Jenny Chesters A/ Prof. Hernan Cuervo Ms Katherine Romei

The ISBN: 978 0 7340 5590 3 Date: May 2020

Youth Research Centre Melbourne Graduate School of Education The University of Melbourne, Vic 3010

To cite this report: Chesters, J., Cuervo, H. and Romei, K. 2020 in Regional and Rural Victoria: Distribution, Provision and Access. Youth Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Youth Research Centre

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Youth Research Centre, the Melbourne Graduate School of Education, or the University of Melbourne.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report was funded an MSGE 2019 Development Award granted to Dr Jenny Chesters. Photos: Jenny Chesters.

2 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education CONTENTS

1. Introduction 4

2. Literature review 6

3. Higher education in the regions 8

4. Availability of courses in regional Victoria 15

5. Conclusion 16

6. References 17

7. Appendices 19

Access to university 3 1. INTRODUCTION

Research indicates that students living in regional, rural and Equality of opportunity is dependent upon the availability, remote areas may be disadvantaged on at least two levels: family accessibility and affordability of study options in one’s local socioeconomic status (SES) and geographic location. Due to community (HREOC 2000), therefore, without access to educational changes in the labour market that have resulted in an increasing opportunities, regional and rural students may be unable to fulfil demand for university-educated workers across , the their aspirations for further studies after completing secondary concentration of higher education institutions in capital cities school. perpetuates inequalities related to location. Despite policy efforts to increase the number of young people completing higher In 2017, the proportion of the undergraduate student population education degrees, students living in regional, rural and remote with a family home address located in regional/ remote areas locations continue to lag behind their metropolitan counterparts ranged from 11.9% in Western Australia to 69% in the Northern in terms of educational outcomes (Bradley et al. 2008; Halsey 2018; Territory (DESE 2020). In Victoria, the percentage was 18.4%. Table James et al. 2008; RRC 2011). As contemporary labour market 1.1 lists the percentages of non-urban students for each university opportunities in regional and rural areas are more likely to be in the located in Victoria. The University of Melbourne, , service sector, access to higher education has become increasingly , , RMIT, Swinburne University important for regional and rural youth (Kilpatrick et al. 2019). of Technology and Victoria University are located in Melbourne. Federation University is based in the second largest regional city It has long been established that one of the main barriers to in Victoria, . It also has campuses in suburban areas of engagement with higher education studies is the lack of family Melbourne and in Churchill, located in the . Apart resources (Bradley et al. 2008; Halsey 2018; James 2002). The from its main campus in the Melbourne suburb of Burwood, Deakin extra financial costs for low SES students who want to relocate University also has campuses in the largest regional city in Victoria, to continue their education means that they need financial and in nearby Waurn Ponds as well as in . La support from their families and/ or a paid job. Although some Trobe University is located in the Melbourne suburb of Bundoora claim that students located in regional, rural and remote areas and also has campuses located in Albury-, , lack aspirations to engage with higher education (Bradley et al. and . Albury-Wodonga also hosts a campus 2008; Halsey 2018), others have found that young people do not of . The twin cities of Albury-Wodonga lack aspirations for university study, rather they lack access to straddle the border between Victoria and NSW. universities (Corbett & Forsey 2017; Cuervo et al. 2019; Dalley-Trim & Alloway 2010).

TABLE 1.1 PERCENTAGE OF STUDENT POPULATIONS FROM REGIONAL/REMOTE AREAS IN VICTORIA IN 2017

University % of students from regional/remote areas Victoria University 8.3 RMIT 10.1 Monash University 11.0 University of Melbourne 12.6 Swinburne University of Technology 16.9 Deakin University 23.0 La Trobe University 31.0 Federation University 65.3 Victoria overall 18.4 Australia 21.7

Source: DESE (2020) Higher Education Statistics, Institutional Student Equity Performance Data, 2009 to 2017

4 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education Access to university 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The under-representation of students from regional/ rural Traditionally preparation for university during senior secondary Australia is a well-known feature of the Australian tertiary school can be hampered by the availability of subjects in regional, education landscape (Bradley et al. 2008; James 2002; Productivity rural and remote schools (Cuervo, 2016; Halsey 2018; HREOC 2000). Commission 2019). Students from non-urban areas are also more The challenges that rural schools encounter as they endeavour to likely to belong to other under-represented groups such as low SES prepare students for higher education often include: limited resources; students and first-in-family students. Analysis of enrolment data transient teaching staff; and staff not qualified to teach in specialist by Baik, Naylor and Arkoudis (2015), shows that 52% of students areas (Halsey 2018; Woodroffe et al. 2017). For example, students in attending regional universities were from low SES families and 37% non-metropolitan areas were less likely to have access to specialist were also the first in their family to attend university. Researchers science or mathematics subjects (Murphy 2018; Murphy 2019; Webb et have examined various reasons for these statistics including: al. 2015). The difficulties that rural schools encounter when trying to aspirations; educational attainment at the end of secondary recruit qualified science teachers results in students not being able to school; and financial and other costs. study subjects such as chemistry or physics which are prerequisites for access to university degrees in science and science-related fields such as engineering (Murphy 2018). Cuervo and Acquaro (2018) argue that the challenge of staffing specialist subjects such as Maths, Environmental Studies and Information and Technology impacts the quality of the education that schools in rural areas are able to provide (see also Harvey & Walsh 2018; Murphy 2019; Qin & Bowen 2019).

6 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education The argument that regional/ rural students are less likely to hold aspirations for university study has become less salient over time. As Webb and colleagues (2015) note, aspirations for higher education are hostage to practical and financial constraints faced by regional/ rural students (see also James 2002). Mirroring the national findings from James’ (2002) study, their research shows that distance to the closest university campus continues to be a key factor in the decision-making process. Students from low SES families face additional challenges when travelling long distances or relocating. Although around one quarter of students in regional areas seeking to engage in higher education relocate to metropolitan areas (Cardak et al. 2017), those with lower- educated parents were less likely than their peers with at least one university-educated parent to do so (NCSEHE 2017). One study conducted by Parker and colleagues (2016) found that the likelihood of university enrolment was dependent upon distance from a university campus: the further the student lived from a university campus, the less likely they were to enrol.

Financial costs associated with relocation to a metropolitan centre are a significant barrier to attending university (Bradley et al. 2008; Cardak et al. 2017; Friesen & Purc-Stephenson 2016; Godden 2008; Halsey 2018; James 2002; Polesel 2009; Polesel and Klatt 2014). Non-financial costs are also an important consideration. For example, the emotional cost of having to construct new social networks and develop a sense of belonging in an unfamiliar setting may deter potential students from relocating (see Cuervo 2016; Cuervo & Wyn 2017; Gale et al. 2010; O’Shea et al. 2019).

The alternatives to moving to a metropolitan area include relocating to another regional area; studying one of the degrees on offer locally; or not engaging in higher education. As Robinson (2012) notes, regional/ rural youth wishing to study close to home may need to limit their career aspirations to the programs offered at their local campus. Outside the metropolitan areas, program and career options can be restrictive, particularly for students wishing to study, for example, engineering degrees. Furthermore, commuting to other regional/ rural campuses may not be that attractive if the programs on offer are not related to the student’s aspirations (Friesen & Purc-Stephenson 2016).

Access to university 7 3. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE REGIONS

3.1 REGIONAL CAMPUS LOCATIONS Distance to a local university campus is an important factor in the Although students located within 30 kms are generally within a 30 -40 decisions taken by young people considering their future studies minute commute, the scarcity of public transport in regional and rural (Webb et al. 2015). Table 3.1 lists the locations and postcodes of the areas may mean that they need access to private transport [a car of regional campuses and the postcodes of surrounding areas within their own, or a parent/ friend willing to drive them]. 30kms of each campus. Given that Waurn Ponds is just 8 kms from Geelong, we do not report separate figures for Waurn Ponds.

TABLE 3.1 LIKELY CATCHMENT AREAS FOR REGIONAL CAMPUSES.

Location (postcode) Distance from Universities Postcodes within 30 kms Melbourne CBD (kms)

Ballarat (3350) 116 Federation; Australian 3350; 3334; 3345; 3351; 3352; 3355; 3356; 3357; 3360; Catholic University (ACU) 3363; 3364; 3370; 3461

Bendigo (3550) 152 La Trobe 3550; 3444; 3453; 3463; 3515; 3516; 3523; 3551; 3555; 3556; 3557; 3570

Churchill (3842) 162 Federation 3842; 3824; 3825; 3835; 3840; 3844; 3847; 3854; 3856; 3860; 3869; 3870; 3871; 3873; 3960; 3962; 3966

Geelong (3217) 75 Deakin 3217; 3211; 3212; 3214; 3215; 3216; 3218; 3219; 3220; Waurn Ponds (3216) 3221; 3222; 3223; 3224; 3225; 3226; 3227; 3228; 3240; 3321; 3328; 3331; 3332; 3785

Horsham (3400) 300 Federation 3400; 3401; 3409; 3390

Mildura (3500) 542 La Trobe 3500; 3501; 3498; 3505; 3496

Shepparton (3630) 190 La Trobe 3630; 3610; 3614; 3616; 3617; 3618; 3620; 3629; 3631; 3633; 3634; 3635; 3536; 3666; 3669

Warrnambool (3280) 257 Deakin 3280; 3265; 3268; 3275; 3276; 3277; 3278; 3279; 3281; 3282; 3283; 3284; 3285; 3287; 3864

Wodonga (3690) 320 La Trobe; Charles Sturt 3690; 3691; 3694; 3688; 3685; 3683; 3695; 3747; 3749

8 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education The map in Figure 3.1 shows the location of each of these regional/ The city has both a major port and airport. Geelong is a manufacturing rural centres. Regional Development Victoria (RDV 2020) provides hub which had three major car manufacturers based there until profiles of each of these centres. Ballarat is in the centre of a 2013. Between 2013 and 2017, all three closed down and thousands former gold mining region and has well-established manufacturing of workers lost their jobs (Toscano 2019). Horsham is located in the industries. Despite this, the health care and social assistance sector region of western Victoria and is surrounded by broad acre is the major employer. Bendigo is located in another gold mining cropping and grazing land. Mildura is located in the far west of Victoria region and still has mines producing gold. It is the headquarters on the Murray River. The main industries are fruit growing and wine of the Bendigo and Adelaide Bank and also has a well-established making. Shepparton is located in central northern Victoria on the manufacturing sector. Churchill is located in the Latrobe Valley Goulburn River. Agriculture and fruit and vegetable processing are where the main industries are coal mining, power generation and major industries in the region. Warrnambool is located on the coast paper manufacturing. The closure of the nearby Hazelwood Power in western Victoria. The main industries include agriculture and food station in 2017 resulted in 750 staff and contractors becoming manufacturing [dairy, sheep and beef]. The city of Wodonga is located redundant. There are still three coal-fired power stations in the in northern Victoria on the Murray River opposite the city of Albury region and several coal mines (Anderson 2017). Geelong is located in . The major industries include food and beverage in Bay, south west of Melbourne. manufacturing and transport.

FIGURE 3.1 LOCATION OF REGIONAL CAMPUSES IN VICTORIA

Access to university 9 3.2 REGIONAL PROFILES The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) conducts a Population The populations for each area are listed in Table 3.2. University Census every 5 years. The latest available Census data is from 2016. campuses are located in eight regional areas. The regional city Using data from the 2016 Census, we now provide some of the key of Geelong is located 75kms from the Melbourne CBD and is well characteristics of the populations in each of centres in which a serviced by public transport whereas Mildura is located 542kms regional campus is located. Using Quickstats, we selected the SA4 from Melbourne and is not so well serviced. Next, we examine some level data were possible. However, for some locations the data are key characteristics of the populations of each of these regional only available at the SA3 level: Mildura and Warrnambool; or SA2 areas and compare them with those of the state of Victoria and level: Churchill, Horsham and Wodonga. Explanations of these Australia overall. levels are provided in Appendix A.

TABLE 3.2 POPULATIONS OF THE SELECTED REGIONAL CENTRES: 2016 CENSUS

Location Level of data Population

Ballarat SA4 157,485

Bendigo SA4 153,092

Churchill SA2 11,401

Geelong SA4 278,929

Horsham SA2 16,250

Mildura SA3 53,878

Shepparton SA4 139,971

Warrnambool SA3 50,099

Wodonga SA2 24,398

Source: ABS 2016 Population Census

10 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education 3.2.1 FAMILY TYPES Firstly, we compare family types - see Table 3.3. Across Victoria, just Couple with children families account for lower than average over 15% of families are one-parent families whereas almost 19% of percentages of families in each of the regional centres. The lowest families are one-parent families in Wodonga. percentage is in Horsham [38.4%] and the highest percentage is in Geelong [43.1%]. The percentage for Victoria is 46.3%.

TABLE 3.3 FAMILY COMPOSITION

Location Couple/ no child % Couple with child(ren) % One parent family % Other family %

Ballarat 41.3 40.1 17.3 1.3

Bendigo 41.3 39.9 17.3 1.5

Churchill 42.4 41.0 15.5 1.1

Geelong 39.4 43.1 16.2 1.3

Horsham 43.1 38.4 16.9 1.6

Mildura 41.3 39.5 17.9 1.4

Shepparton 42.5 40.0 16.3 1.2

Warrnambool 42.1 41.4 15.2 1.4

Wodonga 38.9 40.9 18.7 1.5

Victoria 36.5 46.3 15.3 1.8

Australia 37.8 44.7 15.8 1.7

Source: ABS 2016 Population Census Note: This table only includes families, not single households

3.2.2 LEVELS OF EDUCATION Table 3.4 lists the percentages of adults with post-secondary Mildura and Shepparton have the lowest percentage of adults educational qualifications in each of the centres and for the state holding university degrees [10.4% and 10.7% respectively]. Each of of Victoria and for Australia overall. Compared to Victoria and these regional areas records higher rates of VET qualifications at Australia, in regional areas, there tends to be a lower proportion of the Certificate III and IV level than the state of Victoria. In Churchill, the population who hold post-secondary qualifications. 22.5% of the adults held a Certificate III/IV, which is 8 percentage points higher than the state average.

TABLE 3.4 HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Location University level qualification % Diploma/ Advanced Diploma % Certificate III/ IV %

Ballarat 17.0 8.5 18.2

Bendigo 17.5 8.4 18.4

Churchill 13.8 8.4 22.5

Geelong 14.3 9.8 18.2

Horsham 13.0 8.4 19.4

Mildura 10.4 7.1 17.7

Shepparton 10.7 7.5 18.5

Warrnambool 15.1 8.5 18.5

Wodonga 13.4 9.8 21.4

Victoria 24.3 9.2 14.4

Australia 22.0 8.9 15.7

Source: ABS 2016 Population Census

Access to university 11 3.2.3 EMPLOYMENT STATUS Employment status tends to be associated with levels of education, Across the state of Victoria, 57% of the labour force was employed therefore, we now examine the percentages of full-time employed, on a full-time basis. The only regional city recording a higher rate of part-time employed and unemployed/ on leave for each regional full-time employment than the state average was Wodonga [58.4%]. centre - see Table 3.5. Employment status refers only to those who Churchill had the lowest rate of full-time employment [50.1%] and are in the labour force, that is, engaged in paid employment, on the highest rate of unemployed/ on leave. Given its location in the leave from paid employment or looking for paid employment. Latrobe Valley, these percentages are not surprising. Industry in this region was predominantly in coal mining and coal-fired power stations which have been in decline in recent years (RDV 2020).

TABLE 3.5 EMPLOYMENT STATUS IF IN THE LABOUR FORCE

Location Employed full-time % Employed part-time % Unemployed/ on leave %

Ballarat 52.5 35.0 12.6

Bendigo 52.7 35.5 11.8

Churchill 50.1 35.2 14.7

Geelong 53.4 35.1 11.5

Horsham 54.7 34.1 11.2

Mildura 55.9 31.1 13.0

Shepparton 56.1 31.7 12.1

Warrnambool 54.0 35.0 11.0

Wodonga 58.4 30.1 11.5

Victoria 57.0 31.4 11.5

Australia 57.7 30.4 11.9

Source: ABS 2016 Population Census

12 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education 3.2.4 OCCUPATION In the Census data, occupations are grouped into eight broad In Wodonga, a higher than average percentage of employed categories: Professionals; Managers; Technicians/ trades; Clerical/ persons are working as technicians or tradespersons compared to administrative workers; Sales workers; Community/ Personal the state average [17.8% compared to 13.1%]. Shepparton has the service workers; Machinery operators/ drivers; and Labourers. highest percentage of employed persons working as labourers [15% Table 3.6 lists the percentages in each occupational category. compared to 9%]. Across Victoria, the state average for employed persons engaged in professional occupations is 23.3% whereas in Shepparton, less than 15% of those employed are working in professional occupations.

TABLE 3.6 OCCUPATION IF EMPLOYED

Location Professional % Managers % Technicians/ Clerical/ Sales Community/ Machinery Labourers % trades % admin workers % Personal operators/ workers % service drivers % workers %

Ballarat 19.6 12.5 15.0 12.1 9.9 12.2 5.9 11.2

Bendigo 20.5 12.8 14.2 11.8 9.6 11.9 5.7 11.8

Churchill 15.4 11.4 18.3 13.1 10.1 10.9 8.2 10.6

Geelong 21.1 11.6 15.1 12.1 10.2 12.6 5.8 10.0

Horsham 18.3 12.7 14.5 12.2 12.2 11.9 5.8 10.9

Mildura 15.8 14.6 13.5 11.2 11.3 11.4 7.0 13.4

Shepparton 14.9 16.3 14.0 10.7 9.8 10.6 7.1 15.0

Warrnambool 17.3 15.9 13.5 10.5 10.4 10.7 6.0 14.1

Wodonga 16.6 10.3 17.8 12.2 10.1 13.4 7.5 10.5

Victoria 23.3 13.5 13.1 13.3 9.7 10.6 5.8 9.0

Australia 22.2 13.0 13.5 13.6 9.4 10.8 6.3 9.5

Source: ABS 2016 Population Census

Access to university 13 3.2.5 MEDIAN INCOMES TABLE 3.7 MEDIAN WEEKLY INCOME The distribution of employed persons according to occupations in Location Personal $ Family $ each of the regional centres suggests that the weekly incomes of families may be lower compared to the state and national weekly Ballarat 559 1409 incomes – see Table 3.7. Median weekly incomes were lowest in Bendigo 593 1443 Mildura at the personal [$555] and family [$1340] level. Churchill 556 1511 In Wodonga, although weekly incomes at the family level were Geelong 616 1615 lower than those of the state, at the personal level, the median weekly income [$677] was higher than that of the state [$644], Horsham 621 1412 even though there was a smaller percentage of employed persons Mildura 555 1340 working as professionals and managers. This may be due to the higher than average percentage of technicians and tradespersons Shepparton 565 1364 in this regional centre. Warrnambool 618 1493

Wodonga 677 1545

Victoria 644 1715

Australia 662 1734

Source: ABS 2016 Population Census

14 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education 4. AVAILABILITY OF COURSES IN REGIONAL VICTORIA

Across Victoria, there are university campuses located in 8 regional Federation University was formerly the and centres. The number of undergraduate courses available at each has maintained its strong commitment to regional students in campus ranges from 1 at the Horsham Campus of Federation Ballarat despite its expansion to other regions, such as Churchill University to 29 at the Ballarat Campus of Federation University and Melbourne. Federation University has the largest number of - see Table 4.1. These figures were collated from University undergraduate degree programs in regional Victoria [55]. Some websites in April 2020. The full details are available in Appendix regional campuses are also and Training B. Where the university indicated several specialisations in one [VET] providers offering Associate Degrees, Advanced Diplomas, degree program, we list them as sub-fields. For example, at the Diplomas, and Certificates III/ IV. Ballarat campus of Federation University, students undertaking a Bachelor Degree in Information Technology may enrol in: Bachelor To study science, students located in Albury-Wodonga may enrol of Information Technology [Big Data and Analytics]; Bachelor of at Charles Sturt University or La Trobe University; students located Information Technology [Business Information Systems]; Bachelor in Ballarat may enrol at Federation University; students located in of Information Technology [Cloud and Enterprise Computing]; Bendigo may enrol at La Trobe University; students located in Churchill Bachelor of Information Technology [Games Development]; may enrol at Federation University; students located in Geelong Bachelor of Information Technology [Mobile App Development]; may enrol at Deakin University, Waurn Ponds. Bachelor of Applied Bachelor of Information Technology [Networking and Security]; Science is available at the La Trobe University Mildura and Shepparton Bachelor of Information Technology [Professional Practice]; and campuses. Nursing is available at Charles Sturt University in Albury- Bachelor of Information Technology [Software Development]. Wodonga; Australian Catholic University and Federation University Although at some campuses, students are able to enrol in dual in Ballarat; La Trobe University in Bendigo; Federation University degrees, we do not report these as they are already captured in the in Churchill; and Deakin University in Geelong and Warrnambool. data. For example, at the Bendigo campus of La Trobe University, Although teacher education is available at Charles Sturt University students may undertake one of four dual Laws degrees: Bachelor in Albury-Wodonga; Australian Catholic University and Federation of Laws/Bachelor of Arts; Bachelor of Laws/; University in Ballarat; La Trobe University in Bendigo, Mildura and Bachelor of Laws/Bachelor of Psychological Science; and Bachelor Shepparton; Federation University in Churchill; and Deakin University of Laws/ Bachelor of Science. in Waurn Ponds and Warrnambool, only the Ballarat, Bendigo, Churchill and Mildura campuses offer degrees in .

TABLE 4.1 NUMBER OF UNDERGRADUATE COURSES AVAILABLE AT EACH CAMPUS OF EACH UNIVERSITY

University Campus Undergraduate Degrees

Charles Sturt University Albury-Wodonga 19

La Trobe University Albury-Wodonga 12

Federation University Ballarat 29

Australian Catholic Ballarat 6 University

La Trobe University Bendigo 24

Federation University Churchill 25

Deakin University Geelong 12

Federation University Horsham 1

La Trobe University Mildura 7

La Trobe University Shepparton 7

Deakin University Warrnambool 7

Deakin University Waurn Ponds 27

Access to university 15 5. CONCLUSION

In this report, we have focused on the distribution of university Despite four decades of policy attention to non-metropolitan social campuses in regional Victoria. Given that the changes in the and economic challenges – from the Karmel Report (Karmel 1973) employment landscape across Australia have resulted in workers to the Victorian Inquiry into Regional and Rural Poverty (RRC 2011) being increasingly likely to need post-secondary educational and the latest Commonwealth Review of Regional, Rural and Remote qualifications, it is timely to examine the opportunities available to Education (Halsey 2018) – young people living in regional and rural non-metropolitan youth. By providing an overview of the 8 regional communities continue to experience barriers not faced by their urban centres in which university campuses are located and the courses on counterparts. Further, the policy emphasis embraced by different offer at each of these campuses, our aim has been to highlight the Australian governments towards developing a skilful workforce to ongoing disadvantages regional/ rural youth face. fully participate in the ‘knowledge economy’ (see Wyn 2009), demands that all young people have the same opportunities regardless of their Rather than a lack of aspirations to continue to post-school studies, physical location. This report highlights some significant persistent this report shows that regional, rural and remote students face inequalities faced by those living outside the state capital of Victoria, significant challenges that hinder their higher education opportunities. Melbourne, in their efforts to enjoy the same access to higher From our analysis above, it is clear that provision of good quality education opportunities. This is a systemic and historical challenge educational opportunities continues to have a metro-centric bias in all faced by regional and rural students that demands an urgent response levels of the education system (e.g. primary and secondary schooling, by governments and education providers at all levels. as well as in the higher education level). This metro-centric bias across the education system generates a compounding disadvantage for regional and rural students, their families and communities. Adults in these regional and rural areas of Victoria are less likely to hold university-level qualifications; are less likely to be employed on a full- time basis; are less likely to be employed in professional occupations and are more likely to have lower weekly incomes (ABS 2016).

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18 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education 7. APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Abbreviation/ name Definition

SA2 / Statistical Area Level 2 SA2s are based on officially gazetted State suburbs and localities. In rural areas they define functional zones of social and economic links

SA3 / Statistical Area Level 3 The boundaries of SA3s reflect a combination of widely recognised informal regions as well as existing administrative regions such as State Government Regions in rural areas and Local Government Areas (LGAs) in urban area

SA4 / Statistical Area Level 4 Statistical Areas Level 4 (SA4s) are designed to reflect one or more whole labour markets for the release of Labour Force Survey data. SA4s are required to have large populations of over 100,000 people. In rural areas SA4s generally represent aggregations of multiple small labour markets with socioeconomic connections or similar industry characteristics. Large regional city labour markets (150,000 people) are generally defined by a single SA4. Within major metropolitan labour markets SA4s represent sub-labour markets.

ABS (2013)

APPENDIX B

UNIVERSITY CAMPUS FIELD SUB-FIELDS

Charles Sturt University Albury-Wodonga Bachelor of Accounting

Bachelor of Applied Science Outdoor Recreation and Ecotourism; Parks, Recreation and Heritage

Bachelor of Business Studies

Bachelor of Business Management; Marketing; Honours

Bachelor of Computing Honours

Bachelor of Education K-12; Early Childhood and Primary

Bachelor of Educational Studies

Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Bachelor of General Studies Science

Bachelor of Geospacial Science

Bachelor of Health and Rehabilitation Science

Bachelor of Information Technology

Bachelor of Nursing

Bachelor of Occupational Therapy

Bachelor of Outdoor Education

Bachelor of Physiotherapy

Bachelor of Podiatric Medicine

Bachelor of Science Honours

Bachelor of Speech and Language Pathology

Access to university 19 UNIVERSITY CAMPUS FIELD SUB-FIELDS

La Trobe University Albury-Wodonga Bachelor of Animal and Veterinary Honours Bioscience

Bachelor of Applied Science

Bachelor of Agricultural Science

Bachelor of Arts Honours

Bachelor of Biological Sciences Honours

Bachelor of Biomedical Science Medical

Bachelor of Business Accounting; Agribusiness

Bachelor of Human Services

Bachelor of Paramedic Practice Honours

Bachelor of Psychological Science

Bachelor of Psychology Honours

Bachelor of Science Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Honours

Australian Catholic Ballarat Bachelor of Education Early Childhood and Primary; Primary University

Bachelor of Educational Studies

Bachelor of Nursing Honours

Bachelor of Paramedicine

Bachelor of Physiotherapy

Bachelor of Theology Honours

Federation University Ballarat Bachelor of Arts Humanities; Social Sciences; Creative Arts; Honours

Bachelor of Biomedical Science

Bachelor of Biotechnology

Bachelor of Business Entrepreneurship; Management; Human Resource Management; Marketing; Professional Experience

Bachelor of Commerce Accounting; Accounting, Economics and Finance; Economics and Finance

Bachelor of Community and Human Services

Bachelor of Communication Design

Bachelor of Criminology and Criminal Justice

Bachelor of Education Early Childhood and Primary; Primary and Secondary P-10; Primary

Bachelor of Education Studies

Bachelor of Engineering Civil; Electrical and Information Engineering; Mechanical; Mining; Honours

Bachelor of Environmental and Conservation Science

Bachelor of Exercise and Sport Science Honours

Bachelor of Food and Nutritional Science

Bachelor of Geoscience

20 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education UNIVERSITY CAMPUS FIELD SUB-FIELDS

Federation University Ballarat Bachelor of Health Sciences Health Promotion; Honours

Bachelor of Health and Physical Education

Bachelor of Human Services and Entrepreneurship

Bachelor of Information Technology Big Data and Analytics; Business Information Systems; Cloud and Enterprise Computing; Games Development; Mobile App Development; Networking and Security; Professional Practice; Software Development

Bachelor of Mathematical Science

Bachelor of Nursing Honours

Bachelor of Outdoor and Environmental Education

Bachelor of Performing Arts

Bachelor of Psychological Science Honours

Bachelor of Science Advanced; Honours

Bachelor of Sport Management Honours

Bachelor of Sport, Physical and Outdoor Education

Bachelor of Veterinary and Wildlife Science

Bachelor of Visual Arts

La Trobe University Bendigo Bachelor of Applied Science

Bachelor of Arts Nature Tourism; Outdoor Education; Honours

Bachelor Biomedical Science Medical

Bachelor of Business Event Management/Marketing; Accounting; Agribusiness; Sport Development and Management

Bachelor of Civil Engineering Honours (Industrial)

Bachelor of Creative Arts

Bachelor of Dental Science Honours

Bachelor of Early Childhood and

Bachelor of Education Primary; Secondary

Bachelor of Educational Studies

Bachelor of Exercise Science

Bachelor of Human Services

Bachelor of Information Technology

Bachelor of Laws

Bachelor of Nursing Honours; Midwifery

Bachelor of Oral Health Science

Bachelor of Outdoor Education

Bachelor of Paramedic Practice Honours

Bachelor of Pharmacy Honours

Bachelor of Psychology Honours

Access to university 21 UNIVERSITY CAMPUS FIELD SUB-FIELDS

La Trobe University Bendigo Bachelor of Psychological Science

Bachelor of Science Honours

Bachelor of Technology Education

Bachelor of Urban, Rural and Environmental Planning

Federation University Churchill Bachelor of Arts Humanities; Social Science; Creative Arts; Honours

Bachelor of Biomedical Science

Bachelor of Biotechnology

Bachelor of Business Entrepreneurship; Management; Human Resource Management; Marketing

Bachelor of Commerce Accounting; Accounting, Economics and Finance; Economics and Finance

Bachelor of Community and Human Services

Bachelor of Criminology and Criminal Justice

Bachelor of Education Early Childhood and Primary; Primary and Secondary P-10; Primary

Bachelor of Education Studies

Bachelor of Engineering Civil; Honours

Bachelor of Environmental and Conservation Science

Bachelor of Exercise and Sport Science Honours

Bachelor of Fine Arts

Bachelor of Health and Physical Education

Bachelor of Health Sciences Health Promotion

Bachelor of Mathematics

Bachelor of Mechatronic Systems Honours Engineering

Bachelor of Nursing Midwifery; Honours

Bachelor of Occupational Therapy Honours

Bachelor of Outdoor and Environmental Education

Bachelor of Psychological Science Honours

Bachelor of Science Advanced; Honours

Bachelor of Sport, Physical and Outdoor Education

Bachelor of Technology Mobile App Development; Networking and Security

Bachelor of Veterinary and Wildlife Science

Deakin University Geelong Bachelor of Arts Psychology; Honours

Bachelor of Business

Bachelor or Commerce

Bachelor of Construction Management Honours

Bachelor of Creative Arts Photography; Visual Arts; Honours

Bachelor of Design Architecture; Visual Communication

22 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education UNIVERSITY CAMPUS FIELD SUB-FIELDS

Deakin University Geelong Bachelor of Human Resource Psychology Management

Bachelor of International Studies Global Scholar

Bachelor of Laws

Bachelor of Nursing Midwifery; Honours

Bachelor of Occupational Therapy

Bachelor of Social work

Federation University Horsham Bachelor of Social Science

La Trobe University Mildura Bachelor of Applied Science

Bachelor of Arts

Bachelor of Business Accounting; Agribusiness

Bachelor of Education Primary; Secondary

Bachelor of Educational Studies

Bachelor of Human Services

Bachelor of Paramedic Practice Honours

La Trobe University Shepparton Bachelor of Applied Science

Bachelor of Arts

Bachelor of Business Accounting; Agribusiness

Bachelor of Early Childhood and Primary Education

Bachelor of Educational Studies

Bachelor of Human Services

Bachelor of Paramedic Practice Honours

Deakin University Warrnambool Bachelor of Commerce

Bachelor of Education Primary

Bachelor of Environmental Science Marine Biology

Bachelor of Health Sciences

Bachelor of Laws

Bachelor of Nursing

Bachelor of Psychological Science

Deakin University Waurn Ponds Bachelor of Arts Psychology; Advanced; Honours

Bachelor of Biomedical Science

Bachelor of Civil Engineering Honours

Bachelor of Creative Writing

Bachelor of Criminology

Bachelor of Communication Digital Media; Journalism; Public Relations

Bachelor of Cyber Security

Bachelor of Education Primary

Bachelor of Electrical and Electronics Honours Engineering

Bachelor of Environmental Engineering Honours

Access to university 23 UNIVERSITY CAMPUS FIELD SUB-FIELDS

Deakin University Waurn Ponds Bachelor of Environmental Science Honours

Bachelor of Exercise and Sport Science Honours

Bachelor of Forensic Science Honours

Bachelor of Health and Medical Science Honours

Bachelor of Health and Physical Education

Bachelor of Health Sciences

Bachelor of Information Technology Honours

Bachelor of Marine Science

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Honours

Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering Honours

Bachelor of Medical Imaging

Bachelor of Psychological Science

Bachelor of Psychology Honours

Bachelor of Public Health and Health Promotion

Bachelor of Science Honours

Bachelor of Vision Science

Bachelor of Zoology and Animal Science

24 Youth Research Centre, Melbourne Graduate School of Education Access to university 25 FIND OUT MORE Youth Research Centre Melbourne Graduate School of Education The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010, Australia

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