GPU Algorithms for Comparison-Based Sorting and for Merging Based on Multiway Selection
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2.3 Quicksort
2.3 Quicksort ‣ quicksort ‣ selection ‣ duplicate keys ‣ system sorts Algorithms, 4th Edition · Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne · Copyright © 2002–2010 · January 30, 2011 12:46:16 PM Two classic sorting algorithms Critical components in the world’s computational infrastructure. • Full scientific understanding of their properties has enabled us to develop them into practical system sorts. • Quicksort honored as one of top 10 algorithms of 20th century in science and engineering. Mergesort. last lecture • Java sort for objects. • Perl, C++ stable sort, Python stable sort, Firefox JavaScript, ... Quicksort. this lecture • Java sort for primitive types. • C qsort, Unix, Visual C++, Python, Matlab, Chrome JavaScript, ... 2 ‣ quicksort ‣ selection ‣ duplicate keys ‣ system sorts 3 Quicksort Basic plan. • Shuffle the array. • Partition so that, for some j - element a[j] is in place - no larger element to the left of j j - no smaller element to the right of Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare • Sort each piece recursively. 1980 Turing Award input Q U I C K S O R T E X A M P L E shu!e K R A T E L E P U I M Q C X O S partitioning element partition E C A I E K L P U T M Q R X O S not greater not less sort left A C E E I K L P U T M Q R X O S sort right A C E E I K L M O P Q R S T U X result A C E E I K L M O P Q R S T U X Quicksort overview 4 Quicksort partitioning Basic plan. -
An Evolutionary Approach for Sorting Algorithms
ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF ISSN: 0974-6471 COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY December 2014, An International Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal Vol. 7, No. (3): Published By: Oriental Scientific Publishing Co., India. Pgs. 369-376 www.computerscijournal.org Root to Fruit (2): An Evolutionary Approach for Sorting Algorithms PRAMOD KADAM AND Sachin KADAM BVDU, IMED, Pune, India. (Received: November 10, 2014; Accepted: December 20, 2014) ABstract This paper continues the earlier thought of evolutionary study of sorting problem and sorting algorithms (Root to Fruit (1): An Evolutionary Study of Sorting Problem) [1]and concluded with the chronological list of early pioneers of sorting problem or algorithms. Latter in the study graphical method has been used to present an evolution of sorting problem and sorting algorithm on the time line. Key words: Evolutionary study of sorting, History of sorting Early Sorting algorithms, list of inventors for sorting. IntroDUCTION name and their contribution may skipped from the study. Therefore readers have all the rights to In spite of plentiful literature and research extent this study with the valid proofs. Ultimately in sorting algorithmic domain there is mess our objective behind this research is very much found in documentation as far as credential clear, that to provide strength to the evolutionary concern2. Perhaps this problem found due to lack study of sorting algorithms and shift towards a good of coordination and unavailability of common knowledge base to preserve work of our forebear platform or knowledge base in the same domain. for upcoming generation. Otherwise coming Evolutionary study of sorting algorithm or sorting generation could receive hardly information about problem is foundation of futuristic knowledge sorting problems and syllabi may restrict with some base for sorting problem domain1. -
Algoritmi Za Sortiranje U Programskom Jeziku C++ Završni Rad
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the University of Rijeka SVEUČILIŠTE U RIJECI FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET U RIJECI ODSJEK ZA POLITEHNIKU Algoritmi za sortiranje u programskom jeziku C++ Završni rad Mentor završnog rada: doc. dr. sc. Marko Maliković Student: Alen Jakus Rijeka, 2016. SVEUČILIŠTE U RIJECI Filozofski fakultet Odsjek za politehniku Rijeka, Sveučilišna avenija 4 Povjerenstvo za završne i diplomske ispite U Rijeci, 07. travnja, 2016. ZADATAK ZAVRŠNOG RADA (na sveučilišnom preddiplomskom studiju politehnike) Pristupnik: Alen Jakus Zadatak: Algoritmi za sortiranje u programskom jeziku C++ Rješenjem zadatka potrebno je obuhvatiti sljedeće: 1. Napraviti pregled algoritama za sortiranje. 2. Opisati odabrane algoritme za sortiranje. 3. Dijagramima prikazati rad odabranih algoritama za sortiranje. 4. Opis osnovnih svojstava programskog jezika C++. 5. Detaljan opis tipova podataka, izvedenih oblika podataka, naredbi i drugih elemenata iz programskog jezika C++ koji se koriste u rješenjima odabranih problema. 6. Opis rješenja koja su dobivena iz napisanih programa. 7. Cjelokupan kôd u programskom jeziku C++. U završnom se radu obvezno treba pridržavati Pravilnika o diplomskom radu i Uputa za izradu završnog rada sveučilišnog dodiplomskog studija. Zadatak uručen pristupniku: 07. travnja 2016. godine Rok predaje završnog rada: ____________________ Datum predaje završnog rada: ____________________ Zadatak zadao: Doc. dr. sc. Marko Maliković 2 FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET U RIJECI Odsjek za politehniku U Rijeci, 07. travnja 2016. godine ZADATAK ZA ZAVRŠNI RAD (na sveučilišnom preddiplomskom studiju politehnike) Pristupnik: Alen Jakus Naslov završnog rada: Algoritmi za sortiranje u programskom jeziku C++ Kratak opis zadatka: Napravite pregled algoritama za sortiranje. Opišite odabrane algoritme za sortiranje. -
Advanced Topics in Sorting
Advanced Topics in Sorting complexity system sorts duplicate keys comparators 1 complexity system sorts duplicate keys comparators 2 Complexity of sorting Computational complexity. Framework to study efficiency of algorithms for solving a particular problem X. Machine model. Focus on fundamental operations. Upper bound. Cost guarantee provided by some algorithm for X. Lower bound. Proven limit on cost guarantee of any algorithm for X. Optimal algorithm. Algorithm with best cost guarantee for X. lower bound ~ upper bound Example: sorting. • Machine model = # comparisons access information only through compares • Upper bound = N lg N from mergesort. • Lower bound ? 3 Decision Tree a < b yes no code between comparisons (e.g., sequence of exchanges) b < c a < c yes no yes no a b c b a c a < c b < c yes no yes no a c b c a b b c a c b a 4 Comparison-based lower bound for sorting Theorem. Any comparison based sorting algorithm must use more than N lg N - 1.44 N comparisons in the worst-case. Pf. Assume input consists of N distinct values a through a . • 1 N • Worst case dictated by tree height h. N ! different orderings. • • (At least) one leaf corresponds to each ordering. Binary tree with N ! leaves cannot have height less than lg (N!) • h lg N! lg (N / e) N Stirling's formula = N lg N - N lg e N lg N - 1.44 N 5 Complexity of sorting Upper bound. Cost guarantee provided by some algorithm for X. Lower bound. Proven limit on cost guarantee of any algorithm for X. -
Sorting Algorithm 1 Sorting Algorithm
Sorting algorithm 1 Sorting algorithm In computer science, a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list in a certain order. The most-used orders are numerical order and lexicographical order. Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the use of other algorithms (such as search and merge algorithms) that require sorted lists to work correctly; it is also often useful for canonicalizing data and for producing human-readable output. More formally, the output must satisfy two conditions: 1. The output is in nondecreasing order (each element is no smaller than the previous element according to the desired total order); 2. The output is a permutation, or reordering, of the input. Since the dawn of computing, the sorting problem has attracted a great deal of research, perhaps due to the complexity of solving it efficiently despite its simple, familiar statement. For example, bubble sort was analyzed as early as 1956.[1] Although many consider it a solved problem, useful new sorting algorithms are still being invented (for example, library sort was first published in 2004). Sorting algorithms are prevalent in introductory computer science classes, where the abundance of algorithms for the problem provides a gentle introduction to a variety of core algorithm concepts, such as big O notation, divide and conquer algorithms, data structures, randomized algorithms, best, worst and average case analysis, time-space tradeoffs, and lower bounds. Classification Sorting algorithms used in computer science are often classified by: • Computational complexity (worst, average and best behaviour) of element comparisons in terms of the size of the list . For typical sorting algorithms good behavior is and bad behavior is . -
Super Scalar Sample Sort
Super Scalar Sample Sort Peter Sanders1 and Sebastian Winkel2 1 Max Planck Institut f¨ur Informatik Saarbr¨ucken, Germany, [email protected] 2 Chair for Prog. Lang. and Compiler Construction Saarland University, Saarbr¨ucken, Germany, [email protected] Abstract. Sample sort, a generalization of quicksort that partitions the input into many pieces, is known as the best practical comparison based sorting algorithm for distributed memory parallel computers. We show that sample sort is also useful on a single processor. The main algorith- mic insight is that element comparisons can be decoupled from expensive conditional branching using predicated instructions. This transformation facilitates optimizations like loop unrolling and software pipelining. The final implementation, albeit cache efficient, is limited by a linear num- ber of memory accesses rather than the O(n log n) comparisons. On an Itanium 2 machine, we obtain a speedup of up to 2 over std::sort from the GCC STL library, which is known as one of the fastest available quicksort implementations. 1 Introduction Counting comparisons is the most common way to compare the complexity of comparison based sorting algorithms. Indeed, algorithms like quicksort with good sampling strategies [9,14] or merge sort perform close to the lower bound of log n! n log n comparisons3 for sorting n elements and are among the best algorithms≈ in practice (e.g., [24, 20, 5]). At least for numerical keys it is a bit astonishing that comparison operations alone should be good predictors for ex- ecution time because comparing numbers is equivalent to subtraction — an operation of negligible cost compared to memory accesses. -
Fast Parallel GPU-Sorting Using a Hybrid Algorithm
Fast Parallel GPU-Sorting Using a Hybrid Algorithm Erik Sintorn Ulf Assarsson Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University Of Technology Chalmers University Of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden Gothenburg, Sweden Email: [email protected] Email: uffe at chalmers dot se Abstract— This paper presents an algorithm for fast sorting of that supports scattered writing. The GPU-sorting algorithms large lists using modern GPUs. The method achieves high speed are highly bandwidth-limited, which is illustrated for instance by efficiently utilizing the parallelism of the GPU throughout the by the fact that sorting of 8-bit values [10] are nearly four whole algorithm. Initially, a parallel bucketsort splits the list into enough sublists then to be sorted in parallel using merge-sort. The times faster than for 32-bit values [2]. To improve the speed of parallel bucketsort, implemented in NVIDIA’s CUDA, utilizes the memory reads, we therefore design a vector-based mergesort, synchronization mechanisms, such as atomic increment, that is using CUDA and log n render passes, to work on four 32- available on modern GPUs. The mergesort requires scattered bit floats simultaneously, resulting in a nearly 4 times speed writing, which is exposed by CUDA and ATI’s Data Parallel improvement compared to merge-sorting on single floats. The Virtual Machine[1]. For lists with more than 512k elements, the algorithm performs better than the bitonic sort algorithms, which Vector-Mergesort of two four-float vectors is achieved by using have been considered to be the fastest for GPU sorting, and is a custom designed parallel compare-and-swap algorithm, on more than twice as fast for 8M elements. -
How to Sort out Your Life in O(N) Time
How to sort out your life in O(n) time arel Číže @kaja47K funkcionaklne.cz I said, "Kiss me, you're beautiful - These are truly the last days" Godspeed You! Black Emperor, The Dead Flag Blues Everyone, deep in their hearts, is waiting for the end of the world to come. Haruki Murakami, 1Q84 ... Free lunch 1965 – 2022 Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf He pays his staff in junk. William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch Sorting? quicksort and chill HS 1964 QS 1959 MS 1945 RS 1887 quicksort, mergesort, heapsort, radix sort, multi- way merge sort, samplesort, insertion sort, selection sort, library sort, counting sort, bucketsort, bitonic merge sort, Batcher odd-even sort, odd–even transposition sort, radix quick sort, radix merge sort*, burst sort binary search tree, B-tree, R-tree, VP tree, trie, log-structured merge tree, skip list, YOLO tree* vs. hashing Robin Hood hashing https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/research/tr/1986/CS-86-14.pdf xs.sorted.take(k) (take (sort xs) k) qsort(lotOfIntegers) It may be the wrong decision, but fuck it, it's mine. (Mark Z. Danielewski, House of Leaves) I tell you, my man, this is the American Dream in action! We’d be fools not to ride this strange torpedo all the way out to the end. (HST, FALILV) Linear time sorting? I owe the discovery of Uqbar to the conjunction of a mirror and an Encyclopedia. (Jorge Luis Borges, Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius) Sorting out graph processing https://github.com/frankmcsherry/blog/blob/master/posts/2015-08-15.md Radix Sort Revisited http://www.codercorner.com/RadixSortRevisited.htm Sketchy radix sort https://github.com/kaja47/sketches (thinking|drinking|WTF)* I know they accuse me of arrogance, and perhaps misanthropy, and perhaps of madness. -
Evaluation of Sorting Algorithms, Mathematical and Empirical Analysis of Sorting Algorithms
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 86 ISSN 2229-5518 Evaluation of Sorting Algorithms, Mathematical and Empirical Analysis of sorting Algorithms Sapram Choudaiah P Chandu Chowdary M Kavitha ABSTRACT:Sorting is an important data structure in many real life applications. A number of sorting algorithms are in existence till date. This paper continues the earlier thought of evolutionary study of sorting problem and sorting algorithms concluded with the chronological list of early pioneers of sorting problem or algorithms. Latter in the study graphical method has been used to present an evolution of sorting problem and sorting algorithm on the time line. An extensive analysis has been done compared with the traditional mathematical methods of ―Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort, Merge Sort, Quick Sort. Observations have been obtained on comparing with the existing approaches of All Sorts. An “Empirical Analysis” consists of rigorous complexity analysis by various sorting algorithms, in which comparison and real swapping of all the variables are calculatedAll algorithms were tested on random data of various ranges from small to large. It is an attempt to compare the performance of various sorting algorithm, with the aim of comparing their speed when sorting an integer inputs.The empirical data obtained by using the program reveals that Quick sort algorithm is fastest and Bubble sort is slowest. Keywords: Bubble Sort, Insertion sort, Quick Sort, Merge Sort, Selection Sort, Heap Sort,CPU Time. Introduction In spite of plentiful literature and research in more dimension to student for thinking4. Whereas, sorting algorithmic domain there is mess found in this thinking become a mark of respect to all our documentation as far as credential concern2. -
GPU Sample Sort We Should Mention That Hybrid Sort [15] and Bbsort [4] Involve a Distribution Phase Assuming That the Keys Are Uniformly Distributed
GPU Sample Sort Nikolaj Leischner∗ Vitaly Osipov† Peter Sanders‡ Abstract In this paper, we present the design of a sample sort algorithm for manycore GPUs. Despite being one of the most efficient comparison-based sorting algorithms for distributed memory architectures its performance on GPUs was previously unknown. For uniformly distributed keys our sample sort is at least 25% and on average 68% faster than the best comparison-based sorting algorithm, GPU Thrust merge sort, and on average more than 2 times faster than GPU quicksort. Moreover, for 64-bit integer keys it is at least 63% and on average 2 times faster than the highly optimized GPU Thrust radix sort that directly manipulates the binary representation of keys. Our implementation is robust to different distributions and entropy levels of keys and scales almost linearly with the input size. These results indicate that multi-way techniques in general and sample sort in particular achieve substantially better performance than two-way merge sort and quicksort. 1 Introduction Sorting is one of the most widely researched computational problems in computer science. It is an essential building block for numerous algorithms, whose performance depends on the efficiency of sorting. It is also an internal primitive utilized by database operations, and therefore, any applica- tion that uses a database may benefit from an efficient sorting algorithm. Geographic information systems, computational biology, and search engines are further fields that involve sorting. Hence, it is of utmost importance to provide efficient sort primitives for emerging architectures, which arXiv:0909.5649v1 [cs.DS] 30 Sep 2009 exploit architectural attributes, such as increased parallelism that were not available before. -
Gsoc 2018 Project Proposal
GSoC 2018 Project Proposal Description: Implement the project idea sorting algorithms benchmark and implementation (2018) Applicant Information: Name: Kefan Yang Country of Residence: Canada University: Simon Fraser University Year of Study: Third year Major: Computing Science Self Introduction: I am Kefan Yang, a third-year computing science student from Simon Fraser University, Canada. I have rich experience as a full-stack web developer, so I am familiar with different kinds of database, such as PostgreSQL, MySQL and MongoDB. I have a much better understand of database system other than how to use it. In the database course I took in the university, I implemented a simple SQL database. It supports basic SQL statements like select, insert, delete and update, and uses a B+ tree to index the records by default. The size of each node in the B+ tree is set the disk block size to maximize performance of disk operation. Also, 1 several kinds of merging algorithms are used to perform a cross table query. More details about this database project can be found here. Additionally, I have very solid foundation of basic algorithms and data structure. I’ve participated in division 1 contest of 2017 ACM-ICPC Pacific Northwest Regionals as a representative of Simon Fraser University, which clearly shows my talents in understanding and applying different kinds of algorithms. I believe the contest experience will be a big help for this project. Benefits to the PostgreSQL Community: Sorting routine is an important part of many modules in PostgreSQL. Currently, PostgreSQL is using median-of-three quicksort introduced by Bentley and Mcllroy in 1993 [1], which is somewhat outdated. -
Advanced Topics in Sorting List RSS News Items in Reverse Chronological Order
Sorting applications Sorting algorithms are essential in a broad variety of applications Organize an MP3 library. Display Google PageRank results. Advanced Topics in Sorting List RSS news items in reverse chronological order. Find the median. Find the closest pair. Binary search in a database. [email protected] Identify statistical outliers. Find duplicates in a mailing list. [email protected] Data compression. Computer graphics. Computational biology. Supply chain management. Load balancing on a parallel computer. http://www.4shared.com/file/79096214/fb2ed224/lect01.html . Sorting algorithms Which algorithm to use? Many sorting algorithms to choose from Applications have diverse attributes Stable? Internal sorts Multiple keys? Insertion sort, selection sort, bubblesort, shaker sort. Quicksort, mergesort, heapsort, samplesort, shellsort. Deterministic? Solitaire sort, red-black sort, splaysort, Dobosiewicz sort, psort, ... Keys all distinct? External sorts Multiple key types? Poly-phase mergesort, cascade-merge, oscillating sort. Linked list or arrays? Radix sorts Large or small records? Distribution, MSD, LSD. 3-way radix quicksort. Is your file randomly ordered? Parallel sorts Need guaranteed performance? Bitonic sort, Batcher even-odd sort. Smooth sort, cube sort, column sort. Cannot cover all combinations of attributes. GPUsort. 1 Case study 1 Case study 2 Problem Problem Sort a huge randomly-ordered file of small Sort a huge file that is already almost in records. order. Example Example Process transaction records for a phone Re-sort a huge database after a few company. changes. Which sorting method to use? Which sorting method to use? 1. Quicksort: YES, it's designed for this problem 1. Quicksort: probably no, insertion simpler and faster 2.