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32935A0youth0resource0guide HDNCY No. 2 Public Disclosure Authorized The majority of the developing world's poor are under the age of 25. Although significant progress has been made in reducing income poverty worldwide, the fact remains that most of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) outcomes directly targeting the young are not likely to be met unless greater attention is paid to the next generation. The demand for Bank support in addressing these challenges is growing. In responding to the needs of children (0-14), we know much of what works and we know the powerful economic and social justifications for early investment. How then can we assist countries to scale up action swiftly and significantly? How do we address those who continue to fall through the cracks? Tackling the needs of youth (15-24) is more complex. The series of transitions they face — Public Disclosure Authorized from moving out of school and into their own families or finding employment — remain extremely challenging for young people and policymakers alike. How can we deepen global knowledge on those issues which prove hardest to solve? How can the potential Children of youth be tapped to contribute to development at the individual, community and national levels? This Resource Guide is a companion volume to Children & Youth: A Framework for Action, & Youth: which outlines a vigorous course for the Bank to place outcomes for children and youth more centrally across all of our work. The Guide is intended as an evolving tookit, building on the work of the Bank and its partners. As new data and evidence of good practice is generated, the Resource Guide will be updated on the Children and Youth Web site A Resource Guide (www.worldbank.org/childrenandyouth). Public Disclosure Authorized for World Bank Staff “Our work will fall short if we cannot provide these young people with the opportunity to build a better tomorrow. That means we must do more and do it better to reach them now.” — James D. Wolfensohn Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Children and Youth Unit Human Development Network 1818 H Street, NW Washington DC 20433 USA [email protected] Children & Youth: A Resource Guide The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2005 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. This is a product of the staff of the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judg- ment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Photo credits: Curt Carnemark (pages i, viii, 15, 16, 50, 65, 86, 150); Ami Vitale (page vi); Tran Tri Hoa (page xii); Edwin G. Huffman (page xvi); Julio Etchart (page 34); Yosef Hadar (pages 57, 132); Yuri Mechitov (page 58); Ray Witlin (page 183). Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work with- out permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. The Child’s Name is ‘Today’ We are guilty Of many errors and many faults, But our worst crime Is abandoning the children, Neglecting the fountain of life. Many of the things we need can wait. The child cannot. Right now is the time Bones are being formed, Blood is being made, Senses are being developed. To the child we cannot answer “Tomorrow.” The child’s name is “Today.” —Gabriela Mistral, Chilean Nobel Laureate Poet Contents Foreword n v Preface n vii Acknowledgments n ix Acronyms n xi Executive Summary n xiii Chapter 1 Overview n 1 1.1 Why Invest More in Children and Youth? n 1 1.2 A Single Framework for Children and Youth n 2 1.3 The Life Cycle Approach n 5 1.4 Building Blocks for Integrated Investments n 7 1.5 World Bank Lending for Children and Youth: A Shift in Approach n 10 1.6 Priority Areas for Increased Concentration n 12 Chapter 2 Children (0–14): Windows of Opportunity n 17 2.1 Challenges Facing Children: Cause for Serious Concern n 18 2.2 Scaling Up What We Know Works n 22 2.3 Moving Forward n 33 Chapter 3 Youth (15–24): Integrating a Neglected Constituency n 35 3.1 Status of Youth: Rising Urgency n 37 3.2 Youth Development: Key Strategic Directions n 41 3.3 Taking Stock of Bank Work n 43 3.4 Moving Forward n 45 Chapter 4 Addressing the Needs of the Most Vulnerable Children and Youth n 51 4.1 Status and Scale of the Most Vulnerable n 52 4.2 What Is the Bank’s Role? n 54 4.2 Moving Forward n 55 Chapter 5 Next Steps: Applying a Children and/or Youth Lens n 59 5.1 In Operations n 59 5.2 In Analysis n 61 5.3 In Participation n 62 5.4 In Partnerships n 63 5.5 In Staff Support: Financial and Technical n 63 5.6 Conclusion n 63 Annexes A Overview: Children and Youth n 67 B Children: Windows of Opportunity n 79 C Youth: Integrating the Neglected Constituency n 91 D Healthy Behaviors Strategy for Youth n 129 E Addressing the Most Vulnerable n 137 References n 155 n Figures ES.1. Population by Sex and Age Group, Less Developed Countries, 2004 n xiii ES.2. Population by Sex and Age Group, More Developed Countries, 2004 n xiv 1.1. Distribution of Risk Along the Life Stages n 4 1.2. Building Blocks for Integrated Investments in Children and Youth n 7 Over the Life Cycle 1.3. Education, Health and Social Protection as a Share of Total n 10 Bank Lending (1990–2004) 1.4. Projects with Youth Components FY1995–2004: Global Summary n 11 1.5. Projects with Youth Components FY1995–2005, by Regions n 12 2.1. Building Blocks for Integrated Investments in Children (0–14) n 17 2.2. Reaching the Child MDGs: Reducing Child Mortality n 19 2.3. Reaching the Child MDGs: Universal Primary Education n 21 2.4. Reaching the Child MDGs: Safe Water and Basic Sanitation n 22 2.5. Investments in the Early Years (0–5) n 23 2.6. Rates of Return to Human Capital Investment Initially Setting n 24 Investment to be Equal Across All Ages 2.7. Cumulative Lending for ECD, 1990–2005 n 24 (Amount of lending in the year of project effectiveness) 2.8. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) n 26 2.9. Building Blocks for Integrated Investments in Children n 29 2.10. Enabling Environment: Supportive Families and Communities n 31 3.1. Building Blocks for Integrated Investments in Youth n 35 3.2. Population Aged 15–24, by Region, 1950–2010 (thousands) n 38 3.3. Gross Secondary Enrollment by Region, 2001 n 38 4.1. Building Blocks for Investments in the Most Vulnerable n 51 B.1. Co-Targeting of Investments and Reaching the Child Mortality MDG n 80 Boxes 1.1. MDG Indicators Targeting Children and Youth n 2 1.2. Issues Facing Children n 3 1.3. Issues Facing Youth n 3 1.4. Creating Incentives for the Poor: Conditional Cash Transfer Programs n 9 2.1. Mobilizing Funds to Reach the Goal of Universal Primary n 30 Education by 2015 3.1. Defining Youth n 36 3.2. Youth (15–24) Unemployment Statistics* n 39 3.3. Creating National Profiles of Youth n 47 4.1. The Most Vulnerable Children and Youth: A Few Definitions n 52 4.2. Orphans and Vulnerable Children Toolkit for Sub-Saharan Africa n 54 4.3. Changing Minds, Policies, and Lives: Improving Protection of n 55 Vulnerable Children in Europe and Central Asia 4.4. Operational Guidelines for Multisectoral HIV/AIDS Programs n 56 in Sub-Saharan Africa 5.1. Mainstreaming Children and Youth into a Country n 60 Development Framework A.1. Reaching Africa’s Young n 68 A.2. Yemen’s National Children and Youth Strategy n 70 A.3. Preliminary Stocktaking of Bank Projects with Youth Components n 72 A.4. Criteria for Prioritizing Investments in Children and Youth n 73 A.5. Rationale for Focusing on Gender Issues in Children and Youth Work n 74 ii n Children & Youth: A Resource Guide A.6. The Macedonia Children and Youth Development Project, n 78 2001–2006 B.1. The Rights of Every Child Count n 79 B.2. Why Invest in Early Child Development? n 81 B.3. Scaling Up Early Child Development in Post-Conflict n 82 Countries: Burundi B.4. Adopting a Multisectoral Approach to Integrated Child n 83 Development in Bolivia B.5. Improving Child Nutrition in Madagascar and Senegal n 84 B.6. IMCI—Documenting Results n 86 B.7. Accelerating the Education Sector Response to HIV/AIDS n 88 B.8. Girls’ Education: Impact and Challenges n 89 C.1.
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