Ordinamento Ex DM Tesi Di Laurea

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Ordinamento Ex DM Tesi Di Laurea Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in STORIA DELLE ARTI E CONSERVAZIONE DEI BENI ARTISTICI Tesi di Laurea L‗evoluzione dell‗utopia socialista nelle opere degli artisti russi nella Biennale d‗arte di Venezia (1920-1970) Relatore ProfessorNico Stringa Correlatore Professoressa Stefania Portinari Laureando Elvira Shlyakhtina Matricola 850215 Anno Accademico 2014/2015 Sommario Introduzione 2 I. dal periodo subito post rivoluzionario 1917 fino alla Seconda guerra mondiale (Biennale1920-Biennale1934) 8 II. dal 1956 fino al ―disgelo‖ 77 III. periodo del ―disgelo‖ degli anni 60‘ e stagnazione degli anni 70‘ 120 IV. la Biennale del dissenso culturale 179 Conclusione della tesi 209 Bibliografia 214 Introduzione Scopo della tesi è relazionare la partecipazione dell‘URSS alla Biennale di Venezia seguendo l‘evoluzione dell‘idea comunista nell‘arte sovietica nel periodo 1920-1970. La Biennale, laboratorio espositivo dove vengono esposte le opere più rappresentative delle idee nazionali, ci consente di seguire lo sviluppo delle idee artistiche in modo attento e selezionato; in essa sono rappresentate le aspirazioni creative, sociali e morali dell‘arte nazionale e vengono espressi i problemi più attuali, morali e ideali della società. In un certo senso la Biennale è un rapporto nazionale che prende i fenomeni della vita e li racconta alle persone in forma figurativa. In questo modo, abbiamo effettuato la nostra ricerca sull‘idea di ―civiltà sovietica‖. Per la realizzazione di questa tesi sono stati consultati i libri scientifici italiani, inglesi e russi, cataloghi e altri fonti, legati alla storia della Biennale e alla storia dell‘arte e cultura sovietica. Sono inoltre state consultate le pubblicazioni di riviste d‘arte, gli articoli dalla metà del Novecento a oggi, custodite nelle biblioteche di Venezia e Mosca e nell‘Archivio Storico delle Arti Contemporanee della Biennale di Venezia (ASAC). La Biennale di Venezia è già studiata abbastanza approfonditamente, le pubblicazioni sulla Biennale sono numerose. Ma per quanto riguarda la partecipazione della Russia, ci sono solo cataloghi del padiglione russo e pubblicazioni generali sull‘arte sovietica. Però nel 2013 per la prima volta è stato publicato il catalogo di Nikolai Molok ―Russian artists at the Venice Biennale: 1895-2013‖ in inglese e russo; grazie a questo catalogo si può seguire la 2 partecipazione degli artisti russi dal 1895 fino al 2013. Indubbiamente, questo fonte fornisce importanti informazioni sulla partecipazione dei sovietici. Però il catalogo naturalmente rende possibile lo sguardo breve sugli artisti russi alla Biennale. Altro lavoro importante è la monografia “La Russia all'Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte di Venezia, 1895-1914” di Matteo Bertelé (2008/2010), ma si tratta sul periodo presovietico, la fasa precedente a quella considerata,noi invece tratteremo del periodo sovietico. Quindi riteniamo, che la partecipazione dell‘URSS nella Biennale di Venezia richieda anche altri studi e ricerche più completi. Il nostro tema: L„evoluzione dell„utopia socialista nelle opere degli artisti russi nella biennale d„arte di Venezia (1920‟-1970‟) è un tema assolutamente nuovo nel campo della ricerca sulla partecipazione del padiglione sovietico alla Biennale. Si è cercato di analizzare lo sviluppo dell‘ideale sovietico e dell‘utopia socialista nelle opere nel settore delle arti figurative, presentate nel padiglione sovietico nel periodo dalla prima partecipazione ufficiale dell‘URSS, nel 1924, fino al periodo della stagnazione, compresa la Biennale dei dissidenti, nel 1977. Il padiglione sovietico era sempre un evento particolare con il suo peso ideologico e la sua atmosfera, legata alla realtà comunista, che suscitava grande interesse nel pubblico, nonostante l‘accettazione o meno della linea politica. Nel lavoro abbiamo incontrato alcuni ostacoli, che indubbiamente sono legati ad un tema così specifico; tra questi, bisogna segnare la sostanza politico-ideologica, che a volte impedisce di vedere la vera natura di alcune opere; poi ovviamente il problema di quella che era la percezione del visitatore, che senza essere parte del contesto sociale della realtà comunista non poteva cogliere appieno alcune sfumature dei cambiamenti storici, espresse nei quadri. Spesso inoltre il visitatore si approcciava alle opere attraverso il filtro della propria appartenenza politica. Si è dovuto spesso filtrare il pathos dello sguardo del critico sovietico oppure la valutazione rigorosamente negativa, probabile irritazione del critico europeo, che poteva capitare. Alla fine del periodo considerato si è trattata la Biennale dei dissidenti del 1977. Abbiamo deciso di includerla nella ricerca, anche se in questo campo è gà stato pubblicato il catalogo della mostra, ―La nuova arte sovietica: una prospettiva non ufficiale. A cura di Enrico Crispolti e Gabriella Moncada”, pubblicato a Venezia nello stesso anno. Questa fonte è stata di grande aiuto e punto di partenza per la nostra ricerca della Biennale del dissenso, che è importante per l‘analisi della nostra tematica. Questo catalogo è completato dagli articoli dei critici d‘arte, testimoni della Biennale, alcuni dei quali avevano rapporti con i dissidenti all‘estero oppure erano stati in Russia. Per capire lo sviluppo dell‘idea comunista, la sua evoluzione e decadenza bisogna considerare il periodo sovietico nella sua cronologia, in modo da formare la linea politico-culturale nel periodo dei cinquant‘anni considerati, durante i quali la presenza del padiglione sovietico è divisa in tre periodi: dal periodo subito post- 3 rivoluzione (1917), fino alla seconda guerra mondiale (Biennale 1920- Biennale1934); dal periodo post Seconda Guerra Mondiale (prima Biennale in cui russi avevano partecipato dopo la guerra, dal 1956 fino al cosiddetto ―disgelo‖); periodo del ―disgelo‖ degli anni 60‘ e ―stagnazione” degli anni 70‘, e infine la Biennale del dissenso(1977)‖. Nel primo capitolo si è trattatoil periodo subito post rivoluzionario (1917) fino alla Seconda guerra mondiale (Biennale1920-Biennale1934). I lavori considerati nel primo capitolo costituiscono una delle pagine più luminose nella storia sia della propaganda politica sia dell‘arte sovietica, nei primi anni dell‘esistenza dell‘URSS dopo la rivoluzione; trattavano argomenti di attualità ed erano il mezzo di comunicazione nel periodo della guerra civile. Come forma di propaganda, l‘arte era fondamentalmente didattica; il messaggio era molto chiaro ed al tempo stesso emozionale. La prima mostra sovietica alla Biennale si svolse nel 1924. Nei primi anni dopo la rivoluzione era necessarioconnotare la presenza delle due Russie (anni '20-anni '30), quella sovietica ufficiale (approvata dalla Biennale per prima volta nel 1924), e quella, legata al vecchio regime monarchico, la cosidetta Russia emigrata. Ma il nostro scopo non è l‘analisi di questo fenomeno delledue Russie alla Biennale, che sarebbe un utile e interessante tema per un succesivo lavoro scientifico, noi teniamo in considerazione solo l‟evoluzione della società sovietica attraverso le opere della Biennale. I comunisti, quando il loro potere si era stabilito, avevano grandi scopi imperialistici ed erano aperti al mondo. Per comprare l'archivio di Karl Marx venne inviata una delegazione del Cremlino a Parigi; i comunisti spesso mandavano gli artisti in viaggio di lavoro, per svolgere propaganda rivoluzionaria attraverso i mezzi dell‘arte. Dopo gli anni ‘30 questa pratica venne abbandonata, Iosif Stalin chiuse i confini del paese, anche perché spesso gli artisti rimanevano all‘estero. Dopo la rivoluzione era necessario trovare un nuovo stile che esprimesse l'essenza del nuovo stato, un nuovo linguaggio artistico. Questo linguaggio si tramutò in diversi stili d'avanguardia, che era in sintonia con l'epoca drammatica e ben esprimeva le aspirazioni del nuovo sistema in fase di costruzione del socialismo, offrendoci un‘idea delle novità introdotte nella vita sovietica negli anni seguenti la Rivoluzione d‘Ottobre. Poi vedremo come la necessità di qualcosa di fondamentale, sicuro e sano abbia portato allo sviluppo del nuovo stile, classico e realistico, che esprimesse nel miglior modo possibile l‘idea di novità che aveva già preso forma e maturità, il cosidetto ―realismo sociale‖. Già negli anni 30‘ prese forma un nuovo stile sovietico, quel realismo sociale che esprimeva in modo più sicuro l‘idea comunista. La sperimentazione nello stile diminuì negli anni 30‘, ma l‗interesse riprese forza negli anni 70‘ con diversi movimenti e anche i dissidenti con a loro componente emozionale e lirica. Nel 1932 venne fondata l'Unione degli Artisti della RSFSR (MOSH). Prima di essa, esistevano le diverse associazioni sperimentate. I pittoricentrali nel nostro 4 lavoro erano i capi della MOSH: Favorskiy, Bogorodsky e Pimenov. Essi presero come base la direzione artistica realistica del XIX secolo, ma con un volto nuovo e rivoluzionario, o meglio, un contenuto sovietico. Quest‘organizzazione realizzò nel corso dell‘arte sovietica i temi storici e rivoluzionari, la storia dell'Armata Rossa, la leniniana, la celebrazione dell‘eroismo del popolo sovietico, il potere dell'industria socialista. In questo senso il corso era completamente diverso; vennero duramente criticati e messi al bando artisti d‘Avanguardia come Kazimir Malevich, Filonov, Tatlin, Shterenberg ed altri, in quanto ritenuti ostili al popolo sovietico. La lotta contro il formalismo e l‘astrattismo era così forte ed a volte assurda, che negli anni ‘40 vennero messi nei depositi quadri
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