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Toleration in Denmark ...7 ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES Conceptions of Tolerance and Intolerance in Denmark: From Liberality to Liberal Intolerance? Tore Vincents Olsen Lasse Lindekilde Aarhus University 2012/19 5. New Knowledge Country Synthesis Reports EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES Conceptions of Tolerance and Intolerance in Denmark: From Liberality to Liberal Intolerance? Edited by TORE VINCENTS OLSEN LASSE LINDEKILDE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND GOVERNMENT AARHUS UNIVERSITY Work Package 5 – New Knowledge on Tolerance and Cultural Diversity in Europe D5.1 Country Synthesis Reports on Tolerance and Cultural diversity - Concepts and Practices © Tore Vincents Olsen & Lasse Lindekilde 2012 This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the research project, the year and the publisher. Published by the European University Institute Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Via dei Roccettini 9 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole - Italy ACCEPT PLURALISM Research Project, Tolerance, Pluralism and Social Cohesion: Responding to the Challenges of the 21st Century in Europe European Commission, DG Research Seventh Framework Programme Social Sciences and Humanities grant agreement no. 243837 www.accept-pluralism.eu www.eui.eu/RSCAS/ Available from the EUI institutional repository CADMUS cadmus.eui.eu Tolerance, Pluralism and Social Cohesion: Responding to the Challenges of the 21st Century in Europe (ACCEPT PLURALISM) ACCEPT PLURALISM is a Research Project, funded by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Program. The project investigates whether European societies have become more or less tolerant during the past 20 years. In particular, the project aims to clarify: (a) how is tolerance defined conceptually, (b) how it is codified in norms, institutional arrangements, public policies and social practices, (c) how tolerance can be measured (whose tolerance, who is tolerated, and what if degrees of tolerance vary with reference to different minority groups). The ACCEPT PLURALISM consortium conducts original empirical research on key issues in school life and in politics that thematise different understandings and practices of tolerance. Bringing together empirical and theoretical findings, ACCEPT PLURALISM generates a State of the Art Report on Tolerance and Cultural Diversity in Europe, a Handbook on Ideas of Tolerance and Cultural Diversity in Europe, a Tolerance Indicators’ Toolkit where qualitative and quantitative indicators may be used to score each country’s performance on tolerating cultural diversity, and several academic publications (books, journal articles) on Tolerance, Pluralism and Cultural Diversity in Europe. The ACCEPT PLULARISM consortium is formed by 18 partner institutions covering 15 EU countries. The project is hosted by the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies and co-ordinated by Prof. Anna Triandafyllidou. The EUI, the RSCAS and the European Commission are not responsible for the opinion expressed by the author(s). The Department of Political Science and Government, Aarhus University, Denmark was founded in 1959 and it is the oldest of its kind in Denmark. It delivers research and education of the highest standards within all of the primary fields of political science: comparative politics, international relations, public administration, public policy, sociology, political research methods as well as political theory. Tore Vincents Olsen is associate professor in the Department of Political Science and Goverment at Aarhus University Lasse Lindekilde is associate professor in the Department of Political Science and Goverment at Aarhus University Contact details: Assoc. Prof. Tore Vincents Olsen, Department of Political Science and Government, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 7, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Email: [email protected] | Phone +45 8942 1337 | Web: http://person.au.dk/en/[email protected] Assoc. Prof. Lasse Lindekilde Department of Political Science and Government, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 7,DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Email: [email protected] | Phone +45 8942 65631 | Web: http://person.au.dk/en/[email protected] For more information on the Socio Economic Sciences and Humanities Programme in FP7 see: http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/index_en.htm http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/cooperation/socio-economic_en.html Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 4 Keywords ................................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION: TOLERATION IN DENMARK ................................................................ 7 CHAPTER 1. TOLERANCE AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY DISCOURSES IN DENMARK ................................................................................................................................ 9 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. NATIONAL IDENTITY AND STATE FORMATION ................................................... 11 1.2.1. State formation ........................................................................................................................ 11 1.2.2. Citizenship in Denmark ........................................................................................................... 13 1.2.3. Denmark and Europe ............................................................................................................... 14 1.3. CULTURAL DIVERSITY CHALLENGES .................................................................... 14 1.3.1. Immigration history of Denmark ............................................................................................. 15 1.3.2. Toleration of differences ......................................................................................................... 19 1.3.2.1. The Greenlandic minority in Denmark................................................................................. 19 1.3.2.2. The German national minority in Southern Jutland ............................................................. 20 1.3.2.4. Roma .................................................................................................................................... 22 1.3.2.3. Jews ...................................................................................................................................... 23 1.3.2.4. Muslims ................................................................................................................................ 24 1.4. DEFINITIONS OF TOLERATION AND RESPECT IN DENMARK ........................... 28 1.4.1. Acceptance and integration in Denmark ................................................................................. 29 1.4.1.1. The values of the Danish integration regime ........................................................................ 29 1.4.1.2. Policies and institutional arrangements ................................................................................ 30 1.4.1.3. Acceptance and accommodation as a social practice ........................................................... 32 1.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................................ 33 CHAPTER 2. (IN)TOLERANCE AND ACCOMMEDATION OF DIFFERENCE IN DANISH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS ..................................................................... 35 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 35 2.2. Toleration, Recognition And Integration .......................................................................... 43 2.3. Case 1: The Accommodation of Ethno-Religious Diversity within the Public School .... 44 1 Tore Vincents Olsen & Lasse Lindekilde 2.3.1. The Media Debate ................................................................................................................... 45 2.3.2. Integration Through Inclusion: Dialogue and Respect ............................................................ 50 2.3.3. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 53 2.4. Case 2: Free Schools – The Epitome of Danish Educational Tolerance? ......................... 54 2.4.1. The Free School Debate in The Danish Press ......................................................................... 55 2.4.2. Policy Changes ........................................................................................................................ 59 2.4.3. Policy Effects .......................................................................................................................... 61 2.4.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 62 2.5. General Conclusions from the Two Case Studies ............................................................. 63 CHAPTER 3. NEGOTIATING LIMITS OF TOLERANCE IN PUBLIC DEBATES IN MUSLIM ACTORS ................................................................................................................
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