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Effect of Temperature on the Synchrony of Stem Borer Pests and Their Associated Larval Parasitoids

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Effect of Temperature on the Synchrony of Stem Borer Pests and Their Associated Larval Parasitoids EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SYNCHRONY OF STEM BORER PESTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED LARVAL PARASITOIDS BY SAMBAI KEVIN KIPSANG (BSc. Biology) I56/81073/2012 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI June 2016 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university or any other award. Name…………………………………………………… Signature……………………………….. Date………………………………. Supervisors We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision and has been submitted with our approval as supervisors Dr. George O. Ong’amo School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi. Signature……………………………. Date………………………………… Dr. Bruno P. LeRu Noctuid Stem Borer Biodiversity Icipe- African Insect Science for Food and Health, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi. Signature…………………………… Date…………………………… ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father Morogo Sambai and my late mother Jane Sambai for their love, support and encouragements throughout my work. I also dedicate it to my wife Rose and son Curtis who had to abide with the profound time load of this work. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I most sincerely thank my supervisors Dr. George Ong’amo and Dr. Bruno LeRu for their support, advice and guidance during this work. Thank you so much for your mentorship. I thank the entire Noctuid Stem Borer Biodiversity (NSBB) laboratory team comprising Gerphas Okuku, Julius Obonyo, Beatrice Omondi, Boaz Musyoka and Peter Ahuya for supplying the insects. To my fellow students at NSBB, Nancy, Christophe, Eric, Sizah, Elijah, Esther and Gladys thanks for your various contributions in improving my work. I am grateful to the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology and Institut de recherché pour le development (IRD) that enabled me to conduct this research. IRD provided funding for my laboratory materials and insects used in the study. I also acknowledge Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) for the support they provided to me through my stipend. I thank my family for the support they gave me. My parents Morogo and Jane Sambai, I am eternally grateful for their support, advice, encouragement and finances. To Caroline, Paul, Rodgers, Sila, Franklin, Gideon and Vivian I am happy and thank God for giving me such wonderful family. I am grateful for your support. Special thanks to my wife Rose and son Curtis for their support and encouragements. You two gave me strength to face challenges that came my way. To my colleagues from University of Nairobi; Peter, Ryan, Jeremiah, Samuel, Sarah, Peninah, Mark, Micky, Kobia, Anthony and Lorine the times we had cannot escape memory; thank you for being my friends. Finally, I give glory to God Almighty for the opportunity and grace to undertake this program. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SYNCHRONY OF STEM BORER PESTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED LARVAL PARASITOIDS .................................i DECLARATION............................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................................ix ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background information .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem and justification ............................................................... 3 1.3 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Objectives of the study .............................................................................................. 4 1.4.1. Broad Objective ................................................................................................. 4 1.4. 2. Specific Objectives ........................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................... 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 5 2.1. The biology of stem borers....................................................................................... 5 2.1.1. Distribution, yield losses and life cycle of Busseola fusca ................................ 5 2.1.2. Distribution, yield losses and life cycle of Chilo partellus ............................... 6 2.1.3. Distribution, yield losses and life cycle of Sesamia calamistis ......................... 8 2.2. Stem borer parasitoids ............................................................................................ 10 2.2.1. Cotesia sesamiae ............................................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Cotesia flavipes................................................................................................. 11 2.3. Insect phenology ................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER THREE ......................................................................................................... 14 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................... 14 v 3.1. Rearing insects ....................................................................................................... 14 3.2. Effects of temperature on stem borer development and survival ....................... 15 3.2.2. Effects of temperature on parasitoids .............................................................. 15 3.2 Data management and statistical analysis ............................................................... 18 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................ 19 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 19 4.1. Effect of temperature on stem borer development ................................................. 19 4.1.1. Effect of temperature on survival of B. fusca, S. calamistis and C. partellus larvae and pupae. ........................................................................................................... 22 4.2. Effect of temperature on development of C. sesamiae Kitale, C. sesamiae Mombasa and C. flavipes .............................................................................................. 23 4.2.1. Effect of temperature on longevity and total lifespan of C. sesamiae Kitale, C. sesamiae Mombasa and C. flavipes ........................................................................... 25 4.2.2. Effect of temperature on fecundity and progeny size of C. sesamiae Kitale, C. sesamiae Mombasa and C. flavipes ........................................................................... 27 4.2.3. Effect of temperature on survival rate and sex ratio of C. sesamiae Kitale, C. sesamiae Mombasa and C. flavipes ........................................................................... 28 4.3. Effect of temperature on host-parasitoid synchrony .............................................. 30 4.3.1. Effect of temperature on host-parasitoid synchrony of Busseola fusca and Cotesia sesamiae Kitale............................................................................................. 30 4.3.2. Effect of temperature on host-parasitoid synchrony of Sesamia calamistis and Cotesia sesamiae Mombasa....................................................................................... 34 4.3.3. Effect of temperature on host-parasitoid synchrony of Chilo partellus and Cotesia flavipes.......................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................. 42 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................. 42 5.1. Discussion .............................................................................................................. 42 5.2. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 51 5.3. Recommendations .................................................................................................. 52 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................
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