Labiatae) in Turkey

Biologia 65/2: 219—227, 2010 Section Botany DOI: 10.2478/s11756-010-0013-y Morphology, anatomy, palynology and nutlet micromorphology of Salvia macrochlamys (Labiatae) in Turkey Ahmet Kahraman,FerhatCelep &MusaDogan˘ Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, 06531, Ankara/Turkey; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Salvia macrochlamys Boiss. & Kotschy, which belongs to sect. Salvia Hedge, is a perennial herb usually growing on rocky limestone slopes in eastern Anatolia. In this study, the anatomical features of the root, the stem, the leaf and the petiole, as well as micromorphological characteristics of the pollen and the nutlet of this species have been investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Moreover, its emended and expanded description, phenology, current distribution and ecology are also given. Anatomical characters such as the number of ray lines in the root, the distance between vascular bundles in the stem, the structure of mesophyll in the leaf and the structure of vascular bundles in the petiole have been found to have taxonomic value. The pollen grains are hexacolpate, radially symmetrical, isopolar and oblate-spheroidal. Their exine sculpturing is bireticulate and perforate. The nutlets are rounded-trigonous in transverse sections, broadly ovate to rotund in shape, light brown, glabrous and slightly rough to protuberances. This species often grows in habitats in which the main soil type is sandy-clayish with low organic content (1.32 ± 1.06%) and slightly alkaline (pH 7.75 ± 0.25). The amount of CaCO3 is 0.94% to 34.91%. The contents of P and K are 8.68 ± 0.96 and 110.12 ± 4.86 ppm, respectively. Key words: Salvia macrochlamys; Labiatae; anatomy; morphology; nutlet; palynology; Introduction Benth., Horminum Benth., Drymosphace Benth. and Hemisphace Benth. Later on, sect. Eusphace was des- Salvia L., the largest genus of Labiatae, represents ignated as the type section of genus Salvia by Hedge an enormous and cosmopolitan assemblage of nearly (1972). 1000 species displaying a remarkable range of varia- Section Salvia Hedge (synonym: Eusphace Benth.) tion. It has undergone marked species radiations in is composed of shrubs and herbs with a relatively prim- three regions of the world: Central and South Amer- itive staminal structure. The characteristic features of ica (500 spp.), Central Asia/Mediterranean (250 spp.) this section are pinnatisect or simple leaves, herbaceous and Eastern Asia (90 spp.) (Walker et al. 2004). Salvia or suffruticose stems, calyx little enlarging after anthe- species are used in traditional medicines all around sis and lips not diverging, upper lip of corolla more the world, possessing antibacterial, antioxidant, antidi- or less straight and corolla tube annulate. Staminal abetic and antitumor properties (Ulubelen 2003). In ad- connectives are equal or slightly longer than filaments dition, many Salvia species are used as herbal tea and and lower theca fertile (Hedge 1972). The largest num- for food flavouring, as well as in cosmetics, perfumery ber of species in section Salvia grows in Turkey. Ac- and the pharmaceutical industry (Demirci et al. 2003). cording to Bentham’s (1833) sectional delimitation, S. The genus Salvia has been subject to a number of macrochlamys was placed in the section Salvia (= Eu- studies based mainly on morphological (Hedge 1982a, sphace) by Boissier (1879). 1982b), anatomical (Metcalfe & Chalk 1950, 1972; The first revision of Salvia in Turkey was made Kahraman et al. 2009), numerical (Reales et al. 2004), by Hedge (1982a), who recognized 86 species, one hy- karyological (Nakipo˘glu 1993), palynological (Hender- brid and one doubtful species. Between 1982 and 2005, son et al. 1968), phylogenetical (Walker et al. 2004) and four more species were published from Turkey (Huber- evolutionary data (Classen-Bockhoff et al. 2004). In ad- Morath. 1982; Vural & Adıgüzel 1996; Dönmez 2001; dition, the taxonomic importance of the nutlet shape Hamzao˘glu et al. 2005). Since 2005, as a part of a re- and surface micromorphology of Salvia have been stud- vision of the genus Salvia in Turkey, the authors have ied by Hedge (1970) and Marin et al. (1996). carried out extensive field studies and collected a large Boissier (1879) recognized 107 species of Salvia number of specimens. Furthermore, population size and in his Flora Orientalis, 75 of which were recorded phenological and ecological properties were noted in from Turkey. He placed these species under seven sec- the field. The studies have revealed two new species, tions using Bentham’s (1833) sectional delimitation. namely S. marashica A. Il¸˙ cim, F. Celep & Dogan (2009) These sections are as follows: Eusphace Benth., Hy- and S. ekimiana F. Celep & Dogan (2009) and two menosphace Benth., Aethiopis Benth., Plethiosphace new records, namely S. macrosiphon Boiss. (Kahra- c 2010 Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences 220 A. Kahraman et al. Fig. 1. Distribution map of S. macrochlamys (). man et al. 2009) and S. viscosa Jacq. (Celep et al. prepared according to Wodehouse (1935) technique. For LM 2009). studies, measurements and observations were made using This study aims to give a detailed account of mor- the Leica DM1000 binocular light microscope with the Le- phological and anatomical characteristics and micro- ica DFC280 camera. The polar length (P), the equatorial morphological properties of pollen grains and nutlets of length (E), the colpus length (CLG), the exine and the in- tine thickness of 30 pollen grains were measured under the S. macrochlamys. The taxonomic significance of these light microscope (× 1000) and P/E ratios were calculated. findings is also discussed with the previous studies on For SEM, the pollen grains were observed and photographed the genus Salvia. with a JEOL-6060 scanning electron microscope to deter- After reading the paper written on anatomy and mine their exine ornamentation. Pollen terminology of Fae- morphology of S. napifolia by Baran & Ozdemir¨ (2006) gri & Iverson (1975) has been used. and examining relevant herbarium specimens, we de- The nutlets were first examined using a Leica S8AP0 cided that the plant was S. verbenaca.Itisaverycom- stereomicroscope to ensure that they were of normal size and mon species in Turkey and easily recognized by its small maturity. In order to determine the average seed sizes, 30 calyx and corolla, straight to subfalcate upper lip of mature nutlets were measured. For SEM, the mature nutlets were placed on stubs directly and covered with gold. After corolla and by its small number of flowers in its verti- that, they were observed and photographed with a JEOL cillasters. Therefore, this paper is based on a misidenti- JSM-6400 scanning electron microscope (Do˘gan 1988). fication. For this reason, the findings of the paper were For ecological studies, soil samples were taken from not compared to our results. suitable habitats of S. macrochlamys. All soil samples were analysed at the Soil, Fertilizer and Water Resources Cen- tral Research Institute, Ankara. Soil texture, pH, CaCO3, Material and methods P, K and organic matter analysis were made using standard techniques (Bayraklı 1987) and the results were evaluated Plant samples were collected from the following differ- according to Ka¸car (1972). ent localities in Turkey: B9 Bitlis: foot of Kambos Moun- tain, Direkta¸sı, 38◦18028 N41◦59015 E, 1351 m, 8 vii 2007, AKahraman 1426! Van: N.W. of Artos Mountain, Results 38◦18882 N42◦06737 E, 1662 m, 10 vii 2007, AKahra- man 1444! C9 Siirt: Eruh to S¸ırnak, Yanılmazlar village, ◦ ◦ Morphological characteristics 37 42 269 N42 15 804 E, 1195 m, 5 vi 2008, AKahraman S. macrochlamys is a perennial herb. Stems are 30– 1540! C10 Hakkari: junction of Yüksekova-Hakkari road, ◦ ◦ 50 cm, numerous, procumbent to almost erect and 37 42 768 N4403 357 E, 1625 m, 7 vi 2008, AKahra- man 1565! A distribution map of S. macrochlamys is given branched above. The stem indumentum is densely glan- (Fig. 1). The specimens have been stored in the Middle East dular pilose and sparsely eglandular villous. Leaves are Technical University (METU) Department of Biological Sci- 3.5–9 × 2–7.5 cm, simple, ovate to elliptic, cordate or ences and Ankara University Herbarium (ANK). rounded, and crenulate to serrulate. The leaf indumen- Anatomical studies were carried out on specimens kept tum is mostly glandular pilose with few sessile glands. in 70% alcohol. The paraffin method was used for the cross Petiole is 2–5 cm. Inflorescence is 10–35 cm, shortly sections of the leaves, stems, roots and petiole. The speci- paniculate or not. Verticillasters are 2-flowered, and mens were embedded in paraffin and then sectioned with approximating. Bracts are 25–45 × 15–25 mm, clearly a Leica RM2125RT rotary microtome. All sections were longer than calyces, almost enclosing flowers, ovate to stained with safranin-fast green and then mounted with Canada Balsam or Entellan (Johansen 1944). Measurements ovate-oblong, densely glandular pilose and sparsely eg- and photos were taken using a Leica DM1000 binocular light landular villous, membranous, prominently veined and microscope with a Leica DFC280 camera. greenish-white. Bracteoles were present. Pedicel is 1–3 For palynological investigations, pollen material was (–4) mm, glandular pilose, rigid and erecto-patent. Ca- obtained from herbarium samples. The pollen slides were lyx is tubular-ovate in shape, 14–20 mm, greenish-white Some morphological and anatomical characteristics of Salvia macrochlamys in Turkey 221 Fig. 2. General appearance of S. macrochlamys. and glandular pilose to villous. Its upper lip is triden- tate and acuminate. Calyx teeth are 2–5 mm. Fruiting calyx is thick-textured. Corolla is 23–35 mm. Its upper lip is white and its lower lip is pink. Corolla tube is 18–25 mm, straight below, widening above (not squa- mulate) and annulate. Its upper lip is almost straight and truncate. Stamens are A type, including the upper lip of corolla.

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