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Emission Factors for the Disposal of Energetic Materials by Open Burning and Open Detonation (OB/OD)

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Emission Factors for the Disposal of Energetic Materials by Open Burning and Open Detonation (OB/OD) (, \) )- L; I -1--I EPA/600/R-98/103 Emission Factors for the Disposal of Energetic Materials by Open Burning and Open Detonation (OB/OD) By William J. Mitchell and Jack C. Suggs US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-46 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 AUGUST 1998 This emission factor database was created using data collected by the U.S. Department of Defense l 000959 Contents Page No. Disclaimer .................................................. iii Abstract .................................................. iv Tables ............................................... • .... v Listing of Abbreviations and Definitions of Terms ......... vi Acknowledgments ............................... · ............ viii Executive Surrnnary ....................................... 1 Chapter 1 Introduction.................................. 4 Chapter 2 Methods and Materials ... ............ ... .. .. 14 Chapter 3 Construction and Validation of the Database . 21 Chapter 4 Overview o.f the Validated Database 29 Chapter 5. Discussion of Results for Open Detonations 30 Chapter 6. Discussion of Results for Water-Suppressed Detonations . 37 Chapter 7 Discussion of Results from Burns ............. 40 Chapter 8 Guidance on Using the Database: .............. 45 Chapter 9 Recommendations for Future Work .............. 47 References 49 Appendices A. Detailed Descriptions of the Energetic Materials ... 50 B. Sampling and Analysis Methodologies Used .......... 62 c. Target Analytes ................................... 65 D. Emission Factors for Burns ........................ 68 E. Emission Factors for Detonations .................. 87 ii 000960 Disclaimer The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of research and development funded the data analysis and validation study described in this report. It has been subjected to the agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. iii 000961 Abstract This report contains a validated database of pollutant emission factors applicable to the disposal of energetic-containing materials through open-air burning (in burn pans) and unconfined detonation processes (OB/OD). The emission factors in the database were compiled using data from studies, which measured the quantities of particles, semivolatile organic compounds, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, toxic metals, volatile organic compounds, and inorganic gases released when 0.22 kg of energetic materials were detonated and 2.2 kg of these materials were burned in 930 m3 chambers, called BangBoxes. Air samples from the chamber were analyzed for over 275 analytes. The actions taken in validating the database are also described along with the minimum quantification limits for each pollutant measurement system. Summary statistics were calculated and compared to the results from smaller (0.02 kg)and larger (250-3,200 kg) scale detonations and burns of energetic materials. These comparisons confirm and expand upon results from earlier studies which determined that emission factors derived from chamber-based results can be used to predict the emission products that would be released from much larger scale detonations and burns, that is, the results are scalable. These comparisons also indicate that OB- and OD-based processes can be environmentally friendly ways to dispose of many of the energetic materials in the demil inventories of the world. iv 000962 Tables Page No. 1-1. Distribution of Carbon in Emission Products from Detonating TNT in Different Atmospheres . .. 12 1-2. Heats of reaction (kcal/mol) for Selected Gas Phase Reactions at 1 Atmosphere ....... 13 2-1. Energetic Materials Burned and Detonated in the BangBoxes . 16 2-2. Weights (grams) of Energetic Materials in Items Detonated . 18 2-3. Weights (grams) of Energetic Materials in Items Burned . 19 2-4. Sampling Systems Used in Each Study 20 3-1. Representative MQL Emission Factors (kg Analyte/kg MEM) . 28 5-1. Mean Emission Factors (kg Analyte/kg MEM) for Selected Analytes for Detonations . 33 5-2. % Recoveries of C and N as the Oxides for Detonations ............ .. .. 34 5-3. Emission Factor Averages Across Categories for Detonations . 34 5-4. Mean Emission Factors (kg Analyte/kg C in Energetic) for Selected Analytes for Detonations .. ... .. 35 5-5. Original and Adjusted Emission Factors for PETN and RDX . 3 6 6-1. Comparison of Emission Factors for Unsuppressed and Water-Suppressed Detonations . .. .. 38 6-2. Distribution of C and N Across Selected Analyte Classes for Tritonal and Arnatol Detonations . 39 7-1. Mean Emission Factors (kg. Analyte/kg. MEM) for Selected Analytes for Burns . .. .. 43 7-2. % Recoveries of C and N as the Oxides for Burns . 44 7-3. Emission Factor Averages Across Categories for Burns . 44 v 000963 List Of Abbreviations And Terms Abbreviations DPG: Dugway Proving Ground, UT LLNL: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories SNL: Sandia National laboratories Definition of Terms Blast effect: the high pressure generated by the explosion. Brisance: the ability of an explosive to provide shock waves to shatter the target. After shattering the target, the shock wave can continue moving through the target. In this respect, brisance differs from blast effect. The blast itself can not transmit the energy through solid material without moving the target, but shock waves can. Composite Explosive: A solid propellant comprised of an oxidizer (e.g., ammonium perchlorate) and a metallic fuel (e.g., aluminum powder) held together by a polymeric substance (e.g., polybutadiene). Double-base Propellant: A solid propellant comprised of nitrocellulose (NC) and nitroglycerin (NG). Emission Factor: The mass of an analyte released by a detonation or burn normalized to the energetic mass of the material (MEM) detonated. In the database, the emission factors are in terms of Kg analyte/kg MEM. Encapsulated Energetic: An assembled energetic-containing material, such as a mine or a fuze. Energetic: A substance, either a pure compound or a mixture of compounds, capable of undergoing a very rapid chemical change, releasing large quantities of heat and large volumes of hot gases. Includes high explosives, low explosives (propellants and pyrotechnics), incendiaries, fuse powders and thermites. Explosive: A chemical compound or mixture which, when subjected to heat, impact, friction, shock or other suitable stimulous, undergoes a very rapidchemical reaction with the evolution of large volumes of heated gases that exert high pressures in the surrounding medium. Explosives are a subset of energetics, excluding those which do not produce large volumes of hot gases (e.g., incendiaries, fuse powders and thermi tes) . High Explosive: An energetic material in which the decomposition process (detonation) proceeds through the entire material at vi 000964 supersonic speed. The rate at which the decomposition process passes through the explosive is determined by the velocity of the shock wave. TNT, RDX and PETN are examples of high explosives. Low Explosive: An energetic material in which the decomposition process (deflagration) occurs at subsonic speed. The decomposition occurs on the surface of the explosive only; there is no shock wave. Propellants and pyrotechnics are examples of low explosives. Single -base Propellant: A solid propellant containing only nitrocellulose (NC) as the primary energetic material. Target Analytes: The chemical species sought in the emissions from the detonations and burns, e.g., Pb, Al, acetylene. The target analytes are identified in Appendix C. Triple-base Propellants: A solid propellant comprised of nitrocellulose (NC), nitroglycerin (NG) and nitroguanidine (NQ). Vll 000965 Acknowledgments This database of emission factors was constructed from seven studies funded by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). The authors wish to acknowledge the support, cooperation and encouragement they received from Mr. MacDonald Johnson (retired) and Mr. Casey Wilcox (retired), the project officers at Dugway proving ground, UT for the seven studies. We want to particularly acknowledge the substantial contribution of Mr. Johnson, the project officer for the first five studies. It was Mr. Johnson's vision, personal integrity and personal sacrifice which brought about the DOD emission factor development program and which established its credibility with the regulatory community. It is regrettable that his health prevented him from completing the program and receiving the recognition he deserves for his significant contributions towards solving the demilitarization problem. The authors also wish to acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals for their suggestions on ways to improve the readability of the document; Mr. R. J. Black of Dugway Proving Ground, UT: Mr Thomas E. Ward and Mr Jeff Gaines of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC and Washington DC, respectively; Mr. Robert O'Brien of Brooks AFB; Dr. Charles Lind of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC and Mr. Ed Patterson of the Department of Energy's Pantex Plant, Amarillo, TX. viii 000966 Executive Summary A database of emission factors applicable to the open burning (in burn pans, OB) and open detonation (OD) practices routinely used to destroy surplus or unserviceable energetic materials has been constructed and validated using emissions data from 16 energetic materials which were burned and 23 materials which were detonated in a 930 m3 chamber called a BangBox. Both high and low explosives in bulk and assembled (encapsulated)
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