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Big Events in Urban Life Cycle Analysis; the Case of Damascus

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Big Events in Urban Life Cycle Analysis; the Case of Damascus Universidade do Minho Escola de Engenharia Mariam Eissa Análise do ciclo de vida usando Lourenço modelo Caso da cidade de Damasco (1960-2015) Análise do ciclo de vida usando Lourenço modelo Caso da cidade de Damasco (1960-2015) Mariam Eissa junho de 2015 UMinho | 2015 Universidade do Minho Escola de Engenharia Mariam Eissa Análise do ciclo de vida usando Lourenço modelo Caso da cidade de Damasco (1960-2015) Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado Internacional em Ambiente Construído Sustentável Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação do Professora Doutora; Júlia Maria Brandão Barbosa Lourenço junho de 2015 Dedication I dedicate this Master dissertation to my parents; Mohamad Hadi Eissa and Salma Eissa for their great support in my educational journey, to my siblings; Adel, Hadel and Obada for their loving and caring. Also, I dedicate this study to my friends; Lujain, Eiad, Nahed and Housam for their great help. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to present my greatest thanks for my supervisor Júlia Maria Brandão Barbosa Lourenço, who have given my all the support, encouragement and help. Also, I would like to thank my professors in the Sustainable Built Environment International Master for their dedication through the learning process of this master. I am also grateful for the Department of civil engineering members for their help and support. I wish to express my sincere thanks for President Jorge Sampaio and Doctor Helena Barroco for their continuous encouragement for me and my colleagues. I take this opportunity to express gratitude to the entire global platform for Syrian student for their help and work to provide this opportunity for us to complete out studies. I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all, who directly or indirectly have lent their hand in this venture. Mariam Eissa iv ABSTRACT Life cycle assessment is considered a modern concept in recent times. The life cycle of urban areas may be built upon mathematical equations that can deal with the assumptions and data. But it can also be built upon methods and tools to study urban changes and finding statistics on the development and modernization of the city’s urban form and structure. This dissertation presents the state of the art, and the methodologies and the results of studying the life cycle analysis of the capital of Syrian Arab republic, which is based upon studying the urban changes that happened in the city together with the developments of its master plan over the years 1960-2015. Using the Lourenço’s model for study, this model can be represented as a graphical tool to assimilate the progress of city evolution phases in order to monitor the behavior of an urban area and its planning process, by comparing the idealistic analysis from Lourenço’s meta-analysis for urban growth areas to the current noticeable trends from the Syrian capital city´s current situation. The studying of urban life cycle analysis includes the settlements study intertwined with the city’s plans and monitoring the future stages for the master plans and the workflow of several cycles and their intensities. The achieved life cycle of Damascus city allows comparing the negatives and the positives of each plan’s stages, the urban areas distribution, the state of the current master plan for Damascus and the general phases of the city´s developments. It is also perceived through a specific study on the general effects of these phases´ impacts on the city, the effects of the on-going conflict in Syria and the enormous damages that affected the whole city and the normal life cycle. This negative occurrence can be analysed through a pulsar effect analysis which interferes in the cities´ life cycle, showcasing changes in the normal behavior of the city. The analysis of these changes caused by the conflicts and relating to the present main problems can be used for developing new strategies to help improve the future urban planning for Damascus. This case study can further advance urban studies applicable to disaster areas. Keywords: Life Cycle Analysis, Damascus, Post-war Urban Planning, Monitoring, Master Plans. v RESUMO A avaliação de ciclo de vida é considerado um dos conceitos modernos dos nossos tempos. O ciclo de vida de áreas urbanas não é apenas baseado em equações matemáticas que podem lidar com suposições e informações. É um conjunto de métodos e ferramentas para o estudo de mudanças urbanas assente em levantamentos estatísticos do desenvolvimento e modernização do tecido urbano de determinada cidade. Esta dissertação apresenta os objetivos e a metodologia de estudo da análise do ciclo de vida da capital da República Árabe da Síria, a qual é baseada no estudo das mudanças que ocorreram no Plano de desenvolvimento urbano ao longo dos anos, assim como suas alterações, fazendo para tal uso do modelo de Lourenço (Lourenço, 2003). O estudo de análise do ciclo de vida inclui a avaliação das alterações dos planos da cidade, a monitorização de futuras etapas para os planos urbanos segundo os ciclos de vida detetados na cidade de Damasco. Também é efetuada a comparação de cada uma das fases, tanto positivas quanto negativas do plano, assim como da distribuição de áreas, do sistema das construções, e de suas alterações durante o período estudado do ciclo de vida da cidade. Inclui, ainda, o estado atual do Plano de Urbanização, e os pontos positivos e negativos de cada projeto destinado para Damasco, as fases gerais dos desenvolvimentos da cidade e também o estudo dos efeitos gerais dos impactos na cidade. Para tal, os efeitos da guerra actual na Síria, e os enormes danos causados que têm afetado a cidade como um todo e o seu ciclo de vida normal, serão levados em consideração. Palavras chave: Análise de ciclo de vida, Damasco, Planeamento urbano de pós-guerra, Planos Diretores. vi CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 2 STATE OF ART ......................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Life Cycle Analysis................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Pulsar Effect ............................................................................................................ 10 3 THE COMPONENTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS MODALLY ....................... 14 3.1 Planning .............................................................................................................. 14 3.2 Actions ............................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Living ................................................................................................................. 18 3.4 Disruption ........................................................................................................... 20 4 APPLICATION TO DAMASCUS ........................................................................... 23 4.1 Damascus profile ................................................................................................ 23 4.1.1 Damascus history changes ............................................................................... 25 4.1.2 Ecochard plan................................................................................................... 28 4.1.3 The most important points of Ecochard Master Plan ....................................... 28 4.1.4 Analyzing Ecochard Master Plan..................................................................... 29 4.1.4 The changes on Ecochard Master Plan in the following years ........................ 37 4.2 The components of life cycle analysis .................................................................... 38 4.2.1 Planning in Damascus ...................................................................................... 39 4.2.2 Actions in Damascus........................................................................................ 45 4.2.3 Living in Damascus ......................................................................................... 50 4.2.4 Disruption in Damascus ................................................................................... 55 5 Discussion of results ................................................................................................. 61 vii 5.1 Results ..................................................................................................................... 61 5.2 Syrian revolution as a pulsar effect .................................................................... 72 6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 75 6.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 75 6.2 Recommendation and possibilities for future work ........................................... 78 References ..................................................................................................................... 79 viii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 2.1 Lourenço model for ideal behavior ................................................................... 2 Figure 2.2 Quasi-model of Knowledge-Based Research Saint-Paul, R. and Teniere- Buchot (1974) ..................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2.3 Zoning of Jonggol Green Islamic City .............................................................
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