Information for Seafarers regarding

WATCHKEEPING STANDARDS (including 2010 Manila Amendments)

The STCW Convention and Code are amended from time to time, and the current requirements must always be consulted and complied with. To assist seafarers, this AMSA information document advises of the content of Chapter VIII of the STCW Code, including 2010 Manila Amendments, at the time of publication of the information. Paragraph 340(1)(h) of the Navigation Act 2012 makes provision for the safe navigation and operation of ships by giving effect to: (a) Regulation I/14 of the STCW Convention (Responsibilities of companies); and (b) Chapter VIII of the STCW Code (Standards regarding watchkeeping). Under this authority, Marine Order 28 (Operating standards and procedures) 2012 requires that companies, masters, chief engineers and all persons engaged on watchkeeping duties must observe both the standards and the guidance regarding watchkeeping set out in Chapter VIII of the STCW Code.

Australian Maritime Safety Authority, Canberra ACT Australia – May 2013 © Excerpts from the IMO publication ‘STCW (with Manila Amendments), 2011 Edition’ are reproduced with the permission of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) which holds the copyright. Readers should be aware that IMO material is subject to revision and amendment from time to time, and that partial extracts may be misleading. IMO does not accept any responsibility for the material as reproduced: in case of doubt, the official IMO text will prevail. CONTENTS

This information document is divided into 4 sections:

Section 1 Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code) Page 1

Section 2 Guidance regarding watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section B-VIII/2 of the STCW Code) Page 13

Section 3 The Navigation and Radio Watch This Section sets out for convenience those parts of Sections 1 and 2 that relate to the navigational and radio watch Page 17

Section 4 The Engineering Watch This Section sets out for convenience those parts of Sections 1 and 2 that relate to the engineering watch Page 27

i

SECTION WATCHKEEPING ARRANGEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED 1 Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code

Part 1 - Certification Part 3 – Watchkeeping principles in general 1 The officer in charge of the navigational or deck watch 8 Watches shall be carried out based on the following shall be duly qualified in accordance with the provisions of bridge and engine-room resource management principles: chapter II, or chapter VII appropriate to the duties related .1 proper arrangements for watchkeeping personnel shall to navigational or deck watchkeeping. be ensured in accordance with the situations; 2 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall .2 any limitation in qualifications or fitness of individuals be duly qualified in accordance with the provisions of shall be taken into account when deploying chapter III, or chapter VII appropriate to the duties related watchkeeping personnel; to engineering watchkeeping. .3 understanding of watchkeeping personnel regarding their individual roles, responsibility and team roles Part 2 - Voyage planning shall be established; General requirements .4 the master, chief engineer officer and officer in charge 3 The intended voyage shall be planned in advance, of watch duties shall maintain a proper watch, making taking into consideration all pertinent information, and the most effective use of the resources available, any course laid down shall be checked before the voyage such as information, installations/equipment and other commences. personnel;

4 The chief engineer officer shall, in consultation with the .5 watchkeeping personnel shall understand functions master, determine in advance the needs of the intended and operation of installations/equipment, and be familiar with handling them; voyage, taking into consideration the requirements for fuel, water, lubricants, chemicals, expendable and other .6 watchkeeping personnel shall understand information spare parts, tools, supplies and any other requirements. and how to respond to information from each station/ installation/equipment; Planning prior to each voyage .7 information from the stations/installations/equipment 5 Prior to each voyage the master of every ship shall ensure shall be appropriately shared by all the watchkeeping that the intended route from the port of departure to the personnel; first port of call is planned using adequate and appropriate .8 watchkeeping personnel shall maintain an exchange charts and other nautical publications necessary for the of appropriate communication in any situation; and intended voyage, containing accurate, complete and up to date information regarding those navigational limitations .9 watchkeeping personnel shall notify the master/chief and hazards which are of a permanent or predictable nature engineer officer/officer in charge of watch duties and which are relevant to the safe navigation of the ship. without any hesitation when in any doubt as to what action to take in the interest of safety. Verification and display of planned route 6 When the route planning is verified, taking into Part 4 - Watchkeeping consideration all pertinent information, the planned route Principles applying to watchkeeping generally shall be clearly displayed on appropriate charts and shall 9 Parties shall direct the attention of companies, masters, be continuously available to the officer in charge of the chief engineer officers and watchkeeping personnel to the watch, who shall verify each course to be followed prior following principles, which shall be observed to ensure to using it during the voyage. that safe watches are maintained at all times.

Deviation from planned route 10 The master of every ship is bound to ensure that 7 If a decision is made, during a voyage, to change the watchkeeping arrangements are adequate for maintaining next port of call of the planned route, or if it is necessary a safe navigational or cargo watch. Under the master’s for the ship to deviate substantially from the planned general direction; the officers of the navigational watch route for other reasons, then an amended route shall be are responsible for navigating the ship safely during their planned prior to deviating substantially from the route periods of duty, when they will be particularly concerned originally planned. with avoiding collision and stranding.

1 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

11 The chief engineer officer of every ship is bound, in .2 full account has been taken of all relevant factors consultation with the master, to ensure that watchkeeping including but not limited to: arrangements are adequate to maintain a safe engineering - state of weather, watch. - visibility, Protection of marine environment - traffic density, 12 The master, officers and ratings shall be aware of the - proximity of dangers to navigation; and serious effects of operational or accidental pollution of the - the attention necessary when navigating in or marine environment and shall take all possible precautions near traffic separation schemes; and to prevent such pollution, particularly within the framework .3 assistance is immediately available to be summoned of relevant international and port regulations. to the bridge when any change in the situation so Part 4-1 - Principles to be observed in keeping a requires. navigational watch 17 In determining that the composition of the navigational 13 The officer in charge of the navigational watch is the watch is adequate to ensure that a proper lookout can master’s representative and is primarily responsible at all continuously be maintained, the master shall take into times for the safe navigation of the ship and for complying account all relevant factors, including those described in with the International Regulations for Preventing this section of the Code, as well as the following factors: Collisions at Sea, 1972, as amended. .1 visibility, state of weather and sea; Lookout .2 traffic density, and other activities occurring in the area in which the vessel is navigating; 14 A proper lookout shall be maintained at all times in compliance with rule 5 of the International Regulations .3 the attention necessary when navigating in or near traffic separation schemes or other routeing for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, as amended and measures; shall serve the purpose of: .4 the additional workload caused by the nature of the .1 maintaining a continuous state of vigilance, by sight ship’s functions, immediate operating requirements and hearing as well as by all other available means, and anticipated manoeuvres; with regard to any significant change in the operating .5 the fitness for duty of any crew members on call who environment; are assigned as members of the watch; .2 fully appraising the situation and the risk of collision, .6 knowledge of, and confidence in, the professional stranding and other dangers to navigation; and competence of the ship’s officers and crew; .3 detecting ships or aircraft in distress, shipwrecked .7 the experience of each officer of the navigational persons, wrecks, debris and other hazards to safe watch, and the familiarity of that officer with the ship’s navigation. equipment, procedures, and manoeuvring capability; 15 The lookout must be able to give full attention to the .8 activities taking place on board the ship at any particular keeping of a proper lookout and no other duties shall be time, including radiocommunication activities and the availability of assistance to be summoned immediately undertaken or assigned which could interfere with that to the bridge when necessary; task. .9 the operational status of bridge instrumentation and 16 The duties of the lookout and helmsperson are separate controls, including alarm systems; and the helmsperson shall not be considered to be the .10 rudder and propeller control and ship manoeuvring lookout while steering, except in small ships where an characteristics; unobstructed all-round view is provided at the steering .11 the size of the ship and the field of vision available position and there is no impairment of night vision or other from the conning position; impediment to the keeping of a proper lookout. The officer .12 the configuration of the bridge, to the extent such in charge of the navigational watch may be the sole lookout configuration might inhibit a member of the watch in daylight provided that on each such occasion: from detecting by sight or hearing any external .1 the situation has been carefully assessed and it has development; and been established without doubt that it is safe to do so; .13 any other relevant standard, procedure or guidance relating to watchkeeping arrangements and fitness for duty which has been adopted by the Organization.

2 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

Watch arrangements .4 procedures for the use of main engines to manoeuvre 18 When deciding the composition of the watch on the when the main engines are on bridge control; and bridge, which may include appropriately qualified ratings, .5 navigational situation including, but not limited to: the following factors, inter alia, shall be taken into account: .5.1 the operational condition of all navigational and .1 at no time shall the bridge be left unattended; safety equipment being used or likely to be used .2 weather conditions, visibility and whether there is during the watch, daylight or darkness; .5.2 the errors of gyro and magnetic compasses, .3 proximity of navigational hazards which may make .5.3 the presence and movement of ships in sight or it necessary for the officer in charge of the watch to known to be in the vicinity, carry out additional navigational duties; .5.4 the conditions and hazards likely to be .4 use and operational condition of navigational aids encountered during the watch, and such as ECDIS radar or electronic position indicating devices and any other equipment affecting the safe .5.5 the possible effects of heel, trim, water density navigation of the ship; and squat on under keel clearance. .5 whether the ship is fitted with automatic steering; 23 If at any time the officer in charge of the navigational .6 whether there are radio duties to be performed; watch is to be relieved when a manoeuvre or other action .7 unmanned machinery space (UMS) controls, alarms to avoid any hazard is taking place, the relief of that officer and indicators provided on the bridge, procedures for shall be deferred until such action has been completed. their use and limitations; and Performing the navigational watch .8 any unusual demands on the navigational watch 24 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall: that may arise as a result of special operational circumstances. .1 keep the watch on the bridge; Taking over the watch .2 in no circumstances leave the bridge until properly 19 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall relieved; and not hand over the watch to the relieving officer if there is .3 continue to be responsible for the safe navigation reason to believe that the latter is not capable of carrying of the ship, despite the presence of the master on out the watchkeeping duties effectively, in which case the the bridge, until informed specifically that the master master shall be notified. has assumed that responsibility and this is mutually understood. 20 The relieving officer shall ensure that the members of the relieving watch are fully capable of performing their 25 During the watch the course steered, position and duties, particularly as regards their adjustment to night speed shall be checked at sufficiently frequent intervals, vision. Relieving officers shall not take over the watch using any available navigational aids necessary, to ensure until their vision is fully adjusted to the light conditions. that the ship follows the planned course.

21 Prior to taking over the watch, relieving officers 26 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall shall satisfy themselves as to the ship’s estimated or have full knowledge of the location and operation of all true position and confirm its intended track, course and safety and navigational equipment on board the ship speed and UMS controls as appropriate and shall note and shall be aware and take account of the operating any dangers to navigation expected to be encountered limitations of such equipment. during their watch. 27 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall not be assigned or undertake any duties which would 22 Relieving officers shall personally satisfy themselves interfere with the safe navigation of the ship. regarding the: When using radar the officer in charge of the .1 standing orders and other special instructions of the 28 navigational watch shall bear in mind the necessity to master relating to navigation of the ship; comply at all times with the provisions on the use of radar .2 position, course, speed and draught of the ship; contained in the International Regulations for Preventing .3 prevailing and predicted tides, currents, weather, Collisions at Sea 1972, as amended, in force. visibility and the effect of these factors upon course and speed;

3 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

29 In cases of need, the officer in charge of the 35 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall navigational watch shall not hesitate to use the helm, bear in mind the necessity to comply at all times with the engines and sound signalling apparatus. However, timely requirements in force of the International Convention for notice of intended variations of engine speed shall be the Safety of Life at Sea, (SOLAS) 19741. The officer of given where possible or effective use made of UMS the navigational watch shall take into account: engine controls provided on the bridge in accordance .1 the need to station a person to steer the ship and to with the applicable procedures. put the steering into manual control in good time to 30 Officers of the navigational watch shall know the allow any potentially hazardous situation to be dealt handling characteristics of their ship, including its stopping with in a safe manner; and distances, and should appreciate that other ships may .2 that with a ship under automatic steering, it is highly have different handling characteristics. dangerous to allow a situation to develop to the point 31 A proper record shall be kept during the watch of the where the officer in charge of the navigational watch movements and activities relating to the navigation of is without assistance and has to break the continuity the ship. of the lookout in order to take emergency action. 32 It is of special importance that at all times the officer 36 Officers of the navigational watch shall be thoroughly in charge of the navigational watch ensures that a proper familiar with the use of all electronic navigational aids lookout is maintained. In a ship with a separate chartroom, carried, including their capabilities and limitations, and the officer in charge of the navigational watch may visit shall use each of these aids when appropriate and the chartroom, when essential, for a short period for the shall bear in mind that the echo-sounder is a valuable necessary performance of navigational duties, but shall navigational aid. first ensure that it is safe to do so and that proper lookout is maintained. 37 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall use the radar whenever restricted visibility is encountered Operational tests of shipboard navigational equipment 33 or expected and at all times in congested waters; having shall be carried out at sea as frequently as practicable and due regard to its limitations. as circumstances permit, in particular before hazardous conditions affecting navigation are expected. Whenever 38 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall appropriate, these tests shall be recorded. Such tests ensure that the range scales employed are changed at shall also be carried out prior to port arrival and departure. sufficiently frequent intervals so that echoes are detected as early as possible. It shall be borne in mind that small 34 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall or poor echoes may escape detection. make regular checks to ensure that: 39 Whenever radar is in use, the officer in charge of the .1 the person steering the ship or the automatic pilot is navigational watch shall select an appropriate range scale steering the correct course; and observe the display carefully, and shall ensure that .2 the standard compass error is determined at least once plotting or systematic analysis is commenced in ample a watch and, when possible, after any major alteration time. of course; the standard and gyro-compasses are 40 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall frequently compared and repeaters are synchronized notify the master immediately: with their master compass; .1 if restricted visibility is encountered or expected; .3 the automatic pilot is tested manually at least once a watch; .2 if the traffic conditions or the movements of other ships are causing concern; .4 the navigation and signal lights and other navigational equipment are functioning properly; .3 if difficulty is experienced in maintaining course; .5 the radio equipment is functioning properly in .4 on failure to sight land, a navigation mark or to obtain accordance with paragraph 86 of this section; and soundings by the expected time; .6 the UMS controls, alarms and indicators are .5 if, unexpectedly, land or a navigation mark is sighted functioning properly. or a change in soundings occurs;

1See regulations V/24, V/25 and V/26

4 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

.6 on breakdown of the engines, propulsion machinery having the engines ready for immediate manoeuvre. In remote control, steering gear or any essential addition, the officer in charge of the navigational watch navigational equipment, alarm or indicator; shall: .7 if the radio equipment malfunctions; .1 inform the master; .8 in heavy weather, if in any doubt about the possibility .2 post a proper lookout; of weather damage; .3 exhibit navigation lights; and .9 if the ship meets any hazard to navigation, such as .4 operate and use the radar. ice or a derelict; and In hours of darkness .10 in any other emergency or if in any doubt. 46 The master and the officer in charge of the navigational 41 Despite the requirement to notify the master watch, when arranging lookout duty, shall have due regard immediately in the foregoing circumstances the officer to the bridge equipment and navigational aids available in charge of the navigational watch shall, in addition, not for use, their limitations; procedures and safeguards hesitate to take immediate action for the safety of the ship implemented. where circumstances so require. Coastal and congested waters 42 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall 47 The largest scale chart on board, suitable for the area give watchkeeping personnel all appropriate instructions and corrected with the latest available information, shall and information which will ensure the keeping of a safe be used. Fixes shall be taken at frequent intervals, and watch; including a proper lookout. shall be carried out by more than one method whenever Watchkeeping under different conditions and in circumstances allow. When using ECDIS, appropriate different areas usage code (scale) electronic navigational charts shall be used and the ship’s position shall be checked by Clear weather an independent means of position fixing at appropriate 43 The officer in charge of the navigational watch intervals. shall take frequent and accurate compass bearings of approaching ships as a means of early detection of risk 48 The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall of collision and shall bear in mind that such risk may positively identify all relevant navigation marks. sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing Navigation with pilot on board change is evident; particularly when approaching a very 49 Despite the duties and obligations of pilots, their large ship or a tow or when approaching a ship at close presence on board does not relieve the master or officer range. The officer in charge of the navigational watch in charge of the navigational watch from their duties shall also take early and positive action in compliance with and obligations for the safety of the ship. The master the applicable International Regulations for Preventing and the pilot shall exchange information regarding Collisions at Sea, 1972, as amended and subsequently navigation procedures, local conditions and the ship’s check that such action is having the desired effect. characteristics. The master and/or the officer in charge 44 In clear weather, whenever possible, the officer in of the navigational watch shall cooperate closely with charge of the navigational watch shall carry out radar the pilot and maintain an accurate check on the ship’s practice. position and movement.

Restricted visibility 50 If in any doubt as to the pilot’s actions or intentions, 45 When restricted visibility is encountered or expected, the officer in charge of the navigational watch shall seek the first responsibility of the officer in charge of the clarification from the pilot and, if doubt still exists, shall navigational watch is to comply with the relevant rules notify the master immediately and take whatever action of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions is necessary before the master arrives. at Sea, 1972, as amended with particular regard to the sounding of fog signals, proceeding at a safe speed and

5 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

Ship at anchor 55 When deciding the composition of the engineering 51 If the master considers it necessary a continuous watch, which may include appropriately qualified ratings, navigational watch shall be maintained at anchor. While at the following criteria, inter alia, shall be taken into account: anchor the officer in charge of the navigational watch shall: .1 the type of ship and the type and condition of the .1 determine and plot the ship’s position on the machinery; appropriate chart as soon as practicable; .2 the adequate supervision, at all times, of machinery .2 when circumstances permit, check at sufficiently affecting the safe operation of the ship; frequent intervals whether the ship is remaining .3 any special modes of operation dictated by conditions securely at anchor by taking bearings of fixed such as weather, ice, contaminated water, shallow navigation marks or readily identifiable shore objects; water, emergency conditions, damage containment .3 ensure that proper lookout is maintained; or pollution abatement; .4 ensure that inspection rounds of the ship are made .4 the qualifications and experience of the engineering periodically; watch; .5 observe meteorological and tidal conditions and the .5 the safety of life, ship, cargo and port, and protection state of the sea; of the environment; .6 notify the master and undertake all necessary .6 the observance of international, national and local measures if the ship drags anchor; regulations; and .7 ensure that the state of readiness of the main .7 maintaining the normal operations of the ship. engines and other machinery is in accordance with Taking over the watch the master’s instructions; 56 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall .8 if visibility deteriorates, notify the master; not hand over the watch to the relieving officer if there is .9 ensure that the ship exhibits the appropriate lights reason to believe that the latter is obviously not capable and shapes and that appropriate sound signals are of carrying out the watchkeeping duties effectively; in made in accordance with all applicable regulations; which case the chief engineer officer shall be notified. and 57 The relieving officer of the engineering watch shall .10 take measures to protect the environment from ensure that the members of the relieving engineering pollution by the ship and comply with applicable watch are apparently fully capable of performing their pollution regulations. duties effectively. Part 4-2 - Principles to be observed in keeping an 58 Prior to taking over the engineering watch, relieving engineering watch officers shall satisfy themselves regarding at least the 52 The term engineering watch as used in parts 4-2, following: 5-2 and 5-4 of this section means either a person or a .1 the standing orders and special instructions of the group of personnel comprising the watch or a period of chief engineer officer relating to the operation of the responsibility for an officer during which the physical ship’s systems and machinery; presence in machinery spaces of that officer may or may .2 the nature of all work being performed on machinery not be required. and systems, the personnel involved and potential 53 The officer in charge of the engineering watch hazards; is the chief engineer officer’s representative and is .3 the level and, where applicable, the condition of primarily responsible, at all times, for the safe and efficient water or residues in bilges, ballast tanks, slop tanks, operation and upkeep of machinery affecting the safety of reserve tanks, fresh water tanks, sewage tanks and the ship and is responsible for the inspection, operation any special requirements for use or disposal of the and testing, as required, of all machinery and equipment contents thereof; under the responsibility of the engineering watch. .4 the condition and level of fuel in the reserve tanks, Watch arrangements settling tank, day tank and other fuel storage facilities; 54 The composition of the engineering watch shall, at all .5 any special requirements relating to sanitary system times, be adequate to ensure the safe operation of all disposals; machinery affecting the operation of the ship, in either .6 condition and mode of operation of the various main automated or manual mode, and be appropriate to the and auxiliary systems, including the electrical power prevailing circumstances and conditions. distribution system;

6 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

.7 where applicable, the condition of monitoring and 63 When the machinery spaces are in the manned control console equipment, and which equipment is condition, the officer in charge of the engineering watch being operated manually; shall at all times be readily capable of operating the .8 where applicable, the condition and mode of propulsion equipment in response to needs for changes operation of automatic boiler controls such as flame in direction or speed. safeguard control systems, limit control systems, 64 When the machinery spaces are in the periodic combustion control systems, fuel supply control unmanned condition, the designated duty officer in charge systems and other equipment related to the operation of the engineering watch shall be immediately available of steam boilers; and on call to attend the machinery spaces. .9 any potentially adverse conditions resulting from bad 65 All bridge orders shall be promptly executed. Changes weather, ice, contaminated or shallow water; in direction or speed of the main propulsion units shall be .10 any special modes of operation dictated by equipment recorded, except where an Administration has determined failure or adverse ship conditions; that the size or characteristics of a particular ship make such recording impracticable. The officer in charge of the .11 the reports of engine-room ratings relating to their engineering watch shall ensure that the main propulsion assigned duties; unit controls, when in the manual mode of operation, are .12 the availability of fire-fighting appliances; and continuously attended under stand-by or manoeuvring .13 the state of completion of engine-room log. conditions. Performing the engineering watch 66 Due attention shall be paid to the ongoing maintenance and support of all machinery, including mechanical, 59 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall electrical, electronic, hydraulic and pneumatic systems, ensure that the established watchkeeping arrangements their control apparatus and associated safety equipment, are maintained and that, under direction, engine room all accommodation service systems equipment and the ratings, if forming part of the engineering watch, assist recording of stores and spare gear usage. in the safe and efficient operation of the propulsion machinery and auxiliary equipment. 67 The chief engineer officer shall ensure that the officer in charge of the engineering watch is informed of 60 The officer in charge of the engineering watch all preventive maintenance, damage control, or repair shall continue to be responsible for machinery space operations to be performed during the engineering watch. operations, despite the presence of the chief engineer The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall be officer in the machinery spaces, until specifically responsible for the isolation, by passing and adjustment informed that the chief engineer officer has assumed that of all machinery under the responsibility of the engineering responsibility and this is mutually understood. watch that is to be worked on, and shall record all work 61 All members of the engineering watch shall be familiar carried out. with their assigned watchkeeping duties. In addition, 68 When the engine-room is put in a stand-by condition, every member shall, with respect to the ship they are the officer in charge of the engineering watch shall ensure serving in, have knowledge of: that all machinery and equipment which may be used .1 the use of appropriate internal communication during manoeuvring is in a state of immediate readiness systems; and that an adequate reserve of power is available for .2 the escape routes from machinery spaces; steering gear and other requirements. .3 the engine-room alarm systems and be able to 69 Officers in charge of an engineering watch shall not be distinguish between the various alarms, with special assigned or undertake any duties which would interfere reference to the fire extinguishing media alarm; and with their supervisory duties in respect of the main propulsion system and ancillary equipment. They shall .4 the number, location and types of fire fighting keep the main propulsion plant and auxiliary systems under equipment and damage control gear in the machinery constant supervision until properly relieved, and shall spaces, together with their use and the various safety periodically inspect the machinery in their charge. They precautions to be observed. shall also ensure that adequate rounds of the machinery 62 Any machinery not functioning properly, expected to and steering gear spaces are made for the purpose malfunction or requiring special service, shall be noted of observing and reporting equipment malfunctions or along with any action already taken. Plans shall be made breakdowns, performing or directing routine adjustments, for any further action if required. required upkeep and any other necessary tasks.

7 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

70 Officers in charge of an engineering watch shall direct accomplished before changes are made, in order to afford any other member of the engineering watch to inform the bridge the maximum available time to take whatever them of potentially hazardous conditions which may action is possible to avoid a potential marine casualty. adversely affect the machinery or jeopardize the safety 77 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall of life or of the ship. notify the chief engineer officer without delay: 71 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall .1 when engine damage or a malfunction occurs which may ensure that the machinery space watch is supervised, be such as to endanger the safe operation of the ship; and shall arrange for substitute personnel in the event of .2 when any malfunction occurs which, it is believed, may the incapacity of any engineering watch personnel. The cause damage or breakdown of propulsion machinery, engineering watch shall not leave the machinery spaces auxiliary machinery or monitoring and governing unsupervised in a manner that would prevent the manual systems; and operation of the engine-room plant or throttles. .3 in any emergency or if in any doubt as to what decision 72 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall or measures to take. take the action necessary to contain the effects of damage resulting from equipment breakdown, fire, flooding, 78 Despite the requirement to notify the chief engineer rupture, collision, stranding, or other cause. officer in the foregoing circumstances, the officer in charge of the engineering watch shall not hesitate to take 73 Before going off duty, the officer in charge of the immediate action for the safety of the ship, its machinery engineering watch shall ensure that all events related to and crew where circumstances require. the main and auxiliary machinery which have occurred during the engineering watch are suitably recorded. 79 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall give the watchkeeping personnel all appropriate 74 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall instructions and information which will ensure the keeping co-operate with any engineer in charge of maintenance of a safe engineering watch. Routine machinery upkeep, work during all preventive maintenance, damage control performed as incidental tasks as a part of keeping a or repairs. This shall include but not necessarily limited to: safe watch, shall be set up as an integral part of the .1 isolating and bypassing machinery to be worked on; watch routine. Detailed repair maintenance involving .2 adjusting the remaining plant to function adequately repairs to electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or and safely during the maintenance period; applicable electronic equipment throughout the ship shall be performed with the cognizance of the officer in charge .3 recording, in the engine-room log or other suitable of the engineering watch and chief engineer officer. These document, the equipment worked on and the repairs shall be recorded. personnel involved, and which safety steps have been taken and by whom, for the benefit of relieving officers Engineering watchkeeping under different conditions and for record purposes; and and in different areas .4 testing and putting into service, when necessary, the Restricted visibility repaired machinery or equipment. 80 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall 75 The officer in charge of the engineering watch ensure that permanent air or steam pressure is available shall ensure that any engine-room ratings who perform for sound signals and that at all times bridge orders maintenance duties are available to assist in the manual relating to changes in speed or direction of operation are operation of machinery in the event of automatic immediately implemented and, in addition, that auxiliary equipment failure. machinery used for manoeuvring is readily available. 76 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall Coastal and congested waters bear in mind that changes in speed, resulting from 81 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall machinery malfunction, or any loss of steering, may ensure that all machinery involved with the manoeuvring imperil the safety of the ship and life at sea. The bridge of the ship can immediately be placed in the manual shall be immediately notified, in the event of fire, and mode of operation when notified that the ship is in of any impending action in machinery spaces that may congested waters. The officer in charge of the engineering cause reduction in the ship’s speed, imminent steering watch shall also ensure that an adequate reserve of failure, stoppage of the ship’s propulsion system or any power is available for steering and other manoeuvring alteration in the generation of electric power or similar requirements. Emergency steering and other auxiliary threat to safety. This notification, where possible, shall be equipment must be ready for immediate operation.

8 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

Ship at anchor 87 The requirements of the Radio Regulations and the 82 At an unsheltered anchorage the chief engineer officer SOLAS Convention on keeping a radiotelegraph or radio shall consult with the master whether or not to maintain log, as appropriate, shall be complied with. the same engineering watch as when under way. 88 The maintenance of radio records, in compliance 83 When a ship is at anchor in an open roadstead or any with the requirements of the Radio Regulations and the other virtually “at sea” condition, the engineer officer in SOLAS Convention, is the responsibility of the radio charge of the engineering watch shall ensure that: operator designated as having primary responsibility for radiocommunications during distress incidents. The .1 an efficient engineering watch is kept; following shall be recorded, together with the times at .2 periodic inspection is made of all operating and stand- which they occur: by machinery; .1 a summary of distress, urgency and safety .3 main and auxiliary machinery is maintained in a state radiocommunications; of readiness in accordance with orders from the .2 important incidents relating to the radio service; bridge; .3 where appropriate, the position of the ship at least .4 measures are taken to protect the environment from once per day; and pollution by the ship, and that applicable pollution .4 a summary of the condition of the radio equipment prevention regulations are complied with; and including its sources of energy. .5 all damage control and fire-fighting systems are in readiness. 89 The radio records shall be kept at the distress communications operating position, and shall be made Part 4-3 - Principles to be observed in keeping a radio watch available: General provisions .1 for inspection by the master; and 84 Administrations shall direct the attention of companies, .2 for inspection by any authorized official of the masters and radio watchkeeping personnel to comply Administration and by any duly authorized officer with the following provisions to ensure that an adequate exercising control under article X of the Convention. safety radio watch is maintained while a ship is at sea. In complying with this Code account shall be taken of the Part 5 - Watchkeeping in Port Radio Regulations. Principles applying to all watchkeeping Watch arrangements General 85 In deciding the arrangements for the radio watch, the 90 On any ship safely moored or safely at anchor under master of every seagoing ship shall: normal circumstances in port, the master shall arrange .1 ensure that the radio watch is maintained in for an appropriate and effective watch to be maintained accordance with the relevant provisions of the Radio for the purpose of safety. Special requirements may be Regulations and the SOLAS Convention; necessary for special types of ships’ propulsion systems or ancillary equipment and for ships carrying hazardous, .2 ensure that the primary duties for radio watchkeeping dangerous, toxic or highly flammable materials or other are not adversely affected by attending to radio traffic special types of cargo. not relevant to the safe movement of the ship and safety of navigation; and Watch arrangements .3 take into account the radio equipment fitted on board 91 Arrangements for keeping a deck watch when the and its operational status. ship is in port shall at all times be adequate to: Performing the radio watch .1 ensure the safety of life, of the ship, the port and the 86 The radio operator performing radio watchkeeping environment, and the safe operation of all machinery duties shall: related to cargo operation; .1 ensure that watch is maintained on the frequencies .2 observe international, national and local rules; and specified in the Radio Regulations and the SOLAS .3 maintain order and the normal routine of the ship. Convention; and 92 The master shall decide the composition and duration .2 while on duty, regularly check the operation of the of the deck watch depending on the conditions of mooring, radio equipment and its sources of energy and report type of the ship and character of duties. to the master any observed failure of this equipment.

9 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

93 If the master considers it necessary, a qualified officer Part 5-1 - Taking over the deck watch shall be in charge of the deck watch. 98 Prior to taking over the deck watch, the relieving officer 94 The necessary equipment shall be so arranged as to shall be informed of the following by the officer in charge provide for efficient watchkeeping. of the deck watch as to the following:

95 The chief engineer officer, in consultation with the .1 the depth of the water at the berth, the ship’s draught, master, shall ensure that engineering watchkeeping the level and time of high and low waters; the securing arrangements are adequate to maintain a safe engineering of the moorings, the arrangement of anchors and the watch while in port. When deciding the composition of scope of the anchor chain, and other mooring features the engineering watch, which may include appropriate important to the safety of the ship; the state of main engine-room ratings, the following points are among those engines and their availability for emergency use; to be taken into account: .2 all work to be performed on board the ship; the nature, .1 on all ships of 3,000 kW propulsion power and over amount and disposition of cargo loaded or remaining, there shall always be an officer in charge of the and any residue on board after unloading the ship; engineering watch; and .3 the level of water in bilges and ballast tanks; .2 on ships of less than 3,000 kW propulsion power there .4 the signals or lights being exhibited or sounded; may be, at the master’s discretion and in consultation with the chief engineer officer, no officer in charge of .5 the number of crew members required to be on board the engineering watch; and and the presence of any other persons on board; .3 officers, while in charge of an engineering watch, shall .6 the state of fire-fighting appliances; not be assigned or undertake any task or duty which .7 any special port regulations; would interfere with their supervisory duty in respect .8 the master’s standing and special orders; of the ship’s machinery system. Note: Marine Order 28 (Operations standards and .9 the lines of communication available between the procedures) 2012 requires that, during watchkeeping ship and shore personnel, including port authorities, in port, on all ships of 750 kW propulsion power and in the event of an emergency arising or assistance over there shall always be an officer in charge of the being required; engineering watch. .10 any other circumstances of importance to the safety of the ship, its crew, cargo or protection of the Note: The STCW Code defines propulsion power as the total maximum continuous rated output power in environment from pollution; and kilowatts of all the ship’s main propulsion machinery .11 the procedures for notifying the appropriate authority which appears on the ship’s certificate of registry or of any environmental pollution resulting from ship other official document. activities.

Taking over the watch 99 Relieving officers, before assuming charge of the deck watch, shall verify that: 96 Officers in charge of the deck or engineering watch shall not hand over the watch to their relieving officer .1 the securing of moorings and anchor chain is adequate; if they have any reason to believe that the latter is .2 the appropriate signals or lights are properly exhibited obviously not capable of carrying out watchkeeping duties or sounded; effectively, in which case the master or chief engineer shall be notified accordingly. Relieving officers of the .3 safety measures and fire protection regulations are deck or engineering watch shall ensure that all members being maintained; of their watch are apparently fully capable of performing .4 they are aware of the nature of any hazardous or their duties effectively. dangerous cargo being loaded or discharged and 97 If, at the moment of handing over the deck or the appropriate action to be taken in the event of any engineering watch, an important operation is being spillage or fire; and performed it shall be concluded by the officer being .5 no external conditions or circumstances imperil the ship relieved, except when ordered otherwise by the master and that it does not imperil others. or chief engineer officer.

10 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

Part 5-2 - Taking over the engineering watch Part 5-3 - Performing the deck watch 100 Prior to taking over the engineering watch, the relieving 102 The officer in charge of the deck watch shall: officer shall be informed by the officer in charge ofthe .1 make rounds to inspect the ship at appropriate engineering watch as to: intervals; .1 the standing orders of the day, any special orders .2 pay particular attention to: relating to the ship operations, maintenance functions, .2.1 the condition and securing of the gangway, repairs to the ship’s machinery or control equipment; anchor chain and moorings, especially at the turn .2 the nature of all work being performed on machinery of the tide and in berths with a large rise and fall, and systems on board ship, personnel involved and if necessary, taking measures to ensure that they potential hazards; are in normal working condition, .3 the level and condition, where applicable, of water or .2.2 the draught, under-keel clearance and the residue in bilges, ballast tanks, slop tanks, sewage general state of the ship, to avoid dangerous tanks, reserve tanks and special requirements for the listing or trim during cargo handling or ballasting, use or disposal of the contents thereof; .2.3 the weather and sea state, .4 any special requirements relating to sanitary system .2.4 the observance of all regulations concerning disposals; safety and fire protection, .5 the condition and state of readiness of portable fire- .2.5 the water level in bilges and tanks, extinguishing equipment and fixed fire-extinguishing .2.6 all persons on board and their location, especially installations and fire-detection systems; those in remote or enclosed spaces, and .6 authorized repair personnel on board engaged in .2.7 the exhibition and sounding, where appropriate, engineering activities, their work locations and repair of lights and signals; functions and other authorized persons on board and the required crew; .3 in bad weather, or on receiving a storm warning, take the necessary measures to protect the ship, persons .7 any port regulations pertaining to ship effluents, fire- on board and cargo; fighting requirements and ship readiness, particularly during potential bad weather conditions; .4 take every precaution to prevent pollution of the environment by the ship; .8 the lines of communication available between the ship and shore personnel, including port authorities, in the .5 in an emergency threatening the safety of the ship, raise event of an emergency arising or assistance being the alarm, inform the master, take all possible measures required; to prevent any damage to the ship, its cargo and persons on board, and, if necessary, request assistance from the .9 any other circumstance of importance to the safety shore authorities or neighbouring ships; of the ship, its crew, cargo or the protection of the environment from pollution; and .6 be aware of the ship’s stability condition so that, in the event of fire, the shore fire-fighting authority may be .10 the procedures for notifying the appropriate authority advised of the approximate quantity of water that can of environmental pollution resulting from engineering be pumped on board without endangering the ship; activities. .7 offer assistance to ships or persons in distress; 101 Relieving officers, before assuming charge of the engineering watch, shall satisfy themselves that they are .8 take necessary precautions to prevent accidents or fully informed by the officer being relieved, as outlined damage when propellers are to be turned; and above, and: .9 enter, in the appropriate log book, all important events .1 be familiar with existing and potential sources of affecting the ship. power, heat and lighting and their distribution; Part 5-4 - Performing the engineering watch .2 know the availability and condition of ship’s fuel, 103 Officers in charge of the engineering watch shall pay lubricants and all water supplies; and particular attention to: .3 be ready to prepare the ship and its machinery, as far .1 the observance of all orders, special operating as is possible, for stand-by or emergency conditions procedures and regulations concerning hazardous as required. conditions and their prevention in all areas in their charge;

11 SECTION 1 – Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section A-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

.2 the instrumentation and control systems, monitoring .5 ensure that all important events affecting the of all power supplies, components and systems in operation, adjustment or repair of the ship’s machinery operation; are satisfactorily recorded. .3 the techniques, methods and procedures necessary Part 4-5 - Watch in port on ships carrying hazardous to prevent violation of the pollution regulations of the cargo local authorities; and General .4 the state of the bilges. 105 The master of every ship carrying cargo that is 104 Officers in charge of the engineering watch shall: hazardous, whether explosive, flammable, toxic, health threatening or environment-polluting, shall ensure that .1 in emergencies, raise the alarm when, in their opinion, safe watchkeeping arrangements are maintained. On ships the situation so demands, and take all possible carrying hazardous cargo in bulk, this will be achieved by measures to prevent damage to the ship, persons on the ready availability on board of a duly qualified officer board and cargo; or officers, and ratings where appropriate, even when the .2 be aware of the deck officer’s needs relating to the ship is safely moored or safely at anchor in port. equipment required in the loading or unloading of the 106 On ships carrying hazardous cargo other than in bulk, cargo and the additional requirements of the ballast the master shall take full account of the nature, quantity, and other ship stability control systems; packing and stowage of the hazardous cargo and of any .3 make frequent rounds of inspection to determine special conditions on board, afloat and ashore. possible equipment malfunction or failure, and take immediate remedial action to ensure the safety of Part 4-6 - Cargo watch the ship, of cargo operations, of the port and the 107 Officers with responsibility for the planning and environment; conduct of cargo operations shall ensure that such .4 ensure that the necessary precautions are taken, within operations are conducted safely through the control of their area of responsibility, to prevent accidents or the specific risks, including when non-ship’s personnel damage to the various electrical, electronic, hydraulic, are involved. pneumatic and mechanical systems of the ship; and

12 SECTION 2 – Guidance regarding watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section B-VIII/2 of the STCW Code) SECTION GUIDANCE REGARDING WATCHKEEPING ARRANGEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED 2 Section B-VIII/2 of the STCW Code

Part 4-1 - Guidance on keeping a navigational Part 4-2 - Guidance on keeping an engineering watch watch 6 Particular guidance may be necessary for special Introduction types of propulsion systems or ancillary equipment and 2 Particular guidance may be necessary for special for ships carrying hazardous, dangerous, toxic or highly types of ships as well as for ships carrying hazardous, flammable materials or other special types of cargo. The chief engineer officer should provide this operational dangerous, toxic or highly flammable cargoes. The master guidance as appropriate. should provide this operational guidance as appropriate. 7 It is essential that officers in charge of the engineering 3 It is essential that officers in charge of the navigational watch appreciate that the efficient performance of watch appreciate that the efficient performance of their engineering watchkeeping duties is necessary in the duties is necessary in the interests of the safety of life, interest of the safety of life and property at sea and of security and property at sea and of preventing pollution preventing pollution of the marine environment. of the marine environment. 8 The relieving officer, before assuming charge of the Anchor watch engineering watch, should: 4 The master of every ship at an unsheltered anchorage, .1 be familiar with the location and use of the equipment at an open roadstead or any other virtually “at sea” provided for the safety of life in a hazardous or toxic conditions in accordance with chapter VIII, section environment; A-VIII/2, part 4-1, paragraph 51 of the STCW Code, .2 ascertain that materials for the administration of should ensure that watchkeeping arrangements are emergency medical first aid are readily available, adequate for maintaining a safe watch at all times. A particularly those required for the treatment of burns deck officer should at all times maintain responsibility for and scalds; and a safe anchor watch. .3 when in port, safely anchored or moored, be aware of: .3.1 cargo activities, the status of maintenance and 5 In determining the watchkeeping arrangements, and repair functions and all other operations affecting commensurate with maintaining the ship’s safety and the watch; and security and the protection of the marine environment, .3.2 the auxiliary machinery in use for passenger or the master should take into account all pertinent crew accommodation services, cargo operations, circumstances and conditions such as: operational water supplies and exhaust systems. .1 maintaining a continuous state of vigilance by sight Part 4-3 - Guidance on keeping a radio watch and hearing as well as by all other available means; General .2 ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication requirements; 9 Among other things, the Radio Regulations require that each ship radio station is licensed, is under the ultimate .3 the prevailing weather, sea, ice and current authority of the master or other person responsible for the conditions; ship and is only operated under the control of adequately .4 the need to continuously monitor the ship’s position; qualified personnel. The Radio Regulations also require .5 the nature, size and characteristics of anchorage; that a distress alert shall only be sent on the authority of the master or other person responsible for the ship. .6 traffic conditions; The master should bear in mind that all personnel .7 situations which might affect the security of the ship; 10 assigned responsibility for sending a distress alert must .8 loading and discharging operations; be instructed with regard to, be knowledgeable of, and .9 the designation of stand-by crew members; and be able to operate properly, all radio equipment on the .10 the procedure to alert the master and maintain engine ship as required by regulation I/14, paragraph 1.4. This should be recorded in the deck or radio log books. readiness.

13 SECTION 2 – Guidance regarding watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section B-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

Watchkeeping .2 send a traffic report (name, position and destination, etc.) to the local coast station and any other appropriate 11 In addition to the requirements concerning radio coast station from which general communications may watchkeeping, the master of every seagoing ship should be expected. ensure that: 16 While the station is open, the radio operator on watch .1 the ship’s radio station is adequately manned for the should: purpose of exchanging general communications – in particular public correspondence, taking into account .1 check the radio clock against standard time signals the constraints imposed by the duties of those at least once a day; authorized to operate it; and .2 send a traffic report when entering and on leaving the service area of a coast station from which general .2 the radio equipment provided on board and, where communications might be expected; and fitted, the reserve sources of energy, are maintained in an efficient working condition. .3 transmit reports to ship reporting systems in accordance with the instructions of the master. 12 Necessary instruction and information on use of 17 While at sea, the radio operator designated as having radio equipment and procedures for distress and safety primary responsibility for radiocommunications during purposes should be given periodically to all relevant crew distress incidents should ensure the proper functioning of: members by the person designated in the muster list to have primary responsibility for radiocommunications during .1 the digital selective calling (DSC) distress and safety distress incidents. This should be recorded in the radio log. radio equipment by means of a test call at least once each week; and 13 The master of every ship not subject to the SOLAS, .2 the distress and safety radio equipment by means of 1974 should require that radio watchkeeping is adequately a test at least once each day but without radiating any maintained as determined by the Administration, taking signal. into account the Radio Regulations. The results of these tests should be recorded in the Operational radio log. 14 Prior to sailing, the radio operator designated as having 18 The radio operator designated to handle general primary responsibility for radiocommunications during communications should ensure that an effective distress incidents should ensure that: watch is maintained on those frequencies on which .1 all distress and safety radio equipment and the reserve communications are likely to be exchanged, having source of energy are in an efficient working condition, regard to the position of the ship in relation to those coast and that this is recorded in the radio log; stations and to coast earth stations from which traffic may be expected. When exchanging traffic, radio operators .2 all documents required by international agreement, should follow the relevant ITU recommendations. notices to ship radio stations and additional documents required by the Administration are available and are 19 When closing the station on arrival at a port, the radio corrected in accordance with the latest supplements, operator on watch should advise the local coast station and and that any discrepancy is reported to the master; other coast stations with which contact has been maintained of the ship’s arrival and of the closing of the station. .3 the radio clock is correctly set against standard time signals; 20 When closing the radio station the radio operator designated as having primary responsibility for .4 antennae are correctly positioned, undamaged and radiocommunications during distress incidents should: properly connected; and .1 ensure that transmitting antennae are earthed; and .5 to the extent practicable, routine weather and navigational warning messages for the area in which .2 check that the reserve sources of energy are sufficiently the ship will be navigating are updated together with charged. those for other areas requested by the master, and Distress alerts and procedures that such messages are passed to the master. 21 The distress alert or distress call has absolute priority 15 On sailing and opening the station, the radio operator over all other transmissions. All stations which receive on watch should: such signals are required by the Radio Regulations to immediately cease all transmissions capable of interfering .1 listen on the appropriate distress frequencies for any with distress communications. possible existing distress situation; and

14 SECTION 2 – Guidance regarding watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed (Section B-VIII/2 of the STCW Code)

22 In the case of a distress affecting own ship, the radio 29 On receiving a safety message, the radio operator on operator designated as having primary responsibility for watch should note its content and act in accordance with radiocommunications during distress incidents should the master’s instructions. immediately assume responsibility for following the 30 Bridge-to-bridge communications should be procedures of the Radio Regulations and relevant ITU-R exchanged on VHF channel 13. Bridge-to-bridge Recommendations. communications are described as “Intership Navigation 23 On receiving a distress alert: Safety Communications” in the Radio Regulations. .1 the radio operator on watch should alert the master Radio records and, if appropriate, the radio operator designated as 31 Additional entries in the radio log should be made in having primary responsibility for radiocommunications accordance with paragraphs 10, 12, 14, 17 and 33. during distress incidents; and 32 Unauthorized transmissions and incidents of harmful .2 the radio operator designated as having primary interference should, if possible, be identified, recorded responsibility for radiocommunications during in the radio log and brought to the attention of the distress incidents should evaluate the situation and Administration in compliance with the Radio Regulations, immediately assume responsibility for following the together with an appropriate extract from the radio log. procedures of the Radio Regulations and relevant Battery maintenance ITU-R Recommendations. 33 Batteries providing a source of energy for any part Urgency messages of the radio installation, including those associated with uninterrupted power supplies are the responsibility of the 24 In cases of urgency affecting own ship, the radio radio operator designated as having primary responsibility operator designated as having responsibility for for radiocommunications during distress incidents and radiocommunications during distress incidents should should be: immediately assume responsibility for following the .1 tested on-load and off-load daily and, where necessary, procedures of the Radio Regulations and relevant ITU-R brought up to the fully charged condition; Recommendations. .2 tested once per week by means of a hydrometer where 25 In cases of communications relating to medical practicable, or where a hydrometer cannot be used, advice, the radio operator designated as having primary by a suitable load test; and responsibility for radiocommunications during distress .3 checked once per month for the security of each incidents should follow the procedures of the Radio battery and its connections and the condition of the Regulations and adhere to the conditions as published in batteries and their compartment or compartments. the relevant international documentation (see paragraph The results of these tests should be recorded in the 14.2) or as specified by the satellite service provider. radio log. 26 In cases of communications relating to medical transports, as defined in the Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I), the radio operator designated as having primary responsibility for radiocommunications during distress incidents should follow the procedures of the Radio Regulations. 27 On receiving an urgency message, the radio operator on watch should alert the master and, if appropriate, the radio operator designated as having primary responsibility for radiocommunications during distress incidents. Safety messages 28 When a safety message is to be transmitted, the master and the radio operator on watch should follow the procedures of the Radio Regulations.

15 16 SECTION 3 THE NAVIGATION AND RADIO WATCH Marine Order 28 (Operating standards and procedures) must be clearly displayed on appropriate charts, and must 2012 requires masters and all persons engaged on be continuously available to the officer in charge of the watchkeeping duties to observe the standards and watch who must verify each course to be followed prior guidance regarding watchkeeping set out in Sections to using it during the voyage. A-VIII/2 and B-VIII/2 of the STCW Code. The former 2.4 Deviation from planned route is set out in full in Section 1 and the latter in Section 2. The objective is to ensure that a safe continuous watch If a decision is made, during a voyage, to change the or watches appropriate to the prevailing circumstances next port of call of the planned route, or if it is necessary and conditions are maintained in all seagoing ships at for the ship to deviate substantially from the planned all times. route for other reasons, then an amended route must be planned prior to deviating substantially from the route This Section, for convenience sake, amalgamates originally planned. Sections 1 and 2 into a logical sequence for the assistance of those with responsibility for the 3 Watchkeeping navigational and radio watch. In order to make this section “user friendly” minor changes have 3.1 General principles been made. 3.1.1 Companies, masters and watchkeeping personnel must observe the following principles to ensure that safe The officer in charge of the navigational watch is the watches are maintained at all times. master’s representative and is primarily responsible at all times for the safe navigation of the ship and for complying 3.1.2 The master of every ship is bound to ensure that with the International Regulations for Preventing watchkeeping arrangements are adequate for maintaining Collisions at Sea, 1972, as amended. a safe navigational watch. Under the master’s general direction, the officers of the navigational watch are 1 Certification responsible for navigating the ship safely during their The officer in charge of the navigational or deck watch periods of duty, when they will be particularly concerned must be qualified in accordance with Marine Order 3 with avoiding collision and stranding. (Seagoing qualifications) 2004 appropriate to the duties 3.2 Protection of marine environment related to navigational or deck watchkeeping. The master, officers and ratings must be aware of the 2 Voyage Planning serious effects of operational or accidental pollution of the 2.1 General requirements marine environment and must take all possible precautions to prevent such pollution, particularly within the framework The intended voyage must be planned in advance taking into consideration all pertinent information and any of relevant international and port regulations. course laid down must be checked before the voyage 3.3 Lookout commences. 3.3.1 A proper lookout must be maintained at all times 2.2 Planning prior to each voyage in compliance with rule 5 of the International Regulations Prior to each voyage the master of every ship must ensure for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972,as amended and that the intended route from the port of departure to the is to serve the purpose of: first port of call is planned using adequate and appropriate (a) maintaining a continuous state of vigilance by sight charts and other nautical publications necessary for the and hearing as well as by all other available means, intended voyage, containing accurate, complete and up to with regard to any significant change in the operating date information regarding those navigational limitations environment; and hazards which are of a permanent or predictable nature, and which are relevant to the safe navigation of (b) fully appraising the situation and the risk of collision, the ship. stranding and other dangers to navigation; and 2.3 Verification and display of planned route (c) detecting ships or aircraft in distress, shipwrecked persons, wrecks, debris and other hazards to safe When the route planning is verified, taking into navigation. consideration all pertinent information, the planned route

17 SECTION 3 – The Navigation and Radio Watch

3.3.2 The lookout must be able to give full attention to (h) activities taking place on board the ship at any the keeping of a proper lookout and no other duties may particular time, including radiocommunication be undertaken or assigned which could interfere with activities and the availability of assistance to that task. be summoned immediately to the bridge when necessary; 3.3.3 The duties of the lookout and helmsperson are separate and the helmsperson must not be considered (i) the operational status of bridge instrumentation and to be the lookout while steering, except in small ships controls, including alarm systems; where an unobstructed all-round view is provided at the (j) rudder and propeller control and ship manoeuvring steering position and there is no impairment of night vision characteristics; or other impediment to the keeping of a proper lookout. The officer in charge of the navigational watch may be (k) the size of the ship and the field of vision available the sole lookout in daylight provided that on each such from the conning position; occasion: (l) the configuration of the bridge, to the extent such (a) the situation has been carefully assessed and it has configuration might inhibit a member of the watch been established without doubt that it is safe to do so; from detecting by sight or hearing any external (b) full account has been taken of all relevant factors development; and including, but not limited to: (m) any other relevant standard, procedure or guidance - state of weather, relating to watchkeeping arrangements and fitness - visibility, for duty which has been adopted by the IMO.

- traffic density, 3.4 Watch arrangements - proximity of dangers to navigation; and When deciding the composition of the watch on the bridge, - the attention necessary when navigating in or which may include appropriately qualified ratings, the near traffic separation schemes; and following factors, inter alia, must be taken into account: (c) assistance is immediately available to be summoned (a) at no time shall the bridge be left unattended; to the bridge when any change in the situation so requires. (b) weather conditions, visibility and whether there is daylight or darkness; 3.3.4 In determining that the composition of the navigational watch is adequate to ensure that a proper (c) proximity of navigational hazards which may make lookout can continuously be maintained, the master and it necessary for the officer in charge of the watch to take into account all relevant factors, including those carry out additional navigational duties; described in this section of the Code, as well as the (d) use and operational condition of navigational aids following factors: such as ECDIS radar or electronic position indicating (a) visibility, state of weather and sea; devices and any other equipment affecting the safe navigation of the ship; (b) traffic density, and other activities occurring in the area in which the vessel is navigating; (e) whether the ship is fitted with automatic steering; (c) the attention necessary when navigating in or (f) whether there are radio duties to be performed; near traffic separation schemes or other routeing (g) unmanned machinery space (UMS) controls, alarms measures; and indicators provided on the bridge, procedures for (d) the additional workload caused by the nature of the their use and limitations; and ship’s functions, immediate operating requirements (h) any unusual demands on the navigational watch and anticipated manoeuvres; that may arise as a result of special operational (e) the fitness for duty of any crew members on call who circumstances. are assigned as members of the watch; 3.5 Taking over the watch (f) knowledge of and confidence in the professional 3.5.1 The officer in charge of the navigational watch must competence of the ship’s officers and crew; not hand over the watch to the relieving officer if there is (g) the experience of each officer of the navigational reason to believe that the latter is not capable of carrying watch, and the familiarity of that officer with the ship’s out the watchkeeping duties effectively, in which case the equipment, procedures, and manoeuvring capability; master must be notified.

18 SECTION 3 – The Navigation and Radio Watch

3.5.2 The relieving officer must ensure that the members 3.6.2 During the watch the course steered, position and of the relieving watch are fully capable of performing their speed must be checked at sufficiently frequent intervals, duties, particularly as regards their adjustment to night using any available navigational aids necessary, to ensure vision. Relieving officers must not take over the watch that the ship follows the planned course. until their vision is fully adjusted to the light conditions. 3.6.3 The officer in charge of the navigational watch must 3.5.3 Prior to taking over the watch relieving officers have full knowledge of the location and operation of all must satisfy themselves as to the ship’s estimated or safety and navigational equipment on board the ship true position and confirm its intended track, course and and must be aware and take account of the operating speed, and UMS controls as appropriate and must note limitations of such equipment. any dangers to navigation expected to be encountered 3.6.4 The officer in charge of the navigational watch must during their watch. not be assigned or undertake any duties which would 3.5.4 Relieving officers must personally satisfy interfere with the safe navigation of the ship. themselves regarding the: 3.6.5 When using radar, the officer in charge of the (a) standing orders and other special instructions of the navigational watch must bear in mind the necessity to master relating to navigation of the ship; comply at all times with the provisions on the use of radar (b) position, course, speed and draught of the ship; contained in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, as amended in force. (c) prevailing and predicted tides, currents, weather, visibility and the effect of these factors upon course 3.6.6 In cases of need the officer in charge of the and speed; navigational watch must not hesitate to use the helm, engines and sound signalling apparatus. However, timely (d) procedures for the use of main engines to manoeuvre notice of intended variations of engine speed must be when the main engines are on bridge control; and given where possible or effective use made of UMS (e) navigational situation, including but not limited to: engine controls provided on the bridge in accordance (i) the operational condition of all navigational and with the applicable procedures. safety equipment being used or likely to be used 3.6.7 Officers of the navigational watch must know the during the watch, handling characteristics of their ship, including its stopping (ii) the errors of gyro and magnetic compasses, distances, and should appreciate that other ships may (iii) the presence and movement of ships in sight or have different handling characteristics. known to be in the vicinity, 3.6.8 A proper record shall be kept during the watch of (iv) the conditions and hazards likely to be encountered during the watch, and the movements and activities relating to the navigation of the ship. (v) the possible effects of heel, trim, water density and squat on under keel clearance. 3.6.9 It is of special importance that at all times the officer 3.5.5 If at any time the officer in charge of the navigational in charge of the navigational watch ensures that a proper watch is to be relieved when a manoeuvre or other action lookout is maintained. In a ship with a separate chart to avoid any hazard is taking place, the relief of that officer room the officer in charge of the navigational watch may must be deferred until such action has been completed. visit the chart room, when essential, for a short period for the necessary performance of navigational duties, but 3.6 Performing the watch must first ensure that it is safe to do so and that proper 3.6.1 The officer in charge of the navigational watch must: lookout is maintained. (a) keep the watch on the bridge; 3.6.10 Operational tests of shipboard navigational equipment must be carried out at sea as frequently as (b) in no circumstances leave the bridge until properly relieved; and practicable and as circumstances permit, in particular before hazardous conditions affecting navigation are (c) continue to be responsible for the safe navigation expected. Whenever appropriate, these tests must be of the ship, despite the presence of the master on recorded. Such tests must also be carried out prior to the bridge, until informed specifically that the master port arrival and departure. has assumed that responsibility and this is mutually understood.

19 SECTION 3 – The Navigation and Radio Watch

3.6.11 The officer in charge of the navigational watch 3.6.17 Whenever radar is in use, the officer in charge must make regular checks to ensure that: of the navigational watch must select an appropriate range scale and observe the display carefully, and must (a) the person steering the ship or the automatic pilot is steering the correct course; ensure that plotting or systematic analysis is commenced in ample time. (b) the standard compass error is determined at least once a watch and, when possible, after any 3.6.18 The officer in charge of the navigational watch major alteration of course; the standard and gyro must notify the master immediately: compasses are frequently compared and repeaters (a) if restricted visibility is encountered or expected; are synchronized with their master compass; (b) if the traffic conditions or the movements of other (c) the automatic pilot is tested manually at least once ships are causing concern; a watch; (c) if difficulty is experienced in maintaining course; (d) the navigation and signal lights and other navigational (d) on failure to sight land, a navigation mark or to obtain equipment are functioning properly; soundings by the expected time; (e) the radio equipment is functioning properly in (e) if, unexpectedly, land or a navigation mark is sighted accordance with 3.5.3; and or a change in soundings occurs; (f) the UMS controls, alarms and indicators are (f) on breakdown of the engines, propulsion machinery functioning properly. remote control, steering gear or any essential 3.6.13 The officer in charge of the navigational watch navigational equipment, alarm or indicator; must bear in mind the necessity to comply at all times with (g) if the radio equipment malfunctions; the requirements in force of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, (SOLAS) 1974. The officer (h) in heavy weather, if in any doubt about the possibility of the navigational watch must take into account: of weather damage; (a) the need to station a person to steer the ship and to (i) if the ship meets any hazard to navigation, such as put the steering into manual control in good time to ice or a derelict; and allow any potentially hazardous situation to be dealt (j) in any other emergency or if in any doubt. with in a safe manner; and 3.6.19 Despite the requirement to notify the master (b) that with a ship under automatic steering it is highly immediately in the foregoing circumstances, the officer dangerous to allow a situation to develop to the point in charge of the navigational watch must in addition not where the officer in charge of the navigational watch hesitate to take immediate action for the safety of the is without assistance and has to break the continuity ship, where circumstances so require. of the lookout in order to take emergency action. 3.6.20 The officer in charge of the navigational watch 3.6.14 Officers of the navigational watch must be must give watchkeeping personnel all appropriate thoroughly familiar with the use of all electronic instructions and information which will ensure the keeping navigational aids carried, including their capabilities of a safe watch, including a proper lookout. and limitations, and must use each of these aids when appropriate and must bear in mind that the echo sounder 3.7 Watchkeeping under different conditions and in is a valuable navigational aid. different areas

3.6.15 The officer in charge of the navigational watch Clear weather must use the radar whenever restricted visibility is 3.7.1.1 The officer in charge of the navigational watch encountered or expected, and at all times in congested must take frequent and accurate compass bearings of waters having due regard to its limitations. approaching ships as a means of early detection of risk 3.6.16 The officer in charge of the navigational watch of collision and shall bear in mind that such risk may must ensure that the range scales employed are changed sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing at sufficiently frequent intervals so that echoes are change is evident, particularly when approaching a very detected as early as possible. It must be borne in mind large ship or a tow or when approaching a ship at close that small or poor echoes may escape detection. range. The officer in charge of the navigational watch

20 SECTION 3 – The Navigation and Radio Watch

must also take early and positive action in compliance with navigation procedures, local conditions and the ship’s the applicable International Regulations for Preventing characteristics. The master and/or the officer in charge Collisions at Sea, 1972, as amended and subsequently of the navigational watch shall co operate closely with check that such action is having the desired effect. the pilot and maintain an accurate check on the ship’s position and movement. 3.7.1.2 In clear weather, whenever possible, the officer in charge of the navigational watch must carry out radar 3.7.5.2 If in any doubt as to the pilot’s actions or intentions, practice. the officer in charge of the navigational watch must seek clarification from the pilot and, if doubt still exists, must Restricted visibility notify the master immediately and take whatever action 3.7.2 When restricted visibility is encountered or is necessary before the master arrives. expected, the first responsibility of the officer in charge of Ship at anchor the navigational watch is to comply with the relevant rules of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions 3.7.6 If the master considers it necessary, a continuous at Sea, 1972, as amended with particular regard to the navigational watch must be maintained at anchor. While sounding of fog signals, proceeding at a safe speed and at anchor, the officer in charge of the navigational watch having the engines ready for immediate manoeuvre. In must: addition, the officer in charge of the navigational watch (a) determine and plot the ship’s position on the must: appropriate chart as soon as practicable; (a) inform the master; (b) when circumstances permit, check at sufficiently (b) post a proper lookout; frequent intervals whether the ship is remaining (c) exhibit navigation lights; and securely at anchor by taking bearings of fixed navigation marks or readily identifiable shore objects; (d) operate and use the radar. (c) ensure that proper lookout is maintained; In hours of darkness (d) ensure that inspection rounds of the ship are made 3.7.3 The master and the officer in charge of the periodically; navigational watch when arranging lookout duty must (e) observe meteorological and tidal conditions and the have due regard to the bridge equipment and navigational state of the sea; aids available for use, their limitations; procedures and (f) notify the master and undertake all necessary safeguards implemented. measures if the ship drags anchor; Coastal and congested waters (g) ensure that the state of readiness of the main engines and other machinery is in accordance with 3.7.4.1 The largest scale chart on board, suitable for the the master’s instructions; area and corrected with the latest available information, must be used. Fixes must be taken at frequent intervals, (h) if visibility deteriorates, notify the master; and must be carried out by more than one method (i) ensure that the ship exhibits the appropriate lights whenever circumstances allow. When using ECDIS, and shapes and that appropriate sound signals are appropriate usage code (scale) electronic navigational made in accordance with all applicable regulations; charts shall be used and the ship’s position shall be and checked by an independent means of position fixing at (j) take measures to protect the environment from appropriate intervals. pollution by the ship and comply with applicable pollution regulations. 3.7.4.2 The officer in charge of the navigational watch must positively identify all relevant navigation marks. 3.8 Keeping a radio watch Navigation with pilot on board General principles

3.7.5.1 Despite the duties and obligations of pilots, their 3.8.1 Companies, masters and radio watchkeeping presence on board does not relieve the master or officer personnel must comply with 3.8 to ensure that an in charge of the navigational watch from their duties adequate safety radio watch is maintained while a ship and obligations for the safety of the ship. The master is at sea. In complying with 3.8, account must be taken and the pilot must exchange information regarding of the Radio Regulations.

21 SECTION 3 – The Navigation and Radio Watch

Watch arrangements 4 Watchkeeping in Port 3.8.2 In deciding the arrangements for the radio watch, 4.1 General principles the master of every seagoing ship must: On any ship safely moored or safely at anchor under (a) ensure that the radio watch is maintained in normal circumstances in port, the master must arrange accordance with the relevant provisions of the Radio for an appropriate and effective watch to be maintained Regulations and the SOLAS Convention; for the purpose of safety. Special requirements may be (b) ensure that the primary duties for radio watchkeeping necessary for special types of ships’ propulsion systems are not adversely affected by attending to radio traffic or ancillary equipment and for ships carrying hazardous, not relevant to the safe movement of the ship and dangerous, toxic or highly flammable materials or other safety of navigation; and special types of cargo. (c) take into account the radio equipment fitted on board 4.2 Watch arrangements and its operational status. 4.2.1 Arrangements for keeping a deck watch when the Performing the radio watch ship is in port must at all times be adequate to: 3.8.3.1 The radio operator performing radio watchkeeping (a) ensure the safety of life, of the ship, the port and the duties must: environment, and the safe operation of all machinery (a) ensure that watch is maintained on the frequencies related to cargo operation; specified in the Radio Regulations and the SOLAS (b) observe international, national and local rules; and Convention; and (c) maintain order and the normal routine of the ship. (b) while on duty regularly check the operation of the 4.2.2 The master must decide the composition and radio equipment and its sources of energy and report duration of the deck watch depending on the conditions to the master any observed failure of this equipment. of mooring, type of the ship and character of duties. 3.8.3.2 The requirements of the Radio Regulations and 4.2.3 If the master considers it necessary, a qualified the SOLAS Convention on keeping a radiotelegraph or officer must be in charge of the deck watch. radio log, as appropriate, must be complied with. 4.2.4 The necessary equipment must be so arranged as 3.8.3.3 The maintenance of radio records, in compliance to provide for efficient watchkeeping. with the requirements of the Radio Regulations and the 4.3 Taking over the watch SOLAS Convention is the responsibility of the radio operator designated as having primary responsibility 4.3.1 Officers in charge of the deck watch shall not hand for radiocommunications during distress incidents. The over the watch to their relieving officer if they have any following must be recorded, together with the times at reason to believe that the latter is obviously not capable which they occur: of carrying out watchkeeping duties effectively, in which case the master must be notified accordingly. Relieving (a) a summary of distress, urgency and safety officers of the deck watch must ensure that all members radiocommunications; of their watch are apparently fully capable of performing (b) important incidents relating to the radio service; their duties effectively. (c) where appropriate, the position of the ship at least 4.3.2 If, at the moment of handing over the deck watch, once per day; and an important operation is being performed it must be (d) a summary of the condition of the radio equipment concluded by the officer being relieved, except when including its sources of energy. ordered otherwise by the master. 3.8.3.4 The radio records must be kept at the distress 4.3.3 Prior to taking over the deck watch, the relieving communications operating position, and must be made officer must be informed of the following by the officer in available: charge of the deck watch as to: (a) for inspection by the master; and (a) the depth of the water at the berth, the ship’s (b) for inspection by any authorized AMSA officer and by draught, the level and time of high and low waters; any duly authorized officer exercising control under the securing of the moorings, the arrangement of article X of the STCW Convention. anchors and the scope of the anchor chain, and other mooring features important to the safety of the ship; the state of main engines and their availability for emergency use;

22 SECTION 3 – The Navigation and Radio Watch

(b) all work to be performed on board the ship; the (iii) the weather and sea state, nature, amount and disposition of cargo loaded or (iv) the observance of all regulations concerning remaining, and any residue on board after unloading safety and fire protection, the ship; (v) the water level in bilges and tanks, (c) the level of water in bilges and ballast tanks; (vi) all persons on board and their location, (d) the signals or lights being exhibited or sounded; especially those in remote or enclosed spaces, (e) the number of crew members required to be on board and and the presence of any other persons on board; (vii) the exhibition and sounding, where appropriate, (f) the state of fire fighting appliances; of lights and signals; (g) any special port regulations; (c) in bad weather, or on receiving a storm warning, take (h) the master’s standing and special orders; the necessary measures to protect the ship, persons on board and cargo; (i) the lines of communication available between the ship and shore personnel, including port authorities, (d) take every precaution to prevent pollution of the in the event of an emergency arising or assistance environment by the ship; being required; (e) in an emergency threatening the safety of the ship, (j) any other circumstances of importance to the safety raise the alarm, inform the master, take all possible of the ship, its crew, cargo or protection of the measures to prevent any damage to the ship, its environment from pollution; and cargo and persons on board, and, if necessary, (k) the procedures for notifying the appropriate authority request assistance from the shore authorities or of any environmental pollution resulting from ship neighbouring ships; activities. (f) be aware of the ship’s stability condition so that, in 4.3.4 Relieving officers, before assuming charge of the the event of fire, the shore fire fighting authority may deck watch, must verify that: be advised of the approximate quantity of water that can be pumped on board without endangering the (a) the securing of moorings and anchor chain is ship; adequate; (g) offer assistance to ships or persons in distress; (b) the appropriate signals or lights are properly exhibited or sounded; (h) take necessary precautions to prevent accidents or (c) safety measures and fire protection regulations are damage when propellers are to be turned; and being maintained; (i) enter in the appropriate log book all important events (d) their awareness of the nature of any hazardous or affecting the ship. dangerous cargo being loaded or discharged and 4.5 Watch in port on ships carrying hazardous cargo the appropriate action to be taken in the event of any spillage or fire; and 4.5.1 The master of every ship carrying cargo that is hazardous, whether explosive, flammable, toxic, health (e) no external conditions or circumstances imperil the threatening or environment-polluting, must ensure that ship and that it does not imperil others. safe watchkeeping arrangements are maintained. On ships 4.4 Performing the deck watch carrying hazardous cargo in bulk, this will be achieved by The officer in charge of the deck watch must: the ready availability on board of a duly qualified officer or officers, and ratings where appropriate, even when the (a) make rounds to inspect the ship at appropriate ship is safely moored or safely at anchor in port. intervals; 4.5.2 On ships carrying hazardous cargo other than in (b) pay particular attention to: bulk, the master must take full account of the nature, (i) the condition and securing of the gangway, quantity, packing and stowage of the hazardous cargo anchor chain and moorings, especially at the and of any special conditions on board, afloat and ashore. turn of the tide and in berths with a large rise 4.6 Cargo watch and fall, if necessary, taking measures to ensure that they are in normal working condition, 4.6.1 Officers with responsibility for the planning and conduct (ii) the draught, under keel clearance and the of cargo operations shall ensure that such operations are general state of the ship, to avoid dangerous conducted safely through the control of the specific risks, listing or trim during cargo handling or ballasting, including when non-ship’s personnel are involved.

23 SECTION 3 – The Navigation and Radio Watch

5 Guidance on keeping a Navigational Watch control of adequately qualified personnel. The Radio Regulations also require that a distress alert shall only 5.1 Introduction be sent on the authority of the master or other person 5.1.1 Particular guidance may be necessary for special responsible for the ship. types of ships as well as for ships carrying hazardous, 6.1.2 The master should bear in mind that all personnel dangerous, toxic or highly flammable cargoes. The master assigned responsibility for sending a distress alert must should provide this operational guidance as appropriate. be instructed with regard to, be knowledgeable of, and 5.1.2 It is essential that officers in charge of the navigational be able to operate properly, all radio equipment on the watch appreciate that the efficient performance of their ship as required by regulation I/14, paragraph 1.4. This duties is necessary in the interests of the safety of life should be recorded in the deck or radio log-book. and property at sea and of preventing pollution of the 6.2 Watchkeeping marine environment. 6.2.1 In addition to the requirements concerning radio 5.2 Anchor watch watchkeeping, the master of every seagoing ship should 5.2.1 The master of every ship at an unsheltered ensure that: anchorage, at an open roadstead or any other virtually (a) the ship’s radio station is adequately manned for “at sea” conditions in accordance with chapter VIII, the purpose of exchanging general communications section A-VIII/2, part 4-1, paragraph 51 of the STCW – in particular public correspondence, taking into Code, should ensure that watchkeeping arrangements account the constraints imposed by the duties of are adequate for maintaining a safe watch at all times. those authorized to operate it; and A deck officer should at all times maintain responsibility (b) the radio equipment provided on board and, where for a safe anchor watch. fitted, the reserve sources of energy, are maintained 5.2.2 In determining the watchkeeping arrangements, in an efficient working condition. and commensurate with maintaining the ship’s safety and 6.2.2 Necessary instruction and information on use of security and the protection of the marine environment, radio equipment and procedures for distress and safety the master should take into account all pertinent purposes should be given periodically to all relevant crew circumstances and conditions such as: members by the person designated in the muster list (a) maintaining a continuous state of vigilance by sight to have primary responsibility for radiocommunications and hearing as well as by all other available means; during distress incidents. This should be recorded in the (b) ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication radio log. requirements; 6.2.3 The master of every ship not subject to the SOLAS (c) the prevailing weather, sea, ice and current Convention should require that radio watchkeeping is conditions; adequately maintained as determined by Marine Orders, (d) the need to continuously monitor the ship’s position; taking into account the Radio Regulations. (a) the nature, size and characteristics of anchorage; 6.3 Operational (e) traffic conditions; 6.3.1 Prior to sailing, the radio operator designated as (f) situations which might affect the security of the ship; having primary responsibility for radiocommunications (g) loading and discharging operations; during distress incidents should ensure that: (h) the designation of stand-by crew members; and (a) all distress and safety radio equipment and the (i) the procedure to alert the master and maintain engine reserve source of energy are in an efficient working readiness. condition, and that this is recorded in the radio log; (b) all documents required by international agreement, 6 Guidance on keeping a Radio Watch notices to ship radio stations and additional documents required by Marine Orders are available 6.1 General and are corrected in accordance with the latest 6.1.1 Among other things, the Radio Regulations supplements, and that any discrepancy is reported require that each ship radio station is licensed, is under to the master; the ultimate authority of the master or other person (c) the radio clock is correctly set against standard time responsible for the ship and is only operated under the signals;

24 SECTION 3 – The Navigation and Radio Watch

(d) antennae are correctly positioned, undamaged and 6.3.7 When closing the radio station the radio operator properly connected; and designated as having primary responsibility for (e) to the extent practicable, routine weather and radiocommunications during distress incidents should: navigational warning messages for the area in which (a) ensure that transmitting antennae are earthed; and the ship will be navigating are updated together with those for other areas requested by the master, and (b) check that the reserve sources of energy are that such messages are passed to the master. sufficiently charged. 6.3.2 On sailing and opening the station, the radio 6.4 Distress alerts and procedures operator on watch should: 6.4.1 The distress alert or distress call has absolute (a) listen on the appropriate distress frequencies for any priority over all other transmissions. All stations possible existing distress situation; and which receive such signals are required by the Radio (b) send a traffic report (name, position and destination, Regulations to immediately cease all transmissions etc.) to the local coast station and any other capable of interfering with distress communications. appropriate coast station from which general communications may be expected. 6.4.2 In the case of a distress affecting own ship, the radio operator designated as having primary responsibility 6.3.3 While the station is open, the radio operator on for radiocommunications during distress incidents should watch should: immediately assume responsibility for following the (a) check the radio clock against standard time signals procedures of the Radio Regulations and relevant ITU-R at least once a day; Recommendations. (b) send a traffic report when entering and on leaving the service area of a coast station from which general 6.4.3 On receiving a distress alert: communications might be expected; and (a) the radio operator on watch should alert the master (c) transmit reports to ship reporting systems in and, if appropriate, the radio operator designated as accordance with the instructions of the master. having primary responsibility for radiocommunications during distress incidents; and 6.3.4 While at sea, the radio operator designated as having primary responsibility for radiocommunications (b) the radio operator designated as having primary during distress incidents should ensure the proper responsibility for radiocommunications during functioning of: distress incidents should evaluate the situation and (a) the Digital Selective Calling (DSC) distress and immediately assume responsibility for following the safety radio equipment by means of a test call at procedures of the Radio Regulations and relevant least once each week; and ITU-R Recommendations. (b) the distress and safety radio equipment by means 6.5 Urgency messages of a test at least once each day but without radiating any signal. 6.5.1 In cases of urgency affecting own ship, the The results of these tests should be recorded in the radio operator designated as having responsibility for radio log. radiocommunications during distress incidents should immediately assume responsibility for following the 6.3.5 The radio operator designated to handle general procedures of the Radio Regulations and relevant ITU-R communications should ensure that an effective Recommendations. watch is maintained on those frequencies on which communications are likely to be exchanged, having 6.5.2 In cases of communications relating to medical regard to the position of the ship in relation to those coast advice, the radio operator designated as having primary stations and to coast earth stations from which traffic may responsibility for radiocommunications during distress be expected. When exchanging traffic, radio operators incidents should follow the procedures of the Radio should follow the relevant ITU-R Recommendations. Regulations and adhere to the conditions as published 6.3.6 When closing the station on arrival at a port, the in the relevant international documentation (see 6.3.1(b) radio operator on watch should advise the local coast of this Section) or as specified by the satellite service station and other coast stations with which contact has provider. been maintained of the ship’s arrival and of the closing of the station.

25 SECTION 3 – The Navigation and Radio Watch

6.5.3 In cases of communications relating to medical (c) checked once per month for the security of each transports, as defined in the Annex 1 to the Protocol battery and its connections and the condition of the additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 batteries and their compartment or compartments. and relating to the protection of victims of international The results of these tests should be recorded in the armed conflicts (Protocol 1), the radio operator designated radio log. as having primary responsibility for radiocommunication during distress incidents should follow the procedures of the Radio Regulations.

6.5.4 On receiving an urgency message, the radio operator on watch should alert the master and, if appropriate, the radio operator designated as having primary responsibility for radiocommunications during distress incidents.

6.6 Safety messages 6.6.1 When a safety message is to be transmitted, the master and the radio operator on watch should follow the procedures of the Radio Regulations.

6.6.2 On receiving a safety message, the radio operator on watch should note its content and act in accordance with the master’s instructions.

6.6.3 Bridge-to-bridge communications should be exchanged on VHF channel 13. Bridge-to-bridge communications are described as “Intership Navigation Safety Communications” in the Radio Regulations.

6.7 Radio records 6.7.1 Additional entries in the radio log should be made in accordance with 6.1.2, 6.2.2, 6.3.1, 6.3.4 and 6.8.

6.7.2 Unauthorized transmissions and incidents of harmful interference should, if possible, be identified, recorded in the radio log and brought to the attention of the appropriate Administration in compliance with the Radio Regulations, together with an appropriate extract from the radio log.

6.8 Battery maintenance Batteries providing a source of energy for any part of the radio installation including those associated with uninterrupted power supplies are the responsibility of the radio operator designated as having primary responsibility for radiocommunications during distress incidents and should be: (a) tested on-load and off-load daily and, where necessary, brought up to the fully charged condition; (b) tested once per week by means of a hydrometer where practicable, or where a hydrometer cannot be used, by a suitable load test; and

26 SECTIONSECTION 4 – The Engineering Watch 4 THE ENGINEERING WATCH Marine Order 28 (Operating standards and procedures) 3.1.2 The chief engineer officer of every ship is 2012 requires chief engineers and all persons engaged bound, in consultation with the master, to ensure that on watchkeeping duties to observe the standards and watchkeeping arrangements are adequate to maintain a guidance regarding watchkeeping set out in Sections safe engineering watch. A-VIII/2 and B-VIII/2 of the STCW Code. The former is 3.2 Protection of marine environment set out in full in Section 1 and the latter in Section 2. The Engineer officers and ratings must be aware of the serious objective is to ensure that a safe continuous watch or effects of operational or accidental pollution of the marine watches appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and environment and shall take all possible precautions to conditions are maintained in all seagoing ships at all times. prevent such pollution, particularly within the framework This Section, for convenience sake, amalgamates of relevant international and port regulations. Sections 1 and 2 into a logical sequence for the 3.3 Watch arrangements assistance of those with responsibility for the engineering watch. In order to make this section 3.3.1 The composition of the engineering watch shall, at “user friendly” minor changes have been made. all times, be adequate to ensure the safe operation of all machinery affecting the operation of the ship, in either The term engineering watch means either a person or automated or manual mode and be appropriate to the a group of personnel comprising the watch or a period prevailing circumstances and conditions. of responsibility for an officer during which the physical 3.3.2 When deciding the composition of the engineering presence in machinery spaces of that officer may or may watch, which may include appropriately qualified ratings, not be required. the following criteria, inter alia, must be taken into account: The officer in charge of the engineering watch is the (a) the type of ship and the type and condition of the chief engineer officer’s representative and is primarily machinery; responsible, at all times, for the safe and efficient (b) the adequate supervision, at all times, of machinery operation and upkeep of machinery affecting the safety affecting the safe operation of the ship; of the ship and is responsible for the inspection, operation (c) any special modes of operation dictated by conditions and testing, as required, of all machinery and equipment such as weather, ice, contaminated water, shallow under the responsibility of the engineering watch. water, emergency conditions, damage containment or pollution abatement; 1 Certification (d) the qualifications and experience of the engineering The officer in charge of the engineering watch must be watch; qualified in accordance with the provisions of Marine Order 3 (Seagoing qualifications) 2004appropriate to the (e) the safety of life, ship, cargo and port, and protection of the environment; duties related to engineering watchkeeping. (f) the observance of international, national and local 2 Voyage Planning regulations; and The chief engineer officer shall, in consultation with the (g) maintaining the normal operations of the ship. master, determine in advance the needs of the intended 3.4 Taking over the watch voyage, taking into consideration the requirements for 3.4.1 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall fuel, water, lubricants, chemicals, expendable and other not hand over the watch to the relieving officer if there is spare parts, tools, supplies and any other requirements. reason to believe that the latter is obviously not capable 3 Watchkeeping at Sea of carrying out the watchkeeping duties effectively, in which case the chief engineer officer must be notified. 3.1 General principles 3.4.2 The relieving officer of the engineering watch 3.1.1 Companies, chief engineer officers and shall ensure that the other members of the relieving watchkeeping personnel must observe the following engineering watch, if any, are apparently fully capable principles to ensure that safe watches are maintained of performing their duties effectively. at all times.

27 SECTION 4 – The Engineering Watch

3.4.3 Prior to taking over the engineering watch, relieving officer in the machinery spaces, until specifically officers shall satisfy themselves regarding at least the informed that the chief engineer officer has assumed that following: responsibility and this is mutually understood.

(a) the standing orders and special instructions of the 3.5.3 All members of the engineering watch shall be chief engineer officer relating to the operation of the familiar with their assigned watchkeeping duties. In ship’s systems and machinery; addition, every member must with respect to the ship (b) the nature of all work being performed on machinery they are serving in have knowledge of: and systems, the personnel involved and potential (a) the use of appropriate internal communication hazards; systems; (c) the level and, where applicable, the condition of water or residues in bilges, ballast tanks, slop tanks, (b) the escape routes from machinery spaces; reserve tanks, fresh water tanks, sewage tanks and (c) the engine-room alarm systems and be able to any special requirements for use or disposal of the distinguish between the various alarms with special contents thereof; reference to the fire-extinguishing media alarm; and (d) the condition and level of fuel in the reserve tanks, settling tank, day tank and other fuel storage facilities; (d) the number, location and types of fire-fighting equipment and damage-control gear in the machinery (e) any special requirements relating to sanitary system spaces, together with their use and the various safety disposals; precautions to be observed. (f) condition and mode of operation of the various main Any machinery not functioning properly, expected and auxiliary systems, including the electrical power 3.5.4 distribution system; to malfunction or requiring special service, shall be noted along with any action already taken. Plans shall be made (g) where applicable, the condition of monitoring and for any further action if required. control console equipment, and which equipment is being operated manually; 3.5.5 When the machinery spaces are in the manned (h) where applicable, the condition and mode of condition, the officer in charge of the engineering watch operation of automatic boiler controls such as flame shall at all times be readily capable of operating the safeguard control systems, limit control systems, propulsion equipment in response to needs for changes combustion control systems, fuel-supply control in direction or speed. systems and other equipment related to the operation 3.5.6 When the machinery spaces are in the periodic of steam boilers; unmanned condition, the designated duty officer in charge (i) any potentially adverse conditions resulting from bad of the engineering watch must be immediately available weather, ice, contaminated or shallow water; and on call to attend the machinery spaces. (j) any special modes of operation dictated by equipment 3.5.7 All bridge orders shall be promptly executed. failure or adverse ship conditions; Changes in direction or speed of the main propulsion units (k) the reports of engine-room ratings, relating to their shall be recorded. The officer in charge of the engineering assigned duties; watch shall ensure that the main propulsion unit controls, (l) the availability of fire-fighting appliances; and when in the manual mode of operation, are continuously (m) the state of completion of engine-room log. attended under stand-by or manoeuvring conditions.

3.5 Performing the watch 3.5.8 Due attention shall be paid to the ongoing maintenance and support of all machinery, including 3.5.1 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic and ensure that the established watchkeeping arrangements pneumatic systems, their control apparatus and are maintained and that under direction, engine-room associated safety equipment, all accommodation service ratings, if forming part of the engineering watch, assist systems equipment and the recording of stores and spare in the safe and efficient operation of the propulsion gear usage. machinery and auxiliary equipment. 3.5.9 The chief engineer officer shall ensure that the 3.5.2 The officer in charge of the engineering watch officer in charge of the engineering watch is informed of shall continue to be responsible for machinery space all preventive maintenance, damage control, or repair operations, despite the presence of the chief engineer

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operations to be performed during the engineering work during all preventive maintenance, damage control watch. The officer in charge of the engineering watch is or repairs. This includes but is not necessarily limited to: responsible for the isolation, by passing and adjustment of (a) isolating and bypassing machinery to be worked on; all machinery under the responsibility of the engineering watch that is to be worked on, and shall record all work (b) adjusting the remaining plant to function adequately carried out. and safely during the maintenance period; (c) recording, in the engine-room log or other suitable 3.5.10 When the engine-room is put in a stand-by document, the equipment worked on and the condition, the officer in charge of the engineering watch personnel involved, and which safety steps have must ensure that all machinery and equipment which may been taken and by whom, for the benefit of relieving be used during manoeuvring is in a state of immediate officers and for record purposes; and readiness and that an adequate reserve of power is available for steering gear and other requirements. (d) testing and putting into service, when necessary, the repaired machinery or equipment. 3.5.11 Officers in charge of an engineering watch shall not be assigned or undertake any duties which would 3.5.17 The officer in charge of the engineering watch interfere with their supervisory duties in respect of the shall ensure that if there are any engine room ratings main propulsion system and ancillary equipment. They who perform maintenance duties they are available if shall keep the main propulsion plant and auxiliary systems required to assist in the manual operation of machinery under constant supervision until properly relieved, in the event of automatic equipment failure. and must periodically inspect the machinery in their 3.5.18 The officer in charge of the engineering watch charge. They shall also ensure that adequate rounds shall bear in mind that changes in speed, resulting from of the machinery and steering gear spaces are made machinery malfunction, or any loss of steering, may for the purpose of observing and reporting equipment imperil the safety of the ship and life at sea. The bridge malfunctions or breakdowns, performing or directing shall be immediately notified, in the event of fire, and routine adjustments, required upkeep and any other of any impending action in machinery spaces that may necessary tasks. cause reduction in the ship’s speed, imminent steering 3.5.12 Officers in charge of an engineering watch shall failure, stoppage of the ship’s propulsion system or any direct any other member of the engineering watch to alteration in the generation of electric power or similar inform them of potentially hazardous conditions which threat to safety. This notification, where possible, must be may adversely affect the machinery or jeopardize the accomplished before changes are made, in order to afford safety of life or of the ship. the bridge the maximum available time to take whatever action is possible to avoid a potential marine casualty. 3.5.13 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall ensure that the machinery space watch is supervised, 3.5.19 The officer in charge of the engineering watch and must arrange for substitute personnel in the event of shall notify the chief engineer officer without delay: the incapacity of any engineering watch personnel. The (a) when engine damage or a malfunction occurs which engineering watch shall not leave the machinery spaces may be such as to endanger the safe operation of unsupervised in a manner that would prevent the manual the ship; operation of the engine-room plant or throttles. (b) when any malfunction occurs which, it is believed, 3.5.14 The officer in charge of the engineering watch may cause damage or breakdown of propulsion shall take the action necessary to contain the effects machinery, auxiliary machinery or monitoring and of damage resulting from equipment breakdown, fire, governing systems; and flooding, rupture, collision, stranding, or other cause. (c) in any emergency or if in any doubt as to what 3.5.15 Before going off duty, the officer in charge of the decision or measures to take. engineering watch shall ensure that all events related to 3.5.20 Despite the requirement to notify the chief the main and auxiliary machinery which have occurred engineer officer in the foregoing circumstances, the officer during the engineering watch are suitably recorded. in charge of the engineering watch shall not hesitate 3.5.16 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall to take immediate action for the safety of the ship, its co-operate with any engineer in charge of maintenance machinery and crew where circumstances require.

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3.5.21 The officer in charge of the engineering watch 4 Watchkeeping in Port shall give the other watchkeeping personnel, if any, 4.1 General principles all appropriate instructions and information which will ensure the keeping of a safe engineering watch. Routine 4.1.1 On any ship safely moored or safely at anchor under machinery upkeep, performed as incidental tasks as a normal circumstances in port, the master shall arrange part of keeping a safe watch, shall be set up as an integral for an appropriate and effective watch to be maintained part of the watch routine. Detailed repair maintenance for the purpose of safety. Special requirements may be involving repairs to electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, necessary for special types of ships’ propulsion systems pneumatic or applicable electronic equipment throughout or ancillary equipment and for ships carrying hazardous, the ship shall be performed with the cognizance of the dangerous, toxic or highly flammable materials or other officer in charge of the engineering watch and chief special types of cargo. engineer officer. These repairs shall be recorded. 4.1.2 The chief engineer officer, in consultation with the 3.6 Watchkeeping under different conditions and in master, must ensure that engineering watchkeeping different areas arrangements are adequate to maintain a safe engineering Restricted visibility watch while in port. When deciding the composition of 3.6.1 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall the engineering watch, which may include appropriate ensure that permanent air or steam pressure is available engine-room ratings, the following points are among those for sound signals and that at all times bridge orders to be taken into account: relating to changes in speed or direction of operation are (a) on all ships of 750 kW propulsion power and over immediately implemented and, in addition, that auxiliary there shall always be an officer in charge of the machinery used for manoeuvring is readily available. engineering watch; and Coastal and congested waters (b) officers, while in charge of an engineering watch, 3.6.2 The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall must not be assigned or undertake any task or duty ensure that all machinery involved with the manoeuvring which would interfere with their supervisory duty in of the ship can immediately be placed in the manual mode respect of the ship’s machinery system. of operation when notified that the ship is in congested waters. The officer in charge of the engineering Note: The STCW Code defines propulsion power as watch shall also ensure that an adequate reserve of the total maximum continuous rated output power in kilowatts of all the ship’s main propulsion machinery power is available for steering and other manoeuvring which appears on the ship’s certificate of registry or requirements. Emergency steering and other auxiliary other official document. equipment must be ready for immediate operation.

Ship at anchor 4.2 Taking over the watch 3.6.3.1 At an unsheltered anchorage the chief engineer 4.2.1 Officers in charge of the engineering watch shall officer shall consult with the master whether or notto not hand over the watch to their relieving officer if they maintain the same engineering watch as when underway. have any reason to believe that the latter is obviously not 3.6.3.2 When a ship is at anchor in an open roadstead or capable of carrying out watchkeeping duties effectively, in any other virtually “at sea” condition, the engineer officer which case the chief engineer must be notified accordingly. in charge of the engineering watch shall ensure that: Relieving officers of the engineering watch must ensure (a) an efficient engineering watch is kept; that all members of their watch are apparently fully capable of performing their duties effectively. (b) periodic inspection is made of all operating and stand by machinery; 4.2.2 If, at the moment of handing over the engineering (c) main and auxiliary machinery is maintained in a watch, an important operation is being performed it must state of readiness in accordance with orders from be concluded by the officer being relieved, except when the bridge; ordered otherwise by the chief engineer officer. (d) measures are taken to protect the environment from 4.2.3 Prior to taking over the engineering watch, the pollution by the ship, and that applicable pollution relieving officer must be informed by the officer in charge prevention regulations are complied with; and of the engineering watch as to: (e) all damage control and fire fighting systems are in (a) the standing orders of the day, any special orders readiness. relating to the ship operations, maintenance

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functions, repairs to the ship’s machinery or control (b) the instrumentation and control systems, monitoring equipment; of all power supplies, components and systems in (b) the nature of all work being performed on machinery operation; and systems on board ship, personnel involved and (c) the techniques, methods and procedures necessary potential hazards; to prevent violation of the pollution regulations of the (c) the level and condition, where applicable, of water or local authorities; and residue in bilges, ballast tanks, slop tanks, sewage (d) the state of the bilges. tanks, reserve tanks and special requirements for the use or disposal of the contents thereof; 4.3.2 Officers in charge of the engineering watch (d) any special requirements relating to sanitary system must: disposals; (a) in emergencies, raise the alarm when in their opinion (e) the condition and state of readiness of portable fire- the situation so demands, and take all possible extinguishing equipment and fixed fire-extinguishing measures to prevent damage to the ship, persons installations and fire-detection systems; on board and cargo; (f) authorized repair personnel on board engaged in (b) be aware of the deck officer’s needs relating to the engineering activities, their work locations and repair equipment required in the loading or unloading of the functions and other authorized persons on board and cargo and the additional requirements of the ballast the required crew; and other ship stability control systems; (g) any port regulations pertaining to ship effluents, fire- (c) make frequent rounds of inspection to determine fighting requirements and ship readiness, particularly possible equipment malfunction or failure, and take during potential bad weather conditions; immediate remedial action to ensure the safety of (h) the lines of communication available between the the ship, of cargo operations, of the port and the ship and shore personnel, including port authorities, environment; in the event of an emergency arising or assistance being required; (d) ensure that the necessary precautions are taken, within their area of responsibility, to prevent accidents (i) any other circumstance of importance to the safety or damage to the various electrical, electronic, of the ship, its crew, cargo or the protection of the hydraulic, pneumatic and mechanical systems of the environment from pollution; and ship; (j) the procedures for notifying the appropriate authority of environmental pollution resulting from engineering (e) ensure that all important events affecting the activities. operation, adjustment or repair of the ship’s machinery are satisfactorily recorded. 4.2.4 Relieving officers, before assuming charge of the engineering watch, shall satisfy themselves that they are 5 Guidance on keeping a Watch fully informed by the officer being relieved, as outlined 5.1 Particular guidance may be necessary for special above, and: types of propulsion systems or ancillary equipment and (a) be familiar with existing and potential sources of for ships carrying hazardous, dangerous, toxic or highly power, heat and lighting and their distribution; flammable materials or other special types of cargo. The (b) know the availability and condition of ship’s fuel, chief engineer officer should provide this operational lubricants and all water supplies; and guidance as appropriate.

(c) be ready to prepare the ship and its machinery, as far 5.2 It is essential that officers in charge of the engineering as is possible, for stand-by or emergency conditions watch appreciate that the efficient performance of as required. engineering watchkeeping duties is necessary in the 4.3 Performing the watch interest of the safety of life and property at sea and of preventing pollution of the marine environment. 4.3.1 Officers in charge of the engineering watch shall pay particular attention to: 5.3 The relieving officer, before assuming charge of the engineering watch, should: (a) the observance of all orders, special operating procedures and regulations concerning hazardous (a) be familiar with the location and use of the equipment conditions and their prevention in all areas in their provided for the safety of life in a hazardous or toxic charge; environment;

31 SECTION 4 – The Engineering Watch

(b) ascertain that materials for the administration of emergency medical first aid are readily available, particularly those required for the treatment of burns and scalds; and (c) when in port, safely anchored or moored, be aware of: (i) cargo activities, the status of maintenance and repair functions and all other operations affecting the watch; and (ii) the auxiliary machinery in use for passenger or crew accommodation services, cargo operations, operational water supplies and exhaust systems.

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