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Surface Topography of the Anterior Adhesive Apparatus of the Gill Monogenean Parasite Diplectanum Sp

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Surface Topography of the Anterior Adhesive Apparatus of the Gill Monogenean Parasite Diplectanum Sp quac d A ul n tu a r e s e J i o r u e Hadied et al., Fish Aquac J 2015, 6:4 r h n s i a DOI; 10.4172/2150-3508.1000150 F l Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal ISSN: 2150-3508 ResearchResearch Artilce Article OpenOpen Access Access Surface Topography of the Anterior Adhesive Apparatus of the Gill Monogenean Parasite Diplectanum sp. diesing, 1858, with some Surface Criteria Marwa Abou Hadied*, Abdel Aziz Khidr, Ola Abu Samak and Ashraf Said Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Egypt Abstract Surface topography of anterior adhesive apparatus was studied of the gill monogenean parasite Diplectanum sp. Diesing, 1858 inhabiting the marine water fishDicentrachus sp. using SEM. The study revealed that the parasite has three head lobes on each anterolateral region of the head; each lobe accommodates a single, ventrally located adhesive sac. These sacs receive secretion from glands openings that located on the lumen of these sacs. Rod- shaped secretory bodies and granular irregularly shaped bodies which may be secretory bodies of the adhesive gland cells were seen open into the adhesive sacs. The tegument of the anterior adhesive area of Diplectanum sp. was characterized by many microvillous like structure. The possible functions of these distinctive features in the temporary attachment are discussed. Numerous adhesive papillae presumed sensory structures were found associated with the tegument of the anterior adhesive area and ventral surface of the body. A single ciliary structure supported by a collar of tegument occurs singly close to the mouth opening. It is suspected to be ciliated sensory ending serve to locate feeding sites. The possible functions of these presumed sensory structures were discussed. The parasite adaptation in its microhabitat in facing the strong water current inside the host fish gills was discussed. Keywords: Monogeneans anterior adhesive apparatus; Gill acetone solutions. They were then critical point dried in carbon dioxide monogenean parasite Diplectanum sp; Sensory structures of using a Polaron Critical Point Dryer, coated in gold and thus, a coated Diplectanum sp specimen become ready for mounting on the stub and examination using JEOL JSM 5300 at 20 kV at Alexandria University. Introduction Results The anterior body region of monogeneans plays a crucial role in attachment, movement, feeding and reproduction [1,2]. Scanning electron examination revealed that the body of Diplectanum sp. usually appears bending towards the ventral surface. Most adult monopisthocotylean monogeneans use an anterior The body of the presented parasite is elongated, with an anterior adhesive region for temporary attachment to the host when posterior elongated prohaptor and a posterior attachment opisthaptor (Figure haptoral attachment is severed during leech-like movement [3]. This 1). The mouth opens subterminally on the ventral side (Figures 1-3) adhesive enables instant attachment and detachment of the anterior and having a lower lip-like structure, the tegument of which forms an region. Preliminary chemical characterization of adhesive has been irregularly arranged series of many thick tegumental folds (Figure 4). achieved for a variety of monogenean parasites [4,5] and the adhesive mechanism has been studied for the adults of two species from The anterior body region has three head lobes on each anterolateral different families: the capsalid Entobdella soleae [6] the monocotylid region of the head (Figures 1-3 and 5). Each lobe bears a single adhesive Merizocotyleicopae [7]. sac (Figures 2 and 3). These sacs receive secretion from glands openings that located on the lumen of these sacs (Figures 3 and 6). Rod-shaped The present SEM study was undertaken to investigate the secretory bodies and granular irregularly shaped bodies which may be Surface topography of the gill monogenean parasite Diplectanum sp., secretory bodies of the adhesive gland cells were seen open into the particularly those of the anterior adhesive areas in order to elucidate adhesive sacs (Figure 6). Mucus-like substances were also detected questions on maintenance and survival of the parasite on their in this region (Figure 6). There are many small openings lying in the microhabitat. anterior-most region of head (Figure 7). Considerably, large openings Materials and Methods The monogenean parasites Diplectanum sp. Diesing, 1858, were *Corresponding author: Marwa Abou Hadied, Zoology Department, recovered from the gills of Dicentrachus sp. fish (Dicentrachus labrax Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Egypt, Tel: 20-57-2412376; E-mail: and Dicentrachus punctatus) that collected from the Mediterranean [email protected] coast at Ras El-Bar at Damietta Province, Egypt. For electron Received June 23, 2015; Accepted November 26, 2015; Published December microscopy technique, the monogenean gill parasites were washed 10, 2015 several times with distilled water, then fixed for about 1/2 h at 4°C in 1% Citation: Hadied MA, Khidr AA, Samak OA, Said A (2015) Surface Topography of osmium tetroxide in 0.1% sodium cacodylate-HCI. They were washed the Anterior Adhesive Apparatus of the Gill Monogenean Parasite Diplectanum sp. for about 1 h in several changes of cold buffer (0.1 M sodium cacodylate diesing, 1858, with some Surface Criteria. Fish Aquac J 6: 150. doi:10.4172/2150- 3508.1000150 containing 3% sucrose and 1% M CaCl). Post-fixation was carried out for about 2 h using 2.5% glutaraldehyde buffered to pH 7.3 with 0.1 M Copyright: © 2015 Hadied MA, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits sodium cacodylate-HCI at 4°C. The specimens were left in the washing unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the buffer overnight and were then dehydrated using an ascending series of original author and source are credited. Fish Aquac J ISSN: 2150-3508 FAJ, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 4 • 1000150 Citation: Hadied MA, Khidr AA, Samak OA, Said A (2015) Surface Topography of the Anterior Adhesive Apparatus of the Gill Monogenean Parasite Diplectanum sp. diesing, 1858, with some Surface Criteria. Fish Aquac J 6: 150. doi:10.4172/2150-3508.1000150 Page 2 of 5 Discussion Scanning electron observations in the present study revealed that the anterior adhesive apparatus of Diplectanum sp. generally resemble those of gill-infesting Dactylogyrids [8] and the skin-infesting Entobdellids [9] in being composed of three distinct adhesive sacs encloses three head lobes in each side of the head. Demonstrations said that the capsalid Entobdella soleae has two ventral adhesive pads, one on each side of the head region. Each of these pads is subdivided into three areas [6]. In the monocotylid monogeneans Empruthotrema raiae and E. torpedinis, which inhabit the nasal fossae of their elasmobranch hosts, the gland ducts open into three eversible adhesive sacs on each side of the head region [10]. The adhesive sacs may indirectly assist feeding by firmly attaching the head region to the host and by holding the mouth in the feeding position, a function for the anterior adhesive Figure 1: Scanning electron micrograph of Diplectanum sp. in a ventral apparatus which has been suggested by [11,12]. However, [13] noted surface showing the anterior elongated prohaptor region (pr) and posterior attachment opithhaptor (op). hl, head lobes: mo. mouth opening. that the anterior adhesive areas of Entobdella soleae appear not to be attached to the host while feeding is taking place. It seems likely that such an arrangement with six points of adhesion to the host surface is to provide strong resistance to shear forces exerted on the Diplectanum sp. by water current from any direction [14]. Two kinds of gland cell (G1 and G2), one producing rod-shaped bodies (rd) and other producing granular secretory bodies (sb) on both sides of the head associated with the anterior adhesive apparatus of Figure 2: Scanning electron micrograph of magnified region from the anterior adhesive area above the mouth opening (mo) showing many gland opening (arrow heads) open into the adhesive sac (as). Figure 4: Scanning electron micrograph of the microvillous tegument (mv) of adhesive area showing large gland openings (lo) and many small gland openings (so). Figure 3: Scanning electron micrograph of magnified region from the adhesive sac (as) showing mucus-like material (mu) and rod-shaped secretory bodies (rd) and granular irregularly shaped bodies (sb). were also found in this area (Figure 7). The tegument covering the anterior adhesive areas is microvillus (Figure 7). Figure 5: Schematic drawing of magnified region of the anterior adhesive Numerous surface ciliary dome-shaped papillae were area of Diplectanum sp. in a ventral view, reconstructed from light and distinguishable on the head lobes close to the adhesive areas (Figure scanning electron microscopy. as, adhesive sac; e, eye; 01; 02, gland cells; 5). Each papilla is elevated above the tegument and has a relatively long hl, head lobes; mhg, median head gland, mo, mouth; ph, pharynx; rd, rod- shaped secretory bodies; sb, granular irregularly shaped bodies, v, vitelline cilium-like structure (Figure 8). Ciliated structure occurs singly close to cells. the mouth opening supported by a collar of tegument (Figures 4 and 9). Fish Aquac J ISSN: 2150-3508 FAJ, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 4 • 1000150 Citation: Hadied MA, Khidr AA, Samak OA, Said A (2015) Surface Topography of the Anterior Adhesive Apparatus of the Gill Monogenean Parasite Diplectanum sp. diesing, 1858, with some Surface Criteria. Fish Aquac J 6: 150. doi:10.4172/2150-3508.1000150 Page 3 of 5 diplectanids [17]. The apparatus was also described in skin-infesting monogenean, Entobdellids [9] and Acanthocotyle [14]. However, one kind of gland cells producing roughly spherical secretory bodies was reported by to supply this apparatus in the stomach-infesting monogenean Enterogyrus cichlidarum. Previous observations on Entobdellids have been interpreted to mean that the rods provide the adhesive material and that the granular secretion may be responsible for rapid detachment sticky areas [9].
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