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The Political Incorporation of Pentecostals in Panama, Puerto Rico and Brazil: a Comparative Analysis José Enrique Mora Torres

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The Political Incorporation of Pentecostals in Panama, Puerto Rico and Brazil: a Comparative Analysis José Enrique Mora Torres The Political Incorporation of Pentecostals in Panama, Puerto Rico and Brazil: A Comparative Analysis José Enrique Mora Torres B.S., United States Coast Guard Academy, 1994 M.A., University of Oklahoma, 2000 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut 2010 Mora i Copyright by José Enrique Mora Torres 2010 Mora ii APPROVAL PAGE Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation The Political Incorporation of Pentecostals in Panama, Puerto Rico and Brazil: A Comparative Analysis Presented by José Enrique Mora Torres, B.S., M.A. Major Advisor: __________________________________ Cyrus E. Zirakzadeh Associate Advisor: _______________________________ Jennifer Sterling-Folker Associate Advisor: _______________________________ Peter Kingstone University of Connecticut 2010 Mora iii Dedicatoria Yo dedico este trabajo, conclusión de muchos años de labor, a mi amada Meli. Con amor y paciencia tú me apoyaste en todo momento. Hiciste tiempo y espacio para que la obra naciera y tomara forma. Estuviste allí desde su concepción hasta su conclusión. Sin tí no hubiera sido posible. También les dedico esta obra a mis niños. Lulú, Tata, Chivi y Quiquín. Ustedes son la luz de mis ojos. Quiero dedicarles este trabajo también a John, Doris y Edizza porque en muchas formas hicieron posible la investigación de campo y el lugar callado para escribir. Por último, le doy gracias a mi Dios, porque Él juntó todos los elementos necesarios para hacerla posible. Él la usó para ilustrar y enriquecer nuestro camino y transformó su carga en muchas bendiciones. Pero sobre todo, a través de ella hemos visto el verdadero significado de “buscad primeramente el reino de Dios y su justicia y todo lo demás os llegará por añadidura.” Por último dedico este trabajo a mi madre, porque de ella heredé el amor por Dios y por mi patria, los cuales me guían todos los días. Sin ustedes no hubiese sido posible. Este trabajo es suyo. Mora iv Acknowledgements In any significant written work, whether written by one or a few, it is the assistance of many that makes it possible. Archival research is long and tedious and could not be achieved without good research libraries. I am grateful to the special collections sections of the Juan de Valdez Library at the Seminario Evangélico de Puerto Rico, the Divinity Library at Yale University, the Burke Memorial library of the Union Theological Seminary, the Mnsgr. Marcos Macgrath Library at the Universidad de Santa María La Antigua, the Colección Puertorriqueña at the Universidad de Puerto Rico, the Simón Bolívar Library at the Universidad de Panamá, and the Ascanio Arosemena Library at the Autoridad del Canal de Panamá. I must also acknowledge the assistance of field professionals, Vital Moreno, Samuel Silva Gotay, Héctor Martínez and Héctor López, who guided my research. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge my mentors at the University of Connecticut, Gary Clifford and Ernie Zirakzadeh, for sticking with me through the years. I am also grateful to all the people in Panamá who introduced me to key individuals, making possible this first comprehensive written account of Panamanian Protestantism. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge the congregations of the Iglesia Metodista Universitaria and the Primera Iglesia Bautista de Panamá for embracing my family and me during our time in Panamá and Puerto Rico. The contribution of all those mentioned, and many more omitted, made this dissertation possible. Thank you. Mora v Contents Dedicatoria ........................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv Part I: Introduction & Theory ..............................................................................................1 I. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 The Story ..................................................................................................................... 1 The Question................................................................................................................ 1 Relevance..................................................................................................................... 4 Organization .............................................................................................................. 10 II. Literature review .................................................................................................... 11 III. Theory ..................................................................................................................... 17 Incorporation ............................................................................................................. 17 Variables .................................................................................................................... 22 Variable I: Entrance ................................................................................................... 22 Variable II: Nationalization ....................................................................................... 26 Variable III: Pentecostal Political Incorporation ....................................................... 31 IV. Methodology ...................................................................................................... 34 Comparative Research Strategy ................................................................................. 34 On Case Selection ...................................................................................................... 36 Operationalization ..................................................................................................... 38 Variable I: Missionary Entrance ................................................................................ 38 Variable II: Nationalization ....................................................................................... 42 Variable III: Pentecostal Political Incorporation ....................................................... 46 Part II: The Cases ...............................................................................................................48 V. General Introduction to the History of Protestantism in Latin America ................ 48 Mora vi VI. Brazil .................................................................................................................. 66 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 66 Religion in Colonial Brazil ........................................................................................ 66 Beginning the Liberalization of the Brazilian Religious Market .............................. 68 Arrival of First Protestant Communities ................................................................... 71 Arrival of Missionary Protestantism.......................................................................... 74 Declaration of the Brazilian Republic ....................................................................... 76 Beginning the Nationalization of Protestantism in Brazil ......................................... 79 Pentecostal Arrival in Brazil ...................................................................................... 84 Variable I ................................................................................................................... 86 Development and Growth of Pentecostalism in Brazil ............................................. 87 Protestant Affiliation in Brazil .................................................................................. 95 Variable II .................................................................................................................. 97 Competition and Participation Under Vargas ............................................................ 97 New Pentecostal Arrival .......................................................................................... 103 The Pentecostal Leadership System ........................................................................ 103 Under Military Rule................................................................................................. 108 The Approaching 1986 Constitutional Convention ................................................. 112 The Brazilian Electoral System ............................................................................... 114 The Results of Participating in the Constitutional Convention ............................... 115 The CEB, Macedo, and Collor ................................................................................ 118 Variable III .............................................................................................................. 121 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 123 VII. Puerto Rico ....................................................................................................... 125 Mora vii Introduction ............................................................................................................. 125 Religion in Puerto Rico under Spanish Colonial Rule ............................................ 125 Cracking the Catholic Religious Monopoly ...........................................................
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