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A Historical Archaeology of West Yorkshire Workhouses 1834-1930

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A Historical Archaeology of West Yorkshire Workhouses 1834-1930 The Place of the Pauper: A Historical Archaeology of West Yorkshire Workhouses 1834-1930 Volume 1 of 2 Charlotte Jane Newman PhD University of York Department of Archaeology November 2010 1 Abstract To date, there has been little attempt to address the archaeological evidence of the New Poor Law (NPL). The continuing use and frequent adaptation of workhouse buildings over nearly 200 years attests to the complexity of the institution’s history. This research addresses a significant gap in the study of workhouses by offering an interdisciplinary approach, challenging national typologies that provide synthesis at the expense of subtle but important differences between workhouses. This thesis suggests that West Yorkshire NPL Unions’ attitudes towards pauperism and resultant architectural choices were largely influenced by regional contexts. It combines an archaeological study of workhouse architecture (focusing on location, plan, and style) with documentary evidence, using the workhouse as a lens through which to examine changing attitudes toward poverty and varying experiences of the workhouse by inmates, staff, and administrators over the course of the NPL. West Yorkshire workhouse inmates were classified on the basis of age, gender, and able-bodiedness. Segregation, surveillance, and specialisation were variably implemented to promote care and/or control. As a result, workhouse inmates had dramatically different experiences of the NPL depending on their classifications, locations, and the years in which they were admitted. In its use of the built form to understand human experience, this thesis reflects the contemporary emphasis in post- medieval buildings archaeology on interdisciplinarity and the related shift in scholarship from description to interpretation. Ultimately, its multifaceted approach to the workhouse reveals how workhouse architecture reflected and sometimes contradicted contemporaneous attitudes toward poverty, structuring—but not defining—a pauper’s identity. 2 Contents List of Illustrations 5 List of Abbreviations 22 A Timeline of Key New Poor Law Legislation 23 Acknowledgements 26 Part One: Introduction 27 The Poor Law: Developing Social Policy and the Old Poor Law 30 The Nineteenth Century and the New Poor Law 35 The Beginnings of Change, Edwardian Social Policy, and the end of the Workhouse 40 A Workhouse Typology 42 Workhouses under the Old Poor Law 43 Model Workhouses 45 The Corridor Plan 46 The Pavilion Plan 47 Approaches to the Study of Workhouses 48 Aims and Key Questions 51 Plan of research and methods Part Two: Rural Workhouses of West Yorkshire 56 Case Study One: Skipton Union Workhouse 59 Case Study Two: Ripon Union Workhouse 76 Case Study Three: Great Ouseburn Union Workhouse 94 Case study Four: Wetherby Union Workhouse 109 Case Study Five: Pateley Bridge Union Workhouse 120 Case Study Six: Wharfedale Union Workhouse 134 Rural Conclusion 148 Complicating National Typologies: Variations in Location, Style, and Plan 148 3 Mechanisms for Control and Care: Surveillance, Segregation, and Specialisation 152 Part Three: Urban Workhouses 157 Case Study Seven: Leeds Union Workhouse 161 Case Study Eight: Bramley Union Workhouse 201 Case Study Nine: Bradford Union Workhouse 217 Case Study Ten: North Bierley Union Workhouse 247 Part Three Conclusion 266 Complicating National Typologies: Variations in Location, Style, and Plan 266 Mechanisms for Control and Care: Surveillance, Segregation, and Specialisation 269 Part Four: Life in the West Yorkshire Workhouse: Defined by Gender, Age and Able-Bodiedness 272 Gender 272 Age 273 Able-Bodiedness 279 The Workhouse and Vagrancy 290 Employment in the Workhouse: Administration and Staff Specialisation 295 Increasing Staff Specialisation 298 Workhouse Guardians 301 Conclusion: Key Findings and Broader Applications 303 Appendix One 305 Appendix Two 307 Appendix Three 339 Appendix Four 348 Bibliography 365 4 List of Illustrations Part One: Introduction Figure 1: Pie chart of workhouse survival/condition (author 2007) Figure 2: Exeter Incorporation Workhouse (1699-1707) (Morrison 1999: 11) Figure 3: The Brockholes Workhouse, Ironbridge, Shropshire (1797) (author 2007) Figure 4: Southwell Workhouse, Nottinghamshire (1824) (author 2005) Figure 5: The Panopticon House of Industry designed by Samuel Bentham and Samuel Bruce. Published in Jeremy Bentham’s Pauper Management in 1798 (Morrison 1999: 33) Figure 6: Caistor House of Industry, Lincolnshire (1800-2) (Morrison 1999: 35) Figure 7: Ely Union Workhouse (1836) (Morrison 1999: 67) Figure 8: Rochdale Union Workhouse (1873) (Higginbotham 2006) Figure 9: Birmingham Union Workhouse. Reconstruction of the iron gallery (Morrison 1999: 88) Figure 10: Madeley Union Workhouse, pavilion plan workhouse (1873) (author 2007) Part Two: Rural Workhouses Skipton Union Workhouse Figure 1.1: Ordnance Survey County Series 1:10560 1848-1969 1st Revision 1888-1914 Figure 1.2: The development of Skipton Workhouse phases one and two Figure 1.3: The development of Skipton Workhouse phases three and four Figure 1.4: The development of Skipton Workhouse phase five Figure 1.5: Ordinance Survey (1852) Figure 1.6: Ordnance Survey County Series 1:2500 1854-1949 1st Revision 1893-1915 Figure 1.7: Skipton Workhouse plan (1930) part 1 (NMR, reference unknown, digitised by author) Figure 1.8: Skipton Workhouse plan (1930) part 2 (NMR, reference unknown, digitised by author) Figure 1.9: Skipton Workhouse plan (1930) part 3 (NMR, reference unknown, digitised by author) Figure 1.10: Skipton Workhouse, N (NMR 102070 153D/8) 5 Figure 1.11: Skipton Workhouse, NE (author 2008) Figure 1.12: Skipton Workhouse, rear of south range, SE (NMR 102070 1330-14) Figure 1.13: Skipton Workhouse, rear of south range, S (NMR 102070 153D/2) Figure 1.14: Skipton Workhouse, front of north range, SE (NMR 102070 153D/20) Figure 1.15: Skipton Workhouse, rear of north range, NE (NMR 102070 153D/35) Figure 1.16: Skipton Workhouse, central range (infirm and children’s ward and new infirmary beyond), NW (NMR 102070 153D/8) Figure 1.17: Skipton Workhouse, central range, W (NMR 102070 153D/15) Figure 1.18: Skipton Workhouse original infirmary (later Nurses’ Home), N (author 2008) Figure 1.19: Plan of Skipton Workhouse Nurses’ Home (NMR reference unknown, digitised author) Figure 1.20: Skipton Workhouse new infirmary, NW (NMR 102070 153D/22) Figure 1.21: Skipton Workhouse new infirmary, rear elevation, S (NMR 102070 153D/25) Figure 1.22: Skipton Workhouse new infirmary (NMR 102070 153D/25 redrawn by author) Figure 1.23: Skipton Workhouse female vagrants’ ward, W (author 2008) Figure 1.24: Skipton Workhouse female vagrants’ ward, W (NMR 102070 153D/11) Ripon Union Workhouse Figure 2.1: Ordnance Survey County Series 1:10560 1846-1969 1st Revision 1888-1914 Figure 2.2: The development of Ripon Workhouse phases one and two Figure 2.3: The development of Ripon Workhouse phases three Figure 2.4: Ripon Workhouse plan (Platt 1930 digitised by author) Figure 2.5: Ripon Workhouse entrance block, NE (author 2008) Figure 2.6: Ripon Workhouse entrance block, N (author 2008) Figure 2.7: Ripon Workhouse vagrants’ wards, SW (author 2008) Figure 2.8: Ripon Workhouse vagrants’ wards, internal, S (author 2008) Figure 2.9: Ripon Workhouse vagrants’ worksheds, SE (author 2008) 6 Figure 2.10: Ripon Workhouse, NW (author 2008) Figure 2.11: Ripon Workhouse, NW (author 2008) Figure 2.12: Rear of Ripon Workhouse and kitchen, SE (author 2008) Figure 2.13: Ripon Workhouse kitchen, NW (author 2008) Figure 2.14: Ripon Workhouse laundry, NW (author 2008) Figure 2.15: Ripon Workhouse laundry, internal, NW (author 2008) Figure 2.16: Ripon Workhouse coach house and work sheds, NW (author 2008) Figure 2.17: Ripon Workhouse infirmary, W (author 2008) Figure 2.18: Ripon Workhouse infirmary, NE (author 2008) Figure 2.19: Ripon Workhouse infirmary, elevation (Ripon Workhouse Museum redrawn by author) Figure 2.20: Plan of Ripon Workhouse infirmary, ground floor (Ripon Workhouse Museum redrawn by author) Figure 2.21: Plan of Ripon Workhouse infirmary, first floor (Ripon Workhouse Museum redrawn by author) Great Ouseburn Union Workhouse Figure 3.1: Ordnance Survey County Series 1:10560 1846-1969 1st Revision 1849-1899 Figure 3.2: The development of Great Ouseburn Workhouse phases one and two Figure 3.3: The development of Great Ouseburn Workhouse phase three Figure 3.4: Great Ouseburn Workhouse, principal elevation, SE (author 2007) Figure 3.5: Great Ouseburn Workhouse, rear elevation, SW (author 2007) Figure 3.6: Great Ouseburn Workhouse plan (Platt 1930) Figure 3.7: Great Ouseburn Workhouse Guardians’ Boardroom (author 2007) Figure 3.8: Great Ouseburn Workhouse, internal, dining-room (author 2007) Figure 3.9: Great Ouseburn Workhouse, internal, staircase from first-floor central corridor (author 2007) Figure 3.10: Great Ouseburn Workhouse, internal, staircase from first-floor north wing (author 2007) 7 Figure 3.11: Great Ouseburn Workhouse, internal, first-floor dormitory (author 2007) Figure 3.12: Great Ouseburn Workhouse inmates (Ripon Museum Trust) Figure 3.13: Great Ouseburn Workhouse vagrants’ ward south block, SW (author 2007) Figure 3.14: Great Ouseburn Workhouse vagrants’ ward north block, NE (author 2007) Figure 3.15: Great Ouseburn Workhouse vagrants’ ward, internal, south block (author 2007) Figure 3.16: Great Ouseburn Workhouse vagrants’ ward, internal, north block staircase (author 2007) Figure 3.17: Great Ouseburn Workhouse vagrants’ ward, internal, north block first-floor ward (author 2007) Figure 3.18: Great
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