PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE MEANING OF SIRIUS BLACK’S ACTION AS SEEN IN HARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By
Gregorius Tri Wendiyanto Student Number: 141214068
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE MEANING OF SIRIUS BLACK’S ACTION AS SEEN IN HARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By
Gregorius Tri Wendiyanto Student Number: 141214068
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018
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DEDICATION PAGE
“Go back?” he thought. “No good at all! Go sideways? Impossible! Go forward? Only thing to do! On we go!” -Bilbo Baggins-
This thesis is dedicated to:
❖ My Parents
❖ Myself in the future
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ABSTRACT
Wendiyanto, Gregorius Tri. (2018). The Meaning of Sirius Black’s Action as Seen in Harry Pottter and The Prisoner of Azkaban. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. This research deals with J.K. Rowling’s third novel entitled Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban. The focus of this research is Sirius Black’s action in finding Wormtail who used to be his best friend. This research aims to find the meaning of his action in finding Wormtail. There are two formulated problems in this research. (1) “How is Sirius Black described in Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban?” and (2) “What is the meaning of Sirius Black’s action in finding Wormtail in Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban?”. This study is library research. The primary data in this research is Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban novel. The secondary sources are the electronic and printed books, journals, and the internet. There are five theories used to answer the formulated questions. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of literature meaning, theory of critical approach, theory of personality, theory of motivation and theory of justice. There are two findings in this research. The first is Black’s characteristic who is portrayed as a rebellious, cunning, daring, loyal and an ambitious person. The second finding is divided into two, namely, the surface meaning and deeper meaning. The surface meaning of his action is to kill him because he hates him for being a traitor. The deeper meaning of Black’s action in finding Wormtail is he wants to prove that he is innocent. There are two suggestions in this study. The first is that Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban novel can be used to teach Prose subject. The second suggestion is for the future researchers. It is recommended that the future researchers examine Wormtail’s motivation to betray his friends. Keywords: action, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, meaning
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ABSTRAK
Wendiyanto, Gregorius Tri. (2018). The Meaning of Sirius Black’s Action as Seen in Harry Pottter and The Prisoner of Azkaban. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Penelitian ini membahas novel ketiga karangan J.K. Rowling yang berjudul Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah tindakan Sirius Black dalam mencari mantan sahabarnya bernama Wormtail. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu makna mendalam dari tindakannya dalam mencari Wormtail. Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana Sirius Black dideskripsikan di dalam novel dan arti dari sebuah tindakan Sirius Black dalam mencari Wormtail di novel Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban. Penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka. Sumber utama dari penelitian ini adalah novel Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban. Sumber kedua adalah jurnal, buku cetak, buku elektronik dan artikel dari internet. Ada lima teori yang digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yaitu teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori makna, teori pendekatan kritis, teori kepribadian, teori motivasi dan teori keadilan. Terdapat dua hasil yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil yang pertama adalah Sirius Black dalam cerita digambarkan sebagai seorang pemberontak, licik, ambisius, nekat, dan setia. Hasil kedua dibagi menjadi dua makna yaitu makna tertulis dan makna mendalam. Makna tertulis dari tindakan Black adalah dia ingin membunuhnya karena telah menjadi pengkhianat. Makna mendalam dari tindakan Black adalah dia ingin membuktikan bahwa dirinya adalah orang yang tidak bersalah. Pada penelitian ini, terdapat dua saran. Saran yang pertama adalah novel Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban dapat digunakan di kelas Prose sebagai sarana untuk meneliti unsur intrinsik dalam literatur. Saran kedua adalah saran bagi peneliti selanjutnya. Peneliti selanjutnya disarankan untuk meneliti motivasi Wormtail dalam mengkhianati sahabat-sahabatnya. Kata Kunci: action, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, meaning
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to give my greatest gratitude to Father who arts in
Heaven and Jesus Christ for always guiding and accompanying me to this point, so
I could finish my thesis. I feel blessed through the people around me.
Second, my deepest gratitude goes to my father, Sukino and my mother,
Anastasia Yugiyani, for always supporting me psychologically, morally, and financially so I could reach this level. I am nothing without my parents’ charity.
Third, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Drs. Antonius Herujiyanto,
M.A., Ph.D. for his guidance, time, and patience. Next, I would thank Maria
Vincentia Eka Mulatsih, S.Pd., M.A. for her time. They are my navigators for my journey. Without them, my ship would be sunk soon after I left the land. I also thank all of the PBI lecturers in Sanata Dharma for the knowledge, experiences, and memories given during my study.
I would also thank The Librarian Squad, Adna, Andre, Clara, Eli, Erin,
Martin, Rene, and Pak Krisna for the experiences and supports during the process of writing this thesis. In addition, I also send my gratitude to Christin, Devita,
Feby, and Yupe for their supports and helps. My special thanks go to Jo, Teddy and every one in C6 2014 family for the good old days and moments they shared during my study in PBI. Furthermore, I would also thank The Phoenix members,
Ayu, Mei, Niki, Peggy, Ria, Teddy, and Trivia for the best time they shared in the last three semesters.
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I would also thank my senior-high-school friends, Gadang, Yoma, Dhafi,
Yusuf and Anton for always sharing the joy and giving supports to me.
Lastly, I would like to thank those I cannot mention one by one, especially
PBI 2014 friends, for being good friends and the best times in my college life.
Gregorius Tri Wendiyanto
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGES ...... ii DEDICATION PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... v PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... vi ABSTRACT ...... vii ABSTRAK ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………..……………………xi
LIST OF APPENDICES...... xiii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Research Background ...... 1 B. Research Questions ...... 4 C. Research Significance ...... 5 D. Definition of Terms ...... 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 8 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 8 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 10 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 21 D. Context of the Novel...... 22
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ...... 24 A. Object of the Study ...... 24 B. Approach of the Study ...... 25 C. Method of the Study ...... 25 xi
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CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS...... 28 A. The Characters of Sirius Black ...... 28 1. Rebellious ...... 29 2. Cunning ...... 31 3. Ambitious...... 32 4. Daring ...... 33 5. Loyal ...... 35 B. The Meaning of Sirius Black’s Action in finding Wormtail ...... 37 1. Surface Meaning of Sirius Black’s actions in finding Wormtail ...... 37 2. Deeper Meaning of Sirius Black’s action in finding Wormtail ...... 41
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, SUGGESTIONS ...... 48 A. Conclusions ...... 48 B. Implications ...... 49 C. Suggestions ...... 50
REFERENCES ...... 51 APPENDICES ...... 53
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices Page
Appendix I Biography of Joanne Kathleen Rowling………………………..……54
Appendix II Summary of Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban……………56
Appendix III Lesson Plan………………………………………………………...59
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents research background, research questions, significance of the study and definition of terms. The background discusses the topic that will be discussed in the study. The research questions state the questions or problems in the research. The significance of the study explains the importance of doing this research. The definition of terms clarifies some important terms used in the research.
A. Research Background
There are a lot of ways to define what literature is. It may be different to people to define it. Ohmann (1971) simply defines that literary works create a world which is built by certain circumstances in the story. The circumstances consist of imagined physical and social world of the characters in the story. The readers are invited to get involved in the imaginative world of literary works.
Meanwhile, Dyke (1922) states “literature consists of those writings which interpret the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched with the personality of the author, in artistic forms of permanent interest” (p. 264).
As the product of the human thought, literature is considered as an art that has close relation to human life in the form of written text.
Literary work has many branches. Klarer (2004) defines the primary sources of traditional literary studies are fiction, drama, and poetry. These kind of literary works are applied as artistic objects. Novel is included as fictional works. Thus,
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2 novel is categorized as artistic object.
One of some important aspects in the novel is plot. Plot gives the readers experiences in reading novels because mostly the conflicts illustrated in the novel are like the real conflicts in the real life. Stanton (1965) states that plot has two elements. They are internal and external conflicts. Internal conflicts appear between two desires within a character, while external conflicts appear between the characters or a character and his environment.
However, plot needs characters as the players in the story. Baym (1984) states “all plots in fiction require agents to carry out and register actions” (p. 82).
In drama, they have actors and actresses as the agents to visualize the plot to the audience, whereas novel has characters as the subject in the story. Cochrane (2014) defines “character reflects individuals in the real life and helps readers to figure out the values that constitute character” (p. 303). Thus, the values of life are represented the characters in literary works. Therefore, the researcher wants to bring out the values in the real life by analysing a character in the literary work.
On the basis of the facts that currently available, the researcher is interested in finding out the meaning of a character’s action in the novel. The researcher thinks that character is one of the intrinsic elements that is interesting to be analysed because character represents the values in the real life through the action in the story.
One of many novels that has interesting characters is Harry Potter and The
Prisoner of Azkaban because the author, J.K. Rowling, characterized the characters
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3 based on the people she knew in the real life. Moreover, she also put her experiences either in the characters or the plot (as cited in Shapiro, 2000, p. 6).
Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban is one of the other six Harry
Potter the series. This book is the third book of Harry Potter the series which was first published on 1999. This book is the sequel of the first two series, Harry Potter and The Philosopher’s Stone and Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets. The first book’s main story is about Harry Potter, an eleven-year-old boy, starts his new life at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and later meets his one and only enemy, Lord Voldemort, who is after the Philosopher’s Stone to regain his body and immortality.
The continuity of the first book, the second book, is mainly about how Harry and his best friends stop the terror from the heir of Slytherin, or also known as Lord
Voldemort, by revealing the secret of the chamber at Hogwarts and killing the giant serpent hidden in the chamber. As the sequel of the first two books, Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban is mainly about how Harry reveals the fact that Sirius
Black, who is the prisoner of Azkaban and known as the cruel murderer, turns out to be his godfather. This book has so many vague plots that will be revealed in the end of the story by the help of the character none other than Sirius Black.
Sirius Black becomes the important character in the story besides Harry
Potter who is the main character. Since the title of the book is Harry Potter and The
Prisoner of Azkaban, the story is focused on Harry Potter and the prisoner who is
Sirius Black. Although his appearance is infrequent in the book, Black plays some
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4 roles in building the perspective among the readers to bring the plot twist in the end of the story and moving the plot that leads Harry to the main conflict.
Wormtail also becomes the important character in the story. He is the reason why Black wants to conduct his action to find him. Wormtail betrays his best friends especially James and Lily Potters back then. He sells James and Lily Potters to
Voldemort and makes Black jailed in Azkaban due to the accusation of killing thirteen people.
Therefore, the objective of this study is to reveal the meaning of Sirius
Black’s action in finding Wormtail who used to be his best friend at Hogwarts back then. Further, the researcher also wants to invite readers through the character’s action not to see things from one perspective only.
In addition, this study is beneficial for English Language Education Study
Program students. This research also aims to inspire and broaden the students’ knowledge in analysing a character through his action. It will be helpful for them especially in literature-related subject such as Prose course.
B. Research Questions
Based on the research background, the researcher formulates two problems to be analysed in the study :
1. How is Sirius Black described in Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban?
2. What is the meaning of Sirius Black’s action in finding Wormtail in Harry Potter
and The Prisoner of Azkaban?
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C. Research Significance
The researcher hopes that how Sirius Black is described in the novel and the true meaning of his action in finding Wormtail can be revealed. The findings will help the researcher to relate the character’s action with the values in the real life.
The researcher also hopes that the research would inspire readers through the deeper meaning of Black’s action and the moral lesson behind his action.
Moreover, this research would benefit the readers, especially for English
Language Study Program students to get deeper understanding in analysing characters’ motivations through their actions. The findings of this study will broaden the students’ knowledge in analysing a character. Hopefully, this research also can motivate the readers and lift their curiousity in reading literary works in finding the meaning of life through characters’ actions.
This research is also expected to give information for the future researchers in analysing minor characters by focusing on their action in the story. The researcher hopes that this research will benefit future reseachers to study on the same case or develop further research.
D. Definition of Terms
There are some significant terms used in this research. The researcher provides the definition to avoid the misunderstanding of some terms used in the study.
1. Action
Abrams and Harpham (2011) state “action is what the character does in the story and used to infer the particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities of
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6 the character.” (p. 46). Thus, the action that is conducted by the character reflects his quality in the story.
2. “Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban”
Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban is written by J.K. Rowling. This novel is the third book and the sequel of the first two books of Harry Potter series.
This novel was published in 1999 by Bloomsbury Children’s Books in London.
3. Meaning
Based on Frye’s (1950) theory of meaning in literature, there are two terms of meaning used in this study, namely, surface and deeper meanings. a. The surface meaning is in the second level of meaning. The symbols in the
literary works which are literally written on the novel should be related to each
other in order to bring out the surface meaning. b. The deeper meaning is in the fourth level meaning of literature. In the fourth
level, the meaning is emerged through the conclusion based on vision creative
power and assumption. It means that implicit meaning of Sirius Black action’s
in finding Wormtail that can be found after analysing his motivation by applying
theory of personality and theory of motivation.
4. Wormtail
Wormtail is a villain in Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban. In the beginning of the story, his identity is not revealed yet. He is introduced as Ron’s rat named Scabbers. His real name is Peter Pettigrew. He used to be the best friend of
Sirius Black, Remus Lupin, and James Potter. Wormtail betrays his friends by
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7 selling Potters to Voldemort. Thus, he becomes the reason why Black wants to find him.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of four parts. There are review of related studies, review of related theories, theoretical framework, and context of the novel. The review of related studies discusses the previous research about the meaning of characters’ actions. The review of related theories discusses about the theories and approach applied in this research. This part consists of theory of psychological approach, theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of motivation and theory of justice. The next part is the theoretical framework which explains the contribution of theories in solving the problems in the research. The last part is context of the novel which provides the review the object of the study.
A. Review of Related Studies
Shapiro (2000) states Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban book had reached the top of bestseller lists. It is considered as the popular book among the other books of Harry Potter series since it won eight awards in three years after it had been published.
As the popular book, this book had been analysed by some of Sanata
Dharma University students. There are two studies that are related to this research.
The first study is entitled “The Meanings of Richard Dick Winter’s Action During
His Military Service as Seen in Stephen E. Amborse’s Band of Brothers” which was conducted by Resanto, an English Language Education Study Program student batch 2010. He focused on Winter’s actions as a volunteer soldier in World War II
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9 during his military service to reveal the true meaning of his actions. In his study,
Resanto used psychological approach and theory of character and characterization in analysing Winter’s characterization. Furthermore, after obtaining Winter’s characteristics, he used theory of motivation to understand the meaning of Winter’s actions which was divided into two terms, namely, the surface meaning and deeper meaning. Yet, theory of leadership and conflict were applied to know how Winter leads the company and what happened during his leadership.
The second study was conducted by Asmara, an English Language
Education Study Program student batch 2006, entitled “The Motivation of Jewel’s
Heroic Actions as Seen in Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying”. Her study was conducted to reveal the motivation of Jewel, who is the main character in the novel, in doing heroic actions. Theory of character and characterization was also used to discover
Jewel’s characterization with the limitation only characteristics which were related to heroic actions. Then, theory of motivation was used to analyse Jewel’s motivation by interpreting his motivations from the obtained characterizations.
This study is quite similar to Resanto’s and Asmara’s in analysing a character through his or her actions to reveal the motive of the action. However, the object of the study in this research is different to Resanto’s and Asmara’s, which is
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Furthermore, this research has a different focus on the object. Resanto and Asmara focused on the main character in the story. Yet, this study has a focus on analysing the minor character who rarely appeared in the story, but plays important roles in the story.
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B. Review of Related Theories
This section discusses about some theories which are employed in analysing the meaning of action conducted by Sirius Black in finding Wormtail. They are theory of critical approach, theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of motivation and theory of justice.
1. Theory of Critical Approach
Rohrberger and Woods in their Reading and Writing About Literature
(1971) state “impressionistic criticism in a form of subjective response often occurred when a reader responses to a literary work” (p. 1). Thus, in analysing literary works, an approach is needed in order to help the researcher in preventing a bias. Further, Rohrberger and Woods (1971, pp. 6-15) also define critical approach into five categories, namely, formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. Among those approaches, psychological approach is chosen because it is considered as the appropriate approach for this research since the aim is to find out the meaning of character’s action.
Further, Rohrberger, and Wood (1971) state that literary works have their own nature, function, and values. They are reflected on what the characters do in the story. Wellek and Warren (1954) state “psychology can be used to interpret and evaluate literary works” (pp. 85-86). As the representation of human life and the phenomena of life, literary works can be identified through psychological aspect.
This approach will help the researcher to figure out the surface and deeper meanings of Sirius Black action in finding Wormtail.
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2. Theory of Character
Every character has their own personalities described in the story. To get better understanding in analysing characters, theory of character is applied.
In a book A Glossary of Literary Terms by Abrams and Harpham, characters are people appear in literary work.
Characters are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue— and from what they do—the action. (p. 46).
From the quotation above, characters’ qualities can be seen through what they are saying and what they are doing. It can help the researcher to get deeper understanding of the character.
A theory by Robert B. Henkle can be used to analyse Sirius Black. Henkle
(1977) simply divides character into two categories. The first one is major character, whereas the second one is known as secondary character or minor character. Major character is the center of the story who performs often and whose appearance is frequent. On the other hand, minor characters always seem as the additional in the story. They may be less sophisticated. Thus, their responses to the story are less complex and interesting.
Besides minor and major characters, Laar and Schoonderwoerd (1958) define characters in a story into two types, namely, flat and round characters. Flat characters only represent one quality such as goodness or badness. In addition, they usually can be described only in one sentence or even a few words. Flat characters never or rarely give states of amazement to the readers. On the contrary, round
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12 characters are full of complexity. They tend to give surprises to the readers. In some cases, they often act unexpectedly to the reader’s expectation.
Furthermore, Perrine (1974) also defines character into static and dynamic characters. Static characters are similar to flat characters that never change in the story in some aspects such as personality and behaviour. On the other hand, dynamic characters tend to develop or change that give significance changes in the end of the story whether it is little or huge, better or worse change.
3. Theory of Characterization
Theory of Characterization is also used to analyse Black’s characterization.
Stanton (1965) states “the readers have to put their first impression or stereotype aside toward the character in order to get better understanding about the character”
(p. 17). Therefore, the researcher needs to read the novel at least twice to avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding of the evidence.
Further, Murphy (1972) states that there are eight ways that the authors use to portray the characters and their personalities in the story. These ways used by the authors to show what sort of people they are and make the reader understand the characters in a story. a. Character Seen by Other
Besides personal description, character can be analysed through the other character’s opinion towards him. The author describes him through others’ eyes and opinions to show the image and quality of the character.
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13 b. Speech
Instead of appearance, the author can describe character through what the character says in a story. The situations can be whenever the character says or puts his opinion forwards and is in the conversation with the others. Mostly, it is shown through the character’s dialogue. c. Past life
The readers can learn something about the character’s experience or past life to reveal his personality. This clue is given by the author through his direct comments, the person’s thoughts and the conversation or medium of another character. d. Conversation of Others
Another way to describe a person’s character is giving the readers some clues through the conversations of other characters and the things they say about the character. The point of the conversations by others often shows some hints to describe the character. e. Reaction
How a character reacts to various situations and certain events can also help the reader to generate the character’s personality. For example, when the character is in the miserable and unstable financial condition, instead of complaining about his condition, he works harder to get the money. It means that the character is a hard-working person.
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14 f. Direct Comments
Direct comments of the character can also be used to analyse person’s character. Murphy (1972) states “author can describe or give comments on a character directly” (p. 170). In other words, the author can portray character’s personality through his point of view. g. Thoughts
Every character in fictional works is like people in the real world. They have different way of thinking from one to the others. Thus, the author gives the readers knowledges about the way a person think about something. Through this way, the readers can understand the character’s personality. h. Mannerism
The author may also describe a character’s personality by showing the readers the character’s habits or mannerism in the story. For example, when character wakes up late every morning, it can be concluded that the character is a lazy person.
4. Theory of Meaning
There are some levels of meaning hidden in the literary works. Frye (1950) classifies the level meaning of literature into four levels. Thus, this theory is employed to identify the meaning of Black’s action that is categorized into two terms, namely, surface and deeper meanings.
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15 a. The First Level
The first level meaning of literature deals with the literal meaning.
According to Frye (1950), the first level deals with the symbol especially verbal symbol. The symbol can be a letter, word, phrase, sentence or larger group of words.
For example, the word “water” literally means water, liquid which is consumed by creatures. Thus, the first level meaning of literature can be identified directly through what is written in the novel. b. The Second Level
The second level deals with the meaning identified through the symbols as a whole. Frye (1950) states “…after we have understood a verbal structure literally, we have then to relate it as a whole to the body of data which it represents” (p. 249).
It means that after gathering all of the symbol in literary works, those symbols should be related to each other to emerge the next-level meaning. c. The Third Level
In this third level, hypothetical and factual verbal structures are emerged.
The subjective interpretation of the meaning is unbearable. However, Frye (1950) states “a factual verbal structure cannot be descriptively correct unless it is verbally correct.” (p. 253). Therefore, the interpretation of meaning in literary works should be proven by the data.
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16 d. The Fourth Level
The fourth level meaning in literature deals with verbal universe term. Frye
(1950) states “this verbal universe is that total vision of creative power which we met at the end of the third level, and which is not a diffused but a single vision, and to which every work of literature in the world owes everything it has of wonder and of glory.” (p.260). Further, he also says that literature is a set of conclusions from the assumption of verbal universe. It means that the meaning in the fourth level is based on the assumption or vision of creative power and creates conclusion.
5. Theory of Personality
According to Freud and Strachey (1949), personality is categorized into three structures. First structure is id. The second is known as ego. The last is known as superego. These three ideas are called the structure of mind. a. The Id
The id is the internal implusive or unconscious part from human psyche which responds to the insticts and influenced by the heredity. According to Freud and Strachey (1949), the id operates on the pleasure principle. The idea is about the fulfilled expectation, which later on, will be a satisfaction if id achieves the demands. Siegfried (2014) states “the pleasure principle drives the id to seek immediate gratification of all needs, wants, and desires.” (p. 1). Consequently, when the demands are not fulfilled, it will create unpleasure or even tension. b. The Ego
The ego is forced by the id and restricted by the super-ego. Freud and
Strachey (1949) state “ego gains control over the demands of the instincts, by
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17 deciding whether they are allowed, proposed, or surpressed to obtain the satisfaction.” (p. 16). Thus, the ego has an authority to control the id. On the other hand, the ego is also remoted by the super-ego.
The ego relates to the principle of reality which means it refers to how someone conducts his action in the accordance with his id. Freud and Strachey
(1949) define ego is as the modified id. It means that id has been influenced by external world. Thus, the ego works to fulfil the insticts of the id and bring it to the the real world. c. The Super-ego
Freud, Strachey, and Gay (1989) state that super-ego or which is also known as ego ideal, is influenced by other people in the past. Further, Siegfried (2014) states that super-ego relates to the culture rules which is internalized by parents.
The super-ego has the orientation of perfection and contrasts with the id because it works to be socially accepted and appropriate. In other words, the super-ego works with morality concept. Thus, the ego has a consequence to mediate between super- ego’s perfection of social appropriate and the demands of the id.
6. Theory of Motivation
Abrams and Harpham (2011) state “the core in the characters’ temprament, desires, and moral nature for their actions and speech are called motivation” (p. 46).
Authors use motivation to give values for each character in the story. It can be bad or good nature.
There is always a motivation behind every action that the characters take.
This research is focused on the meaning of Black’s action in finding Wormtail. In
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18 analysing Black’s motivation, the researcher uses some theories of motivation from some experts to get deeper understanding about motivation.
Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000) define that motivation is related to individuals’ desires, needs, and interests which control their behaviours toward goals. In other words, motivation is a stimulant for a person to achieve and reach his goal.
In analysing the meaning of the action conducted by Sirius Black, the researcher uses theory of hierarchy of needs proposed by Maslow to find out the character’s motive in doing the action. Maslow (1954) states that if some of the necessities are missing, people will be motivated to satisfy or fulfil the missing needs. He also defines that human have hierarchical needs which is drawn in the form of pyramid.
Figure 2.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Retrieved from Kent State University (2018)
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19 a. Physiological Needs
The first level is physiological needs. It is the basic human needs that must be fulfilled. This basic needs include survivability to sustain life such as food, water, and sleep. b. Safety and Security
The second level of human needs refers to safety and security situations that keep human safe from physical or emotional harm. These needs include protection of danger, security, and freedom from anxiety and fear. It can be concluded that human need either peaceful environment or mind.
c. Love and Belonging
The third level is social needs which is dealing with the relation to other people such as having friends and sharing or gaining affections from other people.
Maslow (1954) argues that human beings need the belongingness and acceptance in certain social group. Thus, in the absence of love and belonging, human beings will run after affectionate relationship. d. Self-esteem
In this level, human beings deal with the thoughts of self-esteem and self- worth in their life. There are two kind of esteem needs, namely, internal and external esteem needs. The internal esteem needs deal with self-respect, achievement, desire for strength and confidence, while the external esteem needs deal with social recognition or reputation from other people such as appreciation, recognition, respect, and fame.
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20 e. Self-actualization
The top of the pyramid is self-actualization needs. This level deals with how human beings realize and use their potentials, capacities, and talents. These needs are hardly to be fulfilled because the standard of the needs between one to other people are not the same. They may have different level to satisfy the needs.
7. Theory of Justice
Aristotle (1962) states that justice is related to the conception of fairness which means injustice emerges due to the absence of equality. In achieving the justice, the law adjusts one party’s gain and restores it to the other’s loss.
Further, Aristotle (1962) also defines justice as a complete virtue and a partial one. Complete virtue is also known as universal justice, while justice as a partial one is called particular justice. Furthermore, he divides the particular justice into two categories, namely, distributive and corrective justices. a. Distributive Justice
Aristotle (1962) states that partial justice or distributive justice relates to the equality of distribution of everything that is dividable. It can be a distribution of honour, wealth, and assets of community to its members or participants. Thus, it can be cultivated by more than two parties.
Distributive justice has two terms, namely benefit and burden among the participants as the criterion of the distribution. Further, Weinrib (2002) states that
“distributive justice is a propotion equality in which the participants will receive the shares based on their rights and the criterion” (p. 349) . Therefore, distributive
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21 justice is a just given to the members of a community based on their shares, rights, and criteria. b. Corrective Justice
Parties involved in corrective justice are different to distributive justice. It only involves two parties. They are the plaintiff and the defendant. The correlative concept between the doer and the victim is used. Corrective justice focuses on maintaining and restoring loss that belongs to one party. The terms doer and sufferrer are used in analysing injustice case and deciding who should have been suffered and who should get the gain.
To just the injustice, the doer’s and sufferer’s sides are reversed. The injustice doer becomes the sufferer, and vice versa. Thus, the principal of corrective justice is the occurrence of remedy between the doer and sufferer which results sufferer regains his rights and the doer meets his consequences.
C. Theoretical Framework
In answering the problems formulation stated in the chapter one, the researcher uses some theories to analyse it. Since the first question is about Black’s character and characterization in the story, the researcher applies theory of character and characterization. Theory of character and characterization which are used are proposed by Abrams (1999), Henkle (1977), Laar and Schoonderwoerd (1958),
Perrine (1974), and Murphy (1972). Those theories provide definitions to analyse
Black’s character and characterization.
The second question deals with the meaning of Black’s action in finding
Wormtail. Since literature is the representation of human life and the reflection of
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22 phenomena of life, it can be seen through psychological scope. In analysing Black’s action, the researcher uses theory of critical approach proposed by Rohrberger and
Wood (1971) and theory of psychological approach proposed by Wellek and
Warren (1956). Further the researcher also employs theory of meaning proposed by
Frye (1950), theory of personality proposed by Freud (1949), theory of motivation proposed by Maslow (1954) and theory of justice proposed by Aristotle (1962).
Those theories are employed to figure out Black’s motives in finding Wormtail.
D. Context of the Novel
In order to get deeper understanding of the story, the researcher also analyses the background of the novel. This section has two parts. The first is the setting of the writer and the second is the setting of the novel.
1. Setting of the Writer
Joanne Rowling, who is also known as J. K. Rowling, was born on July 31,
1965 in Yate, England. She is the author of Harry Potter novel series. She lives surrounded by books as her mother and father love reading books.
As quoted from Shapiro (2000), she said “start by writing things that you know. Write about your own experiences and your own feelings. That is what I do”
(p. 105). The birth of Harry Potter firstly conceived in 1990 while sitting in a compartment of a train from Manchester to London’s King Cross. The idea of Harry
Potter turned out to be a boy who does not know who he is and about the wizard school.
After graduated from the university, she was jobless and her marriage had failed. Her life problems allowed her to focus on writing. Joanne’s illness of
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23 depression and contemplated suicide had been an inspiration to one of the character introduced in the third book called Dementors.
Further, while writing the books, she seemed to see her reflection in
Hermione character. The other characters were also inspired by the people she knew. She poured some of her life experiences in the characters or the plot of the story.
Joanne mostly wrote the part of the novel when she was in Edinsburgh,
Scotland while taking care of her child. In the 1995, the first book Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone was published. The second book was published in July,
1998. Rowling started to write the third book the day after she finished the second book. The third book was published in July 8, 1999 at United Kingdom. The third book is the easiest to write which only need a year to be finished because she was in the best financial situation.
2. Setting of the Novel
The setting of this novel is in England, primarily in the fictional hidden wizarding world and at Hogwarts School. This book took time in 1993, in Harry’s third-year school.
As the setting is in a school, the environment is just like a school in a real life. There are teachers, students, and a headmaster. But, as the background of the characters are witches and wizards, a lot of unusual things happened such as troll’s attack and the appearance of mythical creatures. However, the conflicts that appeared in the story are the same with society in the real life such as bullying and social discrepancy between one student to the others.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts. They are object of the study, approach of the study and method of the study. The object of the study deals with Harry
Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban novel as the primary data and the physical description of the novel. The approach of the study deals with the approach which is employed in this study. The method of the study explains the process of conducting the research.
A. Object of the Study
Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban becomes the focus of this research. This novel was written by the famous British writer, Joanne Kathleen
Rowling or who is also known as J. K. Rowling.
This book was first published on July, 8 1999 by Bloomsbury and
Scholastic Inc. This book has two versions. They are United Kingdom and United
States versions. The UK version has 319 pages long, while the U.S. version contains
435 pages long. Both versions are divided into 22 chapters. The researcher used the book published by Raincoast Books.
The genre of this book is fantasy fiction. Further, this book had won so many awards since it was published. There were Whitbread Children's Book Award in
1999, the Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young Reader in 1999, Locus
Award for Best Fantasy Novel in 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban Indian Paintbrush
Book Award and Colorado Blue Spruce Young Adult Book Award in 2004.
24
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25
Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban is mainly about Harry’s adventures in his third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry with his best friends, Ron and Hermione. The main story of this novel is about how Harry meets his godfather, Sirius Black, who is described as a murderer of his parents and the follower of Lord Voldemort in the beginning of the story.
B. Approach of the Study
The researcher applied psychological approach to get deeper understanding of Sirius Black’s desire and motivation, particulary on his action in finding
Wormtail. It was considered as the appropriate approach since the focus of this research is the character’s action in the story.
Daiches (1956) states that in analysing the literary works, psychology approach is often used in order to explain the behaviour of characters in a novel or play by confirming it with the some psychological theories. Thus, the theory of personality and theory of motivation were employed to figure out Black’s motivation and the relation between his mind and action.
C. Method of the Study
In analysing the novel, the researcher applied library study. The primary data was Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban novel and the secondary sources were books, journals or references which were relevant to literature and psychology.
There were some steps in conducting this research. First, the researcher read
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban book as the primary source for more than twice to get better understanding and ideas of the novel. Thus, the researcher would
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26 get certain useful information to analyse Black’s character and characterization and also his motivation in conducting the action.
Then, the researcher gathered references from books, journals, and the other written sources that were related to the research. The references were about critical approaches, human psychology, human motivation, literature criticism, and philosophy of justice.
After that, the researcher related theory of character and characterization with the obtained facts to answer the first problem formulation about the character and characterizations of Sirius Black. In analysing Black’s characterizations, the writer’s analysis was limited to Sirius Black’s actions that were related to his efforts in finding Wormtail. Further, theory of meaning, theory of personality, theory of motivation, and theory of justice were used to answer the surface and deeper meanings of Sirius Black’s action in finding Wormtail. Theory of personality is used to find the ego and the id of Black. In order to find the surface meaning, the researcher identified Black’s ego which can be found directly in the story.
Meanwhile, in analysing the deeper meaning, the researcher identified Black’s id which can be found after analysing his motivation in doing his action through theory of motivation. Then, theory of justice was used to strengthen the meaning of Black’s action in finding Wormtail.
The last step was drawing the conclusion. In this part the researcher discussed the finding about Sirius Black’s character and characterizations and also the meaning of his action in finding Wormtail in the two terms, the surface meaning
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27 and the deeper meaning. Lastly, the researcher concluded the discussion based on the obtained facts.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
There are two parts of discussions in this analysis chapter. The first part discusses how Sirius Black is described in Harry Potter and The Prisoner of
Azkaban by using theory of character and characterization. Then the second part discusses the meaning of action conducted Sirius Black in finding Wormtail using psychological approach, theory of personality, theory of motivation, and theory of justice.
A. The Characters of Sirius Black
Sirius Black or who is also known as the prisoner of Azkaban in J.K.
Rowling’s novel is described as a fugitive in Harry Potter and The Prisoner of
Azkaban. At the beginning of the novel, he is described as a cruel murderer who breaks out of Azkaban jail to find and kill Harry Potter. That is the assumption which is created by Rowling to build the bad perceptions towards Black. Whereas, the facts that Black actually is an innocent man and the reason why he breaks out of Azkaban are revealed in the end of the story.
Based on the theory of character by Henkle (1977), Sirius Black is classified as the minor character because he always be a supportive figure to Harry Potter in this third book. He helps in moving the plot including conflict and resolution of the story.
Further, according to the theory proposed by Laar and Schoonderwoerd
(1958), Sirius Black is categorized as a round character.
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29
He is categorized as the round character because he gives surprises to the readers and acts unexpectedly that give a significance to the story. He holds the key as the plot twister in the story as he is described as a bad character then turns out to be the good one.
In addition, based on the theory proposed by Perrine (1974), Sirius Black is categorized as a dynamic character. Although he is the minor character, he develops and gives significance changes, especially the plot twitst in the end of the story.
Black’s significance change is shown in the end of the story that he is actually a good character who is pursuing the villain in the story, who is Wormtail.
The author, Joanne Kathleen Rowling, describes Sirius Black as a bad character in the beginning of the story. She leads the readers’ belief to the image that Sirius Black is the antihero in Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban.
However, she makes a plot twist in the end of the story. The truth is that Sirius
Black is not a villain, yet he wants to find the real villain, who is Wormtail.
Thus, to get deeper understanding of Black’s characterizations, Murphy’s theory is employed in this analysis. The list of characterizations below is the result of how Sirius Black is described in the novel.
1. Rebellious
Murphy (1972) states that the author can describe the characterization by the character’s mannerism and past life. Sirius Black is a rebellious person. His character as a rebel is shown on his school life back then.
He and his best friends, James Potter and Peter Pettigrew, learn how to become animagi. They are wizards who can transform into certain animals at will.
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30
However, animagi must register themselves at the ministry of magic to be legal animagi.
Lupin knows that three of his best friends become illegal animagi. He had led three fellow students into becoming “illegal animagi” (p. 260). Such a good fortune when three of them have already mastered this ability. However, they do not register themselves and are considered as illegal animagi. The words “illegal animagi” reflects Black’s rebelliousness.
Further, they like to sneak out of Hogwarts castle at night. “They sneaked out of the castle every month under James’s Invisibility Cloak.” (p. 260). The word
“sneak” itself represents a negative action. The school rules prohibit them to creep at night, otherwise they will be punished and lose some house’s points. The fact that Black becomes an illegal animagus and likes to creep at night represent his rebellious trait.
“BLACK STILL AT LARGE Sirius Black, possibly the most infamous prisoner ever to be held in Azkaban fortress, is still eluding capture, the Ministry of Magic confirmed today. “We are doing all we can to recapture Black,” said the Minister of Magic, Cornelius Fudge, this morning, “and we beg the magical community to remain calm.” (p. 33).
The text above is retrieved from Daily Prophet which is the name of newspaper in the wizardry world. They make Sirius Black’s escape as the headline in the front page of the newspaper. This news greatly dismays wizards and witches in wizarding world because there is no one could escape from the jail back then.
The fact that he breaks out of the jail is the second evidence that Sirius Black is
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31 considered as a rebellious person. Based on Black’s mannerism and past life, he can be concluded as a rebellious person.
2. Cunning
According to Murphy (1972), character’s personality can be described through conversations of others, the character’s speech, and mannerism. Sirius
Black is a cunning person. It refers to his unseen movements in finding Wormtail.
Sirius Black becomes the most-wanted person in the story since he flees from Azkaban. Stan Shunpike says “never been a breakout from Azkaban before,
‘as there, Ern? Beats me ‘ow ‘e did it.” (p. 35). The citation above shows that Black is the pioneer of breaking out of Azkaban. There is no one could flee from the jail.
Only Black knows how to escape from the jail.
Since Azkaban is well-guarded by Dementors, dark creatures which suck human happiness, there will be no sane people in there. Moreover, breaking out of
Azkaban is hardly to be done due to the placement of Dementors as the guards. The prisoners will lose their powers and be mentally ill whenever Dementors are close to them. Lupin says “Black must have found a way to fight them. I wouldn’t have believed it possible… Dementors are supposed to drain a wizard of his powers if he is left with them too long…” (pp. 140-141). His dialogue above shows that Sirius
Black is clever enough to resist Dementors’ effect. His cunningness is seen through conversation of other and his mannerism that he can break out of Azkaban.
“He’s the most intelligent of his kind I’ve ever met. He recognized Peter for what he was right away. And when he met me, he knew I was no dog. It was a while before he trusted me… Finally, I managed to communicate to him what I was after, and he’s been helping me…” (p. 267).
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32
Black’s transformation as a dog makes him able to communicate with other animals. In the text above, he communicates with Hermione’s cat named
Crookshanks. Although Crookshanks knows that he is not a real dog, Black still can be friends with him and persuade him to help him in tracking Wormtail.
Further, his special ability to transform into a dog gives him another advantage. Since he is a fugitive, Sirius Black cannot go everywhere with his true identity. With his ability, he can prowl everywhere without drawing people’s attention. It really helps him to sneak into Hogwarts without being spotted by
Dementors. His cunningness is seen through his speech and manner in how he tracks Wormtail’s position without putting himself in danger.
All of the facts above show that Sirius Black is a cunning person in achieving his goal by showing his dexterity and skills.
3. Ambitious
Murphy (1972) states that character’s trait can also be seen by his mannerism and speech. By knowing and understanding character’s behaviours and dialogues, the researcher will get better understanding of Black’s characterizations in the story.
Sirius Black is an ambitious person. He has strong desires to achieve his goal. It is shown in the story that he will do high-risk actions, such as breaking out of the jail and sneaking into Hogwarts castle to find Wormtail.
Sirius Black says in his first meeting with Harry in Shrieking Shack “I’ve waited twelve years, I’m not going to wait much longer.” (p. 258). His ambition is
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33 seen through his speech. He is willing to wait for 12 years for the right time to find
Wormtail.
Besides, Black also shows his ambition by frequently talking in his sleep.
Mr. Weasley says that he always talks to himself with the same sentence during his sleep almost every day. “The guards say he’s been talking in his sleep… always the same words… ‘He’s at Hogwarts.” (p. 272). The fact that he already knows
Wormtail’s hideout makes him always thinks about him and strongly wants to find him. His ambition is seen through his manner in repeating the same sentence during his sleep.
The evidence that Black is an ambitious person is also seen in how he remains sane in Azkaban while the other prisoners are not. There is a fact in the story that Dementors only feed on human happiness that creates depression feelings and despair to people who stand near them. Since they guard Azkaban, it makes the
Azkaban prisoners insane due to their effect. “It was as if someone had lit a fire in my head, and the Dementors couldn’t destroy it… It wasn’t a happy feeling… it was an obsession… but it gave me strength, it cleared my mind…” (pp. 272-273).
Instead of having a happy feeling, Black has an ambition to find Wormtail that helps him in maintaining his body and mind, also remaining sane. Thus, Black’s ambitious trait can be seen through his mannerism and speech.
4. Daring
According to Murphy (1972), one of the eight ways in analysing character is through character’s mannerism. As the most-wanted person in the wizarding world, Sirius Black can be considered as a daring person. Since his escape from
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34
Azkaban, he is fearlessly still prowling around Hogwarts in which Dementors are guarding.
Black knows that Wormtail’s hideout is in Gryffindor dormitory as he pretends to be a common rat which belongs to Ron. His first attempt to get in
Gryffindor dormitory evokes an uproar among Hogwarts people. One of the ghosts at Hogwarts say “he got very angry when she wouldn’t let him in, you see.” (p.
121). Black insists on getting in but the Fat Lady does not fulfil his request. All of sudden, he wickedly slashes the Fat Lady’s portrait after declining his request because he does not have the password.
“Harry thought he heard the dormitory door slam. At last finding the divide in his curtains, he ripped them back, and at the same moment, Dean Thomas lit his lamp. Ron was sitting up in bed, the hangings torn from one side, a look of utmost terror on his face. “Black! Sirius Black! With a knife!” “What?” “Here! Just now! Slashed the curtains! Woke me up!” “You sure you weren’t dreaming, Ron?” said Dean. “Look at the curtains! I tell you, he was here!” (pp. 196-197).
The text above is Sirius Black’s second attempt to enter Gryffindor dormitory. In his second attempt, he successfully gets into the dormitory after he gets Neville Longbottom’s note contains passwords list. He wants to catch
Wormtail on Ron’s bed. However, he does not find him, but leave terror towards
Hogwarts people.
His efforts in entering Gryffindor’s dormitory reflect his daring personality.
Although he knows that he is entering deep into the dangerous territory, he still dares enough to hang around Hogwarts castle and insists on getting in Gryffindor
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35 dormitory to find Wormtail. Thus, Black’s daring characteristic is seen through his mannerism.
5. Loyal
Based on theory of characterization by Murphy (1972), how a character is characterized can be seen through the character’s speech, past life, and conversation by others. As a dynamic character who is described as the bad character at the beginning and turns out to be a good one, Sirius Black also reflects a good trait, that is being loyal to his friends. Although it is not explicitly shown in the story, it is reflected on what he did in the past to his friends especially James and Remus.
Sirius Black is the best friend to Remus Lupin, James Potter, and Peter
Pettigrew at Hogwarts back then. All of sudden, Lupin seems to act weird. He used to disappear once a month at a full-moon night with face full of scratches and wounds on the day after. His disappearance invites curiosity to his best friends.
After their investigation, the truth of Lupin’s identity is revealed. He has been bitten by a werewolf that makes him turned into a werewolf. He hides in the abandoned building called Shrieking Shack during his transformation every month.
Lupin states “and they didn’t desert me at all. Instead, they did something for me that would make my transformations not only bearable, but the best times of my life. They became Animagi.” (p. 259) shows Black’s loyalty towards his friend.
The reason why James, Sirius, and Peter learn to be animagi is to accompany Remus during his transformation because werewolf is harmless to animals rather than to humans. Black’s past life which is stated through Lupin’s dialogue above shows
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36 that Black is loyal to his friend. He accompanies Lupin instead of left him after knowing the truth that he is a werewolf.
“Believe me,” croaked Black. “Believe me, Harry. I never betrayed James and Lily. I would have died before I betrayed them.” (p. 273). The text above is
Black’s dialogue while ensuring Harry that he does not sell his parents to
Voldemort. Black would rather die than betray his friends. From what he said, his loyalty is shown in how he puts his friends first before him.
Sirius Black has ever suggested Wormtail to replace him as Potter family’s secret keeper in order to trick Voldemort that he would come after Black to get the information where Potters are.
“Lily and James only made you Secret-Keeper because I suggested it,” Black hissed, so venomously that Pettigrew took a step backward. “I thought it was the perfect plan… a bluff…Voldemort would be sure to come after me…” (p. 271).
He sacrifices himself to protect the Potters from Voldemort’s threat. Black’s loyalty to Potters is seen in his support by risking himself to meet Voldemort. Thus, his loyal characteristic is reflected on his past life, speech, and the other characters’ dialogues.
Based on the theory of characterization proposed by Murphy, Rowling describes Sirius Black through his mannerism, speech, past life, and conversation of others. He is described as a rebellious, cunning, daring, loyal, and an ambitious person.
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B. The Meaning of Sirius Black’s Action in finding Wormtail
This part discusses the meaning of Sirius Black’s action in finding
Wormtail. There are two terms of meanings that will be analysed, namely, surface and deeper meanings. Based on Frye’s (1950) theory of meaning in literature the surface meaning is the literal meaning which can be found in the book by focusing on the symbols written on the novel. They refer to the dialogues or sentences that show Black’s action in finding Wormtail. Besides, the deeper meaning is beyond the surface meaning. It is based on the assumption or vision of creative power that creates conclusion. It is the implicit meaning from the story which can be found after reading the whole book and identified by employing psychological approach, theory of personality, theory of motivation, and theory of justice.
1. Surface Meaning of Sirius Black’s actions in finding Wormtail
As discussed in the section A, there are five prominent characteristics of
Sirius Black’s shown in his effort in finding Wormtail. He is portrayed as a rebellious, cunning, daring, loyal, and an ambitious person. Further, those five characteristics play roles in Black’s action in finding Wormtail.
Sirius Black is chosen as the Potter family secret-keeper, but he gives up and suggests Wormtail as the new secret keeper. The duty of the secret keeper is to conceal Potters’ hideout from anyone, including best friends.
Black’s decision might be the biggest mistake he has ever done. He thinks that Voldemort, an antagonist character in the story, would be after him to get the information of the Potters’ hideout. He also thinks that Voldemort would never suppose that Potter would choose an unskilled and a dumb person like Wormtail.
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Sadly, he is wrong. Wormtail turns out to be double agent, as a secret keeper of the
Potters and a spy for Voldemort. He becomes one of the Voldemort’s supporters and has passed information about Potter’s hideout to his master.
Soon after the death of Harry’s parents, Sirius Black is after Wormtail. He is so furious and wants to kill him in a street full of non-magical people. Suddenly,
Wormtail yells to the crowd that Black is the one who sells James and Lily Potters to Voldemort. Before Black could curse him, he has successfully blasted out the street that makes 12 of non-magical people dead. Wormtail also falsifies his death by cutting off one of his fingers, so people would think that his body is blasted away and only a little part of his body which is left. Then, he has escaped from the crowd into the sewer by transforming into a rat. Therefore, Black is accused of killing the people because he is the only one who stands in the centre of dead people after the slaughter.
Sirius Black decides to escape from Azkaban after being jailed for 12 years in the effort to find Wormtail. No one before Black could break out of Azkaban. He uses his ability to morph into a dog and slips out without being noticed by
Dementors. His rebellious and cunning traits are reflected on his prison break in the effort to find Wormtail.
There is a fact in the story that Dementors only feed on human happiness that creates depression feeling and despair to people. Those effects make the
Azkaban prisoners insane. Black says “it was as if someone had lit a fire in my head, and the Dementors couldn’t destroy it… It wasn’t a happy feeling… it was an obsession… but it gave me strength, it cleared my mind…” (pp. 272-273). The
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39 sentence “it was an obsession” represents that he has an ambition, that is to find
Wormtail. His ambitious trait is reflected on how he maintains his mind and remains sane which later will help him to break out of jail in the effort to find Wormtail.
After breaking out of the jail, Black tries to track Wormtail’s location and movements at Hogwarts. However, he hardly gets into Hogwarts because he does not have access to get in and it is well-guarded by Dementors. Thus, he seeks for the help from Hermione’s cat named Crookshanks. “It was a while before he trusted me… Finally, I managed to communicate to him what I was after, and he’s been helping me…” (p. 267). Although he cannot go into Hogwarts to monitor Wormtail, he still can make a plan to clandestinely track him by sending Crookshanks as the spy. His cunningness is also reflected on how he stealthily tracks Wormtail in his efforts to find him.
In the effort to find Wormtail, Black insists on getting in Gryffindor’s dormitory twice. His first attempt does not run well because he does not have the password to get in. He successfully gets in to the dormitory at the second attempt because he finds Neville Longbottom’s note which contains the list of the-whole- week passwords.
However, there is a consequence in doing his action, that is being caught by
Dementors. Once he is caught by them, he will be punished by Dementors. The punishment is called Dementor’s kiss that is given to anyone who breaks out of
Azkaban. Dementors will suck out someone’s soul out of his body.
“What — they kill —?” “Oh no,” said Lupin. “Much worse than that. You can exist without your soul, you know, as long as your brain and heart are still working. But you’ll
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have no sense of self anymore, no memory, no… anything. There’s no chance at all of recovery. You’ll just exist. As an empty shell. And your soul is gone forever… lost.” (p. 163). The words “much worse than that” show that the effect of Dementor’s kiss is the worst and such a terrible consequence. Someone soul is sucked will remain alive, but he cannot do anything because he has no soul.
His daring characteristic is portrayed in his effort to find Wormtail when he insists on getting in Gryffindor’s dormitory and prowls around Hogwarts castle. He knows that there is a dangerous consequence behind the action that he conducts.
Therefore, Black’s daring characteristic plays a role in achieving his goal to find
Wormtail.
Black’s loyal characteristic plays role as the reason why he wants to conduct his action. As a loyal man who is betrayed by one of his friends, he will take betrayal as a serious matter. After he meets Wormtail, he wants to commit a murder. Black states “DIED RATHER THAN BETRAY YOUR FRIENDS, AS WE WOULD
HAVE DONE FOR YOU!” (p. 275). The sentence “died rather than betray your friends” indicates that Black considers betrayal as a very terrible action. Further, he also states “I would have died before I betrayed them.” (p. 273) which means that he prefers to die rather than betray his friends.
Freud’s theory of personality (1949) is used to answer the surface meaning of Black’s action. The ego of Black is reflected on his action in finding Wormtail which can be found directly in the novel. At this point, based on the texts and the action that he conducts in the novel, the surface meaning of Sirius Black’s action in finding Wormtail is to kill him because he hates him for being a traitor.
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There are some Black’s dialogues that shows his hatred towards Wormtail and intention to kill him. “THEN YOU SHOULD HAVE DIED!” roared Black.
“DIED RATHER THAN BETRAY YOUR FRIENDS, AS WE WOULD HAVE
DONE FOR YOU!” (p. 275). From that dialogue, it is clearly stated that Black wants to kill Wormtail because he has betrayed his friends especially the Potters.
He wants to take revenge to Wormtail for what he has done in the past. Moreover, the sentence is written in capital letters which means that he shouts to him. The sentences “Then you should have died. Died rather than betray your friends…” represent Black’s hatred toward Wormtail who has betrayed his friends.
“Yes, I have,” said Black, with an evil look at Scabbers. (p. 267). Scabbers is the other nickname of Wormtail which is given by the Weasleys as he pretends to be Ron’s pet. The second evidence is reflected on how Black sees Wormtail with hateful look. The words “an evil look at Scabbers” represents Black’s hatred toward
Wormtail.
“Black’s face looked more skull-like than ever as he stared at Pettigrew with his fathomless eyes.” (p. 269). Next, Black’s hatred is reflected on his reaction while staring at Wormtail. The words “more skull-like” and “with fathomless eyes” represent Black’s hatred which can be seen through his terrible and extremely-deep look toward Wormtail.
2. Deeper Meaning of Sirius Black’s action in finding Wormtail
The deeper meaning of Black’s action in finding Wormtail is not explicitly shown in the novel. It can be seen after the researcher read the novel entirely and
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42 applies Freud’s theory of personality (1949), Maslow’s theory of motivation
(1954), and Aristotle’s theory of justice (1962).
Based on Freud’s theory of personality (1949), the id is the unconscious part in human mind that drives human to seek for the satisfaction. Since motivation is individual’s desire and the stimulant to someone to achieve his action, Black’s id can be seen through his motivation in doing the action. Thus, the id of Black is shown through his motive in finding Wormtail. The deeper meaning of Sirius
Black’s action can be seen in his id.
Furthermore, in order to understand Black’s id, theory of motivation is employed. Based on Maslow’s theory of motivation (1954), there are some missing needs that drive Black to conduct his action. They are seen through hierarchy of needs pyramid. The first need is safety needs. Azkaban is not a safe place due to the Dementors’ effect that makes people become insane. Thus, he decides to break out of the jail to fulfil his safety needs.
“I’ve told the headmaster again and again that you’re helping your old friend
Black into the castle, Lupin, and here’s the proof. Not even I dreamed you would have the nerve to use this old place as your hideout.” (p. 263). The text above shows that Black has found a place which is much safer than Azkaban. He hides in
Shrieking Shack which used to be Lupin’s hideout during his transformation. Thus,
Black’s safety need is fulfilled by having a shelter and avoiding Dementors’ effect.
After the safety needs are obtained, Black is trying to fulfil the next need that is love and belonging needs. This need is fulfilled by the help of Lupin. “The
Professor walked to Black’s side, seized his hand, pulled him to his feet so that
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Crookshanks fell to the floor, and embraced Black like a brother.” (p. 252). The sentence “embranced Black like a brother” shows that Black is accepted as a friend by Lupin. At this point, the need of belongingness is fulfilled.
Furthermore, Lupin also trusts that Black did not kill anyone. “Everyone thought Sirius killed Peter,” said Lupin, nodding. “I believed it myself — until I saw the map tonight. Because the Marauder’s map never lies… Peter’s alive. Ron’s holding him, Harry.” (p. 257). The fact that Wormtail is still alive makes Lupin believe him. Lupin’s belief that Black is innocent also shows another acceptance towards Black.
The final needs that drive him to conduct his action to find Wormtail is self- esteem needs. As stated before that Wormtail’s betrayal generates the injustice that makes him jailed in Azkaban and stamped as a betrayer of the Potters. At this point, his motive to fulfil the esteem needs is emerged. He wants to prove that he is innocent. In other words, he wants to be respected by the other people and clear his name. His lack of respect by others becomes his motivation to conduct the action to find Wormtail.
Based on Aristotle’s theory of justice (1962), Black’s effort to prove that he is innocent is categorized as the corrective justice. Sirius Black experiences an injustice which is caused by Wormtail’s betrayal in the story. The injustice is reflected on the accusation of Black as the murderer of killing 13 people including
12 non-magic people, who are often called muggles, and one wizard who is Peter
Pettigrew or also known as Wormtail. That accusation makes him jailed in Azkaban for 12 years and losing his freedom. However, the truth is Black does not kill them.
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Wormtail is the one who plays such a neat-deceitful trick that makes Black as if he had killed people and him.
“Just before he transformed,” said Black. “When I cornered him, he yelled for the whole street to hear that I’d betrayed Lily and James. Then, before I could curse him, he blew apart the street with the wand behind his back, killed everyone within twenty feet of himself — and sped down into the sewer with the other rats…” (p. 266). The text above shows how Wormtail performs his trick that causes Black accused of killing the people. The injustice is reflected on who should be responsible of the murder. Black who is actually an innocent man has to bear the consequence. Besides, Wormtail who is actually the murderer can live without taking his consequence.
Moreover, Black’s reputation is also tarnished because of the accusation of killing thirteen people. The assumption that Black killed thirteen people is believed by people either in wizarding and Muggle worlds. It is proven by the media in both worlds that warn people to be aware of him after successfully doing prison break.
“… the public is warned that Black is armed and extremely dangerous. A special hot line has been set up, and any sighting of Black should be reported immediately.”
(p. 18). That sentence is derived from the television report of Muggles world which warns the non-magical people to be aware of Black’s appearance after successfully breaking out of the jail. The sentence “the public is warned that Black is armed and extremely dangerous” represents how people in Muggles world see Black as a dangerous criminal.
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BLACK STILL AT LARGE Sirius Black, possibly the most infamous prisoner ever to be held in Azkaban fortress, is still eluding capture, the Ministry of Magic confirmed today.
“We are doing all we can to recapture Black,” said the Minister of Magic, Cornelius Fudge, this morning, “and we beg the magical community to remain calm.”
Fudge has been criticized by some members of the International Federation of Warlocks for informing the Muggle Prime Minister of the crisis.
“Well, really, I had to, don’t you know,” said an irritable Fudge. “Black is mad. He’s a danger to anyone who crosses him, magic or Muggle. I have the Prime Minister’s assurance that he will not breathe a word of Black’s true identity to anyone. And let’s face it — who’d believe him if he did?”
While Muggles have been told that Black is carrying a gun (a kind of metal wand that Muggles use to kill each other), the magical community lives in fear of a massacre like that of twelve years ago, when Black murdered thirteen people with a single curse. (pp. 33-34)
The text above is derived from the newspaper in wizarding world that informs Black’s prison break. He becomes the well-known criminal who successfully breaks out of Azkaban. The sentence “Sirius Black, possibly the most infamous prisoner ever to be held in Azkaban fortress…” represents how people in wizarding world see him as an expert and evil criminal who successfully breaks out of Azkaban.
Further, the assumption that Black is the murderer is also believed by his colleagues in wizarding world.
“I wish I could say that he was,” said Fudge slowly. “I certainly believe his master’s defeat unhinged him for a while. The murder of Pettigrew and all those Muggles was the action of a cornered and desperate man — cruel… pointless. (p. 155)
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The text above is Cornellius Fudge’s dialogue who is the minister of magic.
The sentence “The murder of Pettigrew and all those Muggles was the action of a cornered and desperate man — cruel… pointless.” represents that Black is assumed and believed as the murderer.
Moreover, Black is not only believed as a cruel murderer who breaks out of
Azkaban, but also a person who betrays James and Lily Potters.
“Black betrayed them?” breathed Madam Rosmerta.
“He did indeed. Black was tired of his double-agent role, he was ready to declare his support openly for You-Know-Who, and he seems to have planned this for the moment of the Potters’ death.” (p. 153). You-Know-Who is the other Voldemort’s name. The fact that Black is considered as a double agent and declares his support to Voldemort shows that he is also assumed as a betrayer who sells the Potters to Voldemort. In addition, Hagrid’s dialogue also shows the same assumption that Black is believed as a betrayer. “An’ yeh know what I did? I COMFORTED THE MURDERIN’ TRAITOR!” Hagrid roared. (p. 153). On the day of Harry’s parents’ death, Hagrid meets and cheers
Black up. However, after the murder and the accusation of Black as the doer, he assumes Black as the one who betrays the Potters. The sentence “I comforted the murdering traitor!” represents that Black is stamped as a betrayer to the Potters.
In the beginning, Black’s intention is to kill Wormtail. However, a second before Black wants to kill Wormtaill, Harry demands not to kill him. Therefore, he changes his mind. “I know,” Harry panted. “We’ll take him up to the castle. We’ll hand him over to the Dementors… He can go to Azkaban… but don’t kill him.”
(p.275). The sentence “we’ll hand him over the Dementors… He can go to
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Azkaban” represents the corrective justice to restore Black’s loss. Thus, the corrective justice is seen through Harry’s demand that Wormtail should go to
Azkaban and substitute Black position as the prisoner. Then, Black will gain his right as an innocent man.
The deeper meaning of Black’s action to prove that he is innocent is the
Black’s id. His id is identified through his motivation in doing the action by employing Maslow’s theory of motivation (1954). His effort to prove that he is innocent is categorized as self-esteem needs, that is gain respect by others.
Furthermore, he tries to bring out corrective justice that is proven through
Aristotle’s theory of justice (1962). His action to prove that he is innocent is in the effort to bring out corrective justice. He wants to get his right back by reversing
Wormtail's side with his side.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part presents the conclusions of the analysis of Sirius Black and the meaning of his action in finding Wormtail.
The second part presents the implications of this study in education field. The third part provides the suggestions of this study for the future researchers, the readers, and English teachers or lecturers.
A. Conclusions
There are some conclusions that can be drawn after analysing Sirius Black’s action. The first finding is to answer how Sirius Black is described in the novel.
According to Henkle’s theory of character, Black is classified as a minor character, because he always be a supportive figure to move the plot including conflict, or even resolution of the story. Further, according to Laar and Schoonderwoerd’s theory he is categorized as a round character. He gives surprises to the readers and acts unexpectedly that give a significance to the story. In addition, based on
Perrine’s theory, Sirius Black is categorized as a dynamic character. Although he is a minor character, he also gives significance changes and holds up important role in the story. Further, according to Murphy’s theory, Black is described as a rebellious, cunning, daring, loyal, and an ambitious person. His rebellious trait is shown through his manner in breaking out of the jail and insisting on getting in
Gryffindor
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49 dormitory to find Wormtail. In his efforts to find Wormtail, Black is pictured a cunning and daring person that is seen through his manner. Further, he is also described as loyal person to his best friends. It can be seen from his speech, manner, and his past life. The last, as seen through his manner and speech, Black is portrayed as an ambitious person. It is proves by his strong willingness and boldness in finding
Wormtail.
The second finding is about the meaning of Sirius Black’s action in finding
Wormtail. The meaning is divided into two, namely, surface and deeper meanings.
The surface meaning of Black’ action is to kill Wormtail because he hates him for being a traitor. Wormtail’s betrayal causes James and Lily Potters get killed by
Voldemort. Based on Freud’s theory of personality, Black’s ego is seen through his action to kill Wormtail.
The deeper meaning of Black action is he wants to prove that he is an innocent person in order to gain the respect by others. His id is emerged after his motivation is revealed. Based on Maslow’s theory of motivation, Black’s absence of the self-esteem drives him to conduct his action in finding Wormtail. Thus, at this point, based on Aristotle’s theory of justice, Black also tries to bring up corrective justice to get his right back as an innocent man.
B. Implications
This part is divided into two sections. They are reflection and the implication of the study. The reflection deals with the relation of the novel to the researcher’s and readers’ life. Then, the implication of the study provides some ideas related to education especially English learning and teaching process.
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First, after analysing the character of Sirius Black in Harry Potter and The
Prisoner of Azkaban, the researcher learned that people should see anything not only from one perspective. There will always be a reason behind every human’s action, just like Black who commits to break out of the jail to fight for the justice.
The researcher also learned that people should not be afraid to do the right things as long as they stand on the right side. The last, the researcher learned to be loyal to some people such as family and best friends.
Second, there is a possible idea to implement Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban novel as the teaching material especially in Prose subject. It is used as the medium of learning. The students can analyse intrinsic elements of the story especially the characters. Moreover, Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban is a good example as the medium to teach the students the theme of the story because it has some values such as friendship and justice.
C. Suggestions
The researcher provides two suggestions. The first suggestion is for the future researchers of Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban. This study used psychological approach, theory of personality, theory of motivation, and theory of justice to find the deeper meaning. The future researcher could use the same approach and theories to identify Wormtail’s action in betraying his friends.
The second suggestion is educational purposes especially for English
Language Study Program students. Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban novel can be used as the teaching material in Prose subject. It will help the students to understand and know more about intrinsic element of a story, that is character.
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REFERENCES
Abrams, M. H., & Harpham, G. G. (2011). A glossary of literary terms (10th ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Aristotle. (1962). Nichomachean ethics. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing. Asmara, W. H. (2011). The motivation of Jewel's heroic actions as seen in Faulkner's as i lay dying. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University. Baym, N. (1984). Novels, readers, and reviewers. New York: Cornell University Press. Chen, K. (2016, September 10). Harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban background. Retrieved November 16, 2017, from Grade Saver: http://www.gradesaver.com/harry-potter-and-the-prisoner-of-azkaban Cochrane, T. (2014). Narrative and character formation. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 303. Daiches, D. (1981). Critical approaches to literature. New York: Longman Inc,. Dyke, H. V. (1922). The spirit of America. New York: The Macmillan Company. Freud, S., & Strachey, J. (1949). An outline of psycho-analysis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Freud, S., Riviere, J., Strachey, J., & Gay, P. (1989). The ego and the id. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Frye, N. (1950). Level meaning in literature. The Kenyon Review, 12,246-262. Retrieved December 14, 2018 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4333140 Henkle, R. B. (1977). An introduction to the techniques interpreting fiction. New York: Harper & Row Publisher Inc. Huffman, K., Vernoy, K., & Vernoy, J. (2000). Psychology in action (5th ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Klarer, M. (2004). An introduction to literary studies. London: Routledge. Laar, V. d., & Schoonderwoerd, N. (1958). An approach to English literature. s- Hertogenbosch: L.C.G Malmberg. Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and user experience design. (2018, May 7).
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Murphy, M. J. (1972). The characters and the personalities of the people in a novel. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. Ohmann, R. (1971). Speech acts and the definition of literature. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. Perrine, L. (1974). Literature structure, sound and sense. New York: Harcourt Brave Jovanovich, Inc. Resanto, E. G. (2015). The meanings of Richard Dick Winters' action during his military service as seen in Stephen E. Ambrose's band of brothers. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University. Rohrberger, M., & Woods, S. H. (1971). Reading and writing about literature. New York: Random House, Inc. Rowling, J. K. (2000). Harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban. Vancouver: Raincoast Books. Shapiro, M. (2000). J.K. Rowling the wizard behind Harry Potter. New York: St. Martins's Griffin. Siegfried, W. (2014). Id, ego, and super-ego – the dynamic (libidinal) and static unconsciousness. Undergraduate Philosophy Journal(2), 1. Retrieved on November 2, 2018, from http://www.fau.edu/athenenoctua/pdfs/William%20Siegfried.pdf Stanton, R. (1965). An introduction to fiction. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Weinrib, E. J. (2002). Corrective justice in a nutshell. The University of Toronto Law Journal, 349. Wellek, R., & Warren, A. (1954). Theory of literature. London: Jonathan Cape, Thirty Bedford Square.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX I
BIOGRAPHY OF JOANNE KATHLEEN ROWLING
Joanne Rowling or who is also known as Joanne Kathleen Rowling was born on 31st July 1965 at Yate, England. She grew up in Gloucestershire in England and Chepstow in south-east Wales. Kathleen is her paternal grandmother’s name which is added as her author name.
She lives surrounded by books as her mother and father love reading books.
“I lived for books,’’ she has said. “I was your basic common-or-garden bookworm, complete with freckles and National Health spectacles.”
Rowling loves to write a book since she was six years old. Her first story is entitled Rabbit. Then, in her eleven-years, she wrote her first novel about seven cursed diamonds and people who owned them.
Rowling went to school at Wyedean Comprehensive School and then went to Exeter University in French. After graduating, she moved to London in which to work in there. The idea of Harry Potter is conceived in 1990 while sitting on a delayed train from Manchester to London King’s Cross. She plotted the seven series of Harry Potter books in five years, then brought them to Portugal to teach English as a foreign language.
She had her first marriage in there with Jorge Arates in 1992. After her marriage was ended, she moved back to Edinburgh with her daughter, Jessica and the first three chapters of Harry Potter and The Philosopher’s Stone which was
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55 later in 1997 published by Bloomsbury Children’s Book. The six other novels followed with record-breaking achievements for each book.
By 2001, Rowling has been married to Dr Neil Murray. They live with their son, David and daughter, Mackenzie. She continues her life to be a famous writer in Edniburgh.
Besides, Joanne also founded international organisation called Lumos. It is built for the children around the world who do not have family or relatives. Lumos is objected to give the rights to orphans to live in the environment-like family. By
2050 Lumos is aimed to guarantee all children will grow up in loving, nurturing, protective families.
Adopted from : https://harrypotter.bloomsbury.com/uk/jk-rowling-biography/ https://www.jkrowling.com/about/ https://www.wearelumos.org/who-we-are/our-founder/
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APPENDIX II
SUMMARY OF HARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN
This novel is the continuity of the first two
Harry Potter series. This book tells how Harry
Potter in his third-year school at Hogwarts School
of Witchcraft and Wizardry.
The story starts when harry gets the owl
posts from some of his best friends on his birthday.
At the same time, the appearance of Sirius Black in
the television and the other news media raises
attention among people in Muggle and magical worlds. Harry for the first time meets Black in a shape of great black dog in
Magnolia Crescent street. He runs away from home after bewitching Aunt Marge for insulting his parents.
All of sudden, there is wizards’ bus named Knight Bus which will ride Harry to Diagon Alley. He is greeted by the minister of magic, Cornellius Fudge, and told to obey the rules. The rumour that Black breaks out Azkaban to kill Harry Potter is spread in magical world. Harry is also warned by Mr. Weasley to obey the school rules and not to look for Sirius Black.
On the way to Hogwarts, Harry meets his new Defence Against the Dark
Arts teacher named Remus Lupin who is also described as a werewolf later. He
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57 helps him to drive away Dementors, the dark creatures who guard Azkaban and are after Black. Harry is curious about the effect of Dementors that makes him collapsed. He asks Remus to teach him how to overcome Dementors. He learns to master Patronus charm.
The terror of Sirius Black is getting real as he tries to get in Gryffindor’s dormitory and show himself in form of a mysterious great black dog. Everyone assumes that Black is after Harry Potter. It causes horror towards Harry and his best friends, Ron and Hermione, also all Hogwarts people.
However, everything becomes clearer when Harry and his friends meet
Black in Shrieking Shack. The truth who Black is and what he is actually after are revealed in the end of the story. Black, Lupin, and Wormtail are the best friends of his father back then. It turns out that Wormtail betrays them which causes James and Lily Potters killed by Voldemort. All this time, Wormtail disguises as a rat and pretends as Ron’s pet. When Black and Lupin commit to kill him, Harry asks them not to kill him. He asks them to bring him to Dementors to meet his consequences.
Unfortunately, that night is a full-moon night. Lupin transforms into a werewolf that causes a distraction towards them. Wormtail successfully flees by transforming into a rat and running to the forest. After the duel with the werewolf,
Black lays unconscious on the lakeshore. He is surrounded by many Dementors, fortunately Harry could drive them away by casting Patronus charm. Both of them are found unconscious and brought by Snape to the castle.
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The night that Black will be executed by Dementors, Dumbledore asks
Harry and Hermione to turn back the time by using Time Turner to save Black.
Firstly, they save Hagrid’s hippogriff named Buckbeak from the slaughter and use it as a vehicle to save Black. The story ends when Black successfully flees somewhere by using Buckbeak as the vehicle. He hides in the safe place until his name is cleared.
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APPENDIX III
LESSON PLAN
Education Level : University Subject : Prose in ELT Semester : IV / Even Time Allocation : 2 x 50 Minutes Source : J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban Learning Methods : Lectures, Group Discussion, Presentation Topic : Novel analysis on character and characterization
A. Objectives 1. Students are able to characterize the characters in J.K. Rowling’s Harry
Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban.
2. Students are able to report their analysis work in form of presentation.
B. Learning Material
Reading Skill
J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban is used as the learning material in this section. In analysing this novel, the students are expected to appreciate original books and be familiar in analysing character in literary works.
C. Learning, Media and Tools a. Media : Power Point Presentation, Harry Potter and The Prisoner of
Azkaban novel.
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60 b. Tools : Laptop, LCD, Proyektor, and lotteries.
Section Activities Time Allocation
Opening a. Greeting and praying. 10 Minutes
b. Introducing Harry Potter and The
Prisoner of Azkaban novel.
Main a. Students take lotteries of whom 70 minutes
they should analyse in the novel.
b. Students read Harry Potter and
The Prisoner of Azkaban by focusing
on one character they get.
c. Students analyse the character in a
group of three.
d. Students list the character’s
characterization based on the novel
they read.
e. Students present their finding in
front of the class
f. Students give positive feedbacks to
the others.
Closing a. Students conclude what they have 20 minutes
learn from the novel
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b. Students review their
understanding about analysing
character in a novel.
TOTAL TIME 100 Minutes
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Learning Materials
Based on theory of characterization by Murphy, there are eight ways used by the author to charaterize characters in a novel. They are: a. Character Seen by Other
Besides personal description, character can be analysed by analysing other character’s opinion towards him. The author describes him through others’ eyes and opinions to show the image of the character. b. Speech
Instead of appearance, the author can describe character through what the character says in a story. The situations can be whenever the character says or puts his opinion forward and is in the conversation with another. Mostly, it is shown through the character’s own dialogue. c. Past life
The readers can learn something about a person’s experience or past life to reveal a person’s character. This clue is given by the author, through his direct comments, the person’s thoughts, and the conversation or medium of another character. d. Conversation of Others
Another way to describe a person’s character is giving the readers some clues through the conversations of other characters and the things they say about
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63 him. The point of the conversations by others often shows the hint to describe the character. e. Reaction
How a character reacts to various situations and certain events can also help the reader to generate a character’s personality. For example, when a character is in the miserable and unstable financial condition, instead of complaining about his condition, he works harder to get the money. It means that the character is a hardworking person. f. Direct Comments
Direct comments of the character can also be used to analyse person’s character. Murphy (1972) states “author can describe or give comments on a character directly” (p. 170). In other words, the author can portray character’s personality through his point of view. g. Thoughts
Every character in fictional works is like people in a real world. They have different way of thinking from one to the others. Thus, the author gives the readers knowledges about the way a person think about something. Through this way, the readers can understand a person’s personality. h. Mannerism
The author may also describe a character’s personality by showing the readers the character’s habits or mannerism in the story. For example, when character is always waking up late every morning, it can be concluded that the character is a lazy person.
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Reference : Murphy, M. J. (1972). The characters and the personalities of the people in a novel. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.