2020 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

Home , Fyfield and Tubney, Vale of White Horse

Vale of White Horse District Council

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

June 2020

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Vale of White Horse District Council

Local Authority Vale of White Horse District Council Officer Department Housing and Environment

Address 135 Eastern Avenue Milton Park Didcot

Telephone 01235 422403

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference VWHDCASR2020 number Date June 2020

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Vale of White Horse District Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in Vale of White Horse District Council

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

Vale of White Horse District Council (the council) has declared AQMA’s in three areas within the District: Abingdon, Botley and Marcham all due to high levels of NO2 from traffic fumes. These can be viewed at the following link: https://oxfordshire.air- quality.info/.

The maps of the AQMAs are also included in Figures D1, D2 and D3 of this report.

The monitoring results recorded in 2019 show a decrease in pollution levels from 2018 in most areas of the District, following the static trend identified in the previous year. In

Botley and Marcham exceedances of the annual objective for NO2 continue to be recorded albeit at lower levels than 2018. In Abingdon levels at facades are now below 36ug/m3, low enough for serious consideration to be given to revoking the AQMA. The highest levels of nitrogen dioxide recorded were in Botley close to the A34. Results from kerbside monitoring predict levels at the nearest facades of residential properties would be above the national air quality objective, however actual measurements at these facades were high but fell below this objective.

In order to improve air pollution across the district, the council works in collaboration with partners like Oxfordshire County Council (OCC), Oxford Bus Company (OBC) and other local authorities within Oxfordshire, putting in place some measures to reduce

NO2 and PM levels further, both in the AQMAs and also across the entire district.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

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Meetings of the Oxfordshire Air Quality Group are held quarterly and include representatives from Public Health and Public Health England (PHE), enabling joint working and a more comprehensive approach to our future projects.

Actions to Improve Air Quality

In order to improve air quality within the district the council have undertaken several initiatives over the past year which include:

Launching our anti-idling campaign “Turn it off” on Clean Air Day (see Figure 1 below) and shared information on the impacts of engine idling during a series of promotional events.

Figure 1 Turn It Off Campaign Promotional stickers

During the second stage of the campaign, the council targeted drivers specifically by advertising the campaign in the nozzles of petrol stations in Abingdon (no petrol stations in Marcham or at an appropriate location on the A34 in Botley) (see Figure 2 below).

Figure 2 Advertisement for the anti-idling campaign in petrol stations

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Since many members of the public showed interest in helping spread the message, the council has been sharing promotional materials with individuals and organisations for the last year.

A third stage of the campaign had been planned to take place between March and June 2020, this time targeting sensitive receptors, by launching an artwork competition. This project has however now been postponed due to the current Covid 19 lockdown and school closures.

We launched a competition asking people not to use their car on Car Free Day (22 Sept 2019) and asking them to share how they spent the day instead to win a prize.

Produced a leaflet with eco-driving tips that was sent out to all the residents of the district with the council tax invoices in February/March 2020 (see figure 3 below)

Figure 3 Eco-driving tips leaflet shared with the residents of Vale of White Horse

In 2019, the council was part of a joint bid, together with other Local Authorities in Oxfordshire, to apply for Defra AQ funding in 2019. The proposal, although unsuccessful, aimed to obtain funding to update the existing Oxfordshire Air Quality website (https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/).

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The council also made a bid for Defra AQ funding for low cost monitoring and modelling for Botley and Marcham AQMAs unfortunately this was also unsuccessful.

We made a bid for funding from Highways England for feasibility modelling of barriers to improve air quality impacts in the Botley AQMA. This bid was unsuccessful because Highways England had modelled the potential impacts of barriers elsewhere on their road network and found them to be ineffective.

We have also engaged with the Council’s Planning Team on the new Local Plan and on the production of Air Quality Guidance for Developers. This guidance has been drafted, consulted upon and amended and is now in the process of being finalised.

Conclusions and Priorities

In 2019, four exceedances of the annual objective of NO2 were identified in the council district, within Botley and Marcham AQMAs, at monitoring sites that had registered exceedances in previous years.

Over the last five years NO2 levels in the district show a gradually decreasing trend. In Abingdon monitoring has demonstrated that, for another year there have been no exceedances of the objective at sensitive receptors. Consideration may now be given to revoking the AQMA which would involve a consultation exercise.

A reduction in monitored levels is also exhibited in Botley and Marcham however the Air Quality Objective (AQO) continues to be breached in these two AQMAs.

The council priorities for the following reporting year include starting the process of updating the Air Quality Action Plan, finalising and publishing the updated AQ Developers Guidance document, give detailed consideration to the revocation of the Abingdon AQMA and re-scheduling those anti-idling campaign actions that were planned for the Spring/Summer 2020 but have been delayed due to the current pandemic.

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

There are many ways in which the public can get involved in helping to improve air quality in their area, from using your car less, driving more efficiently when you do have to drive or considering a cleaner vehicle when you choose to upgrade your car.

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Many smart travel choices and other tips to reduce air pollution can be found in the links below:

• https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/cms/public-site/travel-choices

• http://www.traveline.info/

• https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/what-can-you-do-to-improve-air-quality

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 v Vale of White Horse District Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Vale of White Horse District Council ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... ii Conclusions and Priorities ...... iv Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... iv 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Vale of White Horse ...... 4

2.2 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 17 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 20 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 20 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 20 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 20 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 20

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 21 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 23 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2019 ...... 36 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 39 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 44 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 50 Glossary of Terms ...... 51 References ...... 52 Other references ...... 52

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 9 Table A.1 - Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 23 Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 24

Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 27

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Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 35

Table B.1 - NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2019 ...... 36

Table C 1 Annualisation of results obtained at S7(D1) and S9(D2) (LAPG16-Box7.10) ...... 41 Table C 2 NO2 Distance Correction for sites >35µg/m3 ...... 43

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 50

List of Figures Figure 1 Turn It Off Campaign Promotional stickers ...... ii Figure 2 Advertisement for the anti-idling campaign in petrol stations ...... ii Figure 3 Eco-driving tips leaflet shared with the residents of Vale of White Horse ..... iii Figure 4 Modelled background PM2.5 levels in Vale of White Horse in 2019 ...... 18

Figure A 1 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations ...... 31

Figure C 1 Henley co-location: Precision and accuracy of triplicate tubes and calculation of local bias adjustment factor ...... 40 Figure C 2 Wallingford co-location: Precision and accuracy of triplicate tubes and calculation of local bias adjustment factor ...... 40

Figure D 1 Botley AQMA with diffusion tube locations...... 44 Figure D 2 Marcham AQMA with diffusion tube locations...... 45 Figure D 3 Abingdon AQMA with diffusion tube and locations and continuous analyser(S1/2/3)...... 46 Figure D 4 Wantage diffusion tube locations...... 47 Figure D 5 Faringdon diffusion tube locations...... 48 Figure D 6 Sutton Courtenay and Steventon diffusion tube locations...... 49

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1 Local Air Quality Management

This report provides an overview of air quality in Vale of White Horse during 2019. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by the council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

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2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

There are three AQMAs currently declared in the Vale of White Horse; in Abingdon, Botley and Marcham. A summary of AQMAs declared by the council can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Abingdon.jpg https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Botley.jpg https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/marcham-aqma-map.jpg

Alternatively, see Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which provides for a map of air quality monitoring locations in relation to the AQMA(s).

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Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

Level of Exceedance Is air quality (maximum in the AQMA Pollutants monitored/modelled Action Plan influenced by Date of and Air One Line concentration at a location of AQMA Name City / Town roads Declaration Quality Description relevant exposure) controlled by Objectives Highways At Date of Now Name Link England? Declaration Publication

NO2 District Major town µg/ µg/

Abingdon 23/08/2006 Annual Abingdon YES 63.2 32.1 wide 2015 Link centre roads m3 m3 Mean AQAP

Residential NO2 District properties µg/ µg/

Botley 29/04/2008 Annual Botley YES 58.8 51.0 wide 2015 Link close to the m3 m3 Mean AQAP A34

NO2 Residential District µg/ µg/

Marcham 15/06/2006 Annual Marcham properties NO 53.9 41.4 wide Link m3 m3 2015 Mean near A415 AQAP

☒ Vale of White Horse District Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date

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2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Vale of White Horse

Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR concluded: -

The Report sets out the Annual Status Report, which forms part of the Review & Assessment process required under the Environment Act 1995 and subsequent Regulations.

Vale of White Horse District Council (VWHDC) have declared 3 Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) across the district: Abingdon, Botley and Marcham.

Automatic monitoring was undertaken at 1 site within the district during 2018 at Stert Street, Abingdon. The annual mean NO2 concentration at Stert Street was 28.0 µg/m3 which was below the objective. Data capture during 2018 was 95.4% for the automatic monitoring site.

Non-automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 was conducted at 40 sites during 2018. Nine exceedances of the annual mean objective were measured. Of these, three exceedances were measured over 50 µg/m3 at sites S16, S25 and S29. Data capture during 2018 was good at all monitoring locations (>=75%) apart from site S46 which had data capture rate of 67%.

The District wide Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) developed in 2015, remains active and addresses all three AQMA’s. It identifies road traffic emissions as having an adverse effect to the local air quality, especially to housing in close proximity to busy A-roads in Botley and Marcham. As the AQAP will be five years old next year, the Council plans to begin reviewing and scoping potential new measures for their AQAP in 2019.

Actions undertaken in 2018 to improve air quality include anti-idling campaign, updating the AQ Planning Guidance for developers, submitting a bid to Highways England to fund extended monitoring in Botley and working towards producing a low emission strategy for the district. The report also clearly outlines the priorities for the coming year which includes reviewing additional EV LAQM Annual Status Report 2020

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charging points, working towards producing a new AQAP and reviewing Abingdon AQMA to consider revocation if the NO2 levels remain below the objective.

Some QA/QC procedures have been applied with a locally derived bias adjustment factor being used. Annualisation of monitoring sites with less than 75% data capture was conducted. Distance corrections were conducted for sites not representative of relevant exposure. The report provides a clear breakdown of historical data (and maps) of each monitoring site.

On the basis of the evidence provided by the local authority the conclusions reached are acceptable for all sources and pollutants. Following the completion of this report, VWHDC should submit an Annual Status Report in 2020.

Officers from Environmental Health (VWHDC) and Growth and Infrastructure leads from Planning and Place at Oxfordshire County Council have met during 2019 to discuss the actions included in the current AQAP and their feasibility. It has been concluded that a number of these, mostly regarding traffic management, will not be effective and should not be included in the updated AQAP. Officers at OCC have been asked to put together a report on the reasons to discard these actions, which will be included in the updated AQAP.

The identification of new measures which could be added to the updated AQAP to reduce air pollution effectively going forward, has been planned for autumn 2020, when details of the council’s new corporate plan should have been finalised. In addition to this, the council’s Climate Emergency Advisory Committee (CEAC) has set ambitious targets to:

 Achieve a 75 per cent reduction in our emissions by 2025, and becoming carbon neutral within our own operations by 2030, and

 Achieve a 75 per cent reduction in district emissions by 2030, and to becoming a carbon neutral district by 2045.

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These new targets and associated policies will consider the desire to reduce NO2 in the district, as well as carbon emissions, and will shape the updated AQAP by being translated into specific measures and actions.

In 2019 the council liaised with Oxfordshire County Council’s Transport Monitoring officers to obtain the latest traffic count data. This is being used in the source apportionment that will inform the CEAC’s policy review and therefore the updated AQAP.

It should be noted the Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the timescales of updating the AQAP, and we will begin the process and set out an indicative timetable as soon as is possible.

In January 2019, 5 new monitoring sites were added to the diffusion tube network at the request of parish councils and members of the public; one in Marcham, two at Steventon, and one each at Fyfield and Tubney.

The council has taken forward several direct measures during the current reporting year of 2019 in pursuit of improving local air quality. Details of progress on measures to improve air quality are set out in Table 2.2.

More detail on these measures can be found in the Action Plan: VWHDC Air Quality Action Plan 2015.

Key completed measures are:

 Adoption of a taxi licensing policy that offers a reduced fee for low emission vehicles (2013) and working on an updated version.

 Producing an updated Air Quality Planning Guidance document that will be published in the autumn of 2020.

 Input into the development of the Local Plan to promote the inclusion of a potential by-pass for Marcham.

 Oxford Bus Company continue to improve the emissions standard of their fleet by retrofitting vehicles progressively.

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 On 20 June 2019, Clean Air day, the council launched our anti-idling Campaign: "Turn it Off" by carrying out a series of promotional events to raise awareness and provide information on AQ and what can be done to improve it. We also produced and shared the promotional materials (see campaign poster on Figure 1 above) with members of the public and Parish Councils.

 Although unsuccessfully, the council was part of a joint application for a 2019 Defra’s AQ Grant to obtain funding to update Oxfordshire Air Quality Website, together with the other LAs members of Oxfordshire Air Quality Group.

 Applied for Defra Grant funding for low cost PM and NO2 monitor and modelling in the Botley AQMAs, however this was unsuccessful.

 Applied for grant funding from Highways England (HE) for modelling to assess the feasibility of the benefits of barriers in the Botley AQMA, which was also not approved due to the fact that HE had investigated this solution elsewhere and found them not to be effective at mitigating poor air quality.

 Raised awareness of Car Free Day (22 Sept 2019) by launching a competition asking people not to use their car on the day and share how the spent the day instead to win a prize (bus ticket vouchers).

 Began the process of producing an updated AQAP, as explained at the beginning of section 2.2.

 Continuing to use our Planning and Procurement Systems to reduce emissions from transport in the longer term.

 Procured a contractor that will provide eco-driving training for council employees.

The council expects the following measures to be completed over the course of the next reporting year:

 Work towards revoking the Abingdon AQMA.

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 The eco-driving training for employees to be made available and delivered virtually online.

 Continue with our ‘Turn it Off’ anti-idling campaign, including launching our artwork competition in schools (dependent on pandemic and schools re- opening).

 Explore and consider the installation of electric vehicle charging points in council owned car parks and properties.

 Review and improve our proposal for updating Oxfordshire Air Quality Website and apply for the 2020 Defra AQ funding.

 Publish the council’s updated Air Quality Developers Guidance and share with our planners and local councillors.

 Work towards producing and publishing an updated AQAP.

The principal challenges and barriers to implementation that the council anticipates facing are that progress with some actions depends on third parties, changing policies, or lack of resources.

The levels recorded in Abingdon are now at a level where serious consideration can be given to revoking the AQMA.

Whilst the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 will have helped and will help to contribute towards compliance the council anticipates that further additional measures not yet prescribed will be required in subsequent years to achieve compliance and enable the revocation of the Botley and Marcham AQMAs in the district, where there are houses very close to busy principle routes.

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Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Reduction in Estimated / Date Key Comments / Agencies Funding Pollutant / Actual No. Measure EU Category EU Class Measure Performance Progress to Date Barriers to involved Source Emission from Completion Introduced Indicator implementation Measure Date Creation of a Grant application ‘low emission This shall be Promoting submitted for Defra strategy’ and reviewed as Low Low Emission VWHDC/ Feasibility AQ funding in 2019, 1 ‘low emission 2017/18 VWHDC Unknown Unknown part of the Emission Zone (LEZ) OCC study unsuccessful. Part zone’ AQAP Transport of the district wide feasibility update. LES (1). study

Encouragement through the planning process and council car parking initiatives. New policies Installation of Transport in place. EV Not Technical Services Resource 2 EV charging Planning and Other 2017 VWHDC VWHDC 2021/22 infrastructure Quantified Team scoping dependant. points Infrastructure in place possibility of installing EV charging points in council owned car parks and properties.

Promoting Discounted Half price permits The current Parking Low Priority parking permits for Not offered to residents policy is 3 permit - VWHDC VWHDC Completed Emission for LEV's greener Quantified with vehicles that being incentives for Transport vehicles have less than reviewed

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green 120g/km CO2 vehicles emissions. Feasibility study for Not freight Freight and Quantified: Freight Study Funding not yet 4 consolidation Delivery Consolidation - OCC OCC likely to be Unknown completion secured centre / Management Centre high if freight quality implemented partnerships The policy is Completed-LEV taxi being licensing scheme in reviewed and Promoting place. Taxi VWHDC updated Low Taxi Licensing Full sliding Not Completed 5 incentives for 2013 and VWHDC during and Emission conditions scale for fees Quantified Policy currently 2014 LEVs SODC further Transport being reviewed incentives during 2020/2021. may be

considered. A joint working group comprising of Dependant officers from OCC, on OCC Cherwell, Vale and decision to South have be Improved commissioned a considered use and OCC Further cost/benefit following enforcement Traffic Cherwell, checks & Not analysis for cabinet 6 Other - OCC Unknown of traffic Management Vale and monitoring Quantified potential consideration regulation South underway implementation and of the joint orders maintenance of a working Civil Parking group report Enforcement expected in scheme in each October individual district. 2020

New Policies Our waste Review of Promoting Company in Place; contractor (Biffa) Council and Low Vehicle Not 7 Procurement - - SODC SODC Greener updated its fleet to 2019 contractor Emission Quantified Prioritising Vehicles Euro 6 vehicles in fleet Transport uptake of low Procured October 2017 they

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emission are investigating vehicles the feasibility of changing supervisors’ vehicles to EV. Council vehicles being purchased include an emission levels appraisal as part of the selection process. Procured contractor to provide the training and due to take place in the form of four-hour The council workshop in April is looking to 2020. Cancelled Eco-driver Vehicle Fleet Driver training Training Not re-schedule 8 and ECO 2020 VWHDC VWHDC due to the COVID 2020/21 training Efficiency Complete Quantified this training driving aids pandemic. virtually Produced a leaflet online. that was posted to residents of the district with their council tax bills (see figure 2 above) Guidance document commissioned and will be made Policy available to All Guidance Air Quality members of the AQ Planning Planning and development Not 9 and 2014 VWHDC VWHDC public and 2020 Guidance Policy s adhering to Quantified Development councillors once it's Guidance guidance Control vetted by the Planning Policy and Development Control teams- mid 2020

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Website available since 2015. In 2019 Oxon AQ Group submitted a bid for Defra's AQ funding to update Awareness the website that campaigns: OAQG will Number of was unsuccessful. Oxfordshire review their campaigns The proposal Air Quality Public Oxon AQ Oxon AQ Not proposal and 10 Other 2009 and sources included updates 2015 Website Information Group Group Quantified apply for of such as funding in information alert/messaging 2020. system that users

can subscribe to for real time information and ensuring the site it's more accessible and user friendly. Being progressed Strategic with Government, highway OCC and developer improvements, funding. Re-prioritising road space The Lodge Hill Introduce away from project now has south facing Traffic cars, including Completion funding and large- 11 slip roads to Access 2015 OCC OCC Unknown 2024 Management of slip road scale development Lodge Hill management, in North Abingdon interchange Selective vehicle priority, is dependent on its bus priority, implementation. high vehicle Construction work occupancy not yet started. lane

Grant application We have Assess VWHDC VWHDC, Feasibility submitted to assessed the B1 Feasibility of Other Other 2018 Unknown 2019 HE HE study Highways England feasibility, Barriers (HE), not supported and this is

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because HE had not a viable already explored mitigation and dismissed this option as a viable solution. Grant application Low Promoting submitted for Defra emission Low Low Emission Feasibility AQ funding in 2019, M1 zone 2017 VWHDC VWHDC Unknown Unknown Emission Zone (LEZ) study unsuccessful. feasibility Transport Part of the district study wide LES (1). Strategic highway improvements, Re-prioritising Feasibility road space assessment by Marcham away from OCC deemed the Weight Traffic cars, including project not viable M2 Access 2019 OCC OCC WRL in place Unknown 2019 Not viable Restriction Management management, due to the area it Limit Selective would have to vehicle priority, cover. bus priority, high vehicle occupancy lane Strategic Feasibility highway assessment improvements, Re-prioritising to be carried road space out by OCC away from in 2020/21 considering a Marcham By- Traffic cars, including Bypass in M3 Access 2015 OCC OCC Unknown Not yet started Unknown variety of pass Management place management, solutions for Selective Marcham, vehicle priority, not just a bus priority, bypass. high vehicle occupancy lane

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Reduction in Estimated / Date Comments / Organisations Funding Key Performance Pollutant / Actual Measure EU Category EU Classification Measure Progress to Date Barriers to involved Source Indicator Emission from Completion Introduced implementation Measures Additional Additional Measure Date

Promotion through Low planning To be Promoting Low Emission VWHDC, conditions for reviewed as 1 Emission Other - VWHDC Uptake of LEV Unknown Unknown Strategy OCC LEV charging part of the Transport (LES) infrastructure AQAP update in new applications Low Promoting Personalised Number of Currently Emission 2 Travel Travel - OCC OCC travel plans Unknown promoted via Ongoing Strategy Alternatives Planning produced OCC website (LES) Low Promoting Currently Emission Promotion of 3 Travel - OCC OCC Unknown promoted via Ongoing Strategy cycling Alternatives OCC website (LES) Low Promoting Currently Emission Promotion of 4 Travel - OCC OCC Unknown promoted via Ongoing Strategy walking Alternatives OCC website (LES) Low Promoting Currently Emission School Travel Number of 5 Travel - OCC OCC Unknown promoted via Ongoing Strategy Plans plans in place Alternatives OCC website (LES) Low Promoting Workplace Currently Emission Number of 6 Travel Travel - OCC OCC Unknown promoted via Ongoing Strategy plans in place Alternatives Planning OCC website (LES)

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Completed in Abingdon. Traffic management improve congestion and emissions in the town centre and street canyon, UTC, Low by holding Congestion Emission Traffic Improvements traffic beyond Completed 7 management, - OCC OCC Unknown Strategy Management to traffic flow worst affected 2007 traffic (LES) areas. reduction Reductions of NO2 in the centre of Abingdon have led to no exceedances and revoking the AQMA is now being considered Low Completed. Transport Emission Bus route Completion of Real time bus 8 Planning and - OCC OCC Unknown 2015 Strategy improvements project information at Infrastructure (LES) bus stops. Ongoing. Many cycle routes already Low stablished and Transport Emission Miles of cycle being 9 Planning and Cycle network - OCC OCC Unknown Ongoing Strategy network promoted via Infrastructure (LES) OCC website. Sustrans route through Abingdon

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Ongoing. Oxford Bus are updating the emissions standard of Low Promoting Low their fleet Oxford Number of low Emission Vehicle Fleet Emission Oxford Bus progressively. 10 - Bus emission Unknown Strategy Efficiency Public Company Most of the Company busses (LES) Transport fleet operating in the district is already Euro VI. Now have a growing fleet of electric buses Low Alternatives to Car & lift Currently Emission Car share 11 private vehicle sharing - OCC OCC Unknown promoted via Ongoing Strategy usage use schemes OCC website (LES) Low Alternatives to Currently Emission Car club 12 private vehicle Car Clubs - OCC OCC Unknown promoted via Ongoing Strategy usage use OCC website (LES)

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2.2 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

With regard to particulate matter levels in the district, examples from councils across the country which have traffic related AQMA’s, highlight that where NO2 levels are 3 typically around 60-70 µg/m , measured particulate matter (PM10) levels at the same location remain below 25 µg/m3, which is well below the national objective level of 40 µg/m3.

Although there are both primary and secondary traffic related PM10 sources, the majority of the PM10 and PM2.5 fraction in our district is made up from background sources. No other significant PM sources have been identified in VWHDC (see below Appendix F) and so the DEFRA background maps of PM are believed to be accurate 3 with PM2.5 levels predicted to be mostly below 11 µg/m in 2019 (please see Figure 5 for an illustration of Defra’s PM2.5 modelled levels in the district), which is just half that of the national objective level.

It’s also worth noting that there is a direct relationship between PM and NO2 when the major source is road traffic. Based on this, the council does not currently monitor PM, but we are confident it falls below objective levels at most locations throughout the district. There is one exception, alongside the A34 where monitoring close to the kerbside indicates high levels of NO2 and where PM could be greater than predictions indicate. It would be useful to undertake monitoring in this area to clarify this concern. Unfortunately, a grant application to Defra for low cost monitoring was not supported so this monitoring is not currently being progressed.

However, although most current particulate matter levels are predicted to meet the national objective, PM does have an impact on the health of Vale of White Horse residents. The Public Health Outcomes Framework sets out a vision for public health, that is to improve and protect the nation's health, and improve the health of the poorest fastest. With this in mind, they have developed a set of supporting indicators

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 17 Vale of White Horse District Council that help focus our understanding of how well we are doing, one of them being the fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution.

Indicator 3.0 represents the fraction of annual all-cause adult mortality attributable to human-made particulate air pollution (PM2.5).

Figure 4 Modelled background PM2.5 levels in Vale of White Horse in 2019

In order to reduce PM levels further, some of the measures proposed and taken by the council to mitigate NOx emissions will also reduce PM2.5 emissions. Table 2.3 below shows which of the council’s actions also target the reduction of the existing

PM2.5 levels in the district.

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Table 2.3 List of measures in VWHDC 2015 Action Plan that target PM2.5 reduction according to LAQM.TG16 Action Toolbox Measure Reduces PM2.5 emissions LES ✔ Installation of EV charging points ✔ Parking permit incentives for green ✔ vehicles Feasibility study for freight consolidation ✔ centre / freight quality partnerships Taxi incentives for LEVs ✔ Review of Council and contractors’ fleet ✔ Eco-driver training ✔ Anti-idling Campaigns ✔

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 19 Vale of White Horse District Council 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with objectives.

The council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at 1 site 2019. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the site. National monitoring results are available at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/find-sites

Maps showing the location of the monitoring site are provided in Appendix D. Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been adjusted are included in Appendix C.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

The council undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 44 sites during 2019, using diffusion tubes. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias4, “annualisation” (where the data capture falls below 75 per cent), and distance correction5. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

4 https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/bias-adjustment.html 5 Fall-off with distance correction criteria is provided in paragraph 7.77, LAQM.TG(16)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 20 Vale of White Horse District Council

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and bias adjusted, monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations, for the past 5 years, with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3. Note that the concentration data presented in Table A.3 represents the concentration at the location of the monitoring site, following the application of bias adjustment and annualisation, as required (i.e. the values are exclusive of any consideration to fall-off with distance adjustment).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 21 Vale of White Horse District Council For diffusion tubes, the full 2019 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B. Note that the concentration data presented in 9

Table B.1 includes distance corrected values, only where relevant.

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.

Over the last five years NO2 levels in the district show a gradually decreasing trend, although some monitoring sites have registered higher concentrations than in 2018 the number of exceedances of the objective has fallen in 2019.

In Abingdon monitoring has demonstrated that, for another year there have been no exceedances of the objective at sensitive receptors. Consideration will now be given to revoking the AQMA. Advice from Defra is that this should go ahead, with revocation of the AQMA when predicted façade levels based on measured levels fall below 36g/m3. The façade levels in Abingdon 2019 were all below 36g/m3.

A reduction in monitored levels is also exhibited in Botley and Marcham however the Air Quality Objective (AQO) continues to be breached in these two AQMAs. Two of the kerbside sites in Botley record very high levels of NO2 and predictions based on these levels would indicate exceedances of the AQO at the nearest facades, however, monitoring at these facades indicates that levels below the objective are being achieved.

In Marcham the objective continues to be breached at one location where there are houses very close to the highway and where the monitoring is on the façade.

The continuous monitoring site in Abingdon recorded no concentrations above the 3 hourly NO2 objective of 200µg/m in 2019.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 22 Vale of White Horse District Council

Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 - Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites

Distance Distance X OS Grid Y OS Grid to to kerb of Pollutants In Monitoring Site ID Site Name Site Type Ref Ref Relevant nearest Inlet Height (m) Monitored AQMA? Technique (Easting) (Northing) Exposure road (m) (m) (1) (2)

Masons 39 Masons Stert St Roadside 449790 197180 NOx/NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 3.6 3 Abingdon

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 23 Vale of White Horse District Council

Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Tube Distance to Distance to Y OS Grid collocated X OS Grid Pollutants In Relevant kerb of Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Ref with a Ref (Easting) Monitored AQMA? Exposure nearest (m) (Northing) Continuous (m) (1) road (m) (2) Analyser?

Masons Stert S1/2/3 Kerbside 449794 197176 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 0 YES 3 Street, colocation S4 High Street Kerbside 449695 197062 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 4 NO 2.5 Ock Street Baptist S5 Kerbside 449452 197047 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 3.5 NO 2.5 Church S6 Stratton Way Kerbside 449697 197343 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 6.5 NO 2.5 S7 Vineyard Kerbside 449926 197439 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 3 NO 2.5 Urban S8 Turner Road 448869 196180 NO2 NO Diffusion tube N/A NO 2.5 Background Drayton Road LP S9 Kerbside 448791 196725 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 6 NO 2.5 7 Ock Street Drama S10 Kerbside 448828 196966 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 3.5 NO 2.5 Club Marcham Road LP S11 Kerbside 448738 196967 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 3 NO 2.5 5 97 Ock Street LP S12 Kerbside 449225 196992 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 0.2 NO 2.5 12 S13 Drayton Road LP1 Kerbside 448842 196939 NO2 NO Diffusion tube N/A NO 2.5 S14 Spring Rd LP2 Kerbside 448846 196992 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 0 NO 2.5 Urban S15 24 Mill Road 445522 196470 NO2 NO Diffusion tube N/A NO 2.5 Background 10 Packhorse S16 Kerbside 445552 196639 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 0 NO 2 Lane S17 4 Frilford Road Kerbside 445456 196623 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 0.5 NO 2.5 S18 4 Packhorse Lane Kerbside 445528 196628 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 0 NO 2.5

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 24 Vale of White Horse District Council

13 Packhorse S19 Kerbside 445571 196675 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 7.5 NO 2.5 Lane Rafters B&B S20 Kerbside 445875 196657 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 3 NO 2.5 Abingdon Road S21 Stanley Close Kerbside 448913 205813 NO2 YES Diffusion tube -3 NO 2.5 S22 Westminster Way Kerbside 448866 205807 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 5 NO 2.5 Urban S23 Hutchcomb Road 447711 205634 NO2 NO Diffusion tube N/A NO 2.5 Background 4 Yarnells Road S24 The Willows Kerbside 449008 205729 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 0.2 NO 2 Downpipe 4 Yarnells Road S25 Kerbside 449003 205724 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 10 NO 2.5 The Willows Fence 61 Southern S26 Kerbside 448894 205826 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 0 NO 2 Bypass 63 Southern S27 Kerbside 448918 205806 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 0 NO 2 Bypass 71 Southern S28 Kerbside 448991 205745 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 0 NO 0 Bypass (Flats) 65 Southern S29 Kerbside 448947 205781 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 0 NO 2 Bypass (Timbers) 63 Southern S30 Kerbside 448913 205798 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 8 NO 2 Bypass (fence) S31 Bath Street Kerbside 449585 197273 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 0 NO 2.5 Urban S32 Folly View Road 428682 194571 NO2 NO Diffusion tube N/A NO 2.5 Background Town Hall / S33 Kerbside 428823 195554 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 7 NO 2.5 Central Faringdon Sutton Courtenay S34 Kerbside 450888 194358 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 13 NO 2.5 Jct Sutton Courtenay S35 Kerbside 450587 194391 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 0 NO 2.5 Mill House Watchfield S36 Kerbside 424271 190641 NO2 NO Diffusion tube N/A NO 2.5 crossing S37 Copenhagen Drive Kerbside 448364 197836 NO2 NO Diffusion tube N/A NO 2.5 Market Square / S38 Kerbside 439807 187941 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 0 NO 2.5 Central Wantage

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 25 Vale of White Horse District Council

Urban S39 Hampden Road 440409 188319 NO2 NO Diffusion tube N/A NO 2.5 Background S40 Fyfield A420 Kerbside 442239 198622 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 3 NO 2 S41 Tubney A420 Kerbside 4435264 199184 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 2 NO 2 S42 Steventon Co-op Kerbside 447181 191898 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 2 NO 2.5 Steventon Milton Urban S43 447402 192108 NO2 NO Diffusion tube N/A NO 2.5 Lane Background 49 Packhorse S44 Kerbside 445743 196609 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 5 NO 2 Lane Henry Liddon S45 Kerbside 448496 196951 NO2 NO Diffusion tube 5.6 NO 2.5 Court CYPS (Stratton S46 Kerbside 449518 197160 NO2 YES Diffusion tube 5.5 NO 2.5 Way) Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 26 Vale of White Horse District Council

Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data Valid 3 (3) (4) X OS Grid Y OS Capture for Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Site ID Ref Grid Ref Site Type Monitoring Capture Type (Easting) (Northing) Period (%) 2019 (%) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 (1) (2) Masons 449794 197176 Facade Automatic 92.5 28 30.4 25 28.0 22.0 Stert St S1/2/3- Masons Diffusion 449794 197176 Kerbside 100 28.0 30.0 24.4 28.7 25.0 Stert Street, Tube colocation S4- High Diffusion 449695 197062 Kerbside 100 38.8 43.3 37.1 41.5 36.5 Street Tube S5- Ock Street Diffusion 449452 197047 Kerbside 83 31.6 35.0 29.8 27.7 29.9 Baptist Tube Church S6- Stratton Diffusion 449697 197343 Kerbside 83 45.1 45.8 38.2 46.3 41.3 Way Tube S7- Vineyard Urban Diffusion (3) 449926 197439 42 37.0 39.0 31.2 36.8 30.7 Background Tube S8- Turner Diffusion 448869 196180 Kerbside 100 13.6 16.6 13.8 14.8 14.4 Road Tube S9- Drayton Diffusion (3) 448791 196725 Kerbside 67 29.4 34.7 28.6 36.7 30.8 Road LP 7 Tube S10- Ock Diffusion Street Drama 448828 196966 Kerbside 92 33.4 36.8 32.6 33.1 32.6 Tube Club S11- Diffusion Marcham 448738 196967 Kerbside 100 44.2 46.8 40.1 40.9 38.9 Tube Road LP 5 S12- 97 Ock Diffusion 449225 196992 Kerbside 92 29.3 31.2 25.7 29.6 29.4 Street LP 12 Tube S13- Drayton Diffusion 448842 196939 Kerbside 92 37.7 37.4 27.5 38.0 32.6 Road LP1 Tube

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 27 Vale of White Horse District Council

S14- Spring Urban Diffusion 448846 196992 83 32.4 37.0 31.6 36.4 29.7 Rd LP2 Background Tube S15- 24 Mill Diffusion 445522 196470 Kerbside 83 10.5 13.5 10.8 11.6 10.6 Road Tube S16- 10 Diffusion Packhorse 445552 196639 Kerbside 100 47.7 53.1 42.7 50.9 41.4 Tube Lane S17- 4 Diffusion Frilford 445456 196623 Kerbside 100 38.7 44.8 37.8 40.4 35.6 Tube Road S18- 4 Diffusion Packhorse 445528 196628 Kerbside 100 29.6 33.2 25.9 29.4 26.3 Tube Lane S19- 13 Diffusion Packhorse 445571 196675 Kerbside 100 38.0 40.4 34.8 40.1 33.3 Tube Lane S20- Rafters B&B Diffusion 445875 196657 Kerbside 100 36.5 36.9 30.6 31.4 28.9 Abingdon Tube Road S21- Stanley Diffusion 448913 205813 Kerbside 100 47.8 52.5 46.2 46.2 44.3 Close Tube S22- Urban Diffusion Westminster 448866 205807 92 32.0 38.8 31.7 38.5 30.9 Background Tube Way S23- Diffusion Hutchcomb 447711 205634 Kerbside 100 12.7 16.0 11.8 15.5 13.4 Tube Road S24- 4 Yarnells Diffusion Road, The 449008 205729 Kerbside 100 39.8 41.0 38.2 34.7 Tube Willows Downpipe S25- 4 Yarnells Diffusion Road, The 449003 205724 Kerbside 100 104.3 89.6 87.5 80.0 Tube Willows Fence S26- 61 Diffusion Southern 448894 205826 Kerbside 100 38.8 37.9 35.2 Tube Bypass

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 28 Vale of White Horse District Council

S27- 63 Diffusion Southern 448918 205806 Kerbside 100 36.0 34.7 33.3 Tube Bypass S28- 71 Southern Diffusion 448991 205745 Kerbside 100 34.7 35.5 31.4 Bypass Tube (Flats) S29- 65 Southern Diffusion 448947 205781 Kerbside 100 32.9 34.2 32.2 Bypass Tube (Timbers) S30- 63 Southern Diffusion 448913 205798 Kerbside 100 72.2 76.5 73.7 Bypass Tube (fence) S31- Bath Urban Diffusion 449585 197273 100 27.8 28.9 24.0 26.0 25.4 Street Background Tube S32- Folly Diffusion 428682 194571 Kerbside 100 9.8 15.2 11.6 12.3 11.2 View Road Tube S33- Town Diffusion Hall / Central 428823 195554 Kerbside 92 24.7 27.7 23.7 25.2 20.7 Tube Faringdon S34- Sutton Diffusion Courtenay 450888 194358 Kerbside 92 22.5 26.6 25.6 Tube Jct S35- Sutton Diffusion Courtenay 450587 194391 Kerbside 92 24.0 27.4 24.5 Tube Mill House S36- Diffusion Watchfield 424271 190641 Kerbside 100 25.3 26.9 23.9 Tube crossing S37- Diffusion Copenhagen 448364 197836 Kerbside 100 34.2 36.4 31.0 33.7 29.1 Tube Drive S38- Market Square / Diffusion 439807 187941 Kerbside 92 23.6 27.8 24.2 26.3 25.6 Central Tube Wantage S39- Diffusion Hampden 440409 188319 Kerbside 92 10.3 12.3 10.0 10.3 10.5 Tube Road

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 29 Vale of White Horse District Council

S40- Fyfield Diffusion 100 18.6 A420 442239 198622 Kerbside Tube S41- Tubney Diffusion 82 18.9 A420 4435264 199184 Kerbside Tube S42- Diffusion Steventon Kerbside 100 20.0 Tube Co-op 447181 191898 S43- Urban Diffusion Steventon 92 10.2 Background Tube Milton Lane 447402 192108 S44 - 49 Diffusion Packhorse 100 15.1 Tube Lane 445743 196609 Kerbside S45- Henry Diffusion Liddon 4484969 196951 Kerbside 100 25.7 35.8 Tube Court S46- CYPS Diffusion (Stratton 449518 197160 Kerbside 100 34.8 20.7 Tube Way)

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Reported concentrations are those at the location of the monitoring site (bias adjusted and annualised, as required), i.e. prior to any fall-off with distance adjustment

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details. (4) Concentrations are those at the location of monitoring and not those following any fall-off with distance adjustment.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 30 Vale of White Horse District Council

Figure A 1 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations

Abingdon AQMA NO2 Annual averages at receptor at worst affected sites 2014-2019 80

50 S4 High Street S6 Stratton Way 40 S11 Marcham Road LP 5

Annual Limit (40 μg 30 NO2/m3)

Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide annual average (ug/m3) 10

0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 31 Vale of White Horse District Council

Botley AQMA NO2 annual average at receptor At worst affected sites 2014-2019 80.0

70.0

S24 4 Yarnells Road The 60.0 Willows (Downpipe)

S25 4 Yarnells Road The 50.0 Willows (Fence)

S30 63 Southern Bypass 40.0 (Fence)

S27 63 Southern Bypass 30.0

20.0 S21 Stanley Close (AQMA)

Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide annual average (ug/m3 10.0 Annual Limit (40 μg NO2/m3)

0.0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 32 Vale of White Horse District Council

Marcham AQMA NO2 annual average at receptor Worst locations 2014-2019 80.0

70.0

60.0 S16 10 Packhorse Lane (AQMA) 50.0

40.0 S17 4 Frilford Road (AQMA)

30.0 Annual Limit (40 μg NO2/m3) 20.0 Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide annual average (ug/m3

10.0

0.0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 33 Vale of White Horse District Council

Wantage & Faringdon NO2 annual averages at receptor 80

60 S33 Town Hall / Central Faringdon

50 S32 Folly View Road

40 S38 Market Square / Central Wantage

30 S39 Hampden Road

20 Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide annual average (ug/m3 Annual Limit (40 μg NO2/m3)

0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 34 Vale of White Horse District Council

Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results Valid Valid Data 3 (3) X OS Y OS Grid Data NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m Site Capture for Site ID Grid Ref Ref Monitoring Type Capture Type Monitoring (Easting) (Northing) 2019 (%) Period (%) (1) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 (2)

Masons 449794 197176 Roadside Chemiluminescence 0 94.5 0 0 0 0 0 Stert St

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 35 Vale of White Horse District Council

Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2019

Table B.1 - NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results – 2019

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean

X OS Y OS Grid Distance Bias Site ID Grid Ref Ref Corrected Adjusted (Easting) (Northing) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.86) and Data Nearest Annualised Exposure (1) (2)

S1/2/3 449794 197176 38.9 35.6 27.9 32.7 23 25.1 21.7 19.2 29.1 31 38.7 27.3 29.2 25.0 N/A

S4 449695 197062 54.1 54.4 52.4 38.8 35.8 34.3 35.9 36 38.5 41.3 44.3 43.4 42.4 36.5 29.3

S5 449452 197047 46 37.9 37.1 36 26.3 29.6 28.6 28 30.3 missing 47.4 missing 34.7 29.9 N/A

S6 449697 197343 70.7 64.2 47.1 41.6 missing 42.5 44.7 42.1 51.5 missing 46.9 28.5 48.0 41.3 32.1

S7* 449926 197439 50.6 missing missing missing 34.1 missing 28.2 missing 33.1 missing 46.4 missing 35.8(1) 30.7 N/A

S8 448869 196180 25.2 21 16.6 15.7 10 12.4 8.9 11.9 16.1 17.6 29.7 15.2 16.7 14.4 N/A

S9* 448791 196725 41.7 37.8 32.6 missing 29 36.8 32.6 missing 31.2 38.2 missing missing 35.7(1) 30.8 N/A

S10 448828 196966 54 42 missing 35.5 31.8 34.7 33.5 31.1 38.6 34.2 44.9 36.5 37.9 32.6 N/A

S11 448738 196967 54.4 49 43.5 50.6 42 42.6 40.5 39.9 43.8 46 50.4 40.6 45.3 38.9 33.6

S12 449225 196992 42 31.7 27.8 35.1 27.5 29.6 25.3 26.2 31.1 missing 53.3 46 34.1 29.4 N/A

S13 448842 196939 41.7 37.8 missing 39.7 40.9 35.6 32.6 30.8 39.5 35.9 47.6 35 37.9 32.6 N/A

S14 448846 196992 30.5 39.3 37.8 41 31 38.2 28.4 26 36.7 36.8 missing missing 34.6 29.7 N/A

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 36 Vale of White Horse District Council

S15 445522 196470 17.1 missing 10.7 13.3 9.3 missing 7.4 9.1 11.2 13.3 19.8 11.5 12.3 10.6 N/A

S16 445552 196639 55.8 56.6 47.5 52.5 42.1 44 43.3 39.8 44.9 48.1 56.8 46.3 48.1 41.4 41.4

S17 445456 196623 55.7 40.2 43.7 43.7 37.4 36.6 37.6 31.1 38.2 40.2 53.5 38.3 41.4 35.6 32.5

S18 445528 196628 42 28.3 30.8 35.5 27.7 26.5 24.8 24.2 29.8 30.9 37.3 29 30.6 26.3 N/A

S19 445571 196675 47.1 43.8 35.4 39.2 33.1 33.7 34.5 30.2 39.2 37.5 53.7 36.8 38.7 33.3 N/A

S20 445875 196657 40 34.6 35 35.7 31.1 30.8 29.1 27.5 33.9 30.9 41.3 33 33.6 28.9 N/A

S21 448913 205813 57.2 68.2 56.3 48.2 30.5 44 50.6 53.9 52 52.2 48.8 56 51.5 44.3 48.1

S22 448866 205807 43.4 30.6 27.6 missing 35.3 34.8 31.9 19.2 40.6 43.8 56.4 31.7 35.9 30.9 N/A

S23 447711 205634 25.9 17.7 15.3 16.6 10.8 13 10.6 8 14 17.3 24.7 12.4 15.5 13.4 N/A

S24 449008 205729 41.8 41.2 47.1 30.5 34.2 35.1 40.3 46.1 45.8 39.2 37.8 45.5 40.4 34.7 N/A

S25 449003 205724 102.3 112 73.5 118.7 91.3 88.4 90.2 86.2 89.6 86.2 94.7 83.5 93.1 80.0 50.8

S26 448894 205826 47.3 49.8 45.3 32.9 36.1 35 40.6 41.4 42.2 39.9 40.6 39.8 40.9 35.2 N/A

S27 448918 205806 44.1 50.7 39.8 32.1 33 34 37.4 40.9 37.5 38.9 40.6 35.6 38.7 33.3 N/A

S28 448991 205745 44.2 58.6 24.3 29.5 26.4 30.8 32.8 42.1 35.8 37.6 40.3 36.1 36.5 31.4 N/A

S29 448947 205781 38.6 52.1 39.3 29.9 29.6 33 33.8 34.2 37.3 40.6 42.9 37.7 37.4 32.2 N/A

S30 448913 205798 91.6 99.3 83.8 76.8 78.3 79 85 89.5 89 83.9 90.2 81.9 85.7 73.7 51.0

S31 449585 197273 35.4 32.5 27.9 35.7 25.9 31.9 21.8 19.2 27.3 32.8 37.8 26.8 29.6 25.4 N/A

S32 428682 194571 21.7 17.4 13.9 12.4 7.7 9.5 7.5 6.4 10.8 14.9 20.3 14.1 13.1 11.2 N/A

S33 428823 195554 26.5 30 25.2 23.6 17.7 22.5 18.5 missing 20.7 26.8 29 24.5 24.1 20.7 N/A

S34 450888 194358 29.2 35.5 27.5 29 26.4 26.3 missing 20.1 27.9 30.4 47.6 27.4 29.8 25.6 N/A

S35 450587 194391 34.8 31.6 missing 40.9 24.8 27.1 23.4 18.7 26.7 27.4 35.5 23.1 28.5 24.5 N/A

S36 424271 190641 39.5 28 28.3 36.2 25.6 26.9 23.1 21 25.9 25.9 30.8 22 27.8 23.9 N/A

S37 448364 197836 40.9 31.8 33.2 42.6 25.4 33.7 28 31.2 32.1 36.9 39.2 31.4 33.9 29.1 N/A

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 37 Vale of White Horse District Council

S38 439807 187941 40.8 33.8 33.3 26.6 26.5 27.8 25.1 23.3 missing 29.6 33.9 26.2 29.7 25.6 N/A

S39 440409 188319 19.4 13.8 11.4 12.5 8.4 9.6 7.5 6.3 missing 15.3 17.5 12.4 12.2 10.5 N/A

S40 442239 198622 27.7 32.9 24.1 18.6 17.9 18.5 18.9 18.8 20.7 23.9 11.9 25 21.6 18.6 N/A

S41 443526 199184 46.4 missing missing 22.7 22.1 23.2 19.4 21.3 1.8 16.9 24.3 22 22.0 18.9 N/A

S42 447181 191898 15.9 25.1 26.8 27.1 22.6 21.5 20.2 17.5 22.1 24.4 32.9 23.5 23.3 20.0 N/A

S43 447402 192108 21.8 18 12.9 13.5 9.3 3.7 9 5.9 12.5 13.1 missing 11.2 11.9 10.2 N/A

S44 445743 196609 23.6 18.1 13.1 19.9 16.4 15.2 13 11.7 16.4 19.2 27.8 16.2 17.6 15.1 N/A

S45 448442 196953 45.2 49.6 40.2 45.6 38 41.1 39.5 40.8 36.5 39.2 42.6 41.8 41.7 35.8 35.1

S46 197160 197160 28.5 32.6 20.8 27.7 22.3 19.3 18.4 18.2 21.1 28 29.9 22.6 24.1 20.7 N/A *S7 and *S9 have been annualised

☒ Local bias adjustment factor used ☐ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure in the final column

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 38 Vale of White Horse District Council

Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

The raw measured annual averages for 2019 were adjusted for bias using a locally derived bias adjustment factor. Unfortunately, the sole VWHDC continuous analyser did not produce reliable measurements over the first four months of 2019. In view of this we referred to the national bias adjustment factor for Didcot Socotec 20% TEA tubes. This is 0.76 for 2019, significantly below the VWHDC average locally derived bias adjustment factor (0.85 between 2014-2018).

In view of this we took a precautionary approach and used a locally derived bias adjustment factor from our partner authority South Oxfordshire District Council which uses the same laboratory and the same type of diffusion tube. The local bias adjustment factor was derived from co-location at a continuous monitoring site in Henley. The bias adjustment factor for this site is 0.86. This is a more conservative approach than using the nationally derived bias adjustment factor and closer to our five-year average bias adjustment factor.

Of the two co-location sites available in South Oxfordshire, Henley and Wallingford, the preferred site was Henley, with greater data capture and precision of the triplicate tubes (see figures C1 and C2).

The bias adjustment factors for these two sites are very close 0.86 and 0.82 respectively both of which are close to the council’s five-year average bias adjustment factor.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 39 Vale of White Horse District Council

Figure C 1 Henley co-location: Precision and accuracy of triplicate tubes and calculation of local bias adjustment factor

Figure C 2 Wallingford co-location: Precision and accuracy of triplicate tubes and calculation of local bias adjustment factor

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 40 Vale of White Horse District Council

Annualisation

Results needed to be annualised for sites S7 and S9 where <75% data capture was achieved. The background sites used for this process were S8, S23 and S32; which all had 100% monitoring data for 2019. The average of the three sites was used in the calculation of the annualised mean for the S7 and S9 sites. The guidance on annualisation in LAQM TG16 Box 7.10 has been followed and the calculation is outlined in Table C1 below.

Table C 1 Annualisation of results obtained at S7(D1) and S9(D2) (LAPG16- Box7.10)

B(a) B(a) When When Month B1 B2 B3 B(a) D1 D2 D1 D2 available available

Jan 25.2 25.9 21.7 24.3 50.6 41.7 24.3 24.3 Feb 21 17.7 17.4 18.7 37.8 18.7 Mar 16.6 15.3 13.9 15.3 32.6 15.3 Apr 15.7 16.6 12.4 14.9 May 10 10.8 7.7 9.5 34.1 29 9.5 9.5 June 12.4 13 9.5 11.6 36.8 11.6 July 8.9 10.6 7.5 9 28.2 32.6 9 9 Aug 11.9 8 6.4 8.8 Sep 16.1 14 10.8 13.6 33.1 31.2 13.6 13.6 Oct 17.6 17.3 14.9 16.6 38.2 16.6 Nov 29.7 24.7 20.3 24.9 46.4 24.9 Dec 15.2 12.4 14.1 13.9 Mean 15.1 38.5 35 16.3 14.8

(Am) M(D1) M(D2) Pm(D1) Pm(D2)

Ratio (Ra) 0.93 1.02 Annualised Mean 35.8 35.7 Bias adjusted Annualised Mean 30.8 30.7

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 41 Vale of White Horse District Council

D1=M x Ra Ba -Background Average ‘Ra’ for D1 = Am/Pm= 15.1/16.3=0.93 Bias adjustment factor=0.86 B1 -Turner Rd (S8) D1 Annualised Mean = M x Ra = 38.5 x 0.93 = 35.8 B2- Hutchcomb Rd (S23) D1 Bias adjustment 35.8 x 0.86 = 30.8 B3- Folly View Rd (S32) Am- Background average annual mean D2=M x Ra Pm -Period background mean ‘Ra’ for D2 = Am/Pm = 15.1/14.8 = 1.02 M - Period measured mean at site D2 Annualised Mean = M x Ra = 35 x 1.02 = 35.7 Ra -Average Ratio Am/Pm D1 -Vineyard (S7) D2 Bias adjustment 35.7 x 0.86 = 30.7 D2 -Drayton Rd LP7 (S9)

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Table C 2 NO2 Distance Correction for sites >35µg/m3

Bias adjusted NO2 Annual Distance (m) 3 Site Name/ID Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Predicted Comment Receptor Local Monitored Site to at to Kerb Background at Site Kerb Receptor S04 High St 1.0 5.0 14.4 36.5 29.3

S06 Stratton Way 2.5 10.0 14.4 41.3 32.1

S11 Marcham Rd 2.0 5.0 14.4 38.9 33.6 LP5 Predicted S16 10 Packhorse concentration at 0.6 0.6 10.6 41.4 41.4 Lane Receptor above AQ objective.

S17 4 Frilford Rd 0.5 1.0 10.6 35.6 32.5 Predicted concentration at Receptor above S21 Stanley Close 11.0 8.0 13.4 44.3 48.1 AQ objective. N.B. Monitoring location beyond receptor façade.

S26 61 S. By-Pass 9.0 9.0 13.4 35.2 35.2 Level at site above AQ objective. Predicted façade level above AQ S25 4 Yarnell Rd objective. 3.0 13.0 13.4 73.7 50.8 fence Measured concentration at receptor façade S24 below AQ objective. Level at site above AQ objective. Predicted façade level above AQ S30 63 S.By-Pass objective. 2.0 10.0 13.4 80.0 51.0 (fence) Measured concentration at receptor façade S27 below AQ objective. S45 Henry Liddon 4.0 4.5 14.4 35.8 35.1 Court

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Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs

Figure D 1 Botley AQMA with diffusion tube locations.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 44 Vale of White Horse District Council Figure D 2 Marcham AQMA with diffusion tube locations.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 45 Vale of White Horse District Council Figure D 3 Abingdon AQMA with diffusion tube and locations and continuous analyser(S1/2/3).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 46 Vale of White Horse District Council Figure D 4 Wantage diffusion tube locations.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 47 Vale of White Horse District Council Figure D 5 Faringdon diffusion tube locations.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 48 Vale of White Horse District Council Figure D 6 Sutton Courtenay and Steventon diffusion tube locations.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 49 Vale of White Horse District Council

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective6 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

6 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

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Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

CEAC Climate Emergency Advisory Committee

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

EU European Union

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

µg/m3 Micrograms per cubic meter of air

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

OCC Oxfordshire County Council

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

VWHDC Vale of White Horse District Council

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References 1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status, and respiratory health, 2010

2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006

3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

5 VWHDC. Air Quality Action Plan 2015. Oxfordshire Air Quality [online] Available at: http://www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Vales%20District%20AQAP.pdf

6 Oxfordshire District Councils, 2009. Oxfordshire Air Quality Website [online]. Available at: https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/

Other references https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/local-air-quality-management/vale-of-white-horse https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/cms/public-site/travel-choices http://www.traveline.info/ https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/what-can-you-do-to-improve-air-quality https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-authorities?la_id=246 https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/interactive-map. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/public-health-outcomes-framework

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