Association ofofWUdlifeandHumanSociety Wildlife and Human Society

Biospherc Conservution 1 (1) :63-71,1998

Japanesepeoples'attitudestoward andtheir reintroduction into

Caitlin B. Angelii', Naoki Maruyamai', Masaaki Koganezawa2', Masao [Ibkahashi', and Sakura Chineni"

7apan JiblfAssociation, Laboratory of P-itdlijle Cbnservation, Department ofEcoregion Science, Facudy ofAgriculture,clo7bkyo IVbko Ulrtiversiol 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Richu, lbkyo, 183-8509 Jbpan

i Laboratot[y of Mldlijle Conservation, Department ofEcoregion Sciencq faculty ofAgriculturq lbkyo IVbko UhiversicM 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fltch", 7bkyq 183-8509 Japan

2UtsunomiyaU}tiversity fiorests,Z556 Funyu, Shiaya-machi, Shiqya-gun, 7bchigi, 329-2441 Japan

Abstract We conducted a survey on Japanese peeples' attitudes concerning wo}ves and their reintroduction into

Japan during the summer and fa11 of 1996. The survey was distributed to 2,OOO individuals. Surveys were returned

by 1,176 people, 649 females and 508 males ranging from theii teens to over 80 years old; a response rate of 58.8%.

IfXventy-eight point five percent of the respondents suppo rted reintroduction of wolves into Japan, and 27.7% were

opposed, The remaining 43,8% were undecided. Tlie rnain reasons for supporting reintroduction were the beliefs

that it is our duty to restore what we ence caused to become extinet and that the wolfis essential to restore the balance

of Japan's ecosystems. [[he main reason for not supporting reintroduction was the beliefthat there is no space in

Japan large eneugh to support a viable population. Securing adequate land was also an important management

concern, should we]ves be introduced. Compared to the results of the 1993 survey, the percentage ofpeopte sup- porting reintreduction has more than doubled, while the percent ofpeople opposing reintrocluction has decreased from 45.0% to 27.7%. Based on crosschecking, a greater percentage of supporters were knowledgeablc about the wolfthan epponents. In addition, cempared with the supporters, a greater percentage ofthe reintroduction oppo-

nents had a negative attitude towards wolves.

Key words: wolg Japan, reintroduction, questionnaire survey, pub]ic attitudes

INTRODUCTION (Hiraiwa, 1981). A thorough review of the extirpation

of wolves from Japan has been done by Maruyama et

Wolves existed historically throughout Japan from al. (1996).

Hokkaido to Kyushu. Tliere were two wolfeco-types, Since the 1980s the ecosysterns ofJapan have been including the Ezo wolf (danis lupus hattai Kishida) suffering from lack of major predators, including man.

of Hokkaido, Etorofu and Kunashiri and the Japanese The numbers of hunters in Japan has decreased from

wolf (Cbnis lupus hodophil`zx [[bmminck) ofHonshu, 530,OOO in 1986 to approximately 200,OOO in 1995 and Kyushu. Currently, no wolves exist in (Environment Agency Japan, 1970-95). In addition, Japan. The last documented Ezo wolfwas killcd in it has been reported that global warming caused an

1896 in Hokkaido (Inukai, 1933), and the last docu- expansion ofsika deer wintering grounds in Nikko (Li mented Japanese wolf was collected as a specimen et al,, 1996), a phenomenon that may be expected to

from Washikaguchi, , by Malcom occur elsewhere. popu]ations have increased, Anderson in 1905 on an expedition for the Zoological due in part to these conditions, and damaged natuTal

Society of London and the Museum of Great Britain and artificial forests in many areas throughout Japan

63

NII-Electronic Library Service Association ofofWUdlife Wildlife and Human Society

BiosphereConservation 1 <1), 1998

(e,g, Kaji et al., 1984; Hoshino et al., 1987; Kanamori, METHODS

1991; MaTuyama & [rbkida, 1996; Kanzaki et al.,

1998). In the past the wolf countered such circum- A questionnaire similar to that of Kanzaki et al. stances as top predator capable of maintaining natu- (1996) was used to conduct a survey during the sum- rally balanced sika deer populations; however, cuT- mer and fa11 of 1996 on Japanese peoples' attitudes

rently only httmans are capable of controlling sika deer, concerning wolves and their reintroduction into Japan.

a task that is difficult, time-consuming and expensive. The questionnaire censisted of four components: 1) a

Not only is it difficult, but impossible for humans to demographic section consisting of five questions, 2) a

adequately fill the ecological niche left open by the knowledge of the Japanese wolf section consisting of

extirpation of the wolf. In addition, there are no other five questions, 3) an interest and image of the wo]f large predators in Japan besides the brown bear of section consisting of six questions, and 4) a reintro- Hokkaido (Inukai et al., 1985; Kadosaki et al., 1991). duction section consisting of four questions. The rein-

Thus, to return to a balanced ecosystem it may be ar- troduction section included a question asking for the

gued that the reintroduction of the wolf is the only opinion of all respondents, regardless of their position

long-term solution, Furthermore, some argue that be- on the reintroduction issue, concerning management

cause humans are responsible for the extirpation of policies that they felt needed to be addressed if wolves

the wolL it is therefore our duty to restore them, For were reintroduced into Japan. these reasons, the Japan Wolf Association (JWA) is [[XNo thousand surveys were distributed to friends, of the JWA now promoting wolf reintroduction. Possibilities of coworkers and acquaintances by members

wolf reintroduction to some parts ofJapan have al- and mailed back upon completion. readybeenexploredthroughahabitatavailabilitystudy Data was analyzed by the chi-square test to iden-

tify the opinion of males and as ([[hkahashi & Maruyama, 1996), diffeTencesin females Public support and involvement are necessary ifthe well as different age groups. Three age groups were to twenties), reintroduction of the wo]f is to be a long-term suc- designated, including age group 1 (teens cess. NumeTeus studies have been carried out that age group 2 (thirties and forties) and age group 3 (fifi

document the importanoe ofpublic opinion in the suc- ties and over). In addition we used the chi-square test

cess of wolf reintroduction (e.g. Kellert, 1985, 1990; to analyze differences in characteristics between rein-

Bath, 1987, 1992; Lohr et al., 1996; Pate et al., 1996). troduction supporters and opponents. In particular, we

Public opinion surveys are thus necessary because they crosschecked three categories: 1) personal informa-

help to identify a basis for better pub]ic representation tion, 2) the knowledge questions, and 3) the inteTest/ and education (BTight & Manfred, 1996). Upon the image questions. WheTe applicable, results were com-

formation of the Japan Wolf Association in 1993, an pared to the initial suTvey conducted in 1993 by the

initial survey was immediately carried out to deter- JWA (Kanzaki et al., 1996). mine the public's knowledge of wolves and level of reintroduction support (Kanzaki et al., 1996). Since RESUI:IrS

that time, there has been extensive media coverage on

wolf ecology and reasons why reintToduction is nec- One thousand, one hundred and seventy-six surveys

essary, largely through effbrts of the JWA. were received; a response rate of58.8%. Respondents

The purpose of this paper is to document the re- consisted of 649 females and 508 males (19 unknown). sults of that effort on public opinion, differences in There were 400 people in age class 1 (34.2%), 465 generalcharacteristicsofreintroductionsupportersand people in age class 2 (40.3%), and 292 people in age opponents, and give direction for the future wolf rein- class 3 (25.3%) (plus 3 unknown). The majority of troductionmovement. people surveyed worked for private enterprises at

64

NII-Electronic Library Service Association ofofWUdlifeand Wildlife and Human Society

BiosphereConservation 1 (1), 1998

fable 1. Wblfinformation sources based on the attitude survey "yes," "no" Japan, only 10.8% said while 31,3% said conducted during the summer and fall of 1996. Duplicate "don't and 57.1% said that they know." answerswereaccepted(n=1,176).

Information Source n % Interests and Images Tl V. Documentary 6504604222872832462262041oo92906e265S,339.135.924.424.120.919.217.3 Forty-six seven of the respondents had Fairy 1laleBook point percent

a special wolves. Of those about interestin (n=545)people Newspaper who do have an interest in wolves, 54,9% want to know

Pictufe Book more about why wolves became extinct in Japan, FriendsT. People were given six cheiees to identify their im- Y News age ofwolves, of which they could choose as many as FictiousNovel "wild" they wanted. The most popular answer was Biology 1lext 85 "clever" "strong" followed by OthersTl 7.8 (67.6%) (38.7%),

"ferocious" "mysterious" Y Drama 7.75.1 (29.5%), (27.7%), (27.7%) "cute" Book about lklolves and (5.2%). Journal Article 22 Only 9.4% of respondents said that they dislike

wolves while 24.7% said that they like wolves. The

remaining 65,8% said that they neither like nor dislike

31,2% fo11owed by students at 16.8%, housewives at wolves.Themostpopularreasonfordislikingwolves,

`twolves 14.4% and public officia]s at 12.8% (Appendix 1). at 59.1%, was because are dangereus as they

Eighty-four point two percent of respondents lived in attack people." Other reasons included the beliefs that

the city (Appendix 2). As for district, 46.5% were wolves are dangerous because they attack and ki]1 live- from the Kanto district, which includes the stock (28.2%), wolves ki]1 and eat other wild animals Metropolitan. This was fo11owed by people from (23.6%), wolves are a]ways the villain in stories

Hoklcaido at 13.1%, lbhoku at 12.1%, Kinki at 10.5%, (21,8%) and they are ferocious (20,9%), Only O.9%, and Kyushu at 5.5% (Appendix 3). one person, said that they dislike wolves because they kill and eat game animals (Table 2). The most popu-

"feel- Knowledge of Wolves lar reason for liking wolves was because of a

Duplicate answers were accepted fbr wolf informa- ing" (62.8%). The second reason for liking wolves tion sources. Fifty-five point three percent of people (26,7%) was because they are the at the top of

surveyed reported television documentaries as an in-

forrnation source, fo11owed by fairy tales at 39.1% and

animal illustration books at 35,9% ([fable 1). Eighty- thble 2. Reasons for hating wolves bused on the attitude survey nine nine of the respondents knew that point percent conducted during the summer and fall of 1996. Duplicate answers were the wolfonce existed in Japan. [IWenty-four point one accepted (n=11O).

of the respondents percent knew when the wolf be- Reasens n%

came extinct, while 52.6% said that they were uncer- Vilolves are dangerous because they attack people 65 59.1

tain. As for causes of , of respondents 49.1% VVlolves are dangerous because they attack livestock 31 28.2

believed that wolves were attacking 1ivestock, killedfor XNblves kill and eut other wild animuls 26 23.6

considered sport a cause, 23.8% hunting 17.1% be- Wblves are always the villain in stories 24 21,8

lieve that rabid wolves were killed attacking for hu- iM]Ivesareferocious 23 20.9

mans, and 9,2% believe disease to a cause. be When wnlvesarecunningandsneaky 5 4,5

asked that the wolf that ifpeoplebelieved inhabits Otherreasons 3 2.7

the same species of wolf that used to inhabit Chinais SNblveskillgameanimtt]s 1 O.9

65

NII-Electronic Library Service Association ofofWUdlifeandHuman Wildlife and Human Society

BiosphereConservation1 (1), 1998

1lable 3. Reasons for reintroduction based on the attitude survey conducted during the summer and fall of 1996. Duplicate answers were accepted (n=333).

Reasons n %

It is eur responsibility to restore what we once caused to become extinct 19717296 59.3Sl.828.9

The wolf is essential to restore the balance to Japan's ecosysterns

Nature is now incomplete without the wolf

Otherreusens 14 4,2

the food chain, and the third (11.5%) was because they is necessaTy (46.9%) (Table 5).

"agricultural kill pests."

Differences Between Supporters and Opponents of WolfReintroduction Reintroduction

[fiventy-eight point five percent of the respondents We found that neither sex (df=1, x2=2.32, 2=1.17, nor the area supported reintroduction of wolves, and 27.7% op- p=O.128), age (df=2, X p;O,556), 2=2.54, posed reintroduction. The remaining 43.8% were un- (dfe5, x p=O.771) in which people lived (city,

sure. There was no significant difference among age farming village, fishing village, etc,) had significant

2=1.18, groups (df=4, x p=O.881). Fifty-nine point effect as to peopleis opinions of wolf reintroduction. between sup- three percent of the Teintroduction supporters believed There were no significant differences

"it 2 that is our duty to reintroduce what we once causcd poTters and opponents knowledge sources (dfu12, x

"the to become extinct," 51.8% believed that wolf is =14.10, p=O.294). There were clifferences in the

necessary to restore the balance to Japan's disturbed knowledgeoftheexistenceofthewolfinJapan;11.6%

"nature ecosystems," and 28.9% felt that without the of the opponents were unaware that wo]ves once in-

wolf is incomplete" ([fable 3). Fifiy point zero per- habited Japan, while 5.1% of the supporters were un- 2=7.54, cent of the reintroduction opponents believed that aware of the wolf's past existence (dfLl, x

"there is not a space ]arge enough in Japan to support p

aviablewolfpopulation,"25,2%believedthat"wolves knowledge of the reasons for the wolf's extinction;

"did would cause harm to humans," and 25.5% believed 18.9% of the supporters responded that they not

"wolves "did that would cause harm to livestock" (Table know" and 30,7% of the opponents not know" 2=7.43, 4), The greatest concerns for propeT management in- (dftl, x p

is brought inte Japan, it will be necessary to protect (9.9%) believe that the Chinese wolf is the same spe- 2=7.11, and set aside land (49.0%); and, in order to protect cies as the Japanese wolf was (df=1, x humans and livestock, a large area for the wolf to live p

Thble 4. Reasons against reintroduction based on the attitude su rvey cenducted during

the summer and fa11 of 1996. Duplicate answers were accepted (n=322).

Reasons n %

Tiere is ne space large eneugh in Japan for wolves to live 161938281433S50.028.925.S25.213.410.9

Other reasons

livblves are dangerous because they attack livestock

wu}ves are dangerous because they attack humans

There is no wolf the same as the japanese wolf

The prey base is too small for wolves

66

NII-Electronic Library Service Association ofofWUdlifeandHuman Wildlife and Human Society

Biosphere Conservation 1 (1), 1998

Tlable 5. Managernent prioTities as reported by the attilude survey conducted during the sumrner and fa11 of 1996, Duplicate answers were accepted (n=1,176).

ManagementPriorities n %

A large area ef land will need to be set aside and protected S7655138433325449.046.932.728.321.6

A large area is needed so that wdves will not harm humans or livestock

IM)lf numbers will need to be controled

A large prey base is needed so that wolves will not harm humans or livestock

A recompensation system will be necessary

The greatest degree of significant difference was sition in three years. [[bens and twenty-year-olds com-

found among the interest and image questions. While prised 84.8% of the 1993 survey (Kanzaki et al., 1996). "special 69.3% of the supporters had a interest in Although the 1996 survey was comprised of only

2 wolves," only 39.1% of the opponents did (df=1, x 34,2% teens and twenties (age group 1), there was no

=17.71, p

"]iked" (38,7%) wolves significantly more than the 1993 and 1996 may be attributed to three things. First, !=14.67, opponents (20.2%) (df=1, X p

p

artic]es (e.g, Ashahi Newspaper, 1994), magazine ar- DISCUSSION ticles (e.g. Yamane, 1993-1996; Perzanowski, 1995),

translated books (Freund, 1991; Zimen, 1995) and [[Xvelve point five percent of the people surveyed journal articles (e.g. Maruyama et al., 1995; Maruyama in 1993 supported wolfrecovery (Kanzaki et al., 1996). et al., 1996) discussing the ecology of the wolf and

Based on the survey conducted in 1996, support fbr reasons for its reintroduction. Second, there has been

wolf reintroduction has more than doubled to 28.5% an increasing Tealization that sika deer populations

in three years. In aclclition, 44.8% of the respondents have risen to abnormal levels and are causing damage

to the 1993 survey opposed wolf recovery (Kanzaki to forests in many areas ofJapan; they are not only et al., 1996), while only 27.7% of the respondents weTe causing damage to artificial plantations (e,g. Japan

opposed in 1996, a 38% drop in reintroduction oppo- Wildlife Research Center, 1992; Maruyama, 1994;

Thble 6, A compa[ison of irnages of wolves between the supporters (n=333) and the opponents (n=322) of wolf reintroduction in percentages, based en the attitude survey conducted during the summer and fall of 1996. Duplicate answers were accepted.

Image Supporters Opponentsx2values(df=1) p

WildCleverMysterious 70.646.239,331.Sl4.761.537.920.527.037.35.0 123 NS

1.9114.97 NSp<,oo1

StrongFerociousCute O,8825.78 NSP<.OOI

6.6 O.71 NS

67

NII-Electronic Library Service Association ofofWUdlife Wildlife and Human Society

BiosphereConservation 1 (1), 1998

Maruyama & [[bkida, 1996 ), but to natural forests as peop}e were concerned that there is not enough space

well (e.g. Kanzaki et al., 1998; Hoshino et a],, 1987; in Japan to support a viable wolf population. This

Kaji et al., 1984). Currently forestry in Japan is facing was expressed as the number one reason why wo]ves

an unstable situation; not only has imported lumber should not be reintroduced and as the top two man-

been cheaper than domestic making it difficult te sur- agement concerns, which dealt with maintaining the

vive economically, but many young foresters have giv- necessary land base to support wolves. ing up the profession for work in the cities (Maruyama This survey also showed that attitude towards

& [Ibkida, 1996), Thus, even a small amount ofdam- wolves was related to reintroduction opinion. For ex-

age has had a large effect on profits; and, even when ample, a significantly greater percentage of reintro- human control of sika deer which are damaging plan- duction supporters than opponents had an interest in tations was desirable, because of lack of manpower, it wolves and positive images of wolves, Also, a sig- has been difficult or nearly impossible. Therefore, nificantly greater percentage ofopponents viewed the some people have argued that a natural hands-off wolf as ferocious. These negative attitudcs may bc

method of management may be the best solution, As caused by misperceptions of the wolf.

for natural forests, it can be argued that the least amount Lack of know]edge and misperceptions may be at-

of human intrusion is best. However, because of the tributed to information seurces. While the second ]arg-

]ack of a major predator throughout most of Japan, est information source of the people surveyed was fairy

this is currently impossible. Therefore, it may be rea- tales, few received information from credible sources

soned that for both p]antations and natural fbrests, the such as bio}ogy texts, books about wolves orjournal wolfis the best manager available. Finally, the re- aTticles. This problem may be facilitated by the pri-

cently strengthening conservation movement in Japan mary lack of reliable ecological information on either

(Maruyarna & lbkida, 1996) may be considered to the Ezo or the Japanese wolf. The combination of have had a positive effect on people's attitudes by pro- scarce reliable information and an abundance of sto-

"Little "Peter moting basic infoTmation concerning pTedators and Ties such as Red Riding Hood" and and

their role in nature. Tlie combination of these factors the Wblf' may be considered to have contributed to

may have contributed to the popular beliefs that it is the current lack ofTeintToductien support, This prob-

"our duty to return what we once extirpated" and that lem may be resolvecl by the distribution of informa-

"the 's wolf is necessaTy to restore the balance te Japan tion. For example, the fear oflack ofhabitat could be

disturbed ecosystems" as expressed in this survey, eliminated by information stating that substantial land

Nthough support for reintroduction has increased, is available (Tltkahashi & Maruyama, 1996), Thus, it it is still well below the 44-71% public support behind is reasonable that public education has priority fOr the

reintroduction that was reported in the United States further promotion of the wolf reintroduction move-

(Thompson et al,, 1991; Bath, 1992; Pate et al,, 1996), ment in Japan,

Reasons for lack ofsupport may be a result ofinsuen- In Arnerica and Europe with a popu]ar hunting cul-

cient knowledge and negative attitude. This survey ture, the fear that wolves will cause drastic declines in

showed that knowledge was related to reintroduction the populations of game animals is usually a public

epinion. More people who supported reintroduction concern that must be dealt with (e.g. Bath, 1987;

had knowledge of the wolf than those who opposed it. Tucker & Pletscher, 1989; Kellert, 1990 ). Only one Forexample,asignificant]ygreaterperoentageofsup- person from this survey reported such concerns. poTters than opponents knew when and why the wolf Kellert (1991) found that only 8% of Japanese peop]e

became extinct. In addition, significantly more sup- participated in hunting activities compared to 24% of

porters believed that the Chinese wolf is the same spe- Americans. It has also been documented that approval

cies as the Japanese wolfwas. Furthermore, many of hunting in Japan is relatively low (Kellert, 1991;

68

NII-Electronic Library Service Association ofofWUdlifeand Wildlife and Human Society

BiosphereConservation 1 (1), 1998

Maruyama & Tokida, 1996). Such attitudes may indi- in Wyoming toward wolf reintroduction in

cate that the decline of game species will not be a major Yellowstone National Park. MA thesis, University

issue in Japan conceTning the reintreduction of the of Wyoming, 123p, Laramie. wolf. Bath, A. J. (1992) Identification and documentation

In addition to a poor hunting culture, only 1.7% of of public attitudes toward wo]f Teintroduction in Japan, compared to 24,4% of America, is used as pas- Yellowstone National Park. In: Vhrley, J, D. & W,

ture for livestock (Yano Tsuneta Memoiial Founda- G. Brewester (eds,), Wolves For Yellowstone? A

tion, 1995). Thus, although there was concern for loss Report to the US Congress Nbl. IV Research and of livestock expressed as reasons for hating wolves Analysis, National Park Service, Yellowstone Na-

and as reasons for opposing reintroduction, because tional Park, pp.2-3 to 2-30.

the actual amount of land used for raising livestock is Bright, A. D. & M. J. Manfred (1996) A conceptual

relatively small, depTedation may not be a laTge issue moclel of attitudes toward natural resource issues: a

like it is elsewhere (e.g, Fritts et al,, 1992; Kellert, case study of wolf reintroduction, Human Dimen-

1990; Bath 1987). sions of Wildlife, 1:1-21,

A figure of 84.2% of the respondents living in a Environment Agency Japan (1970-1995) Game sta- city closely resembled the national average of 77.2% tistics of Japan. Environment Agency Japan. (in (Un{ted Nations, 1995). Thus, it may be said that this Japanese), survey adequately reflects public opinion as a whole. Freund, IM (1991) Der Wblf. Translated by Imaizumi, However, it is impossible to ignore the opinions of M., Hakusuisha, 300p. Ibkyo. (in Japanese)

those living outside urban areas, even though they make Fritts, S. H., W. J. Paul, L. D. Mech, & D. P. Scott

up a minor portion ef society; due notably to the re- (1992) Trends and Management of Wolf-livestock

cent co]lapse of rural communities (Maruyama & Confiicts in Minnesota, U.S,F,WLS, Resource Pub-

[Ibkida, 1996). TheTefore, a more intensive survey of lication Series, 181:27p.

people ]iving outside the city areas should be part of Hiraiwa, YL (1981) Wolf. Ikeda-Shoten, 308p, Tbkyo. the next step. (in Japanese)

In conclusion, although ]oss oflivestock and game Hoshino, YL, N. Jida, & N. Maruyama (1987) Impacts animals may not be expected to becorne large issues of sika deer and Japanese black bears on the spruce in Japan, certainly other concerns will arise such as forests in Ohdaigahara. PapeTs fbr P]a"t Ecology fear for human safety, the most popular reason given and Tl)xonomy to Memorial for Dr. S, Nakanishi, for disliking wolves. However, if education effbrts Kobe Geobotany Society, pp.367-377, (inJapa- through the media are continued in the future, one may nese with English summary). expect to continue te see an increase in common knowl- Inukai, [[L (1933) Review on the extirpation on wolves edge about the wo]f and also more favorable attitudes in Hoklcaido. Plants and Animals, 1:1091-1098. (in

as misperceptions are clarified. Ifthis occurs, based Japanese)

on the results of this survey, the level of reintroduc- Inukai, T,, M, Kadosaki, T. Tbmikawa, T. Miakmi, J.

tion support may also rise. Iizuka, & K. Owari (1985) Status of the capture and in habitation of brown bear in Hokkaido, Japan (II).

REFERENCES Annual Report of the Historical Museum of

Hokkaido, (13):55-84. (in Japanese with English Asahi Newspaper(1994) Reintroduction ofwolves in summary)

America. Evening edition, Science column, March Japan Wildlife Research Center (1992) A Report on 1, pp,10, (in Japanese) Damage by Wild Birds and . 45p. (in Japa- Bath, A. J. (1987) Attitudes of vaTious inteTest gToups nese)

69

NII-Electronic Library Service Association ofofWUdlife Wildlife and Human Society

Biosphere Conservation 1 (1), 1998

Kadosaki, M,, M. Kawabe, YL Tlanaka, T. Tanaka, & 633p, London, pp, 235-252. YL Oide (1991) Deer attacked by bears. Bulletin of Maruyama, N., K, Wada, & N. Kanzaki. (1995) Re- the Higashi Taisetsu Museum of Natural History, view of the 38th symposium of the mammalogical "Mamrnal (13):57-62, (in Japanese with English abstract) society of Japan Ecology Without Kaji, K., N. Ohtaishi, & T. Koizumi (1984) Popula- Wblves." Mammalian Science, 35:21-27. (in Japa- tion growth and its effect upon the fbrest used by nese)Maruyama,

sika deer on Nakanoshima Island in Lake [[bya, N. (1994) Why are forests damaged by Hokkaido. Acta Zoological Fennica, 172:203-205. animals? Forestry [Ibchniques, (633):2-6. (in Japa- Kanamori, H., J. Inoue, & YL Suto (1991) Stem bark nese)NHK damage of coniferous trees by antler rubbing of sika (1994) Closeup Gendai: the complete consump- deer. In: Maruyama et al. (Eds,); Proceedings of tion of nature by sika deen November 17, 21:30-

"Wildlife Vth INTECOL, 1990 Conservation", 22:OO, (In Japanese)

[fsukuba & Ybkohama, pp.114-115, Pate, J,, M, J, Manfredo, A. D. Bright, & G, Tischbein

Kanzaki, N., N, Maruyama, M. Koganezawa, & M. (1996) Coleradans' attitudes towaTd Teintroducing Taniguchi (1998) Tree barking by sika deer in the gray wolf into Colorado. Wild]ife Society Bul-

Nikko, [[bchigi prefecture. Wi]dlife Conservation letin, 24:421-28, Japan, 3:107-117. (in Japanese) Perzanowski, K (1995) The recovery of wolves in Kanzaki, N., N. Maruyama, & T. Inoue (1996) Japa- Nikko. Forest Call, (2): 26-27. (in Japanese) nese attitudes towards wolves and its recovery. Jour- Tucker, P. & D, Pletscher. (1989) Attitudes of hunters

nal of Wildlife Research, 1:268-271. and residents toward wolves in northwestern Mon-

Kellert, S. R. (1985) Public perception of predators, tana. Wi]dlife Society Bulletin, 17:509-514. particularly the wolf and . Biological Con- [fakahashi, N. & N. Maruyama. (1996) A compara- servation,31:167-189. tive study of residential patterns between wolf habi- Kellert, S. R. (1990) Public attitudes and beliefs about tat in Europe and potential wolf habitat in Japan. the wolf and itsrestoTation in Michigan. Yale Uni- Forest Call, (4):14-18. (in Japanese) versity School of FoTestry and Environmental Stud- Thompson, T. & G, Walt (1991) Attitudes of Wyo- ies, 102p, New Haven, Connecticut, ming residents on wolf reintroduction and Telated Kellert, R. S, (1991) Japanese perceptions of wildlife. issues. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 43p. Conservation Biology, 5:297-308. Cheyenne,Wyoming.

Li, YL, N. Maruyama, M. Koganezawa, & N, Kanzaki TV Asahi (1995) Misako Konno's natural museum:

(1996) WinteTing range expansion and increase of America's volcanic national parks, August 5, 11:20- sika deer in Nikko in response to global warming, 11:44. (In Japanese) Wildlife Conservation Japan, 2:23-35. United Nations (1995) United Nations Statistical Year- bohr, C., W. B. Ballard, & A. Bath (1996) Attitudes book 1993, Department for information and policy toward gray wolf reintroduction to New Brunswick. ana]ysis, statistical division. (data av. as of31 De- Wild]ife Society Bulletin, 24:414-420. cember 1994), 848p., United Nations, New Ybrk. Maruyama, N., K. Kaj i, & N. Kanzaki (1996) Review Yamane, K. (1993-1996) Wblf. Shinra, No.25-32. (In of the extirpation of wolves in Japan. Journal of Japanese)

Wildlife Research, 1:199-201. Yano [[lsuneta Memorial Foundation (1995) World Maruyama, N. & K. Tokida. (1996) The impact of Status Report. Kekuzeisha (publisher), pp,280-282. fbrestry on ungulates in Japan. In: Degraaf, R. M. (In Japanese) & R. I. Miller (eds,); Conservation of Faunal Di- Zimen, E, (1995) Der Wolf. [[lranslated by Imaizumi,

versity in Forested Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, M, Hakusuisha, 493p, Tbkyo. (In Japanese)

70

NII-Electronic Library Service Association ofofWUdlife Wildlife and Human Society

BiosphereConservation 1 (1), 1998

Appendix 1. Actual nurnber of the respondents to the attitude su rvey conducted during the sumrner and fall of 1996, divided by sex and age class,basedonoccupation.

Fema]e Male Unknown Occ-pation A e class 1Age cluss 2Age c]uss 3TtstalAge c]uss 1Age ctass 2Age cluss 3IbtaL (sexHndioragec]uss)Tbtal

Company Wdrker 82127 80168222S12210o2ISo916186134o2177128166 32661236o 119 331e2Ul7192294o423oIM 6211231Uo3{)oUo[][]36719716Y15111C)

StudentHousewifePub:icOfficial o 67

7 1 2111

11 39 68

OtherSelfEmp]oyed 26 69 16 39

o IB 16 35 S6

FishermunPrefesso[(notbiology} 7 22 o 1 23 46

7 21 12oo le 20 4t

EcologyResearcher U U 3 9 9

UnknownFurmerResearcher(notecology) 1 5 o v 8

o ooo11 1o 1 2 6 7

U [} 1o 2 5 s

DDctorBio]egyProfessor o 1o 1 1 4 5

o 1 o 2 2 3

taWYCTForester o oU 1 o o o () 1

[} [] o o e 1 1 1 Tbtal 26S224IS7649 1322411355US 19 1176

Appendix 2. Actual number of the respondents to the attitude survey conducted during the sumrner and fall of 1996, divided by sex and age

class, based on living area,

Femu]e Mate Unknowm LiyingAreuAge class 1Age class 2Age class 3Tbta]Age ctass 1Agectass2 Ae class 3fotal (sexand/oiageclass)fotut CityFuTmingVilluge 227 196 128 551 111 19g 115 425 142U3UU 990

8 14 18 4[J 10 20 8 38 80

Othe[UnknownFishingVitlage 16 lt 6 33 4 9 6 19 52

7 2 4 13 2 1 1 4 20

7 o e 7 2 7 2 ll 18

MountainVi]12ge s 1 1 5 3 s 3 11 16 lbtal 26S224157649 13224i135508 19 1,176

Appendix 3. Actual number of the respondents to the attitudc survey conducted d uring the sumrner and fa11 of 1996, divided by sex and age

class, based on living district.

Fcrnalc Ma]e Unknown District Age ctass 1Age cLass 2Age class 3fotalAge c]uss 1Agec]Hss2Age cLass 3Tbtat (sexand/oragoclass)fotat KantoHokkaidoTbhokuKinkiKyushuTbkaiChvgokuUnknowptChvbuShikokuOtherHokurikuRyukyu113 122 9411412144107329 5S2S1011214217o1[J3 54IS30176212 62151oo31ooooS47154142124

43 11 5S 54 97

32 28 74 27 67

26 27 65 26 54

34 6 S4 2 10 6S

7 10 21 15 o632e2 29 so

7 10 27 6 14 41

3 5 15 2 6 24

1 z oo 3 3 12 16

2 2 4 2 2 6

o 1 o 1 o2 1 3 4

e o o1 o o o 2 2

o () 1 o o o o 1 Tbta] 268224157"9 13224113550S 19 1,176

71

NII-Electronic Library Service