Being with Mushrooms

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Being with Mushrooms Being with Mushrooms Dwelling, Place and Personhood in the Mushroom Forests of the Greater Helsinki Region Elsa Anna Pauliina Marttinen University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Social and Cultural Anthropology Master’s Thesis May 2021 Abstract Faculty: Faculty of Social Sciences Degree programme: Master’s Programme in Society and Change Study track: Social and Cultural Anthropology Author: Elsa Anna Pauliina Marttinen Title: Being with Mushrooms – Dwelling, Place and Personhood in the Mushroom Forests of the Greater Helsinki Region Level: Master’s Thesis Month and year: May 2021 Number of pages: 84 + photographs Keywords: Mushrooms, dwelling, place, other-than-human agency, personhood, sociality Supervisor or supervisors: Andrew Graan, Toomas Gross, Agnese Bankovska Where deposited: University of Helsinki Library Abstract: This thesis examines the sociality between mushroom pickers and mushrooms in the Greater Helsinki region of Southern Finland. The focus of the thesis is on interspecies social relations and interaction, and there is an emphasis on the role of place in the material mediation of these relationships. Examining these relationships, a discussion then follows about whether these observations are enough to suggest a “mushroom personhood” in the cultural thought of mushroom enthusiasts. The thesis endeavors to further the understanding of the social interconnections of different lifeforms by examining how mushroomers and mushrooms engage with each other as well as their surroundings in the forest. The thesis is positioned within current debates over the possible causes and fixes for the global environmental crisis. The aim of the thesis is to shed light on the importance of context in mediating relationships between humans and other-than-humans, as well as to consider whether this interspecies sociality might have implications on understandings of personhood in the West. Fungi are a distinct kingdom of organisms, which include mushrooms. In this thesis, the term “mushroom” is used to refer to the visible fruiting bodies of a larger subterranean organism called the mycelium. Mushrooms are picked for sale, consumption, and various other purposes in many countries, and mushroom picking is a common hobby in Finland. The ethnographic data for this thesis was gathered through fieldwork among recreational mushroomers from the Greater Helsinki region over the period of two autumns in 2019 and 2020. This fieldwork comprised of participant observation with sixteen mushroom enthusiasts, supplemented by four recorded unstructured interviews. The ethnographic focus of the thesis is on how humans who engage in mushroom picking express their knowledge of the connections between different lifeforms, and how things like emotion, memory and experience inform their movement and decision-making in the forest. There is a special emphasis on how mushroomers speak about and to mushrooms, and how they describe their appearance and behavior. The primary theoretical framework for the thesis builds on Tim Ingold’s work in environmental anthropology, with a focus on the notion of dwelling. The dwelling perspective is employed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the interconnectedness of different lifeforms within their material environments. Special consideration is given to how the concept of “place” is created by—and conversely mediates—human– mushroom relationships. In this thesis, place is seen as a temporal concept fundamentally emergent in practice, created by an interplay of human and other-than-human activity in a material environment over time. The ethnographic evidence presented in this thesis points to significant sociality, respect, personification, and care between human mushroom pickers and mushrooms. Examples of such sociality range from the use of respectful and caring language in describing mushrooms, to directly speaking to the mushrooms themselves. Furthermore, the ethnographic data include examples of how mushroom pickers perceive mushroom behavior, appearance, and intentionality, and commonly use anthropomorphic language to describe them. The question of other-than-human personhood is discussed in relation to these observations, and the thesis suggests that mushrooms may indeed be considered relational persons within these highly social contexts. Sociality between humans and other species is often overlooked in research on Western societies, especially when it comes to fungi and other non-animals. The thesis presents an example of an attentive and respectful relationship between humans and other lifeforms within a contemporary Western sociocultural context and is thus positioned against the prevalent idea of a hyperseparation between nature and culture in the West. Tiivistelmä Tiedekunta: Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Koulutusohjelma: Yhteiskunnallisen muutoksen maisteriohjelma Opintosuunta: Sosiaali- ja kulttuuriantropologia Tekijä: Elsa Anna Pauliina Marttinen Työn nimi: Being with Mushrooms – Dwelling, Place and Personhood in the Mushroom Forests of the Greater Helsinki Region Työn laji: Maisterintutkielma Kuukausi ja vuosi: Toukokuu 2021 Sivumäärä: 84 + kuvat Avainsanat: Sienet, dwelling, paikka, muiden-kuin-ihmisten toimijuus, henkilöys, sosiaalisuus Ohjaaja tai ohjaajat: Andrew Graan, Toomas Gross, Agnese Bankovska Säilytyspaikka: Helsingin yliopiston kirjasto Tiivistelmä: Tässä tutkielmassa käsitellään sienestäjien ja sienten välistä sosiaalisuutta Helsingin seudulla Etelä-Suomessa. Tutkielmassa keskitytään lajienvälisiin sosiaalisiin suhteisiin ja vuorovaikutukseen, ja painotetaan erityisesti paikan roolia näiden suhteiden materiaalisena välittäjänä. Näitä suhteita tarkastelemalla tutkielmassa pohditaan, onko sieniharrastajien kulttuurisessa ajattelussa havaintojen perusteella mahdollista nähdä viitteitä ”sienten henkilöydestä”. Tutkielmassa pyritään edistämään ymmärrystä erilaisten elämänmuotojen sosiaalisista yhteyksistä tarkastelemalla, kuinka sienestäjät ja sienet kietoutuvat yhteen sekä toistensa että ympäristönsä kanssa. Tutkielma osallistuu ajankohtaisiin keskusteluihin maailmanlaajuisen ympäristökriisin mahdollisista syistä ja ratkaisuista. Tutkielman päämääränä on tuoda esiin kontekstin tärkeyttä ihmisten ja muiden olentojen suhteiden välittäjänä, sekä pohtia mitä implikaatioita tällä lajienvälisellä sosiaalisuudella voi olla henkilöyden käsitteen ymmärtämiselle läntisissä yhteiskunnissa. Sienet ovat erillinen eliökunta, joihin kuuluvat rihmastolliset sienet ja niiden tuottamat lisääntymiseen tarkoitetut itiöemät, joita tässä tutkielmassa kattavasti kutsutaan ”sieniksi”. Sieniä kerätään myyntiin, ravinnoksi, sekä moniin muihin tarkoituksiin lukuisissa maissa, ja sienestys on yleinen harrastus Suomessa. Tämä tutkielma perustuu Helsingin seudulla harrastelijasienestäjien keskuudessa tehtyyn etnografiseen kenttätyöhön. Kenttätyötä tehtiin kahden syksyn ajan vuosina 2019 ja 2020 ja siihen kuului osallistuvaa havainnointia kuudentoista sieniharrastajan kanssa, minkä lisäksi aineistoon kuuluu neljä nauhoitettua strukturoimatonta haastattelua. Tutkielman etnografinen fokus on tavoissa, joilla sienestävät ihmiset ilmaisevat tietoaan eri elämänmuotojen yhteyksistä, ja miten tunteet, muistot ja kokemukset vaikuttavat heidän liikkumiseensa ja päätöksentekoonsa metsässä. Erityishuomiota on annettu sille, miten sienestäjät puhuvat sienistä ja sienille, ja kuinka he kuvailevat niiden ulkonäköä ja käyttäytymistä. Tutkielman pääasiallinen teoreettinen kehys pohjautuu Tim Ingoldin työlle ympäristöantropologian alalla, ja erityisesti ”dwellingin” käsite on merkittävässä osassa. Dwelling on perspektiivi, jonka avulla pyritään kattavaan ymmärrykseen eri elämänmuotojen yhteyksistä niiden materiaalisissa ympäristöissä. Erityishuomiota on annettu sille, miten ”paikka” käsitteenä on samanaikaisesti yhtäältä ihmisten ja sienten välisten suhteiden luoma, ja toisaalta toimii näiden suhteiden välittäjänä. ”Paikka” nähdään tutkielmassa olennaisesti temporaalisena konseptina, joka kehittyy ajan mittaa käytännön kautta ihmisten ja muiden olentojen toimiessa yhdessä materiaalisissa ympäristöissä. Tässä tutkielmassa esitelty etnografinen aineisto viittaa merkittävään sosiaalisuuteen, kunnioitukseen, personifikaatioon ja välittämiseen sienestävien ihmisten ja sienten välillä. Esimerkkejä tästä sosiaalisuudesta ovat muun muassa kunnioittava ja välittävä kieli, jolla sieniä kuvaillaan, sekä se, että sienestäjät puhuvat suoraan sienille. Lisäksi etnografinen aineisto sisältää erimerkkejä siitä, millä tavoin sienestäjät käsittävät ja kuvailevat sienten käyttäytymistä, ulkonäköä, tai intentioita inhimillistävän kielen kautta. Näihin esimerkkeihin nojaten, tutkielmassa käsitellään muiden-kuin-ihmisten henkilöyttä ja esitetään, että sieniä voidaan pitää relationaalisina henkilöinä tämänkaltaisissa erityisen sosiaalisissa konteksteissa. Läntisissä yhteiskunnissa usein sivuutetaan ihmisten ja muiden lajien välinen sosiaalisuus erityisesti sienistä ja muista eläinkunnan ulkopuolisista olennoista puhuttaessa. Tässä tutkielmassa esitellään esimerkki huomaavaisesta ja kunnioittavasta suhteesta ihmisten ja muiden elämänmuotojen välillä nykyaikaisessa läntisessä sosiokulttuurisessa kontekstissa. Täten tutkielma on asettunut vastustamaan laajalti hyväksyttyä käsitystä jyrkästä läntisestä eronteosta kulttuurin ja luonnon välillä. Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ - 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................
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