EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION & SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE Copyright Third party copyright
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In referencing this document, the preferred citation is:
Plant Health Australia Ltd (2021) Exotic pest identification and surveillance guide for tropical horticulture (Version 1.0 February, 2021). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT.
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This initiative is part of the Australian Government’s Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, the government’s plan for stronger farmers and a stronger economy. EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
Contents About this guide 5
SECTION 1: BIOSECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE 6
Entering and leaving the farm: key points to remember 6
Cleaning and disinfecting 8 What type of disinfectant should be used? 9
Surveillance techniques 10
Visual observation techniques 10 How to survey an orchard 10 How to assess plants in the urban and peri-urban environment 11 How to assess fruit in packing sheds 12 Post-harvest sampling guidelines 12 Inspection inside packing sheds 12 Destructive examination of fruit 12 Trapping surveys 13
Recording survey results 13
Reporting 14
What to do with a suspected pest 14 Insects and arthropods 14 Diseased plant material 14
3 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
SECTION 2: IDENTIFICATION OF KEY EXOTIC PESTS 16 How to use this guide 16 Exotic fruit fly 17 Multiple crops 18 Avocado 20 Banana 48 Citrus 70 Lychee 100 Mango 118 Melons 152 Papaya 164 Passionfruit 174 Pineapple 184 Vegetables 188 Glossary 204
4 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
About this guide The growing rates of world-wide travel and trade, the geographical spread of pests and the intensification of agriculture and horticulture means there are increasing risks of exotic pests entering and establishing in Australia. The presence of several high priority exotic pests in countries in proximity to northern Australia also increases the risk through spread by natural and assisted pathways. Conducting surveys (inspecting) crops for signs of new pests is one way you can protect Australia’s plant industries from exotic pests, as early detection and reporting can minimise the pest’s impact by improving the chances of successfully containing or eradicating them. This guide is in two sections: • Biosecurity and surveillance – describes key aspects of on-farm biosecurity and how to undertake pest surveillance
• Identification of key exotic pests – provides information on the high priority exotic pests for several of the horticultural crops grown in northern Australia.
The guide has been developed to increase your awareness of these pests and provide you with information on what to do if you suspect you have found one.
Definitions Biosecurity is the management of risks to The definition of a plant pest used within the economy, the environment, and the this document covers any species, strain or community, of pests entering, establishing biotype of invertebrate pest or pathogen or spreading. injurious to plants, plant products or bees or impacting social amenity or the Biosecurity can be implemented off-shore, environment. at the border and on-farm. By implementing biosecurity measures in your day-to-day Exotic pests are those not currently in operations, you will improve your own Australia. properties biosecurity and that of your region, Established pests are those present in while minimising production losses and Australia. unnecessary costs.
5 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
Before you travel onto a farm, follow these SECTION 1: steps to help stop the spread of pests: BIOSECURITY 1. Make sure you have permission from the AND SURVEILLANCE owner or manager before you enter. 2. Make sure things are clean – clothes, Biosecurity is everyone’s responsibility. vehicles, equipment. This means whenever you enter a farm or 3. Never bring any plants or plant material other business you have a responsibility to onto the farm unless you have permission make sure you are not accidentally moving and know their history. pests or diseases onto or off the property. 4. Make sure you visit the office or packing The following information provides details shed before you move to any other part of on the procedures to follow when entering or the farm. leaving farms when conducting surveillance. 5. Where possible, leave your vehicle in a designated parking area and use a vehicle provided by the business when moving Entering and leaving the around the farm. farm: key points to 6. Make sure you fully understand the biosecurity procedures in operation on remember each farm you visit. 7. If in doubt, stay out. Every farm is different. While some farms only grow a single type of crop, many will have a number of different crops. Each crop will have a range of pests, some that may be already present in or near the property. These established pests are managed by growers using a range of management controls. One of your roles is to make sure you do nothing to assist the movement of pests or diseases onto or off the farm. While the focus of biosecurity is often on exotic pests, pests that are in another region within Australia or another farm are also important. Using biosecurity measures on-farm improves the management of current pests and ensures that the entry of new pests is minimised. Keeping each farm free from new pests is the everyone’s responsibility.
Source: AUSVEG 6 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
Lorem ipsum
Production Zone
Access Zone
Separation Zone
Fencing
Growing Area
Road Gate
Biosecurity Signage
Foot Bath
Sig-in Log Book
Changing Area
Changing Area
Crops
Windbreak Plants
Water Source
Waste
Soil
Compost
Water Storage
Water Treatment
Vegetable Pallet
Source: AUSVEG
Farm Biosecurity Follow all biosecurity policies when entering For example, zones can be established or leaving production areas. To minimise between more public areas (e.g. houses, the risk of accidentally introducing pests sheds etc.) and production (orchards, into new areas there should be separation greenhouses, etc.) areas. Access between between production and non-production zones can be controlled. (e.g. ask people to areas with steps in place, such as wash- disinfect or use foot baths/wash downs) down areas, to reduce the risk of pest entry. in such as way as to minimize the risk of introducing or spreading pests. Establishing zones within the property can be beneficial for reducing the risk of introducing or spreading pests within the farm.
7 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
Cleaning and disinfecting The cleanliness you need to maintain should be based on the risk profile of the crop and range of new pests that may affect it. 1. Vehicles should be clean, including the tyres. There should be no mud or soil; no plants or plant material. Check for hitch hiking insects (e.g. leafhoppers) that may be on or in the vehicle. Where necessary, spray tyres with an appropriate disinfectant (or use a vehicle washdown facility to remove soil or mud, and then disinfect). 2. Machinery should be clean, with no mud or soil; no plants or plant material. For machinery that comes in contact with plants when used, cleaning should be followed by spraying with an appropriate disinfectant. This is also important for machinery such as mechanical hedgers which often move between orchards. 3. Equipment should be cleaned before leaving the farm. Disinfect equipment that comes into contact with plants such as pruning shears. 4. Clothing and footwear should be clean (fungal spores can travel on clothing). Footwear should be clean and disinfected when needed. For high-risk sites (like glass houses or nurseries), provide footwear for use on that site. 5. Plants and planting material should only be used if you know its history and where it comes from.
Remember: Clean first, then disinfect, because the presence of soil and plant matter may lower the effectiveness of the disinfectant
8 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
What type of disinfectant should be used? There are a range of suitable disinfectants available. The type of crop and the diseases that can affect it will influence the type of disinfectant you choose to use. The following (Table 1) is a selection of available disinfectants. Note, products must always be used according to instructions on labels or in permits issued by the Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA).
Table 1: Examples of suitable disinfectants Active Example products1 Notes Didecyl dimethyl ammonium Steri-Max Biocide A broad-spectrum disinfectant active chloride (DDAC) SporeKill against bacteria and fungi. Shown by Queensland Department of Agriculture Des-o-germ SP and Fisheries (QDAF) to be effective Path-X against spores that cause Panama disease including chlamydospores, the longest-lived type of spores.
Used for disinfecting footwear, Potassium peroxymonosulfate Virkon S surfaces and equipment. Is effective and sodium chloride against viruses, bacteria and fungi.
A broad-spectrum disinfectant, Sodium hypochlorite Household bleach suitable for use in footbaths and for
disinfecting tools. When disinfecting
metal tools always rinse with fresh
clean water afterwards as bleach can cause corrosion.
Please note: some disinfectants may not be effective against all fungal spores. Some diluted products need to be refreshed regularly as chlorine may volatilise causing the product to become less effective over time.
1. Note. These are examples only and this is not an endorsement of specific products.
For more information Check the APVMA Public Chemical Registration Information System Search (PubCRIS) database (portal.apvma.gov.au/pubcris).
9 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
Surveillance techniques Visual observation techniques The sooner you find a pest or disease, the Visual surveillance is the most common sooner you can act. That’s why surveillance surveillance technique and can be used to is so important. As the number of pest and detect all pests. The following describes the disease incidents increases throughout basic methods for conducting visual surveys. the world, the importance of surveillance increases. How to survey an orchard The following information has been 1. If there are fewer than 50 plants, developed to provide advice on methods check each for symptoms.
of surveillance. These methods can be 2. If there are more than 50 plants, select adapted to the particular crop you are blocks to survey based on which block growing. is most likely to be infected. These include:
The type of surveillance you do will depend - sites near entry points to the property upon the crop, the pest and the amount of - areas of higher traffic time you have available. - blocks or edges of blocks facing prevailing wind and rain. For horticultural crops, there are broadly three types of surveillance: 3. Survey trees randomly using a transect or W pattern across each block until up to 1. Visual observation in the field 50 plants have been inspected. Also include 2. Trapping or sample collection in the field or plants along the sides of the block, adjacent facilities (e.g. packing shed) especially the side that faces the prevailing wind and rain. Also focus on edges of blocks 3. Post-harvest inspection of fruit, which next to native vegetation or shelter belts. may include destructive sampling. If you are a grower, agronomist, or crop consultant, it is likely most of your surveil- lance activities will be for established pests which impact production or affect access to markets. Surveillance for exotic pests is equally important to protect Australia’s plant industries and give the best chance of successful eradication. Recording the absence of exotic pests is important as it can be used to protect or maintain market access by showing that a If you have more than 50 plants, randomly pest is absent from a specific area. inspect up to 50 plants per block following a transect (yellow), W pattern (red), or your normal scouting route. If symptoms of an exotic pest or disease are seen contact the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline
10 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
4. On each tree, scan leaves, twigs, How to assess plants in the urban branches and fruit (if present) for symptoms of the pest you are and peri-urban environment targeting, or if you are conducting 1. Select host plants to sample at random. general surveillance, look for signs of any pest or disease damage. 2. Scan leaves, twigs, branches, flowers, fruit (if present) on the selected plant for 5. If the pest is a pest of fruit, randomly symptoms. sample fruit to inspect for pests. It is also a good idea to inspect any fallen fruit for 3. If you are looking for a multiple pests and symptoms. diseases, then inspect all parts of the tree/plant. If looking for a specific pest, 6. Record results, noting the: then your surveillance will be influenced • name of the survey or by the habit of the pest. • location of survey (geocode preferred) 4. If the pest is in fruit, sample fruit for its • date of the survey presence. Sometimes, destructive sampling may be needed. It is also • number of targeted pests detected important to inspect fallen fruit for • life stage of pest symptoms. • number of plants/percentage of crop 5. Record results, noting the: surveyed • name of the survey or • host crop • location of survey (geocode preferred) • pest/s targeted • date of the survey • presence or absence of each pest • host crop being surveyed. • pest/s targeted • life stage of pest Geocoding • number of plants/percentage of crop Geocoding refers to recording the surveyed geographic coordinates (decimal • presence or absence of each pest degrees of latitude and longitude) being surveyed. of a physical location.
When conducting surveillance, you can use your smart phone to capture the latitude and longitude of your position or you can use Google Maps on your computer and turn an address into geographic coordinates.
For further information on finding geographic coordinates for surveillance refer to: https://www.planthealthaustralia. com.au/Finding-coordinates-for-use-in- surveillance-FS 11 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
How to assess fruit in packing For example, whether it’s for the businesses own Quality Control standards, or a sheds requirement for supplying a market. 1. In packing sheds, inspect fruit for signs of For some export markets, a 2 per cent pest activity or disease (Table 2). (or 600 unit) sample is required. This rate is likely to be suitable for most packing shed 2. Inspect a sample of fruit from each block or orchard (waste fruit may be surveillance activities. appropriate for this). Inspection inside packing sheds 3. Destructive sampling of fruit with Inspection of fruit should be undertaken in a blemishes or entry/exit holes plus a clean quite area of the shed with good light minimum number of fruit (sample size and away from packing operations. depends on the volume being packed). Lighting – either natural or artificial – must be 4. Record results, noting the: adequate to ensure you can see pests or • name of the surveyor pathogens, and the entry or exit points for eggs, larvae etc. • location of the survey (and origin of fruit if known) Destructive examination of fruit • date of the survey You may need to examine fruit – by cutting it • host crop open – if there is evidence of a pest, damage, • pest/s targeted or breakdown plant tissue. Even if there is no visible damage, randomly selected fruit • presence or absence of each pest should be cut open to verify that the pest is being surveyed. absent. The number of pieces of fruit required will depend on the business quality control Post-harvest sampling guidelines standards or market requirements. The number of samples you need to take will Usually, a conical cut will avoid damaging depend on the surveillance rates that are specimens of the pest. Magnification and /or needed. cuts should be used to verify detections made by visual inspection.
Table 2: Pest and disease symptoms and possible causes Symptom Possible cause Chewed product Insects such as caterpillars Soft spots and rot in fruit Fruit fly or disease Sting marks Fruit fly Holes Borers or weevils Webbing Caterpillars such as loopers or leaf rollers Speckling on the leaf or blemishes on product Mites, thrips or aphids Sticky honeydew and sooty mould (fine black powder) Aphids, mealy bug Uneven yellowing of leaf or spots on product Virus Powdery appearance Fungus, mildew
Galls (swellings or nodules) Gall wasp or nematodes 12 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
Trapping surveys Recording survey results Trapping surveys are used to monitor for It is important you record both presence and pests that are difficult to see or pests absence of the pests and pathogens that you that need to be regularly monitored for are looking for. Data about the absence of a management purposes. pest is important, as it can be used to prove that a pest is not present in a specified area. Traps should be positioned according to To help support claims of area freedom and instructions and must be regularly inspected. facilitate trade in the event of pest detections. Generally, traps should be placed so they are easy to access (in terms of trap height and Standards for recording need to be maintained location on the property) and marked with and information collected according to national flagging tape so they can be easily found standards. Below is a list of the minimum data again. For most pests weekly or fortnightly fields that should be collected: trap inspections are appropriate. • name of the person surveying When using traps as a surveillance method, • location of the survey/site of traps – the catch needs to be linked to the trap. geocode is preferred For this to occur, each trap needs to be • date labelled with a unique identifier and the • host crop catch from that trap must be identified with • pests being looked for that unique identifier. • presence or absence of each pest • any additional notes.
All fields must be filled in. Where information for a field is not available, then that should be noted: the field should not be left blank as this may lead to confusion. For packing shed surveys you should record: • packing shed location, including physical location and GPS co-ordinates • owner or manager’s name and contact details • sample date(s) and time(s) • sample size e.g. total consignment (line) size and sample number • description of fruit sampled and description of overall consignment (line) • general comments on consignment or line quality.
13 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
Reporting MyPestGuideTM Reporter TM The early detection and reporting of a MyPestGuide Reporter is a simple possible exotic pest or disease is critical to use application for reporting to maximise the chance of eradication or observations of pests, including containment. If you see a pest or disease exotics. The application can be used you don’t recognise, don’t hesitate to seek online or downloaded from: advice. www.agric.wa.gov.auappsmypest guide-reporter If you see something that may be an exotic pest, then you need to report it. That means if you are working on-farm, you should report finds to the owner or manager. The owner or manager is responsible for reporting it to the department of agriculture or primary industry, or to the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline 1800 084 881.
What to do with a suspected Diseased plant material pest! If you do spot unusual disease symptoms, Insects and arthropods then there are steps you should follow. If you spot something unusual, there are • If the symptoms appear to be a disease, steps you should follow. do not try to collect a sample until you have received advice on how to sample • If it is an insect or similar, try to collect a to avoid spreading the suspected sample of all life stages present pathogen. (e.g. maggots, larvae, adults). • Take photos of the symptoms. • Store the sample in a closed bottle or container to prevent escape. • Record the location and time of collection. You can use GPS coordinates • Record the location and time of or another method (e.g. row number, collection. You can use a geocode or number of trees from end of row). another method (e.g. row number, number of trees from end of row). • If you do have samples, ensure they are double-bagged (i.e. a bag inside another • Keep samples in a cool place. bag) to minimise the risk of an accident • Contact your local department of primary spreading the pathogen. industries, or if unavailable consult with • Keep samples in a cool place. an experienced person (e.g. crop monitor, • Contact your local department of primary horticulturist) for advice on identification industries, or if unavailable consult with or transport of samples. an experienced person (e.g. crop monitor,
horticulturist) for advice on identification
or transport of samples.
14 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
15 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
SECTION 2: IDENTIFICATION OF KEY EXOTIC PESTS
How to use this guide The following pest identification pages provide images of the pest or images of disease symptoms, as well as a brief description of how to interpret the descriptions and icons. The brief descriptions include: Where is it now? The countries/areas the pest or disease is currently located. The list of locations is not comprehensive as some pests are widely distributed throughout the world. How does it travel? A brief description of how the pest/disease moves from one site to another. Where will I see it? A description of the part of the plant where the pest is usually located. Alternate hosts in Australia Many pests and diseases have multiple host crops. This lists some of the alternate hosts. What will I see? This is a brief description of the pest, crop damage and/or symptoms. When will I see it? A brief description of the crop stage when the pest/disease usually present. What could it be confused with? Some exotic pests and diseases can be confused with established pests and diseases, or other symptoms caused by environmental factors.
16 EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE FOR TROPICAL HORTICULTURE
This guide principally contains information on the high priority pests of a range of crops Exotic fruit fly grown in northern Australia. While there are There are over 4,000 species of fruit flies in the many more exotic pests, most of the pests family Tephritidae, of which approximately 350 in this guide have been categorised as high species are of economic importance. More than priority pests by industry, based on a number 300 species of fruit fly occur in Australia although of parameters, including: only a few of these have been found to have any • likelihood of pest entry degree of economic impact, with Queensland • likelihood of pest establishment fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) and Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) being the species of primary • likelihood of pest spread economic concern. Because there are so many • potential economic impact. species of fruit fly and only some have Once the probabilities of entry, establishment importance to horticulture it is important that and spread have been estimated for the identification is undertaken by an experienced pest, and an assessment of the likely fruit fly taxonomist. economic consequences has been made, Australia is free from many species that impact this information is combined to achieve an horticultural production elsewhere. Neighbouring overall risk rating. This guide highlights pests countries in south-east Asia the Torres Strait and that have an extreme or high risk rating. the South Pacific are home to numerous species This guide highlights many important exotic of fruit fly that pose a risk to Australia. pests. There are many more exotic pests, but Rapid diagnosis of these flies, should they at this time they are not rated as high priority arrive in Australia, is therefore critical to pests. These ratings are reviewed regularly, containing and eradicating outbreaks. You can and will be amended when circumstances help by responding any unusual fruit fly detector demand. to your state/territory department of agriculture. Factsheets in this guide have been grouped For a description of many of these exotic fruit by host plant and then sorted taxonomically fly, see the Australian Handbook for the and alphabetically by common name. Identification of Fruit Flies (Version 3.1). Pests appear in the following order: This is available on the Fruit Fly ID Australia website fruitflyidentification.org.au/identify/ • Mites (Order: Acari) handbook or the Plant Health Australia website • Beetles (Order: Coleoptera) planthealthaustralia.com.au • Flies and midges (Order: Diptera) • True bugs (Order: Hemiptera) • Snails (Class: Gastropoda) • Butterflies and moths (Order: Lepidoptera) • Thrips (Order: Thysanoptera)
Pathogens appear in the following order: • Bacteria • Fungi and water moulds • Viruses and viroids.
17 18 MULTIPLE CROPS Fruit Where willIseeit? Fruit, flight How does ittravel? Species occur worldwide. Where isitnow? active for some time,rotting fruit. fruit and,where larvae have been Symptoms includeentry holeson species canlay eggsinunripefruit. fruit, althoughsomeexotic Often associatedwithripening burrow into thefleshoffruit. in fruitskin.Larvae hatchand long. Females oviposit (lay) eggs Adult fruitfliesare around 5-6mm What willIsee? Various species Exotic fruitflies FRUIT FRUIT FLIGHT
Also onfallenfruit. Fruit development toharvest. When willIseeit? exotic fruitflies. Most fruitingcrops are vulnerableto Alternate hostsinAustralia taxonomist. be undertaken by anexperienced suspected exotic fruitflyshould of Fruit Flies.Identification ofa Handbook for theIdentification please refer toTheAustralian information onexotic fruitflies, should beinvestigated. For more fruit fliesorunusualbehavours in larval stages.Any unusuallooking Fruit flieslookvery similar, especially What could itbeconfused with? FLOWERING TO FLOWERING TO HARVEST
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Melon fruit fly Melon fruit fly
Florida Division of Plant Industry Archive, Florida Merle Shepard, Gerald R. Carner, and PAC Ooi, Insects and Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, their Natural Enemies Associated with Vegetables and Bugwood.org Soybean in Southeast Asia, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Papaya fly Papaya fly
Jeffrey W. Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and Florida Division of Plant Industry Archive, Florida Consumer Services, Bugwood.org Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org
19 20 AVOCADO Leaves, stems,fruit Where willIseeit? Plant material How does ittravel? Portugal, Spain,Israel,CanaryIslands. Mexico, UnitedStates, Costa Rica, Where isitnow? confused withsixspotted mitedamage. damage early intheseasoncanbe viewed from adistance. Persea mite appear lighter coloured overall when leaf. Heavily infested canopiescan silvery spot on theundersideof surface. Webbing resembles a become visibleontheupperleaf the lower leafsurface. Thesespots circular chlorotic to 0.5 mmlong).Look for discrete Adult mitesare very small (about What willIsee? PLANT MATERIAL Oligonychus persea Persea mite LEAVES BRANCH/STEMS
brown spots FRUIT
on on
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? web canopies. mites donot form denselylayered spotted mites.However, sixspotted Persea miteslooksimilartosix What could itbeconfused with? Alternate hostsinAustralia acacia. Host rangeincludescitrus,stonefruit, PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Persea mite damage seen on top Persea mite damage seen on underside surface of leaf of leaf
Scot Nelson, University of Hawaii Scot Nelson, University of Hawaii 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Persea mites
Jack Kelly Clark, courtesy University of California Statewide IPM
21 22 AVOCADO lead topremature fruitdrop. on theseed,damagingfruit,andcan long) andfeed onfoliage. Larvae feed Adult weevils are large (12-15mm What willIsee? Leaves, stems,fruit Where willIseeit? Plant material,fruit How does ittravel? Mexico, Central America. Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Helipus lauri Large seedweevil, avocado seedweevil LEAVES BRANCH/STEMS FRUIT FRUIT investigated. Any seed feeding pestsshouldbe of pests,diseasesandabiotic factors. Fruit drop canbecausedby arange What could itbeconfused with? hosts. No other significant alternative Alternate hostsinAustralia Flowering tofruitharvest. When willIseeit? FLOWERING TO FLOWERING TO HARVEST
Large seed weevil, avocado seed weevil EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE Helipus lauri EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Adult large seed weevil
Valentina Diaz Grisales, EPPO
23 24 AVOCADO to premature fruitdrop. seed, damagingfruit,andcanlead feed onfoliage. Larvae feed on the Adult weevils are 3-4mmlongand What willIsee? Leaves, stems,fruit Where willIseeit? Plant material,fruit How does ittravel? Mexico, Nicaragua,Florida. Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seedweevil LEAVES BRANCH/STEMS FRUIT FRUIT Flowering tofruitharvest. When willIseeit? investigated. Any seed feeding pestsshouldbe of pests,diseasesandabiotic factors. Fruit drop canbecausedby arange What could itbeconfused with? host plant. Guava reported asanalternative Alternate hostsinAustralia FLOWERING TO FLOWERING TO HARVEST
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Small avocado seed weevil
Lindsey Seastone, Museum Collections: Coleoptera, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org
25 26 AVOCADO the deathofplant. honeydew, leaf andfruitfall,theproduction of (yellowing), distortion,stunting, early Infestations causeleafchlorosis and covered inawhitesubstance. Papaya mealybugsare 1-2mmlong What willIsee? Leaves, stems,fruit Where willIseeit? Plant material How does ittravel? Central America. Africa, Asia,Florida,Hawaii, Widespread, includingsouthern Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealybug LEAVES
sooty mould BRANCH/ STEMS
and possibly FRUIT
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? with papaya mealybug. Other mealybugscanbeconfused What could itbeconfused with? mango, papaya, pineapple. Wide hostrangeincludingcitrus, Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Papaya mealybugs. Note white material covering the bugs and leaf
Peggy Greb, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org
27 28 AVOCADO twigs andmay killsmalltrees. absence offruits,larvae canburrow into before thefungalinfection occurs. Inthe In more susceptible cultivars, fruitsfall the skin.Thefruitmay drop prematurely. seen around theholeandcover someof dark around thehole.Whitefungicanbe evident andtheskinoffruitbecomes bore into thepulpandseed.Frass is holes intheskinoffruitwhere larvae and yellow-tan coloured wings.Look for Adult moths have an8-15mmwingspan What willIsee? Leaves, twigs,fruit Where willIseeit? Plant material,fruit How does ittravel? Central andSouthAmerica. Widespread, includingcountries in Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Stenoma catenifer Avocado fruitborer, avocado seedmoth LEAVES TWIGS FRUIT FRUIT
Flowering tofruitharvest. When willIseeit? should beinvestigated. Any internal fruitfeeding pests of pests,diseasesandabiotic factors. Fruit drop canbecausedby arange What could itbeconfused with? alternative hostplant. Camphor laurel isreported asan Alternate hostsinAustralia FLOWERING TO HARVEST Avocado fruit borer, avocado seed moth EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE Stenoma catenifer EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Adult avocado seed moth Avocado seed moth damage. Note holes in fruit
Mark S. Hoddle, University of California Mark S. Hoddle, University of California 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Avocado seed moth larvae in fruit Avocado seed moth damage to fruit
Mark S. Hoddle, University of California Mark S. Hoddle, University of California
29 30 AVOCADO apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana ). identical tothatcausedby in thelarval nest.Larval damageis nearly leaves, buds,and fruit.Pupationoccurs leaves webbed together. Larvae feed on masses. Look for shoot tipsorrolled Females lay upto150eggsinsmooth to 25mmandare agray-brown colour. Adult moths have awingspanofup What willIsee? Leaves, stems,flower, fruit Where willIseeit? Plant material,fruit How does ittravel? New Zealand. Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL INFLORESCENCES Ctenopseustis obliquana(syn Brown headedleafroller FLOWERS/ LEAVES
BRANCH/STEMS FRUIT FRUIT
light brown light brown
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? light brown applemoth. by non-invasive leafrollers suchas difficult todistinguishfrom damage Leafroller damageonplants isvery What could itbeconfused with? stone fruit,eucalyptus, acacia. Wide hostrangeincludingmacadamia, Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT CYCLE . C.herana) EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Brown headed leafroller
Todd M. Gilligan and Marc E. Epstein, Tortricids of Agricultural Importance, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Brown headed leafroller
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org
31 32 AVOCADO the fruitgrows. young fruit, elongatedscarsform as ance. Whenavocado thripsdamage a characteristic‘alligatorskin’ appear covers theentire fruitsurface producing scarring onthefruitwhich, when severe, can alsocauseleafdrop. Brown surface between leafveins. Severe infestation is observed in random patterns thrips increase innumber, bronzing appear alongleafveins and,asthe mm long).Symptoms of leafdamage Avocado thripsare very small(0.5-1.5 What willIsee? Leaves, flowers, fruit Where willIseeit? Flight, plant material,fruit How does ittravel? Mexico, UnitedStates, Guatemala. Where isitnow? Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips LEAVES FLIGHT PLANT MATERIAL INFLORESCENCES FLOWERS/
FRUIT FRUIT
- Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? observed onupper leafsurfaces. and immature stagesare readily from mostthripsinthatadult Avocado thripsare alsodifferent an entomologist for identification. above description shouldbesent to to Australiasoany thripsfittingthe However, thisspeciesisalsoexotic to theCalifornian speciesS.aceri. Avocado thripsare similarincolour What could itbeconfused with? Alternate hostsinAustralia hosts. No other significant alternative PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Fruit damage caused by avocado thrips Avocado thrips
David Rosen, University of California Statewide IPM Project Jack Kelly Clark, UC Statewide IPM Program 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Fruit damage caused by avocado thrips
Mark S. Hoddle, University of California Riverside, Bugwood.org
33 34 AVOCADO Whole plant Where willIseeit? Plant material,soil How does ittravel? passionfruit, somevegetables. Wide hostrangeincludingmango, Alternate hostsinAustralia Mexico, UnitedStates (California). Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Pseudomonas syringae pv complex Bacterial canker complex, avocado blast SOIL syringae, Pantoea agglomerans, Xanthomonas campestris and low yields. trees may have pale,sparsefoliage branches ortrunk.Severely affected extending deeperinto thecentre of streaks inthebark,butsometimes above andbelow thelesions. Necrotic Dark streaks inthewood radiateout surface, whichmay contain liquid. brown necrotic pocket underthebark branch. in alineononesideoftrunkor the lesion.Cankers spread upward leaving awhitepowder around orover Fluid thatoftenoozes anddries, Bark around cankers may becracked. vary insize from 2-10 cmindiameter. sunken, darkareas onthebarkthat Bacterial cankers thatare slightly What willIsee? Symptoms are reasonably distinct. What could itbe confused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? PLANT CYCLE
There isadecayed, reddish
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Trunk symptoms caused by avocado bacterial canker
David Rosen, University of California Statewide IPM Program
35 36 AVOCADO hosts. No other significant alternative Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves, fruit Where willIseeit? Plant material How does ittravel? Morocco, southern Africa, Philippines. North, Central andSouthAmerica, Widespread worldwide including Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Elsinoe perseae Avocado scab LEAVES FRUIT physical damagesuchaswindrub. Avocado scabcanbeconfused with What could itbeconfused with? disease progresses. disease progresses. rough areas over thefruitsurface asthe Spots enlarge andmerge toform large in shape,brown topurplish-brown. fruit are corky, raised,oval orirregular twigs andfruitpedicels. Earlyspots on and stunted. Lesions onleafpetioles, progresses, leaves become distorted may alsobepresent. Asthedisease into star-like patterns.Shot-holes main veins, thatmay coalesce (merge) concentrated alongthemidrib and Small discrete lesionswhichare often What willIsee? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Avocado scab symptoms Avocado scab symptoms
Randy Ploetz, University of Florida Randy Ploetz, University of Florida 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Leaf symptoms caused by avocado scab
Ken Pegg, QDAF
37 38 AVOCADO Trunk, branches Where willIseeit? United States, Mexico. Where isitnow? Plant material,soil How does ittravel? the trunkandbranches.Alsoaffects fruit. ( rot resemble thoseofphytophthora root or below ground level. Symptoms Discoloured bark,cracked orfissured at What willIsee? PLANT MATERIAL Phytophthora mengei Bark canker TRUNK P. cinnamomi),butmay be3mup BRANCH/ SOIL STEMS
hosts. No other significant alternative up thetrunkandbranches. P. cinnamomi,butmay be3metres Symptoms resemble thoseof What could itbeconfused with? Alternate hostsinAustralia Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Symptoms of bark canker. Close-up of bark canker Note discolouration of bark
Randy Ploetz, University of Florida John Menge, University of California 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Symptoms of bark canker with bark Symptoms of bark canker with bark removed removed
John Menge, University of California Randy Ploetz, University of Florida
39 40 AVOCADO Whole plant Where willIseeit? Plant material,soil How does ittravel? not absorbthe moisture. long afterrain,becausethe tree does beneath affected trees remains wet commonly fallasthey mature. Thesoil stalks affected by ring-neck lesions at orbelow ground level. Fruit with appear darkbrown andwater soaked, remain. Trunk cankers, ifpresent, only remnants oftheroot system brittle anddead.Inadvanced stages, Young feeder roots thatare blackand What willIsee? Chile, Europe, New Zealand. Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora blight SOIL
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? drainage. Phytophthora root rot andpoor Some symptoms resemble What could itbeconfused with? various other ornamentals. pine, magnolia,rhododendron, Wide rangeofhostsincludingradiata Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
What could it be confused with? Symptoms of phytophthora blight with bark removed Forest Research, United Kingdom Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org Some symptoms resemble Phytophthora root rot and poor drainage. 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Leaf symptoms of phytophthora blight
Forest Research, United Kingdom Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org
41 42 AVOCADO Whole plant Where willIseeit? Parts ofAsia,North America,Europe. Where isitnow? Plant material,water, soil How does ittravel? to thedeathofwholecrown. necrosis (areas ofdeadtissue) leads oozing onthebarksurface. Stem stem cankers withred toblacksap starting attheleaftip.Trees may have spots orblotches withfuzzymargins, blackened shoots, withdarkbrown Leaves andwholeplants may have What willIsee? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oakdeath,ramorumleafblight WATER/RAIN SOIL
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? lesions, insteadofdistinctleafspots. characterised by irregular, necrotic In general,suddenoakdeathis with infections ofother pathogens. Foliar symptoms canbeconfused by anumberoffungalpathogens. Bleeding stemcankers canbecaused What could itbeconfused with? Hosts includeblueberry. Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Leaf symptoms caused by sudden oak death
Joseph O’Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Trunk canker caused by sudden oak death
Bruce Moltzan, Missouri Department of Conservation, Bugwood.org
43 44 AVOCADO Whole plant Where willIseeit? Japan, Myanmar. United States, south-eastAsia, Where isitnow? Insect vectors, plant material How does ittravel? streaking inthe Wilted stemsandleaves anddark What willIsee? WHOLE PLANT Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt VECTORS INSECT INSECT
PLANT MATERIAL
wood. Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? bay tree. Various includingcamphorlaurel and laurel wiltusuallydonot recover. common, whereas thoseaffected by of trees from verticillium wiltis dahliae). However, complete recovery verticillium wilt(caused by Verticillium Symptoms resemble thoseof What could itbeconfused with? Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Leaf symptoms caused by laurel wilt Wood streaking caused by laurel wilt
Andrew Geering, QDAF Randy Ploetz, University of Florida 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Branch dieback caused by laurel wilt
Randy Ploetz, University of Florida
45 46 AVOCADO accredited nurseries. Accreditation Scheme(ANVAS) from Avocado NurseryVoluntary growers source planting material Avocados Australiarecommends have beenreported inAustralia, As outbreaks ofavocado sunblotch outbreaks reported inthepast). America, Australia(sporadic Africa, North, Central andSouth Spain, Greece, Israel,southern Where isitnow? Plant material How does ittravel? Stems, fruit Where willIseeit? hosts. No other significant alternative Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL BRANCH/ Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch STEMS FRUIT
have arectangular cracked appearance. Bark onthetrunkorlarger branchescan small, deformed andunmarketable. blotches orstreaks andare usually develop sunken white,yellow orpink twigs oryoung stems.Fruit usually or pinkstreaks onthesurface ofgreen is theappearance ofnarrow white,yellow viroid strain.Aconsistent earlysymptom on hostcultivar, theenvironment andthe remain symptomless. Symptoms depend of foliar symptoms. Someinfected trees discolouration ofthefruit,andavariety grooves onolderbranches,lesionsand Discoloured andshunken stemstreaks, What willIsee? fruit. Sunburn cancausesimilardamageto What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? of agriculture. of agriculture. Pest Hotline oryour localdepartment should bereported totheExotic Plant see for some time.Any detections reported inthepastbuthave not been Outbreaks ofthisviroid have been What todoifyou seeit? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Symptoms caused by avocado Symptoms caused by avocado sunblotch.Note streaking and distorted sunblotch. Note streaking of the fruit shape of the fruit
David Rosen, University of California Statewide IPM Project Tony Cooke, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Symptoms caused by avocado sunblotch. Note streaking of the fruit
Tony Cooke, QDAF
47 48 BANANA Leaves Where willIseeit? Papua New Guinea. including Malaysia, Indonesia, Southern andsouth-eastAsia Where isitnow? becomes necrotic anddry. surface turnsyellow andeventually of leaves turnreddish brown; theupper brown spots onleaves. Theunderside Look for silkywhitewebbing, small and very small (lessthan1mmlong). Pierce’s spidermitesare red coloured What willIsee? Plant material,winddispersal How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL Tetranychus piercei Pierce’s spidermite,bananamite LEAVES WIND
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? Australia. mite whenitattacksbananasin sometimes calledbananaspider Two-spotted spidermiteis What could itbeconfused with? Alternate hostsinAustralia passionfruit. Broad hostrangeincludingpapaya, PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Banana spider mite symptoms on a banana leaf
Jeff Daniells, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Banana spider mite
Don Wilkers, QDAF
49 50 BANANA Leaves, stems,fruit Where willIseeit? Where isitnow? Strait IslandsandCapeYork. previously beendetected onTorres ( Guinea. JackBeardsley mealybug Indonesia andPapua New to south-eastAsia,including Exotic speciesoccur from Africa sooty mould. wilting leaves; honeydew and/or long). Look for white dustyresidue; Mealybugs are very small(2-3mm What willIsee? Flight, wind,plant material How does ittravel? Pseudococcus jackbeardselyi) has and Including Exotic mealybugs LEAVES FLIGHT Rastrococcus invadens BRANCH/STEMS Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi WIND PLANT MATERIAL FRUIT
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? local department ofagriculture. Exotic Plant PestHotline oryour Coen) should bereported tothe Cape York biosecurityCentre near Cape York Peninsula (south ofthe Any detections outsideofnorthern northern CapeYork Peninsula. found intheTorres Strait and Jack Beardsley mealybughave been What todoifyou seeit? Alternate hostsinAustralia investigated. mealybugs orbehaviours shouldbe Established mealybugs.Unusual What could itbeconfused with? vegetables, mangoes. Broad rangeincludingcitrus, PLANT CYCLE
Exotic mealybugs EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE
Including Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi EXOTIC PEST and Rastrococcus invadens
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Grey pineapple mealybug colony
Scot Nelson, Flickr 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Grey pineapple mealybug colony
Scot Nelson, Flickr
51 52 BANANA Whole plant Where willIseeit? Pacific islands. south-east Asiaandsome Widespread includingAfrica, Where isitnow? eggs. yellow oftenlaidin batchesof100–400 oval, 4.5–5.5mmin diameter, cream to length, butcanbeupto20cm.Eggs are Large snail,withashell5-10cm in What willIsee? containers, machinery Soil andfertilisers, freight and How does ittravel? WHOLE PLANT Achatina fulica Giant African landsnail SOIL MACHINERY
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? Alternate hostsinAustralia confused withother species. Large size meansitisunlikely tobe What could itbeconfused with? papaya. Broad rangeofhostsincludingcitrus, PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Giant African snail
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Giant African snail eggs
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org 53 54 BANANA Leaves Where willIseeit? Mauritus, Guam,Hawaii. South-east Asia,Papua New Guinea, Where isitnow? are mostactive intheearlyevenings. coloured caterpillars.Adult butterflies and large (up to60 mmlong)light mm. Look for rolled damagedleaves brown andhave awingspanof70-80 Adult bananaskipperbutterflyare light What willIsee? Flight, plant material How does ittravel? Erionota thrax Banana skipperbutterfly LEAVES FLIGHT PLANT MATERIAL
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? Alternate hostsinAustralia distinctive. Rolled leaves are reasonably What could itbeconfused with? Manilla hemp(Musatextilis). PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Banana skipper butterfly Leaf rolling caused by banana skipper butterfly larvae
Ken Walker Jeff Daniells, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Banana skipper butterfly larvae
Jeff Daniells , QDAF
55 56 BANANA Whole plant Where willIseeit? Queensland. and intheTully Valley innorth Australia intheNorthern Territory Detections have alsooccurred in south-east AsiaincludingIndonesia. Widespread includingsouthernand Where isitnow? corm. Discolouration ofthecutstemand a skirtofdeadleaves around plant. Marginal yellowing ofleaves, and What willIsee? insect vectors Plant material,soil,water, How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT WATER/RAIN Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Fusarium wilt Panama diseasetropical race 4, VECTORS INSECT INSECT SOIL
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? agriculture. Hotline oryour localdepartment of be reported totheExotic Plant Pest industry any new detections should of thispathogenonthebanana Northern Territory. Duetotheimpact Valley inQueenslandandpartsofthe a smallnumberoffarmsintheTully Panama diseasehasbeenfound on What todoifyou seeit? Alternate hostsinAustralia should bereported. Therefore, any suspectedsymptoms of whichare present inAustralia. to moko orblooddisease,neither stress. Alsocausessimilarsymptoms for nutritionalproblems orwater In theearlystagesitcanbemistaken What could itbeconfused with? A rangeofbroadleaf weeds, grasses. PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Panama disease symptoms
Jeff Daniells, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Panama disease symptoms Panama disease symptoms. Note discolouration of cut tissue
Jeff Daniells, QDAF Jeff Daniells, QDAF
57 58 BANANA Leaves Where willIseeit? Torres Strait. It isalsoonseveral islandsinthe Indonesia andPapua New Guinea. and south-eastAsiaincluding America, tropical Africa, thePacific Widespread inCentral andSouth Where isitnow? leaves. Narrow streaks andbrown lesionson What willIsee? Plant material,wind,water How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL Pseudocercospera fijiensis Black Sigatoka LEAVES WIND WATER/RAIN
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? Alternate hostsinAustralia your localdepartment ofagriculture. to theExotic PlantPestHotline or mainland Australiashouldbereported the Torres Strait. Any detections on This pathogenhasbeenreported in What todoifyou seeit? (caused by M.eumusae). M. musicola) oreumusaeleafspot Similar toyellow Sigatoka (caused by What could itbeconfused with? Parrot’s beak(Heliconia psittacorum) PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Black Sigatoka symptoms on a banana leaf
Jeff Daniells, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Field symptoms caused by black Sigatoka
Jeff Daniells, QDAF
59 60 BANANA Leaves, flowers, fruit Where willIseeit? Indonesia, Vietnam. Hawaii, Taiwan, Philippines, Where isitnow? Dark spots onleaves andfruit. What willIsee? Plant material,soilandwater How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL Phyllosticta Banana freckle LEAVES INFLORESCENCES FLOWERS/ SOIL spp.
WATER/RAIN FRUIT Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? Alternate hostsinAustralia infect Cavendish bananas. strains ofbananafreckle donot present inAustraliaastheother the bananafreckle strainsalready freckle canbedistinguishedfrom The Cavendish strainofbanana freckle ofladyfingerandbluggoe. Can beconfused withbanana What could itbeconfused with? Other Musaspecies. PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Banana freckle (Cavendish strain) symptoms on a leaf
Kathy Grice, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Banana freckle (Cavendish strain) Banana freckle (Cavendish strain) symptoms symptoms. Note spotting on leaves and fruit
Kathy Grice, QDAF Juliane Henderson, QDAF
61 62 BANANA Leaves, fruit Where willIseeit? Jamaica, Philippines. Central andSouthAmerica, Where isitnow? flower buds. small suckers. Blackshrivelled and collapsed leaves. Wiltingof splitting. Rapidyellowing, wilted with premature fruitripeningand Internal discolouration offruit, What willIsee? insect vectors Plant material,soil,water, How does ittravel? PLANT WATER/RAIN Ralstonia solanacearum Moko, bugtok LEAVES MATERIAL VECTORS INSECT INSECT FRUIT SOIL
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? Alternate hostsinAustralia oxysporum disease (caused by with thosecausedby Panama Moko symptoms canbeconfused What could itbeconfused with? Heliconia PLANT CYCLE , someweeds. f. sp. cubense Fusarium ).
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Symptoms of blood disease. Compare with moko symptoms right and below
Jeff Daniells, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Moko symptoms on cut fruit. Moko symptoms on cut fruit. Note discolouration of fruit Note discolouration of fruit
Chris Hayward, QDAF Chris Hayward, QDAF
63 64 BANANA fruit andblackshrivelled flower buds. Wilted leaves, internal discolouration of What willIsee? Whole plant Where willIseeit? Indonesia. Where isitnow? insect vectors Plant material,soil,water, How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT WATER/RAIN Ralstonia syzygii subsp.celebesensis Blood disease VECTORS INSECT INSECT SOIL
fruit discolouration. plants. Moko canalsocauseinternal also causegeneralwiltingofbanana Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.cubense) disease tropical race 4(caused by solancearum race 2)andPanama Moko (caused by Ralstonia produces very similarsymptoms. causes moko andbugtok, distinct from, thepathogenthat disease iscloselyrelated to,but The pathogenthatcausesblood What could itbeconfused with? Other Musaspecies. Alternate hostsinAustralia Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Wilting caused by blood disease Discolouration of internal tissue of a stem caused by blood disease
Jeff Daniells, QDAF Jeff Daniells, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Wilting caused by blood disease
Jeff Daniells, QDAF
65 66 BANANA Streaking anddarkspots on leaves. What willIsee? Leaves Where willIseeit? South-east Asia,India,Africa. Where isitnow? water Plant material,soil,windand How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leafspot LEAVES WIND WATER/RAIN SOIL M. musicola). and yellow Sigatoka (caused by Sigatoka (caused by M.fijiensis) Symptoms are very similartoblack What could itbeconfused with? Other Musaspecies. Alternate hostsinAustralia Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Eumusae leaf spot symptoms on a banana leaf. Note spots and streaking symptoms
Kathy Grice, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Eumusae leaf spot symptoms on a banana leaf
Juliane Henderson, QDAF
67 68 BANANA bunched topappearance. the topofplant, witharosette or Shortened, narrow upright leaves at What willIsee? Whole plant Where willIseeit? containment strategyinplace. east Queenslandandthere isa in northernNSWandsouth- (South Pacific subgroup) ispresent Note: Bananabunchy topvirus Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam. Where isitnow? Plant material,insectvectors How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Banana bunchy topvirus Banana bunchy top VECTORS INSECT INSECT
weather orwater logging. Symptoms alsocausedby cold What could itbeconfused with? Other Musaspecies. Alternate hostsinAustralia local department ofagriculture. the of theseareas shouldbereported to Queensland. Any detections outside northern NSWandsouth-east This diseaseoccurs inpartsof What todoifyou seeit? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? PLANT CYCLE Exotic PlantPestHotline oryour
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Bunchy top disease. Note bunched Bunchy top disease symptoms. leaves Note upright leaves
Scot Nelson, Wikimedia Jeff Daniells, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Bunchy top disease symptoms
Jeff Daniells, QDAF
69 70 CITRUS visible. Leaf flushesmost affected. produced by thepsyllids may be Long, white,waxy secretions can become curledanddeformed. Young leaves ofinfested plants are smallinsects(3-4mmlong). Adult psyllids ofinfested plants What willIsee? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? Leaves, twigs,new growth Where willIseeit? Papua New Guinea. in Indonesia,Timor-Leste, and SouthAmerica,Asiaincluding Widespread inNorth, Central Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Diaphorina citri Asian citruspsyllid LEAVES FLIGHT TWIGS
clear bodypartscompared withscale. examination thepsyllid nymphs have of citrus,althoughonclose ( insects, suchassoftbrown scale can alsobeconfused withsoftscale Psyllid nymphs (immature stages) whereas aphidsare more sluggish. at theslightest disturbance, Psyllids are more active andjump Psyllids canbeconfused withaphids. What could itbeconfused with? Leaf flushesmostaffected. Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? citrus family. Citrus, Murraya, other plants inthe Alternate hostsinAustralia Coccus hesperidum),acommon pest PLANT CYCLE LEAF FLUSH
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Asian citrus psyllid
David Hall, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Asian citrus psyllids on citrus leaf. Note white secretions
Douglas L. Caldwell, University of Florida IFAS Extension
71 72 CITRUS Plant material,flight How does ittravel? Leaf flushesmostaffected. plants are curledanddeformed. long). Young leaves ofinfested Adult psyllids are small(3-4mm What willIsee? Where willIseeit? Leaves, twigs,new growth Portugal, Spain,CanaryIslands. Africa, Arabianpeninsular, Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Trioza erytreae African citruspsyllid LEAVES FLIGHT TWIGS compared withscale. psyllid nymphs have clearbodyparts although oncloseexamination the hesperidum), acommon pestofcitrus, such assoftbrown scale(Coccus be confused withsoftscaleinsects, nymphs (immature stages) canalso aphids are more sluggish.Psyllid the slightest disturbance, whereas Psyllids are more active andjumpat Psyllids canbeconfused withaphids. What could itbeconfused with? Leaf flushesmostaffected. Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? citrus family. Citrus, Murraya, other plants inthe Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT CYCLE LEAF FLUSH EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
African citrus psyllid
S.P. van Vuuren, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Leaf galls caused by African citrus psyllid
Peter Stephen, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org
73 74 CITRUS egg masses on leaves. egg massesonleaves. leaves andfruit. Alsolookfor signsof fluid dries,itissimilartowhite-wash on insects emitastickyfluid.Whenthe shaped insects.Whenfeeding these Adults are large (12mmlong),cigar What willIsee? Fruit, plant material,flight How does ittravel? Where willIseeit? Leaves, stems,fruit Easter Island. Polynesia, Tahiti, Cook Islands, United States, Mexico, French Where isitnow? Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy wingedsharpshooter LEAVES FRUIT PLANT MATERIAL TWIGS FLIGHT FRUIT
prominent eyes. brown colour andalarge headwith sharpshooter includinglarger size, some features withglassy winged Auchenorrhyncha suborder share Australian leafhoppersfrom the What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? spp., grapes,macadamia,oleander. Wide hostrangeincludingPrunus Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT CYCLE Glassy winged sharpshooter EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE Homalodisca vitripennis EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Glassy winged sharpshooter Glassy winged sharpshooter
Reyes Garcia III, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Charles Ray, Auburn University US Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Glassy winged sharpshooter egg mass
Jack Kelly Clark, University of California, Davis
75 76 CITRUS Fruit, plant material,flight How does ittravel? borer, Isotenes miserana. May beconfused withorangefruit may bepresent. Fruit drop may occur. under thefruitsurface. Gumandfrass Look for holesinfruitrindandcavities with yellow togrey-brown forewings. Adult moths are about10mmlong What willIsee? Where willIseeit? Fruit Vietnam, Thailand. Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Where isitnow? Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruitborer FRUIT FRUIT PLANT MATERIAL FLIGHT
brown stripesalongthebody. grey underneath, withapairof this borer are brown ontopand light NSW andNT. However, thelarvae of miserana), present inQueensland, with theorangefruitborer (Isotenes Citrus fruitborer canbeconfused What could itbeconfused with? Various citrusspecies. Alternate hostsinAustralia Fruit development toharvest. When willIseeit? FLOWERING TO HARVEST EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Citrus fruit borer adult Citrus fruit borer larvae
P. A. C. Ooi, Tropical Press Sdn Bhd S. Anderson 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus fruit borer adult moth. Note yellow to grey-brown forewing and transparent hindwing
S. Anderson
77 78 CITRUS Western UnitedStates, Mexico. Where isitnow? damage andimpactsonmarket access. navel orangesleadingtocosmetic Adults shelterwithinthecavities of Thrips are very small (~1mmlong). What willIsee? Fruit, plant material,flight How does ittravel? Fruit Where willIseeit? Caliothrips fasciatus Bean thrips FRUIT FRUIT PLANT MATERIAL FLIGHT
should beinvestigated. seen inthenavel ofnavel oranges established species.Any thrips Bean thripslooksimilarto What could itbeconfused with? Mostly legumes. Alternate hostsinAustralia Fruit development toharvest. When willIseeit? FLOWERING TO HARVEST
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Bean thrips
CBG Photography Group, Centre for Biodiversity and Genomics
79 80 CITRUS Singapore. southern UnitedStates, Fiji, Central America,South Where isitnow? the plant. before turningblackanddropping from Infested flowers turnbrown-yellow Feeding causesdamagetoblossoms. Thrips are very small (~1mmlong). What willIsee? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? Where willIseeit? Flowers PLANT MATERIAL INFLORESCENCES FLOWERS/ Frankliniella insularis Blossom thrips
FLIGHT
should beinvestigated. associated withflower damage established species.Any thrips Blossom thripslooksimilarto What could itbeconfused with? Often feeds onmallows. Alternate hostsinAustralia Flowering andfruitdevelopment. When willIseeit? FLOWERING TO HARVEST EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Blossom thrips
CBG Photography Group, Centre for Biodiversity and Genomics
81 82 CITRUS Mexico, China,India,Iran. Southern UnitedStates, Where isitnow? fruit causing brown scaring. fruit causingbrown scaring. Californian citrusthripsfeed onyoung Thrips are very small (~1mmlong). What willIsee? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? Fruit Where willIseeit? PLANT MATERIAL Scirtothrips citri Californian citrusthrips FRUIT FLIGHT
symptoms beinvestigated. It isrecommended thatallthrips and roughly doublethesize (2mm). However, Kelly’s citrusthripsisblack cause halomarksoncitrusfruit. is theonlyestablishedthripsthat Kelly’s citrusthrips (Pezothrips kellyanus) What could itbeconfused with? Various citrusspecies. Alternate hostsinAustralia Flowering andfruitdevelopment. When willIseeit? FLOWERING TO HARVEST
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
California citrus thrips
Joseph Morse, University of California, Riverside
83 84 CITRUS Bermuda, Bahamas. Southern UnitedStates, Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? from theplant. before turningblackanddropping Infested flowers turnbrown-yellow Feeding causesdamagetoblossoms. Thrips are very small (~1mmlong). What willIsee? Where willIseeit? Flowers PLANT MATERIAL INFLORESCENCES FLOWERS/ Frankliniella bispinosa Florida flower thrips
FLIGHT should beinvestigated. associated withflower damage to establishedspecies.Any thrips Florida flower thripslooksimilar What could itbeconfused with? hibiscus. eggplant, corn, peanut,beans, Wide hostrangeincludingcapsicum, Alternate hostsinAustralia Flowering andfruitdevelopment. When willIseeit? FLOWERING TO HARVEST EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Florida flower thrips 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
CBG Photography Group, Centre for Biodiversity and Genomics
85 86 CITRUS delagoensis). mother ofmillions(Kalanchoe Queensland, where itmostlyaffects Africa andpartsofsouthern Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? apex. apex. may appearasahaloaround the show grey orbrown scarringwhich brown scarring.Therinds offruitalso can leadtocurling,distortion and long). Thripsfeeding onyoung leaves Adult thripsare very small(~1mm What willIsee? Leaves, flowers, fruit Where willIseeit? PLANT MATERIAL Scirtothrips auranti South African citrusthrips LEAVES INFLORESCENCES FLOWERS/ FLIGHT
FRUIT further. thrips symptoms beinvestigated (2 mm). Itisrecommended thatall black androughly doublethesize fruit. However, Kelly’s citrusthripsis thrips thatcausehalomarksoncitrus kellyanus ) istheonlyestablished Kelly’s citrusthrips (Pezothrips What could itbeconfused with? other plants. Reported onacacia,citrus,mango, Alternate hostsinAustralia Flowering andfruitdevelopment. When willIseeit? agriculture. Hotline oryour localdepartment of reported totheExotic Plant Pest Any detections oncitrusshouldbe millions insouthernQueensland. This pestoccurs onmother of What todoifyou seeit? FLOWERING TO HARVEST
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Fruit scaring caused by South African citrus thrips
D. Vincenot, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
South African citrus thrips
Department of Entomology, University of Florida 87 88 CITRUS Where willIseeit? Leaves, stems,fruit times. times. eradicated from Australiaseveral States), Pacific Islands.Has been Africa, MiddleEast,Florida(United Throughout AsiaandSouthAmerica, Where isitnow? Plant material How does ittravel? northern Australian wet season). weather iswarm andhumid(eg the Symptoms more prominent whenthe Scabby cankers alsoappear onthefruit. by adistinctive bright yellow halo. lower surfaces andare surrounded rough totouchonboth upperand shoots. Thecankers onleaves are that form ontheleaves, twigsand Warty, rust-brown spots (cankers) What willIsee? PLANT MATERIAL Xanthomonas citrisubsp. Citrus canker LEAVES BRANCH/STEMS FRUIT
citri on citrusfruit. the lesionsare flatandrarely form symptoms tocitruscanker: however, subsp. citrumelonis)hassimilarleaf bacterial spot (Xanthomonas alfalfae yellow halo.Theexotic citrus canker andlackthecharacteristic scab are drierthanthoseofcitrus Australia: however, lesionsoflemon which occurs incoastal areas of with lemonscab(Elsinoefawcettii) Citrus canker could beconfused What could itbeconfused with? Various citrusspecies. Alternate hostsinAustralia Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Symptoms of citrus canker. Note cankers surrounded by yellow halos
Timothy Schubert, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus canker symptoms on fruit Citrus canker symptoms on leaves
Jonas Janner Hamann, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Yuan-Min Shen, Taichung District Agricultural Research and (UFSM), Bugwood.org Extension Station, Bugwood.org
89 90 CITRUS Where willIseeit? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? Leaves, fruit citrus inSouthAmerica. the pathogenisonlyreported on of Europe, SouthAmerica.However, subspecies isnow present inparts Originating intheAmericas,this Where isitnow? Plant material How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL PLANT CYCLE Xylella fastidiosa subsp. Citrus variegated chlorosis LEAVES FRUIT
pauca
olive, acacia. Wide hostrangeincludingcoffee, Alternate hostsinAustralia than normal. infected plants are smallerandharder and canbecome necrotic. Fruit from light brown andlaterdarkbrown, the upperside.Lesions are initially that correspond totheyellowing on appear ontheundersideofleaf matures, small,slightly raisedlesions between theveins. Astheleaf of maturingleaves, particularly Yellowing occurs ontheuppersurface including yellowing andlossofleaves. Symptoms similartozincdeficiency, What willIsee? greasy spot. with zincdeficiency, anthracnose or Foliar symptoms may beconfused What could itbeconfused with?
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Citrus variegated chlorosis symptoms on Citrus variegated chlorosis symptoms the underside of an infected leaf
USDA/APHIS/PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and USDA/APHIS/PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Technology 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus variegated chlorosis symptoms on the top surface of an infected leaf
USDA/APHIS/PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology
91 92 CITRUS Where willIseeit? Leaves, fruit New Zealand. southern UnitedStates, Mexico, Mediterranean Basin,southernAsia, Where isitnow? Plant material How does ittravel? stubborn diseaseispresent. symptoms suggeststhatcitrus damage. Acombination ofseveral deficiencies, frost damageandinsect can resemble huanglongbing,nutrient Symptoms ofcitrusstubborn disease What could itbeconfused with? Various citrusspecies. Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Spiroplasma citri Citrus stubborndisease LEAVES FRUIT
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? aborted seeds. tip dieback,bittertastingfruit and are stunted with thin canopies, uneven. Severely affected trees Fruit colour may beinverted or lopsided oracorn-shaped. drop prematurely andcanbe Fruit produced by theplant may fruit atallstagesofdevelopment. also flower outofseasonandcarry to bunchy typegrowth. Trees may have shortenedinternodes leading similar tonutritionaldeficienciesand Leaves alsoshow yellow mottling, blunted orheartshapedyellow tips. some shoots may have misshaped, Under very hot conditions, leaves on shaped andsitabnormallyupright. short, broad leaves thatare cup Symptoms are variable andinclude What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
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– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Citrus stubborn disease symptoms on fruit. Note lopsided fruit
J.M. Bové, INRA Centre de Recherches de Bordeaux 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus stubborn disease symptoms. Note out-of-season fruiting
Jack Kelly Clark, University of California Statewide IPM Project
93 94 CITRUS rather thanthe wholetree. may onlyaffect individualbranches sides oftheleaf. Often symptoms is not symmetrical ormirrored onboth one key signisablotchy yellowing that leaves are subtle andhard topickbut sour andbittertasting.Symptoms on leaves. Fruit may become deformed, Yellowing ofcitrusbranchesand What willIsee? Leaves, branchesandfruit Where willIseeit? americanus: Brazil. and ArabianPeninsula. Subspecies Guinea. Subspeciesafricanus:Africa Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Papua New and SouthAmerica,Asiaincluding Subspecies asiaticus:North, Central Where isitnow? Plant material,insectvectors How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL Candidatus Liberibacterasiaticus,Ca. L.africanus,Ca. Huanglongbing (citrus greening) LEAVES BRANCH/STEMS VECTORS INSECT INSECT
FRUIT citrus family. Citrus, Murraya, other plants inthe Alternate hostsinAustralia Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? and citrusblight. tristeza virus,Phytophthora root rot as Australiancitrusdieback, citrus confused withother diseasessuch in thecanopy. HLBmay alsobe HLB itappearsrandomlyarranged throughout thecanopy, whereas in yellowing isdistributeduniformly leaf veins. With mineraldeficiency, symmetrically between oralong zinc deficiency, mottling occurs and isasymmetrical, whereas in of leaves crosses veins inHLB particularly zinc:however, mottling confused withmineraldeficiencies, Huanglongbing (HLB)canbe What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE L.americanus Huanglongbing (citrus greening) EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, Ca. L. africanus, Ca. L. americanus
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Huanglongbing symptoms. Fruit symptoms of huanglongbing. Note yellowing of individual branches Note colouration
P. Barkley Hilda Gomez, USDA 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Huanglongbing symptoms. Leaf symptoms of huanglongbing. Note yellowing of individual branches Note asymmetrical yellowing of leaf
J.M. Bové, INRA Centre de Recherches de Bordeaux Hilda Gomez, USDA
95 96 CITRUS may prematurely drop from thetree. spots, may changecolour earlyand stems dieback.Infected fruit develops over time,barkbecomes scalyand Stem lesionsstartyellow anddarken brown spots, 5-12mmindiameter. fruits. Leaves have light yellow todark Localised spots onleaves, stems,and What willIsee? Leaves, stems,fruit Where willIseeit? South Africa, Hawaii. Central andSouthAmerica, Where isitnow? Plant material,mitevectors How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL Citrus leprosis virus Citrus leprosis virus LEAVES BRANCH/STEMS VECTORS INSECT INSECT
FRUIT
Various citrusspecies. Alternate hostsinAustralia Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? be confused withcitruscanker. damage. Symptoms onfruitmay confused withherbicideorinsect Symptoms onleaves may be What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Leaf symptoms of citrus leprosis virus
Carlos Amadeu Leite de Oliveira, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Symptoms of citrus leprosis virus on fruit Lesions and scaly bark on stems due to citrus leprosis virus infection
Carlos Amadeu Leite de Oliveira, Universidade Estadual Carlos Amadeu Leite de Oliveira, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bugwood.org Paulista, Bugwood.org
97 98 CITRUS Where willIseeit? Leaves, twigs,branches America, Africa, Australia. Asia, North, Central andSouth countries includingsouthernEurope, Strains occur inmostcitrusproducing Where isitnow? Plant material How does ittravel? Various citrusspecies. Alternate hostsinAustralia root injury. clearly distinguish CTVfrom typical pitted appearance of thewood will branch orstemisstripped back,the whole tree. However, ifthebarkofa particularly whenlookingat the virus (CTV) are similartoroot injury, The symptoms ofcitrustristeza What could itbeconfused with? PLANT MATERIAL Exotic strains Citrus tristezavirus LEAVES TWIGS BRANCH/STEMS
When willIseeit? Throughout thelife oftheplant. only visibleifthebarkisremoved. Early stagesofstem-pittingare abnormally thickened bark. sandpaper-like pitsoverlaid by from afew smallpits,tomany fine of stem-pittingsymptoms varies honeycomb appearance. Theseverity severely affected trees may leadtoa In addition,numerous finepitsin be bumpy orropey inappearance. ically infected orlarger trees may of veins. Limbsandtrunksofchron- vein clearing,leafcuppingandcorking Leaves may show chlorotic flecking, twigs andbranchesbecome brittle. Pitting andgummingofthewood; What willIsee? of agriculture. Pest Hotline oryour local department should bereported toExotic Plant unusual citrus tristezasymptoms not present inAustralia.Any new or that alsooccur overseas thatare However, there are many strains Strains ofthisvirusoccur inAustralia. What todoifyou seeit? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Citrus tristeza virus symptoms. Citrus tristeza virus symptoms. Note bumpy or ropey trunk Note ropey growth on branch
L. Navarro, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias L. Navarro, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus tristeza virus symptoms. Note smaller fruit size
Florida Division of Plant Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
99 100 LYCHEE Stems, branches Where willIseeit? Bangladesh, Nepal, India,Thailand. Myanmar, Vietnam, China, Southern AsiaincludingLaos, Where isitnow? How does ittravel? Plant material,flight hosts. No other significant alternative Alternate hostsinAustralia BRANCH/STEMS PLANT MATERIAL Aristobia reticulator (syn. A.testudo) Lychee longicorn beetle FLIGHT What could itbeconfused with? their body. antennae, which are longerthan by thebodymarkings andthe The exotic pestcanbedistinguished as destructive oncommercial plants. lychee longicorn beetle, butnone are that share characteristicswiththe (>2 cminlength) endemicbeetles Australia hasanumberoflarge Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? creating tunnels up 60 cm long. creating tunnelsup60cmlong. bark andbore into thewood, with exudate. Larvae live underthe laid onthewound andare covered off 10mmstripsofbark;eggsare Females girdle branchesby chewing long), blackwithyellow spots. Adult beetles are large (20-35mm What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Lychee longicorn beetle
Aleksey Gnilenkov, Wikimedia Commons 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Lychee longicorn beetle
Sarefo, Wikimedia
101 102 LYCHEE Trunk, branches Where willIseeit? China, Japan,Korea, UnitedStates. Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? lychee. Broad rangeincludescitrus, Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Anoplophora chinensis Citrus longicorn beetle TRUNK BRANCH/STEMS FLIGHT should bereported. with antennae longer thanitsbody Any large, similarly coloured beetles with theAsianlongicorn beetle. beetle isalsocommonly confused their body. Thecitruslongicorn antennae, whichare longerthan by thebodymarkings andthe The exotic pestcanbedistinguished as destructive oncommercial plants. citrus longicorn beetle, butnoneare that share characteristicswiththe (>2 cminlength) endemicbeetles Australia hasanumberoflarge What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? exit holesinbranches. long antennae. Look for 6-9mmwide coloured beetles withwhitespots and Adults are large (25-35mmlong),dark What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Citrus longicorn beetle Citrus longicorn beetle damage. Note round exit hole
Plant Protection Service Archive, Bugwood.org Plant Protection Service Archive, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus longicorn beetle larvae
Plant Protection Service Archive, Bugwood.org
103 104 LYCHEE Leaves, flowers, fruit Where willIseeit? Sub-Saharan Africa. Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? camphor laurel, guava. Also reported onmango, Mostly feeds oncoconut. Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug LEAVES INFLORESCENCES FLOWERS/ FLIGHT
FRUIT What could itbeconfused with? of other sucking insects. of other suckinginsects. Damage may beconfused withthat Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? prematurely. discharge, andyoung fruitdrop The infested area hasagummy produces blackened, necrotic areas. insects. Saliva injectedwhenfeeding (10-15 mmlong),red-brown coloured Adult coconut bugsare large What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Coconut bug adult 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Infonet biovision
105 106 LYCHEE Leaves, flowers, fruit Where willIseeit? China, Taiwan, Thailand. Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? host. Longan reported asanalternative Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stinkbug LEAVES INFLORESCENCES FLOWERS/ FLIGHT
FRUIT spotting bugs. Adults are similartoendemicfruit What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? prematurely. fruit, itcancausethemtodrop if itisonorassociatedwiththeyoung area provokes agummy discharge and, blackened, necrotic areas. Theinfested during feeding istoxic and produces coloured. Saliva injectedinto theplant insects. Nymphsare red andblack (12-15 mmlong)brown coloured Adult Hong Kong stinkbugsare large What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Mature Hong Kong stink bugs
Lenny Worthinton Flickr 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Hong Kong stink bug nymph
Anonymous, Flickr
107 108 LYCHEE Leaves, twigs,fruit Where willIseeit? Indonesia, Papua New Guinea. America, Africa andAsiaincluding Widespread: SouthandCentral Where isitnow? How does ittravel? Plant material,flight banana, citrus,mango,papaya. Range ofhostsincludingavocado, Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Aleurocanthus woglumi Citrus blackfly LEAVES TWIGS FLIGHT FRUIT behaviours shouldbeinvestigated. Unusual lookinginsectsor Small moths andother whitefly. What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? honey dew andsooty mould. colonies, distortedleaves, small (~1mmlong).Look for Adults are darkcoloured andvery What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Colony of citrus blackfly Close-up of citrus blackfly. Note adults are only about 1 mm long
Florida Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Florida Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus blackfly nymphs on the underside of a leaf
Natalie Hummel, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Bugwood.org
109 110 LYCHEE shoots Young vegetative growth, fruit, Where willIseeit? T Southern Asia:China, Where isitnow? How does ittravel? Fruit, plant material,flight host. Longan reported asanalternative Alternate hostsinAustralia aiwan, Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruitborer FRUIT FRUIT
Thailand, Vietnam. PLANT MATERIAL LEAVES
India, Nepal, SHOOTS FLIGHT
What could itbeconfused with? investigated. Any suspectinsectsinfruitshouldbe Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? causes premature fruitdrop. the leaf, shoot orfruit.Infestation shoots. Emerging larva penetrate edges. Eggs laidonfruit,leaves and coloured withyellow-brown wing wingspan andare grey-brown Adult moths have a12-15 mm What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Lychee fruit borer larva 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Surajit Koley, BioLib
111 112 LYCHEE Leaves, branches,trunk Where willIseeit? America, Europe, Asia. Widespread: Northern Africa, North Where isitnow? freight Flight, plant material,cargo and How does ittravel? Very broad rangeofhosts. Alternate hostsinAustralia Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth LEAVES FLIGHT PLANT MATERIAL BRANCH/STEMS TRUNK CARGO reported. moths orcaterpillarsshouldbe Unusual sightings of defoliation, are economically important pests. Asian gypsy moth, many ofwhich and exotic moth speciesrelated to There are anumberofendemic What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? plants. damage. Highnumberscandefoliate six pairsofred spots. Look for leaf have five pairsofbluespots and mm long,covered infinehairsand mostly white.Caterpillarsare 40-60 males are grey-brown andfemales Adult moths are 40-70mmlong, What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Asian gypsy moth caterpillar. Adult Asian gypsy moths (female upper Note distinctive red and blue spots and left and male lower right) fine hairs
Evgeny Akulov, Russian Research Institute of Plant USDA APHIS PPQ Archive, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org Quarantine, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Female Asian gypsy moths and egg masses on a tree trunk
Milan Pernek, Forestry Research Institute, Bugwood.org
113 114 LYCHEE Fruit Where willIseeit? Israel. Widespread inAfrica, reported in Where isitnow? Fruit, flight How does ittravel? pineapple, vegetables. Range ofcrops includingmango, Alternate hostsinAustralia Thaumatotibia leucotreta False codling moth FRUIT FRUIT FLIGHT What could itbeconfused with? in fruitshouldbeinvestigated. other moths. Any unusualcaterpillars False codling moth canlooksimilarto Fruit development toharvest. When willIseeit? and fruit damage. and fruitdamage. the fruitcausingpremature ripening just beneaththesurface, orbore into coloured. Theyoung larvae minefruit grey incolour. Larvae are pinkish wingspan andare darkbrown to Adult moths have a16-20mm What willIsee? FLOWERING TO HARVEST
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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False codling moth False codling moth
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org JH Hofmeyr, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
False codling moth larvae in citrus fruit False codling moth larvae
JH Hofmeyr, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, Bugwood.org
115 116 LYCHEE Leaves, flowers, fruit Where willIseeit? China, Taiwan, Thailand. Where isitnow? Plant material,insectvectors How does ittravel? host. Longan reported asanalternative Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Longan witchesbroom disease Longan witchesbroom disease LEAVES INFLORESCENCES FLOWERS/ VECTORS INSECT INSECT
FRUIT diseases. Unlikely tobemistaken for other What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? any fruitor produce onlysmallfruit. flower abortion,failure toproduce development offlower structures, the underside.Alsoabnormal with blistersandhairypatcheson rolled-up margins, deformed leaves Small, stunted shoots withcurved, What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
Longan witches broom disease EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE Longan witches broom disease EXOTIC PEST
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Longan witches broom symptoms Longan witches broom symptoms 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Longan witches broom symptoms
117 118 MANGO Twigs, branches Where willIseeit? North America,Africa, Asia,Israel. Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? Various trees canbehosts. Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Hypocryphalus dilutus Ambrosia beetle TWIGS BRANCH/STEMS FLIGHT other smallwood boringbeetles. Boring damagemay beconfused with What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? twigs andsmallbranches. underside oftwigs,dyingordead entry holesontwigs,oftenthe and brown coloured. Look for pin-sized Adult beetles are small (2-3 mmlong) What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Ambrosia beetle Ambrosia beetle
T.H. Atkinson, University of Texas Insect Collection, Austin, T.H. Atkinson, University of Texas Insect Collection, Austin, Texas Texas 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Ambrosia beetle
T.H. Atkinson, University of Texas Insect Collection, Austin, Texas
119 120 MANGO United States, Brazil,Cuba. New Guinea,Pacific Islands, Malaysia, China,Japan,Indonesia, southern India,Thailand,Vietnam, Madagascar, tropical Africa, SriLanka, Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? laurel, figs,coffee. Various trees includingcamphor Alternate hostsinAustralia Twigs, branches Where willIseeit? PLANT MATERIAL Xylosandrus compactus Black twigborer TWIGS BRANCH/STEMS FLIGHT
beetles. with thatofother smallwood boring Boring damagemay beconfused What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? small branches. of twigs,dyingordeadtwigsand woody twigs,oftenontheunderside Look for pin-sized entry holesin and darkcoloured. Larvae are white. Adult beetles are small (2 mmlong) What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Black twig borer Black twig borer
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org Lyle Buss, University of Florida, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Black twig borer larvae inside twig
Dr. Agr. Raffaele Giurato (Vittoria, RG), EPPO
121 122 MANGO Plant material,flight How does ittravel? breadfruit. Various trees includingfigs, Alternate hostsinAustralia Twigs, branches Where willIseeit? Southern AsiaincludingIndonesia. Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Batocera rubus Lateral bandedmangolonghornbeetle TWIGS BRANCH/STEMS FLIGHT reasonably distinctive. The large size oftheadultbeetle is What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? the holes. the holes. the presence offrass(saw dust)near Look for large (20mm) exit holesand and bore into thetrunkandbranches. thorax. Larvae are upto80mmlong their wingsandred markingsonthe dark coloured withwhitespots on beetles withlongantennae. They are Adults are large (30-60mmlong) What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
Lateral banded mango longhorn beetle EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE Batocera rubus EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Lateral banded mango longhorn beetle
Udo Schmidt, Wikimedia 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Lateral banded mango longhorn beetle
Wikimedia
123 124 MANGO Pacific islands(e.g. SolomonIslands). and Asia,includingIndonesia,some Widespread inAfrica, Central America Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? Various trees includingfigs,papaya. Alternate hostsinAustralia Twigs, branches Where willIseeit? PLANT MATERIAL Batocera rufomaculata Red spotted longhornbeetle TWIGS BRANCH/STEMS FLIGHT What could itbeconfused with? reasonably distinctive. The large size oftheadultbeetle is Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? presence offrass(saw dust)nearby. Look for large exit holesandthe and bore tunnelsinthetrunk. dark headandupto100mmlong Larvae are cream coloured witha markings andlongantennae. tan coloured insectswith reddish Adults are large (35-70 mmlong) What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Red spotted longhorn beetle
Praveenp, Wikimedia 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Red spotted longhorn beetle
Lenny Worthington, Flickr
125 126 MANGO Fruit, plant material,flight How does ittravel? No other significant alternative hosts. Alternate hostsinAustralia fruit. Larvae infruit. Flowers, trunk,branches.Eggs on Where willIseeit? Papua New Guinea. Southern AsiaincludingIndonesia, Where isitnow? INFLORESCENCES Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulpweevil FLOWERS/ FRUIT
PLANT MATERIAL BRANCH/STEMS FLIGHT of mangoseedweevil. and adultslookvery similartothose Mango pulpweevil larvae, pupae What could itbeconfused with? Flowering andfruitdevelopment. When willIseeit? eggs are laidandexit holes on fruit. small puncture wounds where the and grey-brown coloured. Look for Adult weevils are about5mmlong What willIsee? FLOWERING TO HARVEST
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Mango pulp weevil Mango pulp weevil damage
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org Dr Mohd. Shamsudin Osman, MARDI, Malaysia 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Mango pulp weevil damage
Dr Mohd. Shamsudin Osman, MARDI, Malaysia
127 128 MANGO Southern Asia,includingIndonesia. Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? coffee, banana. Various hostsincludingcoconut, Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves Where willIseeit? PLANT MATERIAL Parasa lepida Blue stripednettle grub LEAVES FLIGHT themselves. detecting themoths orgrubs Positive identification requires can becausedby other insectpests. Leaf damageanddefoliation oftrees What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? only afew trees defoliated. nettle grubare usuallylocalised,with The firstoutbreaks ofthebluestriped the wholetree may bedefoliated. Look for holesinleaves. Inlaterstages Spines onthecaterpillarscansting. with three palebluestripes. Caterpillars have fleshy green bodies green andbrown coloured moths. Adults are large (wingspan of35mm), What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Blue striped nettle grub Blue striped nettle grub adult moth
Masaki Ikeda Dr V. Shubhalaxmi 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Blue striped nettle grub Blue striped nettle grub adult moth
Dr V. Shubhalaxmi Show Ryu, Wikimedia commons
129 130 MANGO Plant material,flight How does ittravel? capsicum, tomato,eggplant. Vegetables includingcucurbits, Alternate hostsinAustralia Terminal branches,leaves, fruit Where willIseeit? Southern Asiaincluding,Indonesia. Widespread: occuring inEthiopia, Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Acanthocoris scabrator Squash bug LEAVES FLIGHT FRUIT should beinvestigated. stinkbugs.The causeoffruitdamage Potentially confused withother What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? punctures. rings toform around thefeeding Secondary infections causesblack Feeding puncture marksonfruit. Adult bugs are 13-14.5mmlong. What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Adult squash bug 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Merle Shepard, Gerald R. Carner, and P.A.C Ooi, Bugwood.org
131 132 MANGO Plant material,flight How does ittravel? banana, citrus,lychee, papaya. Range ofhostsincludingavocado, Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves, fruit,twigs Where willIseeit? Guinea. including Indonesia,Papua New Central America,Africa andAsia Widespread: occurs inSouthand Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Aleurocanthus woglumi Citrus blackfly LEAVES FLIGHT FRUIT TWIGS Small moths andother whitefly. What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? and shoots. honeydew andsooty mouldonleaves small (~1mmlong).Look for colonies, Adults are darkcoloured andvery What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Colony of citrus blackfly Close up of a citrus blackfly. Note adults are only 1 mm long.
Florida Division of Plant Industry , Florida Department of Florida Division of Plant Industry , Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus blackfly nymphs on the underside of a leaf
Natalie Hummel, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Bugwood.org
133 134 MANGO Plant material,flight How does ittravel? Leaves, flowers Where willIseeit? mechanical damage. leaf spot, fruitspotting bugsor mango scab(a fungus), stigmina (not raised)may becausedby or bumps.Otherspots orlesions Galls are distinctive raisedspots What could itbeconfused with? and CapeYork. Guinea. Alsofound inTorres Strait Asia includingIndonesia,Papua New Widespread inAfrican andsouthern Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Procontarinia spp. Mango gallmidges LEAVES INFLORESCENCES FLOWERS/ FLIGHT
What todoifyou seeit? your localdepartment ofagriculture. the Exotic Plant PestHotline or Heathlands) shouldbereported to Cape York Peninsula (south of Any detections outsideofnorthern northern CapeYork Peninsula. found intheTorres Strait and Mango leafgallmidgehave been (vegetative flushes), flowering. Periods ofleafgrowth When willIseeit? to blackandcauseleafdistortions. leaves have gallsrangingfrom red red before turningblack.Infested fruit set. Infested mangobudsturn flowers toabort,preventing normal Larvae feed onflowers andcause What willIsee? No other significant alternative hosts. Alternate hostsinAustralia LEAF FLUSH INFLORESCENCES FLOWERS/
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Mango gall midge damage Mango gall midge damage
Matt Welnert, QDAF Matt Welnert, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Mango gall midge damage. Note leaf Mango gall midge damage distortion
Matt Welnert, QDAF Matt Welnert, QDAF
135 136 MANGO Plant material,flight How does ittravel? Reported onfig, Monstera. Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves Where willIseeit? Bangladesh, India,Pakistan. Southern AsiaincludingMyanmar, Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Amritodus atkinsoni Mango leafhopper LEAVES FLIGHT sightings shouldbeinvestigated. similar tothisspecies.Any unusual leafhoppers inAustraliathatlook There are two speciesofmango What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? present. dry up.Honeydew andsooty mould long. Leaf florets turnbrown and Adult leafhoppers are about5mm What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Adult mango leafhopper 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Arian Suresh, Flickr
137 138 MANGO Plant material,flight How does ittravel? No other significant alternative hosts. Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves Where willIseeit? Southern Asia. Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Idioscopus nagpurensis Mango leafhopper LEAVES FLIGHT sightings shouldbeinvestigated. similar tothisspecies.Any unusual leafhoppers inAustraliathatlook There are two speciesofmango What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? sooty mouldpresent. turn brown anddryup.Honeydew and and about4-5mmlong.Leaf florets Adult leafhoppers are yellow-green What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Adult mango leafhopper
Arian Suresh, Wikimedia 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Adult mango leafhopper
Arian Suresh, Flickr
139 140 MANGO Fruit Where willIseeit? Strait andCapeYork. Papua New Guinea.AlsoinTorres Southern AsiaincludingIndonesia, Where isitnow? Fruit, plant material,flight How does ittravel? No other significant alternative hosts. Alternate hostsinAustralia Red bandedmangocaterpillar Deanolis sublimbalis Deanolis sublimbalis FRUIT FRUIT PLANT MATERIAL FLIGHT pulp weevil andmango seedweevil. similar tothosecausedby mango Dark streaks ontheskinmay be What could itbeconfused with? Fruit development toharvest. When willIseeit? boreholes andliquidexudate. On fruit,lookfor smalldarkened Larvae have distinctive red bands. interspersed withdarker scales. 20 mmwithwhitishforewings Adults have awingspanofabout What willIsee? your localdepartment ofagriculture. to theExotic Plant PestHotline or of Heathlands) shouldbereported northern CapeYork Peninsula (south Peninsula. Any detections outsideof Torres Strait andnorthernCapeYork This pesthasbeenfound inthe What todoifyou seeit? FLOWERING TO HARVEST
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Red banded mango caterpillar damage Red banded mango caterpillar damage. Note hole and exudate
Lindsay Chandler, QDAF (www.padil.gov.au) Lindsay Chandler, QDAF (www.padil.gov.au) 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Red banded mango caterpillar larva Red banded mango caterpillar damage. Note borehole and exudate
Glynn Maynard, DAWE (www.padil.gov.au) Matt Weinert QDAF
141 142 MANGO Plant material,flight How does ittravel? pineapple, vegetables. Range ofcrops includinglychee, Alternate hostsinAustralia Fruit Where willIseeit? Israel. Widespread inAfrica, reported in Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Thaumatotibia leucotreta False codling moth FRUIT FLIGHT investigated. caterpillars infruitshouldbe to other moths. Any unusual False codling moth canlooksimilar What could itbeconfused with? Fruit development toharvest. When willIseeit? damage. causing premature ripeningandfruit the surface, orbore into thefruit Young larvae minefruitjustbeneath and have awingspanof16-20mm. Adult moths are grey-brown coloured What willIsee? FLOWERING TO HARVEST EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
False codling moth False codling moth
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org J.H. Hofmeyr, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
False codling moth larvae and damage False codling moth larvae are pink coloured and feed within fruit
J.H. Hofmeyr, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, Bugwood.org
143 144 MANGO south-east Asia,SolomonIslands. Widespread insouthand Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? host. Lychee reported asanalternative Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves, terminalshoots Where willIseeit? PLANT MATERIAL Chlumetia transversa Mango shoot borer LEAVES FLIGHT TWIGS
What could itbeconfused with? larvae. Inspect wiltedshoots for signsof can becausedby other factors. species. Shoot wiltingandleafdrop Adult moths looksimilartoendemic Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? small witha1.5cmwingspan. to fallfrom tree. Adult moths are causes shoots towiltandleaves midribs orshoots. Heavy infestation young leaves thenbore into leaf underside ofleaves. Larvae eat Eggs are laidinspiralsonthe What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Mango shoot borer adult moth
Donald Hobern, Wikimedia 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Mango shoot borer adult moth
Andrew Hardacre, Flickr
145 146 MANGO Southern Asia. Where isitnow? Plant material How does ittravel? Syzygium, seaalmonds. Various hostsincludinggrapes, rose, Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves Where willIseeit? PLANT MATERIAL Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Grapevine thrips LEAVES should beinvestigated. Suspect thripsseenonleaves damage tomangoesinAustralia. Thrips donot usuallycauseleaf What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? coated withbrown spots. gradually turnsbrown; leaves become leaves. Damageincludessilvering that and feed onthelower surface of Thrips are very small(1-1.5mmlong) What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Grapevine thrips
Laurence Mound, PaDIL
147 148 MANGO Plant material,soil How does ittravel? No other significant alternative hosts. Alternate hostsinAustralia Flowers, shoots, leaves Where willIseeit? Florida. Central America,Asia,Spainand Widespread, occuring inAfrica, Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL INFLORESCENCES Fusarium mangiferae, Fusarium species Mango malformation disease FLOWERS/
SHOOTS SOIL LEAVES What could itbeconfused with? which affects younger trees. mango malformation disease tend toaffect oldertrees, unlike malformation offloraltissue,and bud mites.Budmitesdonot cause look like malformation causedby The symptoms onvegetative tissue fruit development. importantly, duringflowering and During vegetative flushesand, When willIseeit? infestation. paclobutrazol damageorbudmite flowers. Similarsymptoms to are thickened andproduce enlarged shoots andinflorescences. Panicles Abnormal development ofvegetative What willIsee? LEAF FLUSH FLOWERING TO HARVEST
Mango malformation disease EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE Fusarium mangiferae, Fusarium species EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Mango malformation disease symptoms Mango malformation disease symptoms
Barry Conde, Department of Resources Northern Territory Barry Conde, Department of Resources Northern Territory 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Mango malformation disease symptoms. Mango malformation disease symptoms. Note the unusual flower development Note the unusual shoot development
Matt Weinert, QDAF Matt Weinert, QDAF
149 150 MANGO Brazil, Pakistan, Oman. Where isitnow? Plant material,soil How does ittravel? hosts. No other significant alternative Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves, twigs,branches Where willIseeit? PLANT MATERIAL Mango suddendeathsyndrome Ceratocystis fimbriata,C.manginecans, C.omanensis LEAVES TWIGS SOIL BRANCH/STEMS and deathofmangotrees. noxius) canalsocausesuddenwilting The brown root rot fungus(Phellinus causes declineofmajorbranches. pathogens ortermitedamagethat Can beconfused withother fungal What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? after removal ofbark. brown rot ofthesapwood visible cases alight brown tochocolate vascular tissueorinmore advanced tree death.Blue-grey stainingofthe Wilting ordeathofbranches,complete What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Mango sudden death syndrome Mango sudden death syndrome. symptoms. Note staining of sapwood Note branch death
Ali Obaid Al-Adawi, Ministry of Agriculture, Sultanate of Oman Ali Obaid Al-Adawi, Ministry of Agriculture, Sultanate of Oman 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Mango sudden death syndrome. Mango sudden death syndrome Note wilting of leaves symptoms
Ali Obaid Al-Adawi, Ministry of Agriculture, Sultanate of Oman Ali Obaid Al-Adawi, Ministry of Agriculture, Sultanate of Oman
151 152 MELONS Leaves Where willIseeit? Middle East,India,China. Morocco, Egypt, southernAsia, Widespread inEurope: also Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? weeds, vegetables. Wide rangeofhostsincluding Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leafminer LEAVES FLIGHT
resistance) shouldbereported. Any unusualleafmines(or chemical have similarsymptoms andadults. already present inAustralia that There are anumberofleafminers What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? tissue by larvae. deposition, andtunnellingwithinleaf wounds from adultfeeding andegg Leaf damageoccurs through puncture long), blackandyellow coloured flies. Adult leafminers are small(2-3mm What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Tomato leafminer adult fly
National Plant Protection Organization, the Netherlands , Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Leaf mine caused by larvae of the tomato leafminer
National Plant Protection Organization, the Netherlands, Bugwood.org
153 154 MELONS Leaves Where willIseeit? far northofCapeYork. islands. Found inTorres Strait and and SouthAmerica,Africa, Pacific Widespread inEurope, Asia,North Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? weeds, vegetables, cotton. Wide rangeofhostsincluding Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leafminer LEAVES FLIGHT
local department ofagriculture. the Exotic PlantPestHotline oryour of Heathlands) shouldbereported to northern CapeYork Peninsula (south Peninsula. Any detections outside of Torres Strait andnorthernCapeYork This pesthasbeenfound inthe What todoifyou seeit? resistance) shouldbereported. Any unusualleafmines(or chemical have similarsymptoms andadults. already present inAustralia that There are anumberofleafminers What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? tunnelling withinleaftissueby larvae. adult feeding andeggdeposition, occurs through puncture wounds from and yellow coloured flies.Leaf damage Adults are small(2-3mmlong),black What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Vegetable leafminer adult fly Leaf mines caused by vegetable leafminer larvae
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org Jack Kelly Clark, University of California Statewide IPM Program 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Vegetable leafminer adult fly
Jack Kelly Clark, University of California Statewide IPM Program
155 156 MELONS Leaves Where willIseeit? some in Australia. some inAustralia. Strains occur worldwide, including Where isitnow? Flight, plant material How does ittravel? weeds, vegetables, cotton. Wide rangeofhostsincluding Alternate hostsinAustralia Bemisia tabaci(exotic strainsandbiotypes) Mediterranean whitefly LEAVES FLIGHT PLANT MATERIAL be investigated. responses orpestbehaviour should in Australia.Any unusualpesticide Some strainsofwhiteflyare already What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? What todoifyou seeit? may bepresent. yields. Honeydew andsooty mould poor growth, defoliation andreduced include reduced plant vigour, stunting, small (1mmlong).Symptoms may Adults are light coloured andvery What willIsee? agriculture. Hotline oryour local department of be reported toExotic Plant Pest normal pesticidetreatments should infestations thatdon’t respond to Any new orunusualwhiteflies, that are not present in Australia. strains thatalsooccur overseas Australia. However, there are many Strains ofthispestoccur in PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Mediterranean whitefly adult
W. Billen, Pflanzenbeschaustelle, Weil am Rhein, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Mediterranean whitefly
David Riley, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
157 158 MELONS Whole plant Where willIseeit? South Africa, partsofAsia. Widespread inEurope, UnitedStates, Where isitnow? Plant material,insectvectors How does ittravel? Other cucurbits. Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Erwinia tracheiphila Cucurbit bacterialwilt VECTORS INSECT INSECT
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? liquid. of infected plants may ooze awhite blossoming andbranching.Cut stems have reduced growth, excessive Instead ofrapidwilting,plants may under unfavourable conditions. slowly inlesssusceptible plants or dries up.Symptoms develop more remainder oftheplant wilts,diesand wilting oftheentire vine,thenthe a few leaves onavine,followed by Initial drooping orwiltingofone What willIsee? when stemsare cut. especially ifawhiteliquid is seen wilting shouldbeinvestigated, a rangeofdiseases.Thecause Wilt symptoms canbecausedby What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Cucurbit bacterial wilt symptoms
Edward Sikora, Auburn University, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Cucurbit bacterial wilt symptoms
Gerald Holmes, Strawberry Center, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Bugwood.org
159 160 MELONS Leaves, stems,wholeplant Where willIseeit? of theleaves and finallyleafdeath. then wilting,followed by yellowing grey-green appearance toleaves, Initial symptoms includeadull, What willIsee? strains in Australia. strains inAustralia. Worldwide, includingsome Where isitnow? Plant material,soil How does ittravel? Other cucurbits. Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis Fusarium root andstemrot (exotic races) ,F. oxysporum f.sp.radicis-cucumerinum LEAVES BRANCH/STEMS SOIL WHOLE PLANT
(exotic strains), F. oxysporum f.sp. local department ofagriculture. to Exotic Plant PestHotline oryour rot symptoms should bereported Any new orunusualroot or stem that are not present inAustralia. strains thatalsooccur overseas Australia. However, there are many Some strainsofthispestoccur in What todoifyou seeit? should beinvestigated. Any unusualwiltingsymptoms to blackstreaks through thecentre. Verticillium wiltshow darkbrown cut diagonally, plants infected with Fusarium wilt.Whenthestemis wilt, butiscontinuous brown for of thetissueisflecked for Verticillium stem iscutlengthways, discolouration Verticillium wiltare similar. Whenthe Symptoms ofFusarium wiltand What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? PLANT CYCLE niveum
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Symptoms caused by Fusarium wilt of watermelon
David B. Langston, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
161 162 MELONS Whole plant Where willIseeit? Northern Africa, SouthernEurope. Asia, North andSouthAmerica, Tropical andsubtropical areas of Where isitnow? Plant material,soil How does ittravel? Other cucurbits. Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Monosporascus cannonballus Monosporascus root rot SOIL Monosporascus root rot. root necrosis symptoms as but thesedonot have thesame wilt andother establisheddiseases, caused by sudden wilt,Fusarium Wilting andplant death canbe What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? late intheseason. symptom isthecollapse ofthevine junctions, however themostdramatic larger roots, typicallyaround theroot of thesmallroots andlesions onthe The primarysymptoms are necrosis until muchlaterintheseason. symptoms are not usuallyapparent growing season,butabove ground Infection canoccur very earlyinthe What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Monosporascus root rot symptoms Monosporascus root rot symptoms
Gerald Holmes, Bugwood.org Gerald Holmes, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Monosporascus root rot field symptoms. Monosporascus root rot fruiting bodies Note symptoms often not seen until late on dead root in the growing season
Gerald Holmes, Bugwood.org Gerald Holmes, Bugwood.org
163 164 PAPAYA Leaves, stems,fruit Where willIseeit? islands. Europe, Asia.AlsoonsomePacific South America,partsofAfrica, Widespread inNorth, Central and Where isitnow? Flight, plant material How does ittravel? banana, citrus. Broad rangeincludingavocado, Alternate hostsinAustralia Nipaecoccus nipae Coconut mealybug LEAVES FLIGHT BRANCH/STEMS PLANT MATERIAL FRUIT Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? leaf drop. dew, sooty mould,andinsevere cases Look for colonies ofmealybugs,honey Adults are very small(1.5-2mmlong). What willIsee? be investigated. Any unusualmealybugsshould can potentially affect papaya. Several establishedmealybugs What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Coconut mealybug colony on palm leaf Coconut mealybug colony
Scot Nelson Scot Nelson 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Coconut mealybug. Note adults are 1.5-2 mm long
Sam Fraser-Smith, Flickr
165 166 PAPAYA Leaves, stems,fruit Where willIseeit? America. Africa, Asia,Florida,Hawaii, Central Widespread includingsouthern Where isitnow? Plant material How does ittravel? beans. avocado, eggplant, mango,coffee, Wide hostrangeincludingcitrus, Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealybug LEAVES BRANCH/STEMS FRUIT alternative hosts. other mealybugs,especiallyon This speciescanbeconfused with What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? possibly thedeathofplant. and fruitfall,theproduction of distortion, stunting, earlyleaf (2 mmlong).Look for leafyellowing, Adult mealybugs are very small What willIsee? hone PLANT CYCLE ydew,
sooty mould
and and
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Papaya mealybugs. Note adults are small Papaya mealybug colony (2 mm long)
Peggy Greb, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org Dale E. Meyerdirk, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Papaya mealybug symptoms. Papaya mealybug colony Note yellowing of leaves
Dale E. Meyerdirk, USDA APHIS PPQ. Bugwood.org Dale E. Meyerdirk, USDA APHIS PPQ. Bugwood.org
167 168 PAPAYA Leaves, twigs,fruit Where willIseeit? Papua New Guinea. and AsiaincludingIndonesia, South andCentral America,Africa Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? banana, citrus,mango,lychee. Range ofhostsincludingavocado, Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Aleurocanthus woglumi Citrus blackfly LEAVES FLIGHT TWIGS FRUIT
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? and shoots. honeydew andsooty mouldonleaves small (1.5mmlong).Look for colonies, Adults are darkcoloured andvery What willIsee? Small moths andother whitefly. What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Citrus blackfly colony on leaf Citrus blackfly. Note adults are only 1.5 mm long
Florida Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Florida Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus blackfly nymphs
Natalie Hummel, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Bugwood.org
169 170 PAPAYA on roots. Adults and eggsonleaves. Larvae Where willIseeit? States. Central America,southernUnited Where isitnow? Flight, plant material,soil How does ittravel? avocado, nurserystock. Broad rangeofhostsincludingcitrus, Alternate hostsinAustralia Diaprepes abbreviatus Citrus root weevil LEAVES FLIGHT PLANT MATERIAL ROOT SOIL Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? 1 cm long and striped. 1 cmlongandstriped. Adult weevils are approximately roots damagedby larvae feeding. Leaves damagedby adultfeeding, What willIsee? damage shouldbeinvestigated. other root feeding larvae. Unusual Root damagemay beconfused with Adult beetles are adistinctive colour. What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Citrus root weevil adult Citrus root weevil adult
Sean McCann, Flickr Sean McCann, Flickr 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus root weevil adult
katja Schulz, Flickr
171 172 PAPAYA Leaves, stem,fruit Where willIseeit? Philippines, Indonesia. Widespread includingCaribbean, Where isitnow? and clothing Plant material,machinery, footwear How does ittravel? No other significant alternative hosts. Alternate hostsinAustralia PLANT MATERIAL Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot LEAVES BRANCH/STEMS MACHINERY CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR FRUIT Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? take onawater-soaked appearance. Fruit canalsobecome infected and the crown orthemidribofleaves. where theleaves jointhestem, Darkened, water-soaked areas Plant leaves turnyellow anddie. What willIsee? seedlings showing smallwet lesions. the leafaxilsandleaves ofyoung dark coloured cankers forming in papaya plants. Symptoms include also causesignificant damageto Other exotic speciesofErwiniacan What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Bacterial crown rot symptoms on Bacterial crown rot symptoms on papaya. Note water soaked lesions papaya. Note leaf death
L. Vawdrey and R. Fullerton L. Vawdrey and R. Fullerton 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Bacterial crown rot symptoms on papaya fruit
L. Vawdrey and R. Fullerton
173 174 PASSIONFRUIT Plant material,winddispersal How does ittravel? passionfruit. Broad hostrangeincludingpapaya, Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves Where willIseeit? Papua New Guinea. including Malaysia, Indonesia, Southern andsouth-eastAsia Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Tetranychus piercei Pierce’s spidermite,bananamite LEAVES WIND
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? yellow andeventually dies. of leaves, upperleafsurface turns on leaves, reddish brown underside webbing, smallbrown spots 0.5 mmlong).Look for silkywhite Spider mitesare very small(lessthan What willIsee? Australia. mite whenitattacksbananasin sometimes calledbananaspider Two-spotted spidermiteis What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
Pierce’s spider mite, banana spider mite EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE Tetranychus piercei EXOTIC PEST
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Banana spider mite symptoms on banana leaf
Jeff Daniells, QDAF 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Banana spider mite
Don Wilkers, QDAF
175 176 PASSIONFRUIT Plant material,flight How does ittravel? No other significant alternative hosts. Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves, fruit,stems Where willIseeit? North America. Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Anisocelis flavolineata Flat foot bug LEAVES FLIGHT FRUIT BRANCH/STEMS Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? fruit. damage toterminalbuds,leaves and Adults are 20-30mmlong.Look for What willIsee? shape are distintive. The colour ofadultbugsandfoot What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Flat foot bug
Dirk van der Made, Wikimedia
177 178 PASSIONFRUIT Plant material,flight How does ittravel? banana, various vegetables. Broad rangeincludingavocado, Alternate hostsinAustralia Underside ofleaves Where willIseeit? North America. Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Aleurodicus dugesii Giant whitefly LEAVES FLIGHT Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? mould anddamagedleaves. filaments onleaves leading tosooty This speciesproduces waxy, hairlike Adults are upto5mmlong. What willIsee? investigated. whiteflies orbehaviours shouldbe Other whitefly. Unusuallooking What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Giant whitefly adults are up to 5 mm long
Scott Nelson, Flickr 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Giant whitefly. Note waxy, hairlike filaments
Scott Nelson, Flickr
179 180 PASSIONFRUIT Plant material,flight How does ittravel? banana, citrus,mango,papaya, lychee. Range ofhostsincludingavocado, Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves, twigsandfruit Where willIseeit? Papua New Guinea. and AsiaincludingIndonesia, South andCentral America,Africa Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Aleurocanthus woglumi Citrus blackfly LEAVES FLIGHT TWIGS FRUIT
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? and sooty mouldonleaves andshoots. causes theproduction ofhoneydew and darkcoloured. Feeding damage Adults are very small(1.5mmlong) What willIsee? behaviours shouldbeinvestigated. Unusual lookingwhitefliesor Small moths andother whitefly. What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Citrus blackfly colony on the underside Close up of a citrus blackfly. Note adults of a leaf are very small (1.5 mm long)
Florida Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Florida Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Citrus blackfly nymph colony
Natalie Hummel, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Bugwood.org
181 182 PASSIONFRUIT in SouthAmerica,Asia,Africa. Distribution different for eachvirus, Where isitnow? Planting material,vectors How does ittravel? Other Passiflora species. Alternate hostsinAustralia passionfruit yellow mosaicvirus. virus, passionfruitvein clearingvirus, virus, passionfruitSriLankan mottle passionfruit severe leafdistortion virus, passionfruitringspot virus, Includes eastAsianpassiflora Mostly leaves, fruit Where willIseeit? PLANT MATERIAL Various species Exotic passionfruitviruses LEAVES VECTORS INSECT INSECT FRUIT
of primaryindustries. or your stateorterritorydepartment symptoms, consult anagronomist in Australia.Ifyou seeunusual passionfruit woodiness virusoccur Some passionfruitvirusessuchas What could itbeconfused with? Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? distorted. become distorted.Fruit may appear spots ormosaicsymptoms andmay Leaves generallyshow yellow flecking, What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
Exotic passionfruit viruses EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE Various species EXOTIC PEST
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Leaf yellowing symptoms caused by Leaf yellowing and distortion caused by a virus. Report any unusual symptoms a virus. Report any unusual symptoms
Scot Nelson, Flickr Scot Nelson, Flickr 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Leaf yellowing and distortion caused by a virus. Report any unusual symptoms
Scot Nelson, Flickr
183 184 PINEAPPLE Flight, plant material How does ittravel? mango, pineapple. Broad hostrangeincludingcitrus, Alternate hostsinAustralia Leaves, fruit Where willIseeit? South-east Asia. Where isitnow? Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapplemealybug FLIGHT LEAVES PLANT MATERIAL FRUIT Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? leaves, orfruitifinfestation issevere. and theireggsontheundersideof Look for whitishmassesofmealybugs Adults are very small(1.5mmlong). What willIsee? should beinvestigated. looking mealybugsorbehaviours Established mealybugs.Unusual What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Grey pineapple mealybug colony
Scot Nelson, Flickr 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Grey pineapple mealybug colony
Scot Nelson, Flickr
185 186 PINEAPPLE Plant material,flight How does ittravel? mango, pineapple,vegetables. Range ofcrops includingavocado, Alternate hostsinAustralia Fruit Where willIseeit? Israel. Widespread inAfrica, reported in Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Thaumatotibia leucotreta False codling moth FRUIT FLIGHT Fruit development toharvest. When willIseeit? damage. damage. causing premature ripeningandfruit the surface, orbore into thefruit Young larvae minefruitjustbeneath and have awingspanof16-20mm. Adult moths are grey-brown coloured What willIsee? fruit shouldbeinvestigated. Any unusualcaterpillarsin similar toother moths. False codling moth canlook What could itbeconfused with? FLOWERING TO HARVEST
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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False codling moth False codling moth
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org J.H. Hofmeyr, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
False codling moth larvae damage False codling moth larvae are pinkish coloured
J.H. Hofmeyr, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, Bugwood.org
187 188 VEGETABLES Plant material,flight How does ittravel? vegetables. Wide rangeofhostsincludingweeds, Alternate hostsinAustralia Whole plant Where willIseeit? Africa. Central Ameria,Europe, partsofAsia, Widespread inNorth, South and Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Liriomyza trifoli American serpentine leafminer FLIGHT Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? within the leaf tissue. within theleaftissue. deposition. Thelarvae tunnelormine wounds from adultfeeding andegg Leaf damageoccurs through puncture long), yellow andblackcoloured flies. Adult leafminers are small(2-3mm What willIsee? should bereported. adults. Any unusualleafmines that have similarsymptoms and species already present inAustralia There are anumberofleafminer What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Leaf mines made by the larvae of the American serpentine leafminer
Central Science Laboratory, Harpenden Archive, UK, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
American serpentine leafminer adult fly
Central Science Laboratory, Harpenden Archive, UK, Bugwood.org
189 190 VEGETABLES Soil, plant material How does ittravel? beans. Affect various crops includingonion, Alternate hostsinAustralia Seedlings, plants Where willIseeit? Europe, North America. Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Delia florilega Bean seedfly SOIL PLANT MATERIAL Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? Lower leaves are infested mostoften. of beanflyharbourseveral larvae. leaves. Unlike similarflies,themines coloured. Larvae create minesin Adult flies are 3-6mmlongandgrey What willIsee? leafmines shouldbereported. rather thanasinglelarva. Unusual are ofteninfested withseveral larvae bean flyminesare distinctasthey number ofspecies:however, Leafmines may becausedby a Adults look similartoother flies. What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Bean seed flies are 3-6 mm long
Janet Graham, Wikimedia
191 192 VEGETABLES Plant material,flight How does ittravel? vegetables. Wide rangeofhostsincludingweeds, Alternate hostsinAustralia Whole plant Where willIseeit? India, China. Egypt, southernAsia,Middle East, Widespread inEurope. Morocco, Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leafminer FLIGHT Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? within the leaf tissue. within theleaftissue. deposition. Thelarvae tunnelormine wounds from adultfeeding andegg Leaf damageoccurs through puncture yellow andblackcoloured flies. Adults are small(about 2mmlong), What willIsee? should bereported. adults. Any unusualleafmines that have similarsymptoms and species already present inAustralia There are anumberofleafminer What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Adult tomato leafminer are about 2 mm long
National Plant Protection Organization, the Netherlands, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Leafmine created by tomato leafminer larva. Note mines increase in size along their length as the larva grows
National Plant Protection Organization, the Netherlands , Bugwood.org
193 194 VEGETABLES weeds, vegetables, cotton. Wide rangeofhostsincluding Alternate hostsinAustralia Whole plant Where willIseeit? far northofCapeYork. islands. Found inTorres Strait and and SouthAmerica,Africa, Pacific Widespread inEurope, Asia,North Where isitnow? Plant material,flight How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leafminer FLIGHT
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? within the leaf tissue. within theleaftissue. and egglaying. Larvae tunnelor mine Leaf damagecausedby adultfeeding black andyellow coloured flies. Adults are small(2-3mmlong), What willIsee? should bereported. adults. Any unusualleafmines that have similarsymptoms and species already present inAustralia There are anumberofleafminer What could itbeconfused with? your localdepartment ofagriculture. to theExotic Plant PestHotline or of Heathlands) shouldbereported northern CapeYork Peninsula (south Peninsula. Any detections outside of Torres Strait andnorthernCapeYork This pesthasbeenfound inthe What todoifyou seeit? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Vegetable leafminer adult fly Leaf mines caused by vegetable leafminer larvae
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org Jack Kelly Clark, University of California Statewide IPM Program 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Vegetable leafminer adult fly
Jack Kelly Clark, University of California Statewide IPM Program
195 196 VEGETABLES and wind Plants andplant material,flight How does ittravel? sunflower, weeds. Wide hostrangeincluding vegetables, Alternate hostsinAustralia Whole plant, mostly leaves Where willIseeit? North andSouthAmerica,Africa. Widespread inEurope, Asia, Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Aphis fabae Bean aphid,blackbeanaphid WIND LEAVES FLIGHT
Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? curled. mould. Leaves canbeyellow and honeydew whichcan result insooty dark coloured. Feeding aphidsproduce Aphids are small(2mmlong)and What willIsee? are not aseffective asusual. investigated, especially ifpesticides Any unusualaphidsshouldbe Other aphidscanbedarkcoloured. What could itbeconfused with? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
Bean aphid colony
Mourad Louadfel, Homemade, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Bean aphid
Alvesgaspar, Wikimedia
197 198 VEGETABLES berries, cotton, vegetables. including ornamental plants, apples, This pestfeeds onover 300plants Alternate hostsinAustralia containers, vehicles, machinery Whole plant. Alsoon orinbuildings, Where willIseeit? Europe, Chile. Asia, North America, Where isitnow? flight, cargo Plant material,vehicles, How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Halyomorpha halys Brown marmoratedstinkbug FLIGHT MACHINERY CARGO SHED
should bereported. in Australia.Any unusualstinkbugs brown coloured stinkbugspresent confused withanumberofother The adultsandlarvae canbe What could itbeconfused with? and infest buildingsormachinery. During winter they may aggregate Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? to plant tissues. to plant tissues. Feeding causessignificant damage brown mottled andshield shaped. Adult bugs are 12-17mmlong, What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Brown marmorated stink bug adults
Gary Bernon, USDA APHIS, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Brown marmorated stink bug adults
Mohammed El Damir, Bugwood.org
199 200 VEGETABLES eggplant, sweetpotato. including tomato,potato, A widerangeofvegetables Alternate hostsinAustralia Whole plant Where willIseeit? south-west Western Australia. New Zealand, Norfolk Island, North andCentral America, Where isitnow? and equipment, localisedflight Plants, plant materials,machinery How does ittravel? PLANT MATERIAL WHOLE PLANT Bactericera cockerelli Tomato potato psyllid FLIGHT MACHINERY
agriculture. Hotline oryour local department of reported totheExotic Plant Pest of Western Australiashouldbe Australia. Any detections outside This pesthasbeenfound inWestern What todoifyou seeit? What could itbeconfused with? those oftheexotic diseasezebra chip. Leaf symptoms canbeconfused with look like The adultpsyllid an adultaphid,butar Throughout thelife oftheplant. When willIseeit? feathery appearance. feathery appearance. and point upright, givingtheplant a Leaves are oftencupped,narrow of theleafmidribsandmargins. ‘psyllid sugar’. Yellowing orpurpling Feeding causestheappearance of long) andcanbedifficulttosee. Adult psyllids are very small(2mm What willIsee? PLANT CYCLE
a tiny cicada when magnified. a tiny cicadawhenmagnified.
is about the size of is aboutthesize of e more active and
EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
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Tomato potato psyllid adult Tomato potato psyllid. Note size relative to a tomato
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
Tomato potato psyllid adults and nymphs
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
201 202 VEGETABLES Plant material,flight How does ittravel? citrus, mango, pineapple. citrus, mango,pineapple. Range ofcrops includingavocado, Alternate hostsinAustralia Fruit Where willIseeit? in Israel. Widespread inAfrica, reported Where isitnow? PLANT MATERIAL Thaumatotibia leucotreta False codling moth FRUIT FLIGHT
investigated. caterpillars infruitshouldbe to other moths. Any unusual False codling moth canlooksimilar What could itbeconfused with? Fruit development toharvest. When willIseeit? premature ripeningandfruitdamage. surface, orbore into thefruitcausing Young larvae minefruitjustbeneaththe and have awingspanof16-20mm. Adult moths are grey-brown coloured What willIsee? FLOWERING TO HARVEST EXOTIC PEST IDENTIFICATIONPEST IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE GUIDE GUIDE FOR FOR TROPICAL TROPICAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE EXOTIC PEST
– CALL THE PLANT PEST HOTLINE ON
False codling moth False codling moth
Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org J.H. Hofmeyr, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org 1800 084 881 IF SUSPECTED
False codling moth larvae damage on False codling moth larvae are pinkish citrus fruit coloured
J.H. Hofmeyr, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, Bugwood.org
203 A glossary of terms used in this guide
Term Description Abiotic Damage caused by something other than a pest or pathogen. For example, nutrient deficiencies, drought, flooding. Axil The area where a branch or leaf stalk joins the stem it is growing from. Biotic Damage caused by a pest or pathogen. Canker A dead, discoloured, often sunken area (lesion) on a branch, root, stem or trunk (e.g. left image). Jonas Janner Hamann, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Bugwood.org
Chlorosis Chlorosis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll. This causes the leaves to become paler or yellow (e.g. left image). Scot Nelson, Flickr
Established pest Established pests are those pests present within Australia. Exotic pest Exotic pests are those pests not present in Australia. Exudate Any substance that oozes out from the pores of diseased or injured plant tissue. Frass Fine powdery refuse or fragile perforated wood produced by the activity of boring insects or the excrement of insect larvae. Honeydew An excretion from insects, such as aphids, mealybugs, soft scales, and whiteflies, consisting of modified plant sap and composed mostly of sugars and water. Lesion Localised area of diseased or discoloured tissue. Malformation An irregular or abnormal structural development in a plant, often in vegetative and floral structures. Mottling A pattern of irregular marks, spots, streaks, blotches or patches of different shades or colours. Necrotic Dark discoloration and death of tissue. Pest The definition of a pest used in this document covers all insects, mites, snails, nematodes, pathogens (diseases) and weeds that may harm plants or plant products. Terminal bud Primary growing point. Vascular tissue Plant tissue that tansports nutrients, photosynthesis products and water throughout the plant.
a stronger economy. plan for stronger farmersand White Paper, thegovernment’s Agricultural Competitiveness Australian Government’s This initiative ispartofthe PHA 19-072