Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy Yongjin Zhang and Greg Austin ( eds) G Australian ~ National ~ University E PRESS Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Power and responsibility in Chinese foreign policy / edited by Yongjin Zhang and Greg Austin. ISBN: 9781925021417 (paperback) 9781925021424 (ebook) Subjects: International relations. China--Foreign relations. China--Politics and government--1976- Other Authors/Contributors: Zhang, Yongjin. Austin, Greg. Dewey Number: 327.51 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Printed by Griffin Press First published by Asia Pacific Press, 2001. This edition © 2013 ANU E Press Contents Abbreviations vi Contributors ix Acknowledgments xi I. China and the responsibility of power Yongjin Zhang and Greg Austin 2. Chinese power and the idea of a responsible state 21 Rosemary Foot 3. Power and responsibility in China's international relations 48 Gerald Chan 4. China's power: searching for stable domestic foundations 69 Greg Austin 5. The the CCP and the formulation of Chinese defence and foreign policy I OS Youji 6. China's participation in international organisations 132 Ann Kent 7. China's diplomacy in North and Northeast Asia: norms and practice I 6 7 Stuart Harris 8. Power, responsibility and sovereignty: China's policy towards Taiwan's bid for a UN seat 196 Baogang He 9. China and arms control: a learning process 219 Gary Klintworth I 0. China's security problematique: critical reflections 250 Yongjin Zhang References 272 Index 294 v Abbreviations ABM Anti-ballistic missile ACME Arms Control in the Middle East ADB Asian Development Bank APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BWC Biological Weapons Convention CBM confidence-building measures CCMPO Commission for the Comprehensive Management of Public Order CCP Chinese Communist Party CD Conference on Disarmament CFA Committee on Freedom of Association CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMC Central Military Commission CNEIC China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation CNPC Chinese National Petroleum Corporation COSTIND Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty ewe Chemical Weapons Convention DPP Democratic Progressive Party EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EEZ Economic Exclusion Zone GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP gross domestic product GNP gross national product GSD General Staff Department IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICJ International Court of Justice IDA International Development Association IGO Inter-governmental organisation fLO International Labour Organisation vi IMF International Monetary Fund IN GO international non-governmental organisation INTERFET International Force in East Timor IRBM intermediate range ballistic missile KEDO Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organisation KRL Khan Research Laboratories MAD mutually assured destruction MFN most-favoured nation MRBM medium range ballistic missile MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime NAM Non-aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO Non-governmental organisation NIEO new international economic order NMD National Missile Defence NPC National People's Congress NPT Non-proliferation Treaty OAS Organization of American States OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PLA People's Liberation Army PLC Political and Legal Commission PRC People's Republic of China PTBT Partial Test Ban Treaty R&D research and development RFE Russian Far East RMA Revolution in Military Affairs ROC Republic of China ROK Republic of Korea SAR Special Administrative Region sco Shanghai Cooperation Organisation SRBM short range ballistic missile TMD Theatre Missile Defence UN United Nations UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea vii UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund us United States USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WMD weapons of mass destruction WTO World Trade Organization viii Contributors Greg Austin is Director of Research for the Brussels-based International Crisis Group. He has worked in other professional and academic posts in Canberra, Hong Kong and Washington. He is co-author ofjapan and Greater China: political economy and military power in the Asian century (with Stuart Harris, 200 I); and Red Star East: the armed forces of Russia in Asia (with Alexey Muraviev, 2000); and author of China's Ocean Frontier: international/ow, military force and national development ( 1998). Gerald Chan is Senior Lecturer at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. His latest publications include Chinese Perspectives on International Relations ( 1999), China's International Relations in the 21st Century (co-editor, 2000), and 'From the 'Olympic formula' to the Beijing Games', Cambridge Review of International Affairs (2002). Rosemary foot is Professor of International Relations and the John Swire Senior Research Fellow in the International Relations of East Asia, St Antony's College, University of Oxford. Her most recent book is Rights Beyond Borders: the global community and the struggle over human rights in China (2000). Baogang He is Associate Professor at the School of Government, the University of Tasmania, currently on leave as Senior Research Fellow, East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore. He is the author of The Democratic Implication ofCivil Society in China ( 1997), and Nationalism, National Identity and Democratization in China (with Yingjie Guo, 2000). Stuart Harris is Professor Emeritus in the Department of International Relations in the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University. Former Head of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, his research ix interests include China's international relations and Asia Pacific economic and security cooperation. His most recent publications include Will China Divide Australia and the US? ( 1998) and Japan and Greater China: political economy and military power in the Asian century (with Greg Austin, 200 I). Ann Kent is Australian Research Council Research Fellow at the Centre for International and Public Law, Faculty of Law,Australian National University. She is the author of China, the United Nations and Human Rights: the limits of compliance ( 1999) and numerous other publications on China, international organisations and human rights. She is currently writing a book on China and international organisations. Gary Klintworth has a PhD in International Relations. He was a China analyst for Australia's Joint Intelligence Organisation and a Senior Research Fellow with the Northeast Asia Program at the Australian National University. He has published several books on East Asia including New Taiwan, New China (reprinted 1997). JiYou is Senior Lecturer in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of New South Wales. He has published widely on China's political, military, economic and foreign affairs. Most recently, he authored the book, The Armed Forces of China (1999). Yongjin is Fellow in the Department of International Relations, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University. His most recent publications include China in International Society since 1949-A/ienation and beyond ( 1998) and 'System, empire and state in Chinese international relations', Review of International Studies (200 I). X cknowled ents The genesis of this book is an international conference on 'China at Fifty: power and responsibility' that we organised in November 1999 in Canberra.We chose the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China to bring a number of scholars from around the world to reflect on changes and the new orientation of Chinese foreign policy. Discussions and debates at and following the conference have further stimulated our interests in looking at how the international behaviour of the People's Republic of China has been increasingly shaped by China's understanding of its growing power and responsibility in international society. We would like to acknowledge the Department of International Relations, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University for providing funding and organisational support for that conference. This book would not have been possible without the active support and encouragement we have received from all contributors, who share strong belief in how our collective work can contribute in its own way to understanding China's sometimes erratic international behaviour. The publication of this book sees the fruition of our continuous conversation in the last two years. We would like to express our gratitude to all of them. Finally, we are grateful