DOCSLIB.ORG

Migrants, Subjects, Citizens: Comparative Perspectives on Nationality in the Prewar Japanese Empire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Migrants, Subjects, Citizens: Comparative Perspectives on Nationality in the Prewar Japanese Empire Volume 6 | Issue 8 | Article ID 2862 | Aug 01, 2008 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Migrants, Subjects, Citizens: Comparative Perspectives on Nationality in the Prewar Japanese Empire Tessa Morris-Suzuki Migrants, Subjects, Citizens: Comparative even maybe 20 million (ten times the current Perspectives on Nationality in the Prewar size) by the middle of this century, thus Japanese Empire creating a “Big Japan” with enhanced global power and prestige. (Sakanaka 2005; Akashi Tessa Morris-Suzuki and Ogawa 2008) Former Prime Minister Mori Yoshiro seems an Public statements by the Diet Members’ unlikely champion of a multicultural Japan. His League are part of an intensifying debate in brief term of office is, after all, perhaps best Japan about immigration and the place of remembered for the furore he evoked by a foreigners in Japanese society. Against a speech in which he described Japan as a background of impending population decline “Divine Nation headed by the Emperor”. This and global competition for skilled labour, the echo of prewar nationalism stirred fears at conventional battlelines of the migration home and abroad that senior Japanesedebate are being redrawn. Now some politicians still subscribed to Shinto myths of a conservative politicians are looking seriously at unique and racially superior Japan. Yet Mori the need to revise social policies, and even to today is an active participant in the ruling reform Japan’s nationality law, in order to Liberal Democratic Party’s “Diet Members’ adapt to an age of higher migration. League for Promoting Exchanges of Foreign Meanwhile, leading members of the opposition Human Resources” (Gaikoku Jinzai Koryu Democratic Party have been debating a Suishin Giin Renmei), an awkwardly-named proposal to give local voting rights to foreign body whose mission is to promote mass permanent residents: a proposal which immigration by making Japan a magnet for Sakanaka firmly excludes from his vision of Big skilled workers from around the world. (Akashi Japan, and which LDP politician Hirasawa and Ogawa 2008, 69) Katsue describes as “the first step towards the loss of Japanese identity and the dissolution of Mori’s capacity to combine nostalgia for the heart of the nation state”. (Nishi Nihon wartime nationalism with enthusiasm for Shimbun, 18 April 2008). Such political boosting the number of foreigners in Japan is, crosscurrents highlight a complex relationship however, perhaps not so odd after all. The between nationalism and internationalism, inspiration for the activities of the Dietbetween belief in a “unique Japan” and in Members’ League is a fear that a low birth rate “coexistence [kyosei] with foreigners”, and and declining population will irrevocably between nostalgia for the past and visions for damage Japan’s power and prestige. For this the future. reason, its members have given a friendly reception to the views of Sakanaka Hidenori, Colonial Origins former head of Japan’s Immigration Bureau, who advocates an expansion in the size of These controversies surrounding migration and Japan’s foreigner population to 10 million, or nationality are deeply embedded in Japan’s 1 6 | 8 | 0 APJ | JF colonial history, just as current debates on did not necessarily go together, and seldom multiculturalism and citizenship in Britain and coalesced into a single national heart. France are deeply embedded in the history of the British and French Empires. The prewar past has a bearing on the present for several reasons. First, the policies pursued by Japanese governments in the first half of the twentieth century helped to determine the nature of the foreign presence in Japan today. Many Koreans in Japan are descendents of migrants from the colonial era. Many members of Japan’s Brazilian and Peruvian communities, which together numbered over 370,000 in 2006, are descendents of those who emigrated in the first half of the twentieth century, often under schemes supported by the Japanese state as a means of strengthening their nation’s social cohesion and international influence. (Immigration Bureau 2007, 18-19) Second, the ideas that resurface in present-day Map showing stages of incorporation in debates have a lineage that goes back to the Japanese Empire, 1870-1943 nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The legal framework of Japanese nationality was The age of colonial empires, like the present first set in place at a time when the creation of day, was a time of mass migrations, and the the Japanese colonial empire was justprewar Japanese empire was a space crossed beginning, and this framework was further by a complex web of movement. By 1932, there refined and developed as the empire grew. The were estimated to be some 825,000 Japanese boundaries of nationality, subjecthood and nationals living in foreign countries, Japan’s citizenship were therefore dynamic and mandated territories and the quasi-colony of contested. They were also riven with paradoxes, many of which arose from a central Manchukuo, as well as about a million Japanese contradiction: the need for the Empire to unite settlers in the colonial territories of Korea, its diverse subjects into a single loyal body Taiwan and Karafuto. (Allison 1934a) The while simultaneously seeking to divide rulers number of foreigners in prewar and wartime and ruled into a hierarchy of groups with Japan was relatively small - around 54,000 in separate sets of rights. As the Japanese empire 1930 and 39,000 in 1940. (Homusho Nyukoku expanded during the Asia Pacific War, colonial Kanrikyoku 1964, 10) This figure, however, did subjects in Korea and Taiwan were encouraged not include the large number of Korean and to see themselves as part of the inner circles of Taiwanese colonial subjects who migrated to a multiethnic Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Japan particularly from the late 1920s onwards. Sphere [Dai ToA Kyoeiken], in which By 1938 there were probably some 800,000 increasingly complex layers of rights and duties distinguished peoples of the metropolitan core, Korean residents in Japan - over 1% of the total the formal colonies, quasi-colonies likepopulation of metropolitan Japan [naichi], and Manchukuo and occupied areas. Identity, by 1945 the number had exceeded two million. subjecthood, legal nationality and voting rights (Pak 1975, 9) 2 6 | 8 | 0 APJ | JF “There are only two nations, East and West”. This quotation, from no less an authority than Napoleon Bonaparte, forms the opening sentence of a discussion paper on imperial citizenship written in 1914 by the forum of British foreign affairs experts known as the Round Table. The document’s authors go on to observe: “in this Napoleon’s aphorism is essentially correct, that history has been for the most part a settling of accounts between East and West. The chief pieces have been those of Europe and Asia, and uncivilized races Around 42,000 Chinese labourers were also have occupied the position of pawns in the transported to Japan during the War, of whom game”. (Round Table 1914, 1) The Round some 31,000 were still in Japan at war’s end. In Table’s reflections on the evolution of the addition, there were about 28,000 migrants British Commonwealth, which they portrayed from the Japanese colony of Taiwan in Japan, as “the highest development of political ideas making a total Chinese population of almost typical of Europe”, exposed the profound 60,000 in 1945. (Vasishth 1997, 132) Japan’s ambiguities and dilemmas of subjecthood and imperial expansion was also associated with nationality in the colonial world. On the one other movements of people between colonial hand, the might of an empire is demonstrated territories or across the frontiers of empire: by the size of its population. From this point of mass emigration from Korea to Manchuria, for view it is desirable to have an inclusive system example, as well as a smaller flow ofof membership which defines all inhabitants as immigrants from China to the Japanese colony sharing a single nationality. On the other hand, of Taiwan. it is necessary to justify the right of one section of the population to exercise control over Migration was the lifeblood of empire, and others. Hence the tendency for most colonial those who governed the empire sought to empires to develop an increasingly sharp maximise the economic and strategic benefits distinction between the formal status of for cross-border movement while alsonationality (shared by all or most inhabitants of controlling, channelling and filtering it so as to the empire) and substantive citizenship (rights contain its subversive potential. The tools they to participate in the political process, which devised for this purpose were often ingenious. were unequally distributed between colonisers Here I shall begin by using a comparison and colonised.) between the British and Japanese empires to clarify both commonalities and distinct features The Japanese model of colonialism is often of the Japanese system. I shall then go on to likened to the assimilationist French model, look at the way in which prewar migrations which involved an extension of the challenged and sometimes shifted themetropolitan order to the colonies, and boundaries of Japanese subjecthood and contrasted with the British model, which is nationality, before concluding with some seen as involving a higher degree of autonomy reflections on the implications of this history for local people. (See for example Tanaka 1984, for the current migration and nationality 159) This distinction, however, seems too debates. sharp. France, Britain and Japan all had highly complex imperial systems in which the strength Imperial Subjects of metropolitan control and the degree of 3 6 | 8 | 0 APJ | JF assimilationism varied both between regions automatically and without choice - to have and over time, and Japan in fact borrowed and become Japanese subjects, but a local version adapted eclectically from both French and of the Nationality Law was never introduced, British precedents.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sakhalin Koreans' Repatriation
    The Long-Delayed Repatriation of the Sakhalin Koreans: Cold War Challenges and Resolution, 1945-1992 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In History University of Regina By Sohee Yoo Regina, Saskatchewan July, 2019 Copyright 2019: S. Yoo UNIVERSITY OF REGINA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISORY AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE Sohee Yoo, candidate for the degree of Master of Arts in History, has presented a thesis titled, The Long-Delayed Repatriation of the Sakhalin Koreans: Cold War Challenges and Resolution, 1945-1992, in an oral examination held on July 10, 2019. The following committee members have found the thesis acceptable in form and content, and that the candidate demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject material. External Examiner: Dr. Dongyan Blachford, International Languages Supervisor: Dr. Philip Charrier, History Committee Member: Dr. Ian Germani, History* Committee Member: Dr. Robin Ganev, History Chair of Defense: Dr. Eldon Soifer, Department of Philosophy & Classics *Not present at defense i Abstract During World War II (WWII), tens of thousands of Koreans were forcibly mobilized to Karafuto (southern Sakhalin Island) to serve as labourers in Japan’s wartime economy. When the war ended in August 1945, the Soviet Union occupied the region and the Koreans ceased to be Japanese colonial subjects. While 99% of the Japanese in Karafuto were repatriated by April 1950, the Koreans became trapped in a Cold War standoff between the Soviet Union, North Korea, and South Korea that was not fully resolved until the 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Developments in Korean-Japanese Historical Reconciliation
    1 of 14 Recent Developments in Korean-Japanese Historical Reconciliation [Japanese and Korean language texts available below] The Hankyoreh and William Underwood Following through on a pledge made in early 2010, the Japanese government in late March supplied the South Korean government with a list of 175,000 Koreans forced to work for private companies in Japan during World War Two. The long-sought records include details about the 278 million yen (about $3 million, unadjusted for interest or inflation) in wages the workers earned but never received. The funds reside in Japan’s national treasury today; the government has never indicated what it intends to do with the money. The data will enable authorities in Seoul to verify the forced labor experience of individuals listed in the records, and to finally compensate them under a South Korean program set up in 2007. South Korea took that step in response to domestic political pressure that began building in 2005, when the state made public all of its diplomatic records related to the 1965 Basic Treaty that normalized relations with Japan and provided South Korea with $800 million in grants and loans. Those records show that the Park Chung-hee administration rejected a Japanese proposal to directly compensate wartime workers, while claiming for itself the responsibility of distributing funds received from Japan to individual Koreans harmed by forced labor and other colonial injustices. In fact, nearly all the money went toward economic development and national infrastructure After decades of rebuffing requests for such projects instead. Courts in both nations have since information, Japan on March 26 provided concluded that the bilateral accord waived the right of South Korea with payroll records for South Korean citizens to press claims against the Korean labor conscripts whose wages are Japanese state and corporations.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 “Identity Through Difference”
    1 “Identity through difference”: Liminal diasporism and generational change among the Koryo saram in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Matteo Fumagalli University of St Andrews1 Abstract The article is a case study of the Koryo saram, the ethnic Koreans living in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan, to reflect on how notions of diasporas, community and identity have changed since the collapse of the Soviet Union. It contends that the Koryo saram are best understood through the lenses of diasporic conditions rather than as bounded communities as such an approach allows for greater recognition of heterogeneity within such communities. While many Koryo saram continue to claim some form of Korean-ness, how they related to issues of homeland-orientation and boundary maintenance evidences internal variation and growing in-betweenness. The community’s hybridity (“hyphenization”) and liminality (“identity through difference”) stand out when examining generational differences and are especially evident among the local Korean youth. Keywords: Koryo saram; Korean diaspora; post-Soviet; Central Asia; Kyrgyzstan; liminality; generational change. 1 School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, Arts Building, The Scores, St Andrews KY16 9AX, United Kingdom, [email protected]. 2 “Identity through difference”: Liminal diasporism and generational change among the Koryo saram in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Introduction Deported by Stalin in 1937 and later widely regarded as “the model Soviet people” owing to their assimilation and integration in Russified Soviet society, the Soviet/post-Soviet Koreans have shown – over generations and space, through forcible and voluntary migration – remarkable skills of adaptation and survival to new political and cultural environments. The collapse of the Soviet Union engendered yet another experience of dislocation and mobility, this time of borders between peoples, with the establishment of new republics where before there had been one single Soviet state and homeland.
    [Show full text]
  • Korean Diaspora in Kazakhstan: Question of Topical Problems for Minorities in Post-Soviet Space
    Korean Diaspora in Kazakhstan: Question of Topical Problems for Minorities in Post-Soviet Space German Kim Introduction Kazakhstan is a multinational state. Dozens of nations and ethnic groups living there generate a lot of problems that are both immanently national and part of the system of international relations. Before moving to the presentation and causal-consequential analysis of the actual problems of the Korean Diaspora in Kazakhstan, it is necessary to make a brief historical inquiry into the pre-history and history of the appearance of Koreans in Kazakhstan and neighboring Central Asian states. By the beginning of the 20th century, situations of hunger, cruel exploitation by the ruling classes, and the Japanese colonial yoke forced tens of thousands of pauperized Koreans to migrate to Manchuria, the Russian Far East and America. At present the number of Koreans outside Korea constitutes more than 5 million, and the most numerous groups live in China (2 million); the USA (about 1 5 million); Japan (0.7 million) and the former USSR (0.450 million). On the Korean peninsula, which is divided at the 38th parallel, in the two opposing Korean states, there is one common social phenomenon—the absence of a national question. In both North and South Korea, the number of permanently living foreigners is minimal.1 In total, the number of Koreans who lived in the USSR according to the 1989 Census was 439 thousand, and a great bulk lived in Uzbekistan, Russia and Kazakhstan. The modern demography of the Korean population is characterized by dispersion. This demography is a legacy of the policy of forced migration during the Stalin era, and also by processes of migration and infiltration among the Korean population.
    [Show full text]
  • A Transnational Tale of Two Nationalities* : Ethnic Koreans in Sakhalin Island and North Koreans in Kamchatka, Russia
    한국민족문화 74, 2020. 2., 451~483 http://doi.org/10.15299/jk.2020.02.74.451 A Transnational Tale of Two Nationalities* : Ethnic Koreans in Sakhalin Island and North Koreans in Kamchatka, Russia 1) Chaimun Lee**ㆍKhvan Lyudmila Borisovna*** 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Background on the Korean Diaspora in the Russian Far East(RFE) 3. Historical Sketch of Ethnic Koreans in Sakhalin and Kamchatka, Russia 4. Methodology 5. Transnationalism and the Soviet Koreans in Sakhalin and Kamchatka, Russia 6. Conclusion <Abstract> The goal of this study is to analyze diasporic aspects of North Korean migrants in Kamchatka, in comparison with those of Korean diaspora in Sakhalin. In particular, using narratives of ethnic Koreans obtained in two field surveys in Elizovo in Kamchatka, Russia and Jeonggwan in Busan, South Korea, this study tries to compare transnational practices of those Korean diaspora both in Sakhalin and Kamchatka, Russia. In this paper four transnational practices including alienation from the host countries, differences in kin-states, desire for an eventual return * This research was supported by Kyungpook National University Bokhyeon Research Fund, 2017. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the IEPAS2019 (6th Annual Conference on Eurasian Politics and Society) in Lisbon, Portugal (July 4-5, 2019). ** First author: Professor, Kyungpook National University, South Korea ([email protected]) *** Corresponding author: Professor, Karakalpak State University, Uzbekistan - 451 - 2 / 한국민족문화 74 to the homeland, and Confucian ethics were analyzed and compared between those Korean immigrants in both residential areas. According to the results of the study, the closure of the political system in North Korea and the kin-state of Koreans living in the Kamchatka Peninsula caused the North Korean diaspora to confuse their feelings about their home country, but those could not weaken transnationalism among them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Identity of Daramjwi Character in Anatoli Kim's Daramjwi
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 436 1st Borobudur International Symposium on Humanities, Economics and Social Sciences (BIS-HESS 2019) The Identity of Daramjwi Character in Anatoli Kim’s Daramjwi Mutiara Chaerani1,* Eva Latifah1 1Department of Literature, Faculty of Humanity, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This novel is chosen because it is written by Korean representation author in Russia. This research discusses the identity crisis issue that occurs in Korean diaspora in Russia and Central Asia. Korean diaspora in Russia and Central Asia has been going on since the 1860s. We argue that the identity crisis that occurs in Korean diaspora in Central Asia and Russia happens because of lack of empathy. This argument is different from previous studies which show that the discrimination occurs because of racial minorities and ruler’s authority which did not allow migrants to come to Russia. This research is analyzed by using Genetic Structuralism theory and Identity Crisis theory. We use literature review method and Daramjwi novel by Anatoli Kim as the corpus. The authors also collect some data of Korean diaspora history, Anatoli Kim biography, documenter, and some news related to the research to support the argument. This research shows that the identity crisis occurs because of continuous discrimination without empathy from native Russian. Keywords: diaspora, Goryeoin, identity crisis, identity negotiation, Korean diaspora The history of Korean ethnic immigration to Russia cannot be separated from the starvation incident and arbitrary rule 1. INTRODUCTION in Joseon. Furthermore, the flow of Korean ethnic immigration to Russia increased again during Japanese Korean diaspora as whole is a group of people whose colonization in Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall 2003 Interview with Filmmaker Dai Sil Kim-Gibson >> by Sarah Barbour and Xian Barrett
    A PUBLICATION OF THE ASIAN EDUCATIONAL MEDIA SERVICE Center for East Asian and Pacific Studies ✦ University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign A E M S Vol. 6, No. 3 News and Reviews Fall 2003 Interview with Filmmaker Dai Sil Kim-Gibson >> by Sarah Barbour and Xian Barrett Dai Sil Kim-Gibson has directed six films about t is a story that has been films in English on this topic Koreans and Korean Americans. She is probably best I silenced for half a century. were less than ten. Still, many know for her documentary Silence Broken, about It needed to be told. people said, “Hasn’t there been the Korean “Comfort The project started as a a work on this topic?” When- Women” and their con- book, and originally, I wanted ever I heard this, I couldn’t Interview tinuing quest for justice to do a feature film for theatri- even scream. from the Japanese gov- cal release. I knew that there Dai Sil Kim-Gibson I could only feel my ernment. Her other films, about subjects as seemingly would be a paucity of visual scream in the pit of my stom- disparate as the Sakhalin Island Koreans and the Los materials to make a documentary. More impor- ach. Because there were a book or two, publishers Angeles race riots, reflect her dedication to human tantly, I believed that as a feature drama, it would were reluctant to print my book. rights and her concern for individuals whose rights attract more people. But I couldn’t raise that kind I found a small publisher who printed my are violated.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrei Lankov FORGOTTEN PEOPLE: the KOREANS of THE
    Andrei Lankov FORGOTTEN PEOPLE: THE KOREANS OF THE SAKHALIN ISLAND IN 1945-1991 In early spring 1946, hundreds of Korean miners and fishers came to a small port city of Korsakov, located in the sounthernmost part of the Sakhalin island. Southern Sakhalin just changed ownership: after 40 years of the Japanese rule, its territory was retaken by the Russians, so local Japanese were moving back to their native islands. Koreans came to Korsakov because rumors which insisted: ships would soon arrive to take all Koreans from Sakhalin back home, to southern provinces of newly independent Korea. Those who came to Korsakov wanted to be first to board these ships. However, ships never came. This was, in a sense, a sign of things to come. The Sakhalin Koreans found themselves locked at the island in 1945 (much against their will) and for long time they hoped for some miracle which will let them return to their homes. This miracle did happen eventually, but only when it was too late for most of them, and when their children and grandchildren had completely different ideas about how life should be lived. The present article is largely based on the material which were collected during the author’s trip to Sakhalin in 2009. In recent years the local historians have produced a number of high- quality studies of the Sakhalin Koran community and its history. Unfortunately, these through and interesting studies are not well-known even in Russia outside the island, let alone overseas. The present article is based on the notes and materials provided by the Sakhalin historians and activists, as well as on some publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Images of Korea, Koreans and Korean Americans in American Cinema
    Paper for the Inha-UHM Conference, “How We View Each Other“ 28-30 November 2007 Center for Korean Studies University of Hawai`i at Mānoa Gary Pak, PhD Department of English University of Hawai`i at Mānoa Honolulu, HI 96822 Office: (808)956-8727 Fax: (808)956-3083 [email protected] Myths, Misconceptions and Mappings: Images of Korea, Koreans and Korean Americans in American Cinema INTRODUCTION It goes without saying that American cinema has been instrumental in the construction of a kind of historical reality, or perhaps better, illusion. Since the first movie set was made, those in control of this medium knew of its overwhelming efficacy to shape and change the thinking of people. In its very nascent form, even the Bolshevik revolutionary leader V. I. Lenin recognized the power of film in transforming the consciousness of the masses. To paraphrase critic Gina Marchetti, Hollywood films have had a long fascination with images of Asia and Asians but with the purpose to shape these images into the mythic “that empowers the West and rationalizes Euroamerican authority over the Asian other” (6).1 To add to this, historically, Hollywood films produced and directed and acted by Caucasians have always Pak 2 depicted non-white peoples in the way that will benefit the interests of the ruling white capitalist class. That said, there is no wonder that almost all images of Asian and Asian Americans, including Koreans and Korean Americans in mainstream American cinema, are, in various degrees, racist and class-based misinterpretations. Marchetti argues that a serious attempt to appeal directly to the tastes of any specific national audience in Asia never seems to have been a significant part of the industry’s marketing strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of General and Specific Features of Russian Schools in Sapporo and Seoul
    Title A comparison of general and specific features of Russian schools in Sapporo and Seoul Author(s) Svetlana, Paichadze; Yulia, Din Citation 国際広報メディア・観光学ジャーナル, 18, 91-114 Issue Date 2014-03-18 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/55171 Rights(URL) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.1/jp/ Type bulletin (article) File Information Jimcts18_06_Svetlana.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP A comparison of general Paichadze Svetlana, Din Yulia and specic features of Russian schools  in Sapporo and Seoul Researcher, Research Faculty of Media and Communication, Hokkaido University Paichadze Svetlana PhD Candidate, Sakhalin State University Din Yulia abstract Mothertongueschoolshavealwaysplayedanimportantrole inthepreservationofnativelanguage,languagesocialization,and theformationofnationalidentityofthechildrenofimmigrantsand long-stayresidents.InthispaperweconsidertwoschoolsofRussian longstayresidents:theRussianschoolinSapporo(Japan),andthe RussianschoolinSeoul(SouthKorea)toidentifyandcomparethe generalandspecialfeaturesoftheseschools.Specificallywewill determinehowthegeographicalsituationofeachcityinfluences .theethnicbackgroundandyearsofstayoftheRussiancommunity Howthistogetherwiththeeducationpolicyofeachcountry determinesthetypeofRussianschooltheywanttochoosefor theirchildren.Andhowthetypeofschooldirectlyinfluencesthe .commandandusageofthelanguage The Journal of International Media, Communication, and Tourism Studies No.18｜091 AcomparisonofgeneralandspecificfeaturesofRussianschoolsinSapporoandSeoul I｜Introduction Mother tongue schools have always played an important role in the preser- vation of native language, language socialization, and the formation of national identity of children of immigrants and long-stay residents.
    [Show full text]
  • All Sides Claim Victory in 1996 Gubernatorial Elections
    ALL SIDES CLAIM VICTORY IN 1996 GUBERNATORIAL ELECTIONS Although they did not receive nearly as much international attention as the July presidential election, the 48 Russian regional elections held between 1 September and 5 January were closely watched by Russian politicians and commentators. Gubernatorial elections were held in 45 oblasts, krais, and autonomous okrugs, forcing leaders appointed by President Boris Yeltsin to face the voters. Three ethnic republics also elected top executives. Both the Kremlin and opposition leaders have portrayed the elections as a success, but many new governors have pledged to use their mandates to benefit their own regions, and it is difficult to predict where their primary loyalties will lie. Who are the new governors? Of the 48 incumbent regional leaders who faced elections in 1996, 20 held on to their jobs and 24 were defeated. Another three continue to serve pending repeat elections in their regions, and Tyumen Governor Leonid Roketskii will contest a runoff on 12 January. (A complete list of election results is attached to this issue of the Russian Regional Report.) Fifteen of the 24 new governors were elected mainly with the backing of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF) and its left-wing umbrella movement, the Popular-Patriotic Union of Russia (NPSR). Of the successful Communist-backed candidates, seven were chairmen of regional or local legislatures immediately before being elected governor (Krasnodar and Altai krais and Voronezh, Volgograd, Kaluga, Vladimir, and Kurgan oblasts). Four others were State Duma deputies (Kirov, Bryansk, and Chelyabinsk oblasts and Stavropol Krai), and one (Ryazan) worked in the parliament's Audit Chamber.
    [Show full text]
  • Margaret [Marnie] Walker Dilling Collection, 1936-1997
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf3779n6x4 No online items Inventory of the Margaret [Marnie] Walker Dilling Collection, 1936-1997 Processed by Susie Lim; revised by Judy Tsou; machine-readable finding aid created by Xiuzhi Zhou Music Library Hargrove Music Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-6000 Phone: (510) 642-2623 Email: [email protected] URL: https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/music_library_archives © 1999 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Inventory of the Margaret ARCHIVES Dilling 1 1 [Marnie] Walker Dilling Collection, 1936-1997 Inventory of the Margaret [Marnie] Walker Dilling Collection, 1936-1997 Collection number: ARCHIVES Dilling 1 The Music Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California Contact Information Hargrove Music Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-6000 Phone: (510) 642-2623 Email: [email protected] URL: https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/music_library_archives Processed by: Susie Lim Revised by: Judy Tsou Date Completed: December 1998 Encoded by: Xiuzhi Zhou © 1999 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Margaret [Marnie] Walker Dilling Collection Date (inclusive): 1936-1997 Collection number: ARCHIVES Dilling 1 Creator: Dilling, Margaret Walker Extent: Number of containers: 12 cartons, 4 half-size cartons, 2 document boxes, and 2 oversize phase box. Linear feet: approximately 44 linear feet Repository: The Music Library Berkeley, California 94720-6000 Shelf location: For current information on the location of these materials, please consult the Library's online catalog. Language: English. Provenance Estate of Margaret (Marnie) Walker Dilling Access Collection is open for research. Publication Rights All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Head of the Music Library.
    [Show full text]