INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY 125 SUM MER 2 ()03

THE BULLETIN OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY FREE TO MEMBERS OF AIA

Madeira sugar rgrill o Essex breweries r first factcrie:; 6 new ffi*rnthea av';ard r&Hampshire from the authority of PO5 3NX of the new Atlantic Europe, characterised by but only the firms that had a greater investment Conference Secretary strong commercial and cultural relations. capacity. These were Ferraz & Brother and William Tony Parkes On the other hand, the structure of this H. Hinton & Sons, the latter established in 1856 60 School Lane, Hill Ridware, Rugeley Ws'l 5 3QN economy, based on the production and export of and proprietors of the TorreSo Factory - known as Endangered Sites Officer by local population. Dr Mike Nevell sugar, was associated with the emergence of a the Hinton Sugar Mill the University of Manchester Archaeology Unit, University conflict of interests: a tendency towards These factories became the leaders in the of oxford Road, Manchester Ml 3 gPL Manchester, monoculture as opposed to the need for a more absorption of technological innovations and the Librarian and Archivist type of agriculture and the regulation sugar manufacturing methods which took place John Powell diversified the Bour c/o IGMT. lronbridge, Telford, Shropshire TF8 7AW of the export trade by the King as opposed to the in the nineteenth century.These included Recording Awards Officer wish for a more liberalised economy by the major concentrators and centrifuging machines, Dr Victoria Beauchamp merchants. This would also explain the change in invented in the 1840s and at the century's end, 3 Parsonage Court, Parsonage Crescent, Walkley, products, namely and the introduction of chemical processes, which Sheffield 56 5BJ agriculture to other export Sales Officer Roger Ford Barn Cottage, Bridge Street, Bridgnorth, Shropshire WV1 5 6AF Honorary Vice-Presidents 5ir Neil Cossons John Hume Stuart B Smith Council Members Dr Robert carr Dr Paul Coliins (co-opted) 8arry Hood (co-opted) David lyne Michael Messenger Dr Mary Mills Peter Neaverson [iaison Officer Simon Thomas AIA Office, 5chool ofArchaeological Studies, University of Leicesterl Leicester LE1 7RH

E 01 1 6 252 5337, Fax: 01 1 6 252 5005 e-mail:[email protected] uk Website: www industrial-archaeology.org uk

COVER PICTURE Narrow boat Collingwood and butty Ash working up through the Hatton Locks on the Grand Union Canal. popularity fhe of the waterways is reflected in a Aerial view of the Hinton Sugar Mill, Madeira Photo: ARCHAIS batch of new publications (see page l9) Photo: Peter Stanier

2 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 and there are also verandas with a porch. The large brick chimney stands out imposingly. The Hinton Sugar Mill is not only fundamentally associated with the history of sugar production in Madeira, but it is also reflects the economic dynamics and policies of the nineteenth century and in particular transformations in the orocess of industrialisation and the capitalist system taking place at that time. Keeping in mind the values of memory authenticity and historical rarity, together with the representation of the sugar industry in the History and Cultural Heritage of Madeira and Europe, various personalities have pointed out the urgency to conserve the century-old factory which is probably the only vestige in Madeira of the first effects of the local Industrial Revolution. However; the Municipal Council of Funchal has a project for a garden in the area of the factory for which reason ARCHAIS has appealed that this project for the garden should include the Abandoned nachinery in the Hinton Sugar Mill Photo: ARCHAIS relevant architectural structures and the industrial machinery still in existence. We also led to a reduction in laboul great increases in industry - even more so when, in 1904, the appeal to the Regional Government to classify productivity and huge reductions in costs. The registration of factories made industrial the factory as national heritage.This proposal has way had been opened therefore, to large-scale production more restrictive. been widely accepted by the public, also as a production, the characteristic feature of From the start of the twentieth century this result of the campaign that we developed, and twentieth-century industrialisation. And Hinton sugar mill had actually achieved a monopoly in which includes the contribution of proposals - all did not waste such an opportunity, for between sugar production in Madeira, benefiting from in the aim of recovering the mill - and 1913 and 1915 the Hinton Sugar Mill reached exemptions from customs duty in exports to participation in surveys promoted by the media. close to 5,000 tonnes in annual production and continental Portugal, although the capital- The intention to demolish the entire built comolex the capacity to mill 500 tonnes of cane in 24 intensive nature of its production also with the exception of the chimney is seriously hours. In a short time, the Hinton Sugar Mill contributed to this. worrying. Besides going against the objectives became internationally renowned and is now The factory's employees had access to a and preoccupations of the International considered by various connoisseurs as 'one of the number of social benefits which arose during the Community in this area, it shows disregard for the most perfect in the world' and 'one of the rare second English industrial revolution and Hinton European Convention for the protection of our jewels of the archaeology of nineteenth-century out them into the contracts drawn uo between architectural heritage, of which Portugal is a sugar production in the world.' workers and the factory. Some examples are signatory, as well as for the concepts of the Protectionism took effect on the whole of the certain widow's pensions and two private rooms Council of Europe on our common heritage. sugar-based economy, from the farmers to the which were reserved at the Hospital in case they Thus, in the belief that European citizenship brandy, alcohol and sugar producers and it arose were required by Hinton's workers. and co-operation reinforces the capacity to as a pretext to attenuate the crisis in the sector as The Hinton Sugar Mill complex is a sober safeguard these common values, we would like to a result of the diseases that affected sugarcane in example of nineteenth-century architecture in the alert you to make the regional authorities aware 1881-85. According to the protectionist regime, neo-classical spirit. Of particular interest is the ofthe need to reflect on the European concepts in the producers would benefit from a reduction in main facade facing Rua 31 de Janeiro. lt is of a the decisions regarding the Hinton Sugar Mill, customs duties in the importation of molasses restrained style and has frames in grey regional namely the conservation of the architectural used in the production of brandy, if the sugarcane ashlar masonry around the windows and doors. structure, ofthe facade on Rua 31 de Janeiro, the was acquired locally at high prices. Obviously the The eighteenth-century industrial complex chimney and the existing machinery. Besides Hinton Sugar Mill, with its high production includes outbuildings that were used as offices being of scientific, pedagogical and tourist capacity, would benefit the most - in 1909 it used and for administrative services. The whole interest, this heritage complex would fit in well uo more than half of the suoarcane sold to complex is built in stonework and wrought iron, within a green space in the same area.

AIA CONSERVATION AWARI) With a prize of f500 attached, the AIA is pleased to announce the re-launch of the Annual Dorothea Conservation Award, made possible by the sponsorship of Dorothea Restorations Ltd. The Award is aimed at amateur and voluntary groups, and the project must be ongoing and have been in progress for at least 6 months. Submission of application form by 3l July 2003 Successful short-listed projects will be notified by 30 September 2003, then have until 31 March 2004 to complete the final submission. Details from the AIA web site www.industrial-archaeology.org.uk, or from the organiser, David Lyne, 10 Somerville Road, Leicester LE3 2ET.

INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 3 Surveying Essex breweries ln 1994 Essex County Council began a project to site's significance is given proper consideration identify, record, protect and nanage the county's when change, either alteration or new industrial heritage through extensive thenatic development, is proposed. The survey also surueys These have been referred to in T. Crosby. provides a baseline against which the importance & S. Gould, Surveying the public water supply of newly recognised sites can be accurately industry in Essex', lA News 113, Sumner 2000, judged. The reports are available for public and 5. Gould, 'The ldentification, Recording and consultation at Essex Heritage Conservation Management of More Recent Archaeological and Record and Essex Record Office in Chelmsford Architectural Heritage of Essex', lA Review t/o/ and at the National Monuments Record in MllL No 1, 2001, ll -24. This afticle describes Swindon. the nost recent suruey on breweries in Essex. The most recent survey undertaken in 2002 was on Essex Breweries (T. Crosby, 2002, Essex Tony Crosby Breweries - Comparative Survey of Modern/ lndustrial Sites and Monuments No. I 6, Essex CC

Essex has produced a total of 1 6 thematic reports internal typescript report). As an ancient activity on such industries as malting (nruo volumes), lime brewing was traditionally canied out on a private burning, iron foundries, radio electronics, textiles domestic scale alongside other domestic and road transport, as well as other recent human production of food and drink. Thus ale and beer activity in relation to Poor Law institutions, pre- have been produced at home for family NHS hosoitals and wartime airfields. There have consumption, on farms and estates for the landowner's family and workers, and in various also been intensive site surveys undertaken The early nineteenth-century Little Coggeshall Brewery, within the planning framework in order to inform institutions (religious communities, colleges and listed Grade ll and recently synpathetically converted to future schemes of re-use or to make a permanent hospitals) for those who lived in and visited them. private dwellings, retaining nany original identitying record of those elements that will be destroyed. Whilst there are examples of these private architectural and technological features photo: Tony Crosby These have been canied out on individual sites brewhouses in Essex, many are already known, associated with the industries mentioned above recorded and protected in the context of the century the other main producers of ale and bee[ and also the leisure industry (a cinema and a whole site or main structure, such as Waltham apart from the private brewers. However, such seaside entertainment palace), plus a sawmill. As Abbey, Audley End House and Warley Hospital. activity declined during the nineteenth century a result of this project 1,300 new sites have been This survey therefore concentrated upon hence their brewhouses have become disused added to the county sites and monuments record commercial brewing by retail publican brewers and been converted to other uses or demolished. (Essex Heritage Conservation Record). and common brewers. It proved difficult therefore to identify the actual The purpose of these surveys is to establish Forty-five sites were assessed and, in the room or structure where brewing took place, such the priorities within the industry thereby enabling absence of a typology for breweries, three had been their alteration in the intervening years. an appropriate response should significant seemingly straightforward categories or types Nine homebrew oublic houses were assessed as remains become threatened, to assess existing were drawn up, although inevitably there are part of the survey and they are amongst the statutory designations and to formulate a overlaps and grey areas of uncertainty. These earliest sites included, the public houses coherent management strategy. Assessing the three categories are: Public House Brewhouses, themselves dating from the sixteenth century and significance of each site and recommending a Unattached Brewhouses and Integrated Brewery brewing certainly taking place from the statutory framework for the future management Complexes. eighteenth century if not earlier. of remaining structures (principally Listed As across the country generally, Essex had Locations of sites ranged from village public Building or Conservation Area status or the many public houses run by retail publican houses such as The Old Crown Inn at Messing (TL continuation of existing status) ensures that the brewers who were, prior to the eighteenth 897189) to those in urban areas such as the former Kings Head Inn in Colchester (TL 993251). Due to their age, construction and location, most of these public houses are listed buildings and/or within Conservation Areas on their own account quite apart from any association with brewing and were mainly assessed as being of local importance only. Two, however, were assessed as being of more than just local importance due to the existence of what was probably the actual brick-built brewhouse, these being the former Talbot Inn at Stapleford Tawney (TQ 504976) and the Marine Brewery at The Brewers Arms, Brightlingsea (TM 087168). Although there were common brewers in the major urban areas in the sixteenth century it was probably not until the eighteenth century that they were in business in Essex, when the number of tied houses began to increase in the county. By purchasing homebrew public houses a retail publican brewer or common brewer gained both further outlets for his product and eliminated a competitor. As the quantity of beer produced T. D. Ridley & Sons Brewery at Hartford Heath. Built in 1842 it is the only remaining operational brewery in Essex, still nanaged by the founder's family Photo: Tony Crosby consequently increased, common brewers began

4 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 many cases existing structures, their original function and scale are easily identifiable. The extent of statutory protection is again very high, 85% of the structures being either Listed Grade ll and/or within the Conseruation Area. Amongst those sites deemed to be of importance, one is the only remaining operational brewery in Essex, the 150 year old T. D. Ridley's Brewery at Hartford End which remains essentially unaltered since it was built and has been a family business since establishment. The Little Coggeshall Brewery (TL 850224) is a rare example of a small family run brewery which, despite other uses since brewing ceased and recent conversion to private houses, retains technology, signage and other artefacts which allow the brewing process to be recorded throughout the site. Ihe old Wethersfield Brewery (TL 712313) has the brewhouse and brewer's house, both now converted to private dwellings, the malthouse, now the village hall, and tap house still trading as the Brewery Tavern. These comprise a rare example of a large brewery fhe forner Gray's Brewery complex, Chelmsford, listed Grade ll and now pan of the central retail area. From left to right are the malstore, bottling plant and the larger of the two nalthouses Photo: Tony Crosby complex in a rural, village setting and are of group value. The Castle Brewery Colchester (TL to brew in unattached brewhouses located away advertisement for the oroduct. 997253) and Gray's Brewery, Chelmsford (T171 1067) retain least two identifiable from the constraints of a public house Twenty six integrated brewery complexes at structures industrial brewhouse. Ten such were assessed as part of the were assessed, all dating from the nineteenth and are of classic architecture. Those breweries Great Baddow survey. These date mainly from the nineteenth century except for G. E. Cook & Sons' brewery at at (TL 732046), The Eagle Brewery Colchester (TM century although the Cellar Brewery 6 Bridge Tidings Hill, Halstead (TL 814299) which is early 003253) and Charrington, Nicholl & Co Brewery Street, Coggeshall (TL 850225) dates from the twentieth century. Locations range from a East Hill, Colchester (TM 005254) are the only late eighteenth century and that at Market End number of large rural breweries such as T. D. remaining Essex breweries which were built in an (TL 850226) may also be earlier. Again, their Ridley's Hartford Heath Brewery fiL 688175) to ornamental style, the first two being associated locations range from the rural such as Sullin's those within the urban areas of Chelmsford and with nationally recognised brewers' brewery at Hatfield Heath (TL 518152) to the Colchester. Jhe number of extant component architects. The other site Essex associated with urban such as Thomas Wright's in High Street, structures varies as sites have been the inevitable in brewing, apart from the many was Brentwood (TQ 590936). subjects of much demolition and alteration over malthouses, the lsinglass Factory in Coggeshall. lsinglass was The significance of the sites is generally low the decades since brewing ceased. However; in used in the latter stages of brewing in the brewing context although some of the to clear the beer and is the dried, prepared structures themselves are of significance to the swim bladder of various species of fish. The Coggeshall lsinglass local streetscape due to their construction and Factory 824225) was tannery history. All are therefore at best of local fiL a from the late significance only. The extent of statutory eighteenth century but in 1847 was developed to include the production gelatine and 'patent protection of the sites is fairly high, with 60% of isinglass' for G. P. Swinborne & Co. The site is being either Listed Grade ll and/or within the due re-developed Historic Conservation Area. to be and an Building Common brewers accounted for 50% of Appraisal was undertaken by AOC Archaeology in 1997. national production in 1832 and 95% in 1900, taking advantage of the new technologies of the Brewing activity in Essex broadly reflects the national historical context and despite the Industrial Revolution - steam power, extensive loss of brewhouses and mechanisation of processes and new building breweries from their maximum extent there is a reoresentative materials such as cast iron. Thus for the large mixture of sites and structures associated with industrial scale mass oroduction of beer on a the full range of brewing activity. This is no doubt commercial basis, integrated brewery complexes were developed made up of a number of due to the already high degree of statutory protection component parts including malthouses, bottling afforded to this cross-section of examples. Forty sites were plant, stables and vehicle garages, and heating five included in the survey already Listed Grade ll and power plant. Although the early breweries and 80% were and/or Conservation Area. Hence the were designed mainly by the brewers themselves in the recommendations the survey are principally or brewery engineers in a familiar industrial of concerned maintaining existing classical style, the specialist brewers' architect with their statutory statut with only Ridley's Hartford Heath became established in the second half of the Brewery and Wethersfield Brewery needing to be nineteenth century. With them came the considered for Grade ll Listing. As the survey was ornamental brewery which was not just a mainly external assessment sites and functional industrial building but one which also an of structures, a number of sites are recommended became a significant structure within the fhe tower brewhouse of the Eagle \rewery, Colchester, for internal inspection which may result in further townscape reflecting the size, influence, wealth, now converted to private dwellings recommendations for statutory protection. pride and standing of the brewer and also as an Photo: Tony Crosby

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 5 The first factory?

Roger Shelley's letter in lA News 124, page 10, concerning the Derby Silk Mill's (built l717-23) claim to be the first factory raises a number of issues. Here the case is argued for early naval dockyards to be included among some of the first factories.

Ray Riley lhe first point is definitional. What is a factory? lf it is a building specifically dedicated to the production of a good, then domestic manufacture - the weaver's cottage for example - must be excluded, although some regard such premises as proto-factories. But clearly corn mills, fulling mills and windmills are factories; they contain power machinery which transforms material into a product, and their architecture is entirely functional, that is, related to the processes being undertaken. Moreove4 they employed workers not part of the owner's family. By extension, The interior of the 320-metre long ropehouse at Venice dockyard (Arsenale) completed in 1450. The use of brick, rather should not blast furnaces, where the mechanism than wooden interior colunns was to reduce fke risk, surely a very early exanple of this strategy. fhe architect was Da is the building itself (in any case casting sheds Ponte Photo: Ray Riley were usually erected), therefore be regarded as factories? That the examples quoted might have this is unimportant. An enterprise may contract or sail lofts, mast houses, seasoning sheds, and employed only a handful of workers is inelevant, even close, but this does not have any bearing on sometimes rope houses, all of which are buildings after all there are small factories just as there are its opening date. Despite the copious literature on in the conventional sense. May I offer some large ones. The imposition of a minimum labour foreign policy, maritime battles, the heroics of chapter and verse? threshold, such as 50 or 100 workers, is not naval officers, naval strategies, warships, and to lhe first dry dock and associated facilities to helpful since it is arbitrary, while it is the some extent on the dockyards themselves, be established in a naval dockyard was at characteristics of the enterorise which is the economic historians and others seem to have Portsmouth in 1495. This was followed by yards issue. lt follows therefore that the first factory has focussed on textile mills to provide examples of atWoolwich in 1505, Deptford in 1515, Chatham been lost in the mists of time, predating the early factories. Perhaps blinded by the enormous in 1575, Hanivich and Sheerness in 1555, and Domesday survey of 1086. The Derby Silk Mill is significance of textiles in the development of Plymouth in 1690. At some yards there was well down the pecking order. Britain during the eighteenth and nineteenth specialisation of the kind at Woolwich where Secondly, Roger Shelley justifiably suggests centuries, they have overlooked the dockyards as gunfounding was added in 1 557, gunpowder that naval dockyards may be contenders for the loci of production and repair of naval vessels from manufacturing in 1662 and gun caniage title. In the light of my remarks above, they may the sixteenth century onwards. lt might be argued production in 1680. Arguably each of these not be among the first factories, but they certainly that a dry dock or building slip is not a factory but activities itself constituted an individual factory. pre-date the Derby mill by some margin. Roger both are buildings specifically dedicated to the Ropehouses at Woolwich (1612), Chatham advances the caveat that the fortunes of the production of a good, as I say above. (1621), Portsmouth (1663 and 1695) and dockyards were determined by war; this is true, Furthermore, the docks and slips were always Plymouth ('1690) were gigantic structures by the but in the search for the date of establishment accompanied by adjacent storehouses, smithies, standards of the day and must have been the

AIA 2OO3 SOUTH EAST WALES CONFERENCE

WHERE? University of Wales Institute, Cardiff WHEN? Pre-conference Seminar Friday 5 September Main Conference Friday 5 September to Sunday 7 September Post-conference programme Sunday 7 September to Thursday 1l September This year's annual pre-conference seminar is entitled 'Industrial landscapes; research, recording and regeneration'. Lectures and visits during the main conference and accompanying programme will reveal the industrial archaeology of South East Wales and the Valleys - iron, coal, tinplate, pottery engine works, docks, canals, railways, etc. The annual Rolt Memorial Lecture will be delivered by David de Haan on research in the Ironbridge Gorge Museum. Book now! If you have mislaid your booking form please contact the AIA Liaison Offtcer, Simon Thomas, AIA Office, School of Archaeological Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH g 0116 252 5337 Fax: 0116 252 5005 e-mail:[email protected]

6 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 largest factories ever built in Britain. The scale of operations in the yards may be judged from criteria such as the number of ships launched: 18

vessels left the slips at Portsmouth behrveen 1 660 and 1674, and by the volume of repairs: no less than 98 warships were worked on at Portsmouth in 1702 alone. At Chatham 259 shipwrights and tradesmen were employed in 1611, a figure which had risen to 1,000 by 1697, when 1,271 were on the payroll at Portsmouth. At the latter yard some 2, 100 were employed in 171 1. The sophisticated division of labour, the organisation of flow-line production, and, often forgotten, of material supplies, and the management of these huge numbers of workers all on one site (apart from material supplies the dockyards were self- sufficient), lend great weight to the proposition that the industrial revolution began not on the rivers and coalfields, but in naval dockyards. Even setting aside corn mills, fulling mills, windmills and blast furnaces, to name but a few early factories, a myriad of individual factories in the naval dockyards has a prior claim over the Derby silk mill. My third point concerns location or The beautifully maintained masonry roof of a slipway at Venice dockyard (Arsenale) Photo: anglocentricism. because Britain was the first Ray Riley industrial nation, there is a powerful tendency to assume supremacy over other nations, certainly associated with the navy, in 1692 had two non- storage of galleys, while even today one can view when early factories are concerned. Yet naval tidal basins, a dry dock, three building slips, fourteenth-century slips, a ropehouse of 1450 dockyards were established in Spain, the storehouses and a ropehouse. But there is more. some 320 metres long, and covered slips dating Netherlands and France concomitant with those The Venetians created a maritime trading empire from1544 and 1568. in Britain, providing the ships with which we long before that of Spain or ours; a map of 1391 In conclusion, the Derby mill must come well engaged. Even a port such as Dunklrk, not now shows some 80 sheds for the building, repair and down the list of early factories.

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INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 7 AIA NEWS

(hopefully), SOUTH EAST WALES Palmerston fortifications and Ga. Flat Holm: see above Rhigos viewpoint Second World War remains, and a and Rhondda Valley settlements CONFERENCE UPDATE H. Blaenavon; a full guided tour of substantial number of seagulls. Heritage Site lf any member who has already Conference Bargain the World attractions booked wishes to change his or her overlooked More Conference details preferences contact Michael J. Cardiff; Docks and Barrage, (save Some extra detail on some of the Messenger as soon as possible. up to f50!) historic remains amongst the visits is now available so the list is lf you have not booked yet, be In drawing members' attention to new Cardiff Bay developments, repeated here. Variations may be warned that we may not have as the next AIA Conference an concluding with a visit to Brains us by circumstances. as was forced on much en-suite accommodation imoortant decision of Council Brewery we wish. overlooked. As an incentive to A. Rhondda Heritage Centre; Hetty members who have not had the Pit; preserved steam winder, K. Coastal GwenU the Zodiac galvanising plant (working) at pleasure of attending our annual should be working by air Conference before a special Llanwern steel works, Sudbrook you have B Newport Transporter Bridge will industrial village at the west -.oc\ATrorv- discount is offered. lf ",e to travel on \:- never attended an AIA Conference be fully open for us end of the Severn Tunnel and a walk over as a paying attendee you may and look at Chepstow's industrial deduct f25 from the cost of being at C. Merthyr Tydfil; a walk around rematnS or f50 from the whole the weekend the key sites in the Cyfathfa L. Taff Valley; Abercanaid package. a Either way, this is area (settlement), Dowlais and we hope that substantial saving ironworking town, leats and it will encourage new faces to come D. Blaenavon; time will only permit quarries, returning via GE along to see how enjoyable, as a visit to Big Pit or the iust Aircraft Engine Services (where informative and lronworks this day New members well as Boeing 147 engines are constructive, our conference is E. Melingriffith Waterwheel and maintained) with an alternative The AIA welcomes the following pump (1807); Nantgarw Pottery, of the National Museum of new memoers: J. Anderton, Swavesey Flat Holm visit three conserved kilns; Wales store. Mr M. Mr S. Barber, London We fear that there may have been a Works, Treforest Tin Plate M. Eastern Valleys; Glyn Pits, 1845 Mr J. Barnett, Stoke-on-Trent lack of clarity on the conference conserved buildings beam engine and a winding Mr M. Cox, Romsey booking form regarding the visit to engine; British ironworks site F. The Vale of Glamorgan Railway Mr J. K. Gillham, Carshalton Flat Holm. This is an optional and engine house; B&A Canal. be steam for us and our Beeches extension to Visit G and is an extra will in should coincide a Mr S. Gilmore, Belfast f13, whatever package you have visit with N. Ebbw & Rhymney; Bassaleg, Festival of Transport. Miss J. Gott, Derby booked. Transoort to the island is in Crumlin, Ebbw Vale, Rhymney, Mr J, E. Grayson, Oldham a 40-seater boat with limited cover Butetown G. Cef n Cribwr, conserved Mr M. E. Hardy, Tunbridge Wells The tides during conference week ironworks site; Tondu P Dare & Rhondda; Aberdare Mr E. Marshall, London have dictated the programming of lronworks, substantial buildings walk-about, tramway remains Mrs G. Mathieson, Cottingham this visit. The island's attractions (Highly and bee-hive coke ovens at Robertstown and Hirwaun, Mr 5. Nisbet, Glasgow include a lighthouse, foghorn, Commended for the BAA AIA surface Tower Colliery Mr D. G. Rodwell, Melrose limekiln, cholera hospital (disused), Award 2002); Barry Docks

News from Upper Cwmtwswg Dear Mr Editor Just a note to keep you up to date and let you know that things are going along swimmingly for the conference at Upper Cwmtwswg. The rugby club have insisted on providing bouncers, although I told them I don't think it will be necessary, Most of them are wider than Chris lrwin but half the height. They have a problem about Dai Sponge running the bar.Ihey say he is not a suitable person to run an intellectual event and think that they are more suitable, but there cannot be much in it. On the subject of beer, Malachi the Mashtun, who works down the brewery reckons he can tweek things so we get a special conference brew of Allbright at double the strength. We could get it up to 2o/o, he hopes. We dld have a problem with Sweaty Betty who insisted she would not deliver. But we could not have the whole conference going in queuing for pies and blocking the road, and anyway once they see the lights of Ponty we'll never get them back. So we threatened to report her to Food Hygiene and that solved the problem; she didn't want to go through all that, yet again. 5o there we are, and looking fonruard to seeing you all. Keep in touch.

Yours fraternally

/ortcz. ile 44441

Editor's note:We should make it clear that the views expressed by the Twswg Valley Literary Philosophical and Bog Snorkelling Club are not necessarily those of the AIA Council.

8 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAE2LOGY NEWS 125 AIA AND DOROTHEA 4. Projects must be ongoing, and progress period CONSERVATION AWARD have been in for a of not less than six months at the time DOROTHEA 2003-4 of initial application. The Award is being re-launched in 5. The following criteria, wnere time for making an award in 2004. lt RESTORATIONS appropriate, will be taken into was originally launched in 1984, the account when judging entries, and tenth Anniversary of the founding of should therefore form the basis for LTT) Dorothea Restorations Ltd. to your application:- commemorate the first decade of Incorporating Ernest Hole (Engineers) of Sussex service to museums throughout the the scope and nature of the country. lts purpose is to support project. CONTRACTORSAND CONSULTANTS IN THE and encourage voluntary the significance of the project in C O I,{ S ERUAT I O O F conservation work on sites and national, regional, or local terms, N H ISTORI C M ETALWO RK, artefacts of industrial, agricultural, and its added value to the MACHINERY AND WINDIWATER MILLS and domestic imoortance. communi$. The Award is made by and the nature, size and previous Recent contracts include designs for an atmospheric through the generosity of Dorothea experience of the group railway, and a replica steam locomotive, restoration of Restorations Ltd, and judged by a undertaking the project. l8C lead sculptures, repair and gilding of the Albert panel of judges nominated by the the progress made in the project, Memorial bronze decoration, conservation work on Council of the Association for in relation to the available Ttrrbinia, Lion, Sans Pareil and Locomotion. and even Industrial Archaeology. The Award is resources finance and the restoration of administered by the AIA Council and of an hydraulic catafalque! man0ower. is presented in conjunction with a suitable the quality of record keeping in Conference or function Over I00 man years experlence organised by the Association. relation to the project. There will be one Award, the use which could be made of consisting of a plaque together with the Award. Northern Works: New Road, Whaley Bridge, via Stockport, a cheque for f500. In addition, the generation by the Cheshire SK23 7JG. Contact: Dave Hodgson entries which are commended by conservation process of any new Tel: (01663) 733544 Fax: (01663) 734521 the judges will receive a Certificate insight into our industrial past. of Commendation. The Award will Southern Works: Riverside Business Park, St Annes Road, St. the protection of the environment be made annually, subject to receipt Annes Park, Bristol, BS4 4ED. Contact: Geoff Wallis offered by the project. of a satisfactory application. Tel: (01 t'7) 9115337 Fax: (01 17) 9711617 proposals for maintenance and Rules future care on comoletion of the prolecr. To be eligible for projects 1. entry, It is anticipated that the short- must be concerned primarily Whilst every effort will be taken to PRESS: with listed projects will involve a visit STOP the conservation of a site or object safeguard the information from one, at least, of the judges. The lronbridge Weekend a or submitted, the organisers cannot of industrial, agricultural, finalist will be notified by 31 July accept responsibility for any great success domestic archaeological interest. 2004, in time to arrange for Projects primarily subsequent loss or damage. The The annual AIA Affiliated Societies concerned with representation at the AIA submitted copy, which can be on CD, Weekend, held at the lronbridge the recording or interpretation of Conference in September 2004.Tw0 sites, or with the collection of items, will be retained in the association Institute, Coalbrookdale, over 1 2-1 3 places, one of which is will not be eligible. archive. April was one of the best attended complementary, will be reserved for for many years. The theme of 'Power Projects are restricted work 6. The decision of the Judoes is the Dresentation. 2. to in Corn and Textile Mills' was a sites objects United final. on or in the 8. The AIA should have oermission popular one and as well as a variety Kingdom. 7. Entry for an Award is to be to publish any entry, or part thereof, of speakers and topics delegates 3. Projects must have been made by completing a Form of in lA News or lndustrial were treated to a visit to the picturesque undertaken by amateur and Application, to be received by 31 Archaeology Reyreraz without fee, Daniel's Mill near voluntary groups or individuals. July 2003, together with a brief but copyright would remain with the Bridgnorth and the usual Saturday Individuals or groups which are description of the project, outline of author(s), and it would be their night dinner and impossible quiz in attached to a orofessional proposed final entry, and responsibility to obtain copyright the New Inn at the Blists Hill organisation (e.9. a friends of the illustrations, all of which can be on clearance for any third party museum srte. museum group) will be eligible. CD. From this a short list of material used. A full report will be published in Members of the group should not applicants will be selected. Finalist the next issue of lA News. have received remuneration, other will be notified, and a list will be Entry forms are than the receipt of agreed expenses, publicised at the AIA conference in available from and for any work or services contributing Cardift in September 2003. to the project, lt is accepted that it Applicants then have until 31 should be returned Advertise may be necessary to obtain paid March 2004 to complete the final before 31 July 2003 to: professional advice to meet legal or application package supported David Lyne, Dorothea Award for in statuatory requtrements, and where appropriate, by illustrative Conservation, c/o 10 Somerville IA News funding from sponsors or lottery and supplementary material, which Road, Leicester, LE3 2ET. E-mail: grants, etc must be declared again may be on CD. [email protected]

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 9 LETTERS

The Pattens and the been laid in 1903), and the comparatively little had been stolen. The very latest tragedy to hit the connecting section of the BCK After the re-opening, I think we lost pier was a suspected arson attack Greenfield valley system was opened in 1931. The more than during the closure. on 28 March, in a large blaze I have been the article in /4 reading BCK in turn linked with the railways Souvenir hunters were a real pest. tackled by 60 firefighters. Sussex News l2l about the Greenfield in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), then Things we salvaged and put (we Fire Brigade described the fire as Valley industries in North Wales and onwards to Southern Rhodesia thought) in safety would disappear. 'definitely of doubtful origin.' particular in the copper mills (Zimbabwe) and Mozambique, so a Nowadays we are jolly cautious Tin Mickleburgh established by the Warrington Co., continuous 3ft 6in gauge rail link about leaving things around. Even Chairnan, National Piers Society c1753. I have a note also of a was then established from Lobito in so, touch wood, we rarely get any 33 Littlefield Lane, Grinsby William Patten who was a Angola on the west coast to Beira in serious problems. We are very Lincolnshire DN3l 2AZ shareholder in Mines Royal at Mozambique on the east coast. fortunate on the whole. Keswick cl565. William Patten is However, through coast-to- Despite the undoubted success Sir Joseph Whitworth mentioned in connection with coast traffic was most unlikely as of restoration over the last 50 years, 'farming' to Sir bicentenary and a the Keswick industry the rail routes to Lobito and Beira some aspects have been Thomas Smith in 1580 but I have no were both competing for mineral controversial. The worst vandalism search for artefacts record of him as a shareholder after and mining equipment traffic linked has been done more or less This year is the bicentenary of the Pat Frost or this. Perhaps the author to the Northern Rhodesian Copper officially. The demolition of the gate birth of Sir Joseph Whitworth. The an AIA member has some Belt and the Katanga deposits in the over the line, the gate posts at the Whitworth Society is in the process Patten activity in the information on Congo. The driving force behind the works entrance, the destruction of of compiling a database of copper/brass trade between the Benguela Railway was Robert the gunpowder sheds (all at Boston Whitworth artefacts and I would be Keswick date and the establishment Williams, an engineer from Lodge), the stripping of the booking extremely grateful of any leads mills Bank in of at Quay Wanington Aberdeen who was a major figure in office at Minffordd, the replacement which members could give me. For 1719. the discovery and development of ofthe Museum in the Goods Shed at example, a planer is still at the In return I can supply details of copper deposits in Katanga and Porthmadog by the restaurant and Underfall Yard in Bristol, although a John William Keates who began and Northern Rhodesia. Civil war in consequent withdrawal of our lathe in the workshop of the their careers with the Pattens at Angola resulted in the effective museum registration, oh dear, I Penyrorsedd Quarry Nantlle, has nineteenth 0akamoor in the closure of the Benguela Railway as a could go on. been sadly removed for scrap! Ihere century then a copper/brass mill of through route in the mid-l970s but, There is some excuse for the are some cannons in France but the Cheadle Co. (Staffs). as reported in lA News 122, gateposts and the arch, as they there ought to be others as well. Pat Frost may know the As rehabilitation of the railway has were too close to the line for safety. As oart of the celebrations the Pattens operated at various sites in now commenced. A later And I suppose we could have a Institution of Mechanical Engineers the UK but were bought out at contribution to the railways of the discussion about what is a is planning to combine the 0akamoor by theThos. Bolton Co. in region was the Chinese-built museum? In France a locomotive presentation of Whitworth Awards 1 852. The Boltons also acquired the Tanzania-Zambia (Tazara) Railway, can be a monument historiquq so and Whitworth Scholarships at the Newton Keates mills near St Helens opened in 1975, which provided a have we in Wales the old idea that a North West Region's Annual Dinner in Lancashire in 1894. direct 3ft 6in gauge link from museum has to be a building with at Manchester Town Hall on 21 I have seen nothing published Zambia to the port of Dar-es-Salaam bits of grotty pot or bronze November 2003 - if you would like Patten industry the about the in in Tanzania. This did not, however; axeheads in it? more information on this event period late-sixteenth early- to connect with the existing railway It is still the best little railway I please contact me. perhaps eighteenth century but system in Tanzania which - like know. Geoff Ward someone is able to enlighten me? those in Kenya and Uganda - is of Dr Peter Jaruis Chairman T.E. Evans metre gauge. (Background 42 Church Green Road, Eletchley lMechE Whitworth Awards Panel 32 Muster Court, Haywards H eath information from The Lobito Route - Milton Keynes MK3 681 Margalla West Sussex RHl6 4AW A History of the Benguela Railway Higher Gunnville, Milborne Port by John Scott-Morgan and Sampson Brighton's West Pier Sherborne. Dorset DT9 5AW Benguela Railway E-nail: Low's World Railways, 1954-55 AIA members will have read in lA G E 0 F F fl EWAR D62 4@a o l. con At the risk of sounding like edition.) News l24aboutthe partial collapse 'Disgusted Benguela I Henry Gunston of Wells', of Brighton's West Pier. However, the offer the following comment on the 6 Clement Close outlook for Birch's Victorian Turnpike weighing paragraph Benguela Railway OXl2 7ED on the Wantage masterpiece - one of only two piers engines on page 10 of lA New 122. ln the that has Grade I listed status - now I have recently been researching toll report on the Benguela Railway No vandals at Festiniog seems much brighter. On 26 houses in Wiltshire and have come (Caminho de Ferro de Benguela) in I note in the review of The Festiniog February the council's planning across a number of references to Angola, it was implied that this (page Railway since 1950 15, lA committee voted by nine votes to weighing machines being erected railway itself crossed Africa from ',lay News l2J) that the FR two in favour of a shoreward neat toll gates or tollhouses. We west to east coasts. This was not so. neglected and vandalised until development scheme that should know use because many lhe 3ft 6in Benguela Railway ran for their 1950.' This surprises me a little. release f14.2 million of Lottery turnpike trusts based their charges 838 miles (1,348 km) from the Neglected, I would agree. But one of funding and allow work to partly on the weight of the carriage Angolan port of Lobito to Luau and particularly the the things I noted during recommence. lt is hooed that or cart passing through the gate. But Dilolo, settlements on the border the closure was the lack of pier could re-open by October 2005. I can find hardly any reference to between Angola and the Congo Free vandalism. which wasn't Some local conservationists are these in the literature on turnpikes State (now the Democratic Republic fashionable then. The windows still threatening a public enquiry and I am wondering exactly what of Congo). Here it connected to the remained intact, and apart from over the proposals, that need they looked like and what Belgian financed Chemin der Fer du people (like me)who got in through government approval. But as pier mechanism they employed. I Bas-Congo au Katanga (BCK). The windows and then shut them supporters point out, the alternative imaging they must have been Benguela line was officially opened afterwards, the place was little to this scheme could 'consion the present-day in June 1929 (the first rails having something like damaged. When we re-opened, West Pier to oblivion.'

1O INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 LETTERS weighbridges although the the Wantage Brewery Co. Ihe crane mechanism might have been quite was originally on the wharf of the different. Two references in trust Wilts & Berks Canal in Wantage but minutes give us only vague clues: was moved to the Tramway's Upper ntrw 1804 Beckhampton. Agree to Yard in 1904. Some of its design ENG[Ni-E]ERD(G a new weighing engine at the characteristics suggest a Stothert & erect For Future Generations Beckhampton turnpike gate and the Pitt Ltd, Bath, origin but this is not Preseruing Our Heritage old one to be repaired and removed confirmed. I have a number of to the Kennet turnpike gate. To photos with the crane in the agree a contract with George Taylor background but, regrettably, nobody of Bath, an engineer, for this.' thought to fully record it prior to

1 830 Bradford-on-Avon. Agree scrapping in 1945. ls there anyone to sinking a pit for the new in the AIA who has an interest in (weighing) engine opposite the said nineteenth-century cranes and with (toll) house.' whom I might correspond? I would very much appreciate J. Meatcher any information which readers E-mail: might be able to provide on this j ack. meatc h er@bti n tern et. com subject. Recent projects :2001 12002 lvor Sloconbe Looking For Brown & | | Eelconbe Place May restorotion of world's oldest working Bradford-on-Avon steom engine I am trying to find out about Brown Wiltshire BAl5 I NA & May water-raising equipment. I 5m timber woterwheel construction Only one example on the downs in newcomen engine technicol osessment Nineteenth-century North Wiltshire has been found at design & build of lorgest cost iron structure Wantage Crane present, but if any reader has anY erected in ihe lost 80 Yeors I have been researching the knowledge or information about Wantage Tramway for over eight this Wiltshire firm I would be 22-24 Cormyle Avenve. Gtosgow, Scoflond, G32 8HJ years and have uncovered quite a pleased to hear. Tel +0044 l4l 763 0007 Fox +0044 l4l 763 0583 lot of 'new' information. Howeve[ | Peter Goodhugh [email protected] www.herilogeengineering.com have had only limited success with a 34 Countess Road, Amesbury lncorporaLing Walter MacFarlane & Company Ltd nineteenth-century hand oPerated Wiltshire SP4 7As crane, bought by the Tramway from E - na i | : G ood h u g h @bti nte rn et. co m

NEWS

the Board of Torksey Viaduct, a steel Pratt trusses but the greater on, and he produced an elegant and the GNR lobbied part of the bridge remains mathematical analysis confirming Trade, and permission was given for bridge with a history substantially in its original form. the experiments, and claiming that the Company to use the bridge at its The Torksey Viaduct, crossing the At the end of 1849 the viaduct the continuous beam was one third own risk. Simmons retreated, head upper tidal reaches of the Trent, was was inspected by Capt Simmons RE, stronger than two simple beams. bloodied but unbowed. commissioned by .lohn Fowler, a railway inspector instructed by the Simmons was hard to satisfY, The line over Torksey was closed engineer of the Manchester, Railway Commissioners. His rePort considering this to be a clever ploy in 1959, and was acquired in recent Sheffield & Lincolnshire Railway condemned the main spans as being to overrule his decision. The years by Sustrans with a view to east of Sheffield, and built by of inadequate strength. This created engineers en masse deplored the restoring it and providing a cycle William Fairbairn of Manchester, a furore at the Institute of Civil interference by a civil servant in and walkway. Prior to this English patent based on his box-girder of Engineers who spent four meetings engineering matters. The M5&LR Heritage had supported a relisting 1846. lt orovided a cut-off between discussing the matter. The two main Retford and Lincoln, avoiding a snans had been built in one detour through Gainsborough, and continuous length on the west bank, was used initially by the Great and rolled out across the river. Northern Railway pending Whereas Simmons had done his completion of their pioneering calculations treating the tvvo spans Wanen girder bridge higher up the as independent simple beams, Trent at Newark. Fowler and others pointed out that As originally built the bridge they formed a continuous beam, had nrvo 1 30-foot double track box and therefore possessed girder spans, and was approached substantially greater strength than on the east bank by a timber viaduct Simmons had given them credit for. of 19 spans. These were replaced in Practical demonstrations were 1877 by wrought-iron girders on given by l.K. Brunel and C.H. Wold cast-iron screw Diles. The main showing the behaviour of an spans were widened and experimental beam continuous over strengthened by the Great Central three supports. The services of the railway in 1897 by adding central polymath William Pole were called The historic Torksey Viaduct across the frent Photo: Ron Fixgerald

INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 11 NEWS

to Grade ll* on the basis of its Vivian V2 incline at Llanberis slate importance in the history of bridge quarries. The Awards were development, and it has often been oresented on 2'l November at the cited as a text book example of the ICE in London and reported in PHEW benefits of continuity. A suspicion N ews letter, 96, December 2002. must remain that Fowler had never contemplated continuity, of which Erasmus recognises little was known at the time and industrial recording as certainly not Fairbairn who remained sceptical, but it had culture oroved a useful stick with which to The German photographers Bernd beat the redoubtable Inspector. lt and Hilla Becher were awarded the did Simmons no harm, for after a prestigious Erasmus Prize for distinguished army career he was European Culture on 23 October appointed a Field Marshal. 2002. The financial value of the prize Sustrans is shortly to apply for is 150,000 euros, a well-deserved grant aid to restore the Torksey award for a lifetime's dedication Viaduct for it to perform a useful and for a couple who have spent function while preserving it for their lives in relative poverty. They posterity. Any reader interested in are not young, Bernd Becher was historical bridges is invited to write born in 1931, Hilla in 1934. They to Sustrans in support of these married in 1961 and have now approaches to grant-giving bodies. retired from teaching, although they Please write to Simon Ballantine, are still active photographers. Hilla Bridge Engineel Sustrans, 35 King Becher made the superb prints for Street, Bristol BSl 4DZ. which they are famous. The Bechers It may be mentioned that the have founded a new school of objective of Sustrans in developing documentary photography, training a national network of walk and a series of younger photographers in cycleways is a worthy cause in its Di.isseldorf. own right, but in the course of their They have (perhaps unwittingly) Blast Furnace, Terre Rouge, Esch Alzette, Luxemburg 1979 activities many historical bridges collected their work together for Photo: @ Bernd & Hilla Becher have already been saved. The recent publication so as almost to have been recording the industrial of their lifelong Odyssey: Framework restoration of Meldon Viaduct in construct typologies (in the scene since 1 959. Selected titles of Houses from the Siegen lndustrial Devon, the last of the tall iron trestle industrial archaeological sense) and their books give an idea of the scope Region 1977, Mineheads 1985, bridges, is a case in point. Water Towers 1988. Blast Furnaces John Rapley 1990, Typologies 1990, Pennsylvania Coal Mine Tipples Historic bridge and 1991, Gas Tanks (gasholders)1993, infrastructure awards Grundformen 1993, lndustrial Fagades 1995, and Basic Forns for 2002 1 999. Seventeen projects were nominated their work is probably better for the fifth annual Awards. The known in photographic and scheme was extended this year to architectural circles than by include the repair, strengthening industrial archaeologists. This is an and conservation projects example of an activity parallel with completed during the previous two industrial archaeology but not part years, and which involved a of it. The engineers' aesthetic transport-related structure over 30- illustrated in their work has had a years old, in England and Wales. considerable effect on the The three projects receiving architectural profession and Awards were the Anderton Boat Lift probably more widely. We often see restoration, the Standedge Tunnel this nowadays in the way that restoration and the strengthening machinery is displayed, sometimes and widening of the Tamar road in public places, for its sculptural bridge. Six commendations were quality rather than for any technical made for: the refurbishment of the understanding. 46 Cavendish bridge in Derbyshire; Most books by Bernd and Hilla Breamore Great Bridge restoration Becher are relatively expensive in Hampshire; the refurbishment of which is one reason the average the Buttington bridge, Welshpool; industrial archaeologist is not the rebuilding of the Caerqwrie familiar with them but a modestly Packhorse Bridge in Flintshire; the priced volume is Grundformen (ISBN widening and strengthening of the 3-88814-704-2), number 40 in the Kingston bridge at Kingston-upon- Schirmer's Visuelle Bibliothek series. Thames and the restoration of the Minehead, Lens shaft number 7, Wingles, France 1967 Photo: @ Bernd & Hilla Becher This contains an introductorv

12 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAE)L)GY NEWS 125 NEWS selection of their work - 64 images. the firm restoring the building going The majorig of these were created into receivershio and the outbreak at foreign locations but you will see of foot-and-mouth in 200'l which wooden cooling towers at Ebbw out the field out of bounds. Vale Steelworks and Penalta Sir George Young, the local MB Colliery, Caerphilly, South Wales, cut the ribbon at the launching both photographed in 1966, a ceremony. As he was comparing the familiar British water-sealed spiral wind of Crux Easton to the wind he gashholder at Tonyrefail, South listens to in the House of Commons, Walet photographed in 1973 and down came a latter-day heavenly pithead gear at Ryhope Colliery near body blasting currents of air onto all below and setting the wind wheel 5underland, 1 968. Ihe citation read at the award turning, all 48 sails glinting in the presentation ceremony by Dr A.H.G. sunshine. Rinnooy Kan pointed out that Hampshire Mills Group through the work of the Bechers a great number of building complexes Conservation in action - had been documented which are can you help? since demolished. Dr now long The Council for British Archaeology Rinnooy Kan mentioned that at the is notified of over 4500 applications the 1950s architectural end of for listed building consent in not dare show an historians did England each year, and asked to in'engineers' architecture' interest advise from the perspective as one archaeologists were and industrial of the National Amenity Societies. technical mainly investigating The impact of demolition is fairly processes. The last phrase will strike easy to see (!) but unsymPathetic odd, In West the British reader as alterations can also destroY the was industrial archaeology Germany character of a building or site and then? different this can be hard to assess without how many industrial Anyway local knowledge or the opportunity archaeologists or historians of Cooling Tower, Ebbw Vale Steelwo*s, South Wales 1966 Photo: @ Bernd & Hilla Becher for a site visit. Unfortunately there technology (or science) have been are many areas where the CBA does prize? awarded the Erasmus you 'prairie type' wind pumPs). lt is a Lottery grant of f150,000 In 2000 not have'eyes and ears'. Could Robert Carr self regulating geared wind engine the Engineerium was given the help with their work? To indicate the problem, with 48 annular sails on a 32-foot contract and an additional f40,000 scale of the there are Easton wind in Crux hexagonal steel towe[ to drive a had to be obtained to complete the vacancies for correspondents the engine restored pump and a pair of mill stones in an restoration of the engine and well many local authorities in Berkshire, The restored wind engine at Crux adjacent building. John Wallis Titt of building. following counties: Cheshire, Devon, Easton near Highclere in Hampshire Warminster in Wiltshire designed The well was found to be brick Cambridge, Humber- was'launched' in September 2002, this type of lvind engine during the lined for a short distance and then it Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Lancashire, Manchester, although there are still a few minor 1 880s and this one dates from was dug through chalk and flint, side, points to complete. This 2O-ft 1891-2. with the water at 300 feet (91 Merseyside, Norfolk, NorthamPton- Stafford- diameter'Simplex' wind engine was Having lost its sails and fallen metres). Several problems delayed shire, Northumberland, a transition between the earlier into a poor condition, the Crux completion of the work including shire, Suffolk, Sussex, Wanruickshire can make a annular sailed windmills and the Easton Wind Engine Conservation and Yorkshire. You twentieth-century fixed blade Trust was formed to rescue it in difference. lf you feel you would like about being a galvanised wind engines (the 1994 and five years later received a to know more voluntary CBA historic building correspondent please contact Lynne Walker; Historic Buildings Officer, CBA, Bowes Morrell House, 111 Walmgate, York Y01 9WA. E-mail: [email protected],

Hereford gets go-ahead The Waterworks Museum at Hereford houses a collection of working engines, water PumPs ancl machinery of national imPortance. Now it has received a Heritage Lottery Fund grant giving it the go- ahead for a major project to restore the Victorian buildings and create new facilities including maintenance The newly restored Ctux Easton wind gallery with 48 canvas sails workshops, an extra engine fhe Crux Easton wind engine in a sorry state beforc restoration, seen in 1995 engine, complete Photo: Tony Yoward Photo: Tonv Yoward an education room, visitor facilities

INDUSTRIALARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 1? NEWS

and entrance hall . The imaginative Underground progress international conference on Waggonway is not well understood, scheme to enhance this Scheduled industrial history lectures (in locally: has Delayed by a court challenge, with even it suffered damage and Grade listed site has been English) excursions foundries, ll London Underground has received and to by contractors, locals have taken designed architects Rod by permission to demolish the north mining villages, blast furnaces and away stone sleeper blocks, and its Robinson Associates. The museum's ironworks. are part of the Bishopsgate Goods Yard Norberg and Nora bridges are not well maintained. The website is: two mining towns where two large Roggins Local History Group is now (1 839), but not the arched www.waterworksmuseum.oro .uk. EU-financed projects are undenivay, applying for funding for a project to Braithwaite Viaduct which is Grade protect ll listed. The project will allow the focussing on regional developments conserve and the of Newland furnace go-ahead for the f600 million East based on the inheritance waggonway, publicise its industrial scheduled London Extension. history. Contact details are significance, and make its heritage on the Diary page. accessible to the community and The Newland iron furnace site at tourists; it will also serve as a pilot Ulverston in Cumbria has been Norberg-Nora 700 project for similar coal-industry scheduled. The parts of the site Wind tunnels saved years of iron related projects across South and affected are the blast furnace, leat giant Two wind tunnels in the centre West Yorkshire. A wagon has already and infilled waterwheel pit, the production of a proposed business park on the been reconstructed wagon and buried remains and part of the year This is the 700th anniversary of site of the Royal Aircraft archive material collected. nearby charcoal barn complex the first written accounts of iron ore Establishment, Farnborough, have together with an old trackway, working in Sweden, where the been Grade I listed. The 400-foot loading platform, bridge abutment interests of royalty and nobility were long concrete tunnel of 1935 has a Londonderry mill and retaining wall, blacking mill, centred on Norberg and Nora. The 30-foot diameter propeller with vanishes associated buildings and water first document was a letter of mahogany blades, and the Transonic Heritage legislation, B+ listing management systems. The exchange where the Lord High tunnel of 1942 developed 600mph (Grade remaining charcoal barns have been status ll* equivalent), Constable Torgils Knutsson handed wind soeeds. Listed as Grade ll is a protests listed Grade The furnace was from councillors and ll*. over large areas of lano, some third tunnel of 1 9l 6, rebuilt in 1 944. ooliticians have failed to save the built in 1747 by the Newland Co. including mines, to the king, Birger These structures are considered of Tille & Henderson shirt factory a and rebuilt in about I 770. The upper Magnusson. Knutsson was one of high technical importance. huge landmark in Londonderry. part of the furnace and charging the country's leading noblemen and Dating from 1856, the brick-walled gear were dismantled in 1903 but the letter may be an indication of Silkstone Waggonway factory had a pioneering cast-iron the lower oart of the furnace nas how the fourteenth-century royalty interior structure and was claimed been conserved by members of the was trying to take control of iron ore Project as the world's first clothing factory Cumbria Amenity Trust and CIHS. working in Sweden. In addition, the Although there were many such to use steam power. After the roof Cumbria lndustrial History Society noble classes at that time seem to waggonways in South Yorkshire, few was destroyed by fires last have had a greater influence on ore were as early as the Silkstone December; demolition was begun at End of shipbuilding in working than during the sixteenth Waggonway (it was built in 1809), the beginning of January without century and later when local peasant and none have so many of the Belfast? listed building consent. This sudden miners dominated the mining original features still extant. They Harland & Wolff in Belfast, was act is considered to have gone too regions of Norberg and Nora. have mostly disappeared beneath established in 1861, the partners far to save the building. A hotel is The anniversary is being housing, industrial estates and originating from Yorkshire and intended for the site. celebrated in August 2003 with an motorways. The Silkstone Germany. The final ship built there, the Anvil Pointwas due to leave its berth towards the end of March this year. This marks the end of OBITUARY shipbuilding at this famous yard. At Michael Robbins (1915-2002) the time some of the offices were still surviving in a dilapidated state We are very sorry to have to report the death of Michael Robbins who died on 21 December 2002. Michael with drawings and papenirrork not was the first President of the Greater London Industrial Archaeology Society to which he brought inspiration all disposed of. The workforce at and encouragement following the inaugural meeting at the Science Museum in 1968. He was a member of Harland & Wolff (as it now is) will be the initial Steering Committee and his advice greatly helped to shape the structure ofthe Society and to refine reduced to about 120, engaged its objectives. mainly in offshore work, although it Michael's distinguished career began when he gained a King's Scholarship to Westminster School in 1929 is hoped to obtain bridge-building and then went to Christ Church, Oxford where he read Greats. An early interest in railways shaped his contracts etc. Ship repairing at the subsequent career and he joined London Transport in 1 939, becoming Managing Director (Railways) in 1971. yard will continue. In addition, Michael made a notable contribution not only to the serious study and writing of transport Robeft Carr history but also to the management of museums. He established the Oakwood Press with Jack Simmons and Roger Kidner. Michael and Jack Simmons created lhe Journal of Transpott Historyand their last publishing project was hhe 0xford Companion to Railway Historypublished in 1997. Earlier, Michael collaborated with Professor Theo Barker in producing the classic two-volume History of London Transport. In 1962 Michael was instrumental in establishing the Museum of BritishTransport in Clapham which, in Advertise 1 980, became the nucleus of the London Transport Museum in Covent Garden. He became a Governor of the new Museum of London when it opened in 1 968 and was Chairman of the Governors from I 979 to 1 990. in This brief notice can only give some idea of the wealth of knowledge and experience that Michael gave so freely to the embryonic GLIAS in the 1960s and continued to do so even after ill-health brought his IA News Presidency to an end a few years ago. Michael was not just a figurehead President and we feel that we have lost a valued friend and mentor. We shall always be grateful for his special contribution to the Socieg. Denis Smith

14 INDUSTRIAL AR1HAE)L)GY NEWs 125 Scotland Aberdeen, whose owners had originally opted for a supermarket Despite the hugely successful redevelopment. All has changed opening of the Falkirk Wheel, this since the intervention of Aberoeen has been mixed year for Scotland's City Council, the compilation of a industrial heritage. The carnage has conservation plan, and a continued, and as was reported last management buy-out. The company year, has perhaps been most keenly now olans to move from the felt in Clackmannanshire where the premises in May 2003, after which largest woollen mill, Paton & the mills will be converted into an Baldwin's Kilncraigs Mill in Alloa, 'Urban Village'. has now been transformed into Yet Meanwhile, much further south another Tescos. AttemPts to save in Johnstone (the west edge of the adjacent Thistle BrewerY Paisley in Renfrewshire), William (formerly Mclay's) appear to have Paton Ltd have finally decided to failed, Weir's Foundry has been move shoe-lace production to a demolished, and Tullibody Tannery purpose-built modern unit at has completely disappeared. Linwood (previously the home of This leaves the Alloa Glass the Hillman lmp), Their current Verdant Works, Dundee, a highly'praised industrial nuseum operated by Dundee Heritage Works as the town's onlY large has fron a shortfall in revenue funding, but is to be assisted premises, Johnstone Mill, have Trust. The museum suffered industrial employer, but if a private by a one-off grant fron the Scottish Executive, and increased funding from Dundee Cily operated continuously since 1782, member's bill currently passing Council and the surviving multi-storeYed RCAHMS: Crown Copyright, 5C757665, lim Mackie, lune 1992 through the Scottish Parliament is Photo: mill is therefore one of the oldest successful, the railway may soon be promised short-term operating cotton mills in the world. Shipyard in Glasgow. There are also has since restored and local citizens maY at of conservation plan has been plans to demolish small parts of its assistance to stave off the closure least be able to seek emPloYment A produced, and it is hoped that the sister yard at Yarrow. the lead-mining museum at elsewhere with greater ease. Further important buildings can be Further downstream at Wanlockhead. south, a similar initiative involving public sector, Historic sympathetically incorporated into a Clydebank, demolition of John In the the re-opening of some of the process of new housing development. Brown's shipyard commenced in Scotland is in the Waverley Line into the Scottish Scheduled Whilst sighs of relief were heard January 2003. In the context of the reviewing the range of Borders has been re-ignited, but the currently throughout the UK at the news that disappearance of the Beardmore industrial monuments major problems cunently afflicting BAe had been awarded the big and Singer complexes in the town, under its protection. The Process the national railway network maY aircraft canier contract, this is not very little now survives of its rich involves ironing out inconsistencies delay this project. selecting necessarily good news for some of industrial heritage. Fortunately, a in the existing list and Although the propensitY for industrial candidates Scotland's finest industrial heritage. substantial body of records was worthy new supermarkets to gobble uP In order to accommodate large rescued by Clydebank Museum, and for orotection under the Ancient industrial heritage is depressing, the The initial prefabricated sections of ship, the earlier salvage operations have Monuments legislation. outcome is not always a foregone company wishes to exPand its ensured that a lot of valuable findings are both interesting and conclusion, especially where the fabrication facilities, and has material was deposited with very encouraglng. planning process is properly applied, therefore submitted an application Glasgow University Archives. Attendees of the AIA Scottish and the local authority fulfils its will to demolish the adjacent A-listed Despite mounting difficulties, conference last September resoonsibilities. Readers will recall Royal Commission on Fairfield Engine Works at its Govan Scotland's industrial museums have recall thatThe Broadford Works in the case of survived another year. East Lothian the Ancient and Historical Council continues to investigate Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) ways of developing and invigorating was about to be de-royaled and re- the Prestongrange Industrial branded. Those readers who follow Museum, and Glasgow CitY Council politics will know that Scotland is are considering moving the Museum now under the care of its third First ofTransoort from the Kelvin Hall to a Minister, the first two having new site. succumbed to fatal illness and ln contrast. there had been oolitical scandal. The second of disturbing news from Verdant Works these First Ministers came to power in Dundee, which, despite receiving amid a blaze of publicity centred on museum awards and considerable his stated intention of starting a praise, was faced with closure 'Bonfire of the Quangos'. because of revenue funding This has had significant oroblems. To their credit, both the repercussions both in the heritage Scottish Executive and Dundee City sector and beyond. Under the Public Council have now intervened, the Appointments and Public Bodies etc former with a one-off grant and the (Scotland) Bill, both the Historic latter an increase in annual funding. Buildings Council and the Ancient This has provided the necessarY Monuments Board were to be breathing space to allow Dundee abolished, but after widesPread Heritage Trust to keep the museum concern was expressed, theY will open and, it is to be hoped, for a instead be merged to form a new from 1782, production at this cotton nill is about to Johnstone Mill, Renfrewshire. Dating long-term solution to be found. In a body, the'Historic Environment be transferred to a modern factory unit at Linwood similar move, the Scottish Executive Advisory Council for Scotland'. Photo: RCAHMS: Crown Copyright, 5C771562, Jin Mackie, March 2003

INDIJiTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 15 REGIONAL NEWS

RCAHMT meanwhile, was also hampered last year by the need to considered within this review and lift the windshaft. This necessitated proved to be less combustible than a windless dry period of three days many had feared. Howeveri its royal for the task to be safely completed status was considered to be and the restoration team had to 'anachronistic', and a re-branding wait for eight months until June for exercise was olanned. ln the final the conditions they needed. stages of the Bill, complications SIAS members have also been arose and RCAHMS was removed at work conserving pieces of from the legislation. The RCAMHS Stewart Bridge at Barnham. This lion therefore lives on until the next originally crossed the Portsmouth parliament, and the aftermath of the and Arundel Navigation and among May elections. the items found are several pieces of Finally, three early casualties of metalwork related to the cast iron the quango bonfire were the swing bridge plus the brick walls Scottish water authorities (East, and coping stones. While working West and North of Scotland Water). on this site, the landowner These were merged into one body, discovered several substantial cast 'Scottish Water', and some concern iron oarts of a side member remains at the fate of records engraved 'Hollinsworth Bridge relating to some of Scotland's most 1820'. These relate to a bridge historic water supply schemes, many located several hundred yards to the which may have suffered during the east, although the parts have now many administrative been displayed the Stewart recent at qutwood windnill in Surrey has an unceftain future changes. Meanwhile, EU Bridge site. requirements have necessitated the The Society is also actively lron RaiMay. There is no evidence of here but Tweedsmuir's use installation of a water treatment involved in investigating the planned passenger carriage and the continued after the war when it was plant for the Katrine scheme substantial visible remains of three railways were mainly used for used as a camp for displaced (Glasgow's water supply) at coal yards at Pevensey Bay. Each has cargoes such as coal and limestone. oersons until 1957. The latter use Milngavie, and this has provided the a retaining wall built into the Today much of the railways' has now been documented by two opportunity for a project to record shingle bank, and the coal was trackbeds are hidden beneath Polish brothers, Wies and Zen and document what is undoubtedly unloaded from colliers on the beach. modern development including later Rogaiski, and adds considerably to one of the world's most historic hauled up the bank and tipped over railways, but some of the route can the knowledge gained from the field watersupply systems. the too of the back wall. There is be followed on footpaths and there survey. Miles Oglethorpe also the possibility that lime kilns is a small display of sleepers and Next to the camp is Hankley were established here and serviced rails in Quality Street, Merstham. Common, used as a military training South East England with chalk by sea in the same way English Heritage have been area since at least the 1920s. Here

Much of the region's news this time from about 1 790. carrying out an extensive survey of there is what was thought to be a comes from the Sussex lndustrial The coal yards supplied an area the early gunpowder works at unique structure in England - an Archaeological Society's newsletters extending well inland and even Chilworth, near Guildford. This has exact 100-yard long copy of part of and much of that concerns survived the local railway opening in been under the leadership ofWayne Hitler's Atlantic Wall used in the windmills. However the first to be 1846. Later cross-links through and Cocroft (author of the EH book testing of breaching weapons prior mentioned is Outwood Mill in around London meant that coal Dangerous Energll over the last two to D-Day. lhere is also a similar (but 5uney. Built in 1665, this has always could arrive by rail direct from the winters and the final report is smaller) version on the Shenifmuir been thought to be the oldest Midlands fields. This was during the awaited with interest. Meanwhile battlefield in Scotland. However, working windmill in the country. 1 860s, the same time that the beach some small-scale conservation work through the Tank Museum at Among his journals, the first miller was attracting the attention of has taken place, both by the local Bovington, it has now been recorded seeing the glow from the property developers for seaside authority and site owner, Guildford discovered that at least two other Great Fire of London in 1666 as he residences. Borough Council, and volunteers of similar structures were constructed worked on the mill. Restored with One of the earliest railways in the Suney Industrial History Group. for weapons testing during the war. assistance from the Society for the the country howevel was to be S|HG members Keith Sorrill and The only problem is that their Protection of Ancient Buildings found in Surrey. The Surrey lron Christopher Mann have been locations do not seem to have been many years ago, it has been for sale Railway this year celebrates its involved in a long-term project to recorded so if anyone reading this for a while. lt has now been sold 200th anniversary and it is just a document the surviving remains of knows of their locations the author and whether it will remain open to pity that there is so little remaining the large Canadian-built military would be oleased to hear from the public is uncertain; however, the to see. lt is claimed to be the world's Tweedsmuir Camp at Thursley them. accompanying country life first 'public' railway in that it was between Farnham and Godalming. Military establishments provide collection is to be dispersed. not just for use by its developers and This camp has been demolished for the only news from Hampshire too. Not only is Outwood Mill's it was the subject of an Act of many years but the building bases The former naval air station, HMS future now uncertain. but so is its Parliament. Built outwards from and parade ground remain along Daedalus, at Lee-on-Solent is being claim to be the oldest working mill. Wandsworlh, it reached its southern with the camp water tower. lt is considered as the site for a large During recent work on Nutley Mill, terminus in Croydon on 26 July 1803 reputed to have received every holding centre for asylum seekers over the Sussex border; a and its anival arguably was the Canadian serviceman aniving in (and is meeting much opposition dendrochronology survey has catalyst for the development of the Britain during the Second World War from the local community). At revealed that the oak post was most modern borough. Later it was on their way to their longer term nearby Gosport, the latest military likely felled between 1533 and extended by the building of the billets. lt was one of a number of depot to undergo 'civilianisation' is 1565. Work at Nutley was severely Croydon, Merstham & Godstone such camps on the common land the massive victualling base of the

16 INDUSTRIAL AR:HAEqLoGY NEWS 125 Royal Clarence Yard. The handsomg The LIHS working group is solid warehouse blocks are ideal for assisting the Daniel HaYes conversion to their new use as up- conservation group to restore a market flats and apartments. nineteenth-century ram pump at a Chris Shepheard farm on the Leicester/Derbyshire border; formerly part of the Calke East Midlands /Harper-Crewe estate. The ram Ihe Leicestershire Industrial History chamber was built on the site of a Society has been active in the much earlier defunct fish pond, region. Member Nigel Moon has which is also being restored, so the taken the major steps in converting height of the ram chamber will have his Mill atWhissendine, near Melton to be raised to bring the top above Mowbray in Leicestershire back to pond water level. Made by Blakes of wind power. Ihe first of two pairs of Accrington, the ram pump is being sails have been set, a new gallery repaired by the successors to the mounted, grain store rebuilt and original makerl at their Accrington production of Stone ground flour works, prior to being reinstalled to continues with the aid of a pump water up to the farm temporary electric drive. The buildings. The original gravity feed mainsail shaft was recovered from a pipes are intact, but several hundred local house, where it was used as metres of new delivery pipe are gateposts. Frustrated by, but with being moled in. A ram pump casting is retrieved by a LIHS wo*ing party for repair financial assistance from English LIHS member Tom Lawson has Heritage, Nigel hopes to see the produced a fine hardback history of Box 6722, Leicester LE2 2YH, or e- Mining Museum at Skinningrove, metamorphosis complete sometime the Charles Horner of Halifax, art mail: [email protected], or visit the North York Moors Railway, later this year. Meanwhile, if you are nouveau, art deco, hat pin, jewellery www.charleshorner.co.uk. Whinstone mines in Goathland and in the area call at the sitq in the and 'Dorcas' thimble manufacturer At the time of writing a very full Esk Valley and other sites at the middle of the village, or on Sunday (1 860 to I 984). Beautifully and fully LIHS May Weekend is being planned Grosmont and Beckhole, with alum afternoons, aim for an open time in illustrated, Charles Homer of Halifax for 3-5 May, based at Pickering and Monday set aside for the visitor centre. the afternoon. Phone him on 01664 costs to AIA members is f37.00. featuring visits to Rosedale East and works at Ravenscar David LYne 47 4172 lor confirmation. Details from GML publishing, P0 West Mines, the Tom Leonard

Local Society and other periodicals received Books Received in lndustrial Archaeology Abstracts will appear in lndustrial Archaeology Review. Ihe following books have been received for review Review. BlAGscope,56 & 57, Winter 2002 & Spring 2003 by John Rapley. Stroud: Brewery History, 109, Autumn 2002 The Rritannia Bridge & Other fubular Bridges, 2753 9. Rritish & lrish Archaeological Bibliography,6/2, 0ctober 2002 Tempus,2003. 160 pp, 110 illus, incl. colour. |SBN 0 7524 of communications to BW Monthly, December 2002, January & February 2003 In the early nineteenth century the development Menai Strait. the solution was to Context 77, November 2002 the port of Holyhead was impeded by the as one of Britain's Cumbria lndustrial History Society Bullefia 54, December 2002 build a railway bridge that would later be described landmarks. The Britannia Bridge was the result of the G LIAS N ewsletter, 203, December 2002 greatest engineering on an original Greenwich lndustrial History,611, )anuary 2003 union of the talents of two remarkable engineers. based great bridge was modified, Industrial Heritage, 28/3, Winter 2002 concept by Robert Stephenson, this tubular partner and technical consultant William Lancashire History Quarterly,6/3, Winter 2002 developed and designed by his design and Manchester Region lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 102, Fairbairn. New an innovative procedures were used in both continuity of the tubes; February 2003 construction - the use of wrought iron; the structural into position by hydraulics all of The Milestone Society Newsletter,3 & 4, July 2002 & January 2003 building in sections which were lifted - ground-breaking piece engineering. At 450 feet, the PHEW Newsletter, 96, December 2002 which made it a of span of any girder bridge in Britain and will Post- M ed i eva I Archa eo logy, 36, 2002 Britannia Bridge had the longest railway engineering. This Scottish lndustrial Heritage Society Bulletin,25, March 2003 long be remembered as belonging to a heroic age of who built them. Somerset lndustrial Archaeological Society Bulletin, 91, December book is also the story of other tubular bridges and the men 2002 and Tableware Suffotk lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsletter,80, February 2003 The Historical Archaeology of the Sheffield Cutlery Arcus pp' Suney lndustrial History Group Newsletter, l3l & 132, January & lndustry | 750-1 900, ed. by James Symonds' Sheffield: '2002.122 March 2003 77 illus. ISBN 0 9544240 0 X. series of Arcus Studies in Historical TICCIH Bulletin,19, Winter 2002 This 44 paperback is the first in a School Archaeology in WaterWords, (news from Hereford Waterworks Museum), Winter 2002/3 Archaeology published from the Graduate of of the Worcestershire tndustrial Archaeology & Local History Society Sheffield. Following an introduction to Sheffield and the organisation are formed by the work of Joan Newsletter, 23, Winter 2002 industry by the Editor, the two main sections that of Victoria Beauchamp on Yorkshire History Quarterly,8/3, February 2003 Unwin into the manufacture of cutlery and the workshops, large and small, of the industry in and around the town.

INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 17 PUBLICATIONS

Henry Maudslay & The Pioneers of The Machine Age, ed. by John The Minehead United Turnpike Trust, by L.A. Clarke. Somerset Industrial Cantrell & Gillian Cookson. Stroud: Tempus,2002. 192 pp,96 illus. ISBN 0 Archaeological Society Survey No. 15, 2002. 72 pp, illus. lSBN 0 95335396 6. 7524 2766 0. f4.95. This is the story of the men who made the Industrial Revolution. Henry The author has made use of primary and secondary sources to trace the Maudslay (1771-1831) started an engineering works at Lambeth in London conception, building and subsequent operation of the Minehead Turnpike that became world famous for its machines, and renowned for the engineers Trust which remained in operation for'l l3 years. Financial problems were who trained there; indeed, it was a 'seed-bed of engineering talent.' The rife during the latter half of its existence due to inadequate income from designers and engineers who worked here quickly established national traffic on its considerable mileage of road through a remote and sparsely reputations of their own for innovation, production methods and improved populated area. The assets of the Trust, 29 lots comprising tollhouses and workshop practice. Many of these went on to become household names. The gates, were sold by auction in 1877. book is a collection of biographies and the contributors cover Maudslay himself, his firm Maudslay Son & Field, Richard, David Napier, Joseph Limestone lndustries of the Yorkshire Dales, by David Johnson. Stroud: Clement, Joseph Whitrruorth, James Nasmyth and William Muir. This book Tempus, 2002.192 pp, 109 illus, incl. colour. ISBN 0 7524 2394 0. f16.99. contains previously unpublished documentary research, and original Once one of the most productive areas in the United Kingdom, the analysis helps clarify many issues surrounding this period of innovation. extraction of limestone by quarrying has left a huge impact on the Dales. There have also been a number of important and innovative local entrepreneurs in Portsmouth Ships, Dockyard & Town, by Ray Riley. Stroud:Tempus,2002. the industry. Ihe author has surveyed the quanies and field kilns in this area 128pp,223 illus.lSBN 075242776 8. fI1.99. of Yorkshire and has undertaken the renovation of a Hoffman-type kiln for Portsmouth was known as a Dockyard town for a long time until the last interpretation to the public. The book provides a valuable introduction to the great contraction of the yard took place in the 1 980s. Portsmouth's fortunes industry and specific studies on several large quarries as well as a review of were closely linked to war and peace, rather than to the market the smaller ones and their associated kilns. lt is well-illustrated with kiln considerations which governed drawings, site plans, black and white and colour photographs. most towns' growth. By the early twentieth century the Dockyard was Mr Lean and the Engine Reporters, by Bridget Howard. Redruth: Trevithick one of the world's largest Society, 2002. 102 pp, illus. ISBN 0 904040 56 9. f8.99. shipbuilding centres and the In 1811 Joel Lean began to publish a monthly record of the Admiralty controlled much of the performances achieved by Cornish mine engines. His descendants continued shoreline, to the detriment of the his work for more than a century and other people also imitated their work commercial sector. 0ddly enough in other metalliferous mining areas. The result was a fiercely competitive for a port, the clothing industry was industry where engineers and their supporters strove against each other to particularly well developed. In spite produce the best results. The author follows the activities of the Reporters, of the expansion of the Dockyard, in the Leans, John Taylor; Arthur Woolf, William West and William Browne. 191 1, there were more than 10,000 people employed in the manufacture of clothing, yet Steeped in History: The Alun lndustry of North-East Yorkshire, ed.by contemporary accounts of the town L Miller. Helmsley: North York Moors National Park Authority, 2002. 145 pp, suggest that everything revolved 98 illus. |SBN 0 907480 94 2. f 15.00. around the buildinq of the This 44 paperback is a collection of nine chapters from eight authors with glossary Dreadnoughts. This book contains over 200 images, mostly of the Dockyard a The chapters include an introduction to the industry a historical and its defences, but also of the commercial Camber Dock. Portsmouth's overview and an account of the manufacture of alum from shale. Ihree look power station, gas works, breweries, pubs, railways and other industries. at specific sites, Peak, Carlton and Boulby; two examine shipping and local anchorages; and the editor in the concluding chapter collates the evidence and suggests a future agenda for research. Five appendices include notes on Under Blorenge Mountain: Blaenavon lndustrial Landscape World the relevant chemistry of the process and a gazetteer of sixteen coastal sites. Heritage Site, by Chris Monis. Longhope: Tanners Yard Press, 2003. 72 pp, A well-illustrated and useful publication on an early chemical industry. illus. ISBN 0 9542096 1 3. f 11.99. This book is a collection of new colour photographs of the World Heritage Site. lt depicts the scarred and relic-strewn landscapet as well as Beam Engines, by Geoffrey Hayes. Princes Big Pit and the lronworks. Blaenavon town itself is also included as well as Risborough: Shire Album some fine images of the countryside, and of canal and tramroad remains. 410, 2003. 40 pp, 83 illus. ISBN 0 74780544 X. f3.50. This new Shire Album, written by an author professionally involved with the restoration of steam THE BOOK HOUSE engines, is a welcome addition. lt is copiously illustrated drawings The leading industrial archaeology booksellers since 1963 with - and photographs provides books on all aspects of technology & transport and an excellent introduction to the subject Lrsrs rssusn Fnee sEARCH - sERVrcE at a reasonable cost. The book Our new shop is now open, nearthe top ofthe village street, outlines the development of the adjoining Fallowfield beam engine and gives some The Book House, Fallowfield, Ravenstonedale, explanation of why it was so Kirkby Stephen, Westmoreland CA17 4NG successful. lt includes a list of Telephone and Fax: 015396-23634 running and preserved engines to e - mail : mail@the boo khouse.c o.uk visit. Open daily except Sunday & Tuesday: 9am-5pm or visit our bookstall at many IA conferences

18 INDUSTRIAL AR1HAE)L)GY NEWS 125 PUBLICATIONS

TEMPUS FEEDS WATERWAYS INTEREST Restoring the Kennet and Avon Canal, by Peter Lindley Jones. Stroud: Tempus,2002.160 pp,117 illus, incl. colour.ISBN 0 7524 2387 8.f16.99. Tempus Publishing continues to respond to a growing interest in canals, and A second book about the Kennet & Avon, tracing the long battle to among their latest books is this new batch of seven titles. restore this superb waterway. The happy culmination of many years of rejuvenation was entirely due to the volunteers of the K&A Canal Trust, set The Anatomy of Canals: fhe up after the canal's abandonment and dereliction. The Trust had the Mania Years, by Anthony Burton unprecedented task of restoring over 70 miles of primarily rural canal with & Derek Pratt. Stroud: Tempus, the added difficulties of massive engineering challenges to overcome. incl. 2002. 160 pp, 139 illus, Although the canal re-opened in 1 990, it took another ten years and f30 colour. |SBN 0 7524 2385 1. million to ensure its survival. This story of the work and dedication of f16.99. thousands of volunteers over five decades is illustrated with scenes of This is the second volume in dereliction, restoration work and the finished canal. the trilogy of TemPus Publishing's Anatomy of Canals' The Stratford Canal, by Nick Billingham. Stroud: Tempus, 2002. 128 pp, titles, following The Early Years 153 illus. ISBN 0 7524 2122 0. f12.00. published in 2001 (see lA News Stratford upon Avon owes its existence to the necessity of transport. The ll9. Ihis volume charts the Avon became a navigable waterway and the Stratford Canal was built to history of the British canal link it to the industrial Black Country. The author has produced a history of system at the height of its the canal from its conception and construction (it opened in 1816), to its popularity. lt covers an age in reincarnation in the twentieth century The detailed text is combined with a the 1790s to 1820s when most large selection of archive photographs and documents. Also included is the of the canal network was built, a story of how pioneering enthusiasts sympathetically restored the canal, a development which marked the project which started in the 1960s and came to involve the National Trust. beginnings of Britain's first The canal survives today, with its characteristic lock-keepers'cottages, split- integrated transport network. Chapters discuss the new start in construction bridges and three iron aqueducts, the one at Edstone being the longest in from the 1790s, followed by the Grand Junction, developments in different England. regions of Britain, the ship canals and a section on lost canals. The whole is illustrated with evocative photographs. fhe Thames & Severn Canal History & Guide, by David Viner. Stroud:

Tempus, 2002. 1 60 pp, 140 illus, incl. colour. ISBN 0 7524 1761 4. t15'99. The Birmingham Canal Navigations, by Ray Shill. Stroud: Tempus, 2002. This new History and Guide has 128 pp,147 illus. ISBN 0 75242767 9. f12.99. been prepared from 30 years' This book is dedicated to the Birmingham Canal Navigations, which lie personal knowledge of the canal. lt at the heart of the British canal network and have a rich heritage that spans opened in 1789 and was then the over tvvo centuries. The BCN network developed over a period of one fulfilment of the earliest of many hundred years and served the busiest and most concentrated industrial proposals to link the Severn to the region of the country earning Birmingham the nickname of 'Little Venice'. Thames. Abandonment for traffic Industrial trade was an important influence on the BCN; its winding route began in 1927 and was completed and many branches were shaped bythe needs ofthe pre-dominant iron and in 1933, but new interest was taken coal industries as well as gas, chemical and glass works' This book examines in 1972 with the formation of the the structures, trade, work and craft on the waterway and uses many historic Stroudwater Canal Society and its photographs and maps of the network's various sections. efforts to restore the link are now being progressed by British The Kennet & Avon Canal,by Clive and Helen Hackford. Stroud: Tempus, Watenruays. The canal archives are 2001 reprinted 2002. 128 pp, illus. ISBN 0 7524 2129 8. fll.99. of exceptional range and quality Written for the Kennet & Avon Canal Trust, this book includes an eight- and provide a rare insight into page introduction dealing with the conception and history of the canal and engineering and construction its subsequent restoration. The remainder consists of a collection of details, the carrying trade, and the photographs and maps with captions which are divided into three chapterl management and operation of the canal. lhis book shows where to access each for lengths of the canal in Avon, Wiltshire and Berkshire. the canal, lists important surviving buildings and provides a detailed historical account of a watenruay which, as it slowly re-awakens, still remains Pennine Dreams: the story of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, by Keith one of the most attractive routes in Britain. Gibson. Stroud: Tempus, 2002. 160 pp, 134 illus. ISBN 0 7524 2751 2. f 16.99. Twenty miles long, connecting Lancashire and Yorkshire, the Anne Jones Booksearch Service Huddersfield Nanow Canal has by far the longest and deepest canal tunnel in Britain, at Standedge under the Pennines. After a long period of 'Brvher' Bamcoose Terrace construction, the canal only prospered a few years before a parallel railway Redruth, Cornwall TR15 3EP was built. lt was abandoned in 1944 but 30 years later a group of Telephone 01209 211180 enthusiasts set about its restoration, a seemingly impossible dream as large A selection of secondhand and out of print books for sale parts had been destroyed. Undaunted, the work included the restoration of Industrial Archaeology: - Canals, Railways, Bridges, early 74 locks, construction of new sections and bridges, as well as the repair of Engineers, Steam and Engineering interest the Standedge tunnel. This illustrated book tells the story of the canal in its Please phone or write for list operating days and subsequent restoration. The restoration is another success story for British canals, and the book is a timely publication as it Free book search also available follows the official re-opening in September 2001 . Details on request

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 125 19 DIARY

7 JUNE 2OO3 3-7 JULY 2003 Faraday House, Six Hills Way, 24-26 SEPTEMBER 2003 EERIAC 13 MANCHESTER REGION IA Stevenage SGl zAY, or ARCHAEOMETATTURGY IN at Huntingdon, the 13th Eastern SOCIETY SUMMER STUDY www iee.org/pn/history. EUROPE England Region lA Conference, For WEEKEND at the Museo Nazionale della 13-16 JULY 2003 full details and booking form when at Van Mildert College, University of Scienza e della Tecnologia'Leonardo LEAD AND THE LEVELS: available, please send SAE to: Mrs Durham. Detail and booking from da Vinci', a conference on all aspects EXPLORING INDUSTRIAL Brenda Taylor; Crown House, Horsham Jill Champness, 108 Woburn Drive, of the history of iron and copper ARCHAEOTOGY FROM St Faiths, Nonryich, NR10 3JD. Hale, Altrincham, Cheshire, WAI5 metallurgy in European countries. ROMAN TO VICTORIAN 8NF. 8 0'161 980 7617. Further information from website: 7-8 JUNE 2003 TIMES E-mail: bernard.jill.champness@ wwwfast.mi.it,/aim/archeo.htm or NAMHO 2OO3 at Dillington House, Somerset, a tinyworld.co.uk. at Associazione ltaliana di in Co.Wicklow lreland, the National course combining lectures and field Metallurgia, P.R. Morandi 2 -20121 Association of Mining History 10-17 JULY 2003 visits to explore the Mendip Hills Milano, ltaly, 8 + 39 0216397770, Organisations weekend conference TICCIH XII INTERNATIONAL lead mines and the varied industries Fax: + 39 02 76020551, E-mail: with supporting programme of mine CONGRESS: THE of the Somerset Levels. Details from [email protected]. and field trips. More information on TRANSFORMATION OF Dillington House, llminster, http://www. mhti. ie/na m ho2 003. INDUSTRIAL CENTRE5 & THE Somerset TA19 9DT. I 01460 Booking form available on the ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL 52421 . Fax: 01 460 52433. HERITAGE website wwwmhti.com. General Moscow Ekaterinburg and 18-22 AUGUST 2003 enquiries other than booking at Nizhny Tagil, Russia, Xllth NORBERG-NORA 7OO YEARS arrangements, preferably by email, the IRON PRODUCTION : International Congress of TlCClH, on OF to: Dr Matthew A. Parkes, Mining INTERNATIONAL the study, conservation and re-use Heritage Trust of lreland, Geological CONFERENCE of national industrial heritage. Survey of lreland, Beggars Bush, at Norberg and Nora, Sweden, a Details from Congress Secretariat, Haddington Road, Dublin 4, lreland. conference to celebrate the first Mrs Natalia Krasnogo; IHMC, P0 Email: [email protected] documented accounts of iron ore Box 65, Ekaterinburg, B-1 09, Russia working in Sweden. Planned 13 JUNE 2OO3 620109. Details and on-line sessions include industrial heritage, FROM GRAIN TO GLASS registration form on website man and industry mining industry at STEAM: the Museum of the GWR wwwticcih2003.ur.ru. at Swindon, Wiltshire, a joint AlA, and urbanisation, and metamorphis Brewery History Society and English 11-13 JULY 2003 of technology. Details from HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY Heritage Conference. Details and conference secretary, Anna-Karin INDUSTRIAT ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS SUMMER EVENT (formerly AIA Bulletin |SSN 0309-0051) booking form available from Simon Collin, Framtidshyttan, Norbergs the 3'l st History of Technology tssN 1 354-1 455 Thomas, AIA Liaison Officer: School Kommun, Box 25, SE-738 21 Summer Event, with the theme of Norberg, Sweden. +46 223 290 of Archaeological Studies, University 8 Editor: Dr Peter Stanier Electronic and Electrical of Leicester. Leicester LE1 7RH I 00, Fax: +46 223 219 38, E-mail: Engineering, with papers on railway a nna-ka rin@f ramtidshyttan.com Published by the Association for lndustrial 0116 252 5337, Fax: 0l 1 6 252 5005, topics and electrical measurements. Archaeology. Contributions should be e-mail: [email protected] Details from The lEE. Michael 28-31 AUGUST 2003 sent to the Editon Dr Peter Stanier, 49 SPAB MILL SECTION Breach Lane, Shaftesbury, Dorset 5P7 9LF. WEEKEND News and press releases may be sent to at Bournemouth, to concentrate on the Editor or the appropriate AIA Regional Dorset mills. Details from Heather Correspondents. The Editor may be Miranda, SPAB Mills section, 37 telephoned on 01747 854707 or e-nail: ai anews@sta n ier49. freeserue. co u k. Spital Square, London El 6DY. 8 020 7456 0909. Final copy dates are as follows.

5-11 SEPTEMBER 2OO3 30 March for May mailing AIA ANNUAL CONFERENCE 30 June for August mailing IN SOUTH-EA5T WALES 30 September for November mailing at Cardiff, with a full programme of 30 December for February mailing lectures. awards and field visits. See The AIA was established in | 973 to promote pages 6 and 8. the study of lndustrial Archaeology and 5-7 SEPTEMBER 2OO3 encourage improved standards of recording, FRENCH SOUTERRAINS research, conservation and publication. It aims to assist and support regional and CONFERENCE specialist survey groups and bodies involved at Vendee in 5aint-Hilaire-la-For6t. in the preservation of industrial monuments, the 26th annual congress of the to represent the interests of lndustrial Soci6t€ FranEaise d'Etude des Archaeology at national level, to hold Souterrains (French Society for conferences and seminars and to publish the results of research. The AIA publishes an Souterrains Studies) with the annual Review and quafterly News bulletin. collaboration of the Groupement Further details may be obtained fron the Vendden de Sauvegarde du Liaison Officer, AIA Office, School of Patrimoine Arch6ologique. Archaeological Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH. Glasgow Corporation Water Works. The gauge basin at Craignaddie Reservoir in Information on http://www.chez 8 01 16 252 5337 Fax: 0l l6 252 5005. Milngavie, where a new water treatment plant is required to ensure that the water .com/sfes/Cong03f.htm or by mail at fron Loch Katrine neets EU standards. The new plant will be concealed behind trees Luc Stevens 18, rue Marie Depage The views exoressed in this bulletin are on land adjacent to the reservoirs (See inside) 1180 UCCLE Belgium. E-mail : not necessarily those of the Association Photo: RCAHMS: Crown Copyright, SC77l 565, lim Mackie, February 2003 [email protected] for Industrial Archaeology.

20 @ Association for Industrial Archaeology, May 2003 Registered in England underthe Companies Act 1948 (No. 1325854) and the Charities Act 1960 (No.277511) Registered office: c/o IGMT, Coach Road, Coalbrookdale, Telford, Shropshire TF8 7DQ Produced by TBC Print Services Limited, Blandford Forum, Dorset