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Download an Example File with Diabetes Mellitus (PDF) Legal Disclaimer All diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the field of science and medicine are continuously evolving: Therefore the herein presented medical evidence is state of the technical and scientific art at the time of the editorial deadline for the respective edition of the book. All details provided herein related to a particular therapeutic mode of administration and dosing of drugs are screened employing utmost measures of accuracy and precision. Unless explicitly specified otherwise, all drug administration and dosing regimens presented herein are for healthy adults with normal renal and hepatic function. Liability cannot be assumed for any type of dosing and administration regimen presented herein. Each reader is advised to carefully consult the respective market authorization holders directions for use of the recommended drugs, medical devices and other means of therapy and diagnosis. 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(Mark Twain) 8 Abbreviations AAA Abdominal aortic aneurism F Female AB Antibodies FFP Fresh Frozen Plasma ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme FH Family History ACE-I ACE-Inhibitor FUO Fever of unknown origin ADB Anti-Desoxyribonucleotidase B GBM Glomerular basement membrane ADH Antidiuretic hormone GFR Glomerular filtration rate AET Aetiology GI Gastrointestinal AF Atrial fibrillation GN Glomerulonephritis AG Antigen HBV Hepatitis B Virus AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HCT Haematocrit AIHA Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia HI Histology AN Autonomic neuropathy HIT Heparin induced thrombocytopenia ANA Anti nuclear antibodies HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ANCA Anti neutrophile cytoplasmatic antibodies HLT Half life time ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide HOCM Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy A.O. And others HPV Human Papilloma Virus APC Activated Protein C HSV Herpes Simplex Virus APS Antiphospholipid syndrome HUS Haemolytic uraemic syndrome APPROX Approximately HX History ARDS Adult respiratory distress syndrome IA Interaction ARF Acute renal failure IBS Irritable bowel syndrome ASAP As soon as possible ICA Internal carotid artery ASD Atrial septum defect ICD Implantable Cardioverter - Defibrillator ASL Antistreptolysin ICF Intracellular fluid AT Antithrombin ICP Intracranial pressure AT Antithrombin ICU Intensive care unit ATP Adenosine Triphosphate IFAT Indirect immunofluorescence antigen test AXR Abdominal X-ray IG Immunoglobulin BMI Body Mass Index IHA Indirect Haemagglutinin test BMT Bone marrow transplant I.M. Intramuscular BNP brain natriuretic peptide INC Incidence BP Blood pressure IND Indication BU Bread unit INR International normalised ratio BW Body weight ISF Interstitial fluid C Celsius ITP Idiopathic thrombocytopenia CA Carcinoma IU International units CA. Circa I.V. Intravenous CDC Centres for disease control IVF Intravascular fluid CH Carbohydrate LAB Laboratory tests CHD Coronary heart disease LAS Lymphadenopathy syndrome CI Contraindications LBBB Left Bundle Branch Block CK Creatine Kinase LDH Lactate Dehydrogenase CL Clinical picture LDL Low density lipoprotein CMV Cytomegalovirus LDV Lymphocyte doubling time CNP Type C natriuretic peptide LMWH Low molecular weight Heparin CNS Central Nervous System LOC Localization CO Complications M Male CON Contagiousness MDS Myelodysplastic syndrome COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease MI Mentzer index COX Cyclooxygenase MI Myocardiac infarction CRF Chronic renal failure MIO Million CRP C-reactive protein MM Multiple myeloma CSE Cholesterol Synthesis Enzyme MOA Mode of action CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid MRI Magnet resonance imaging CT Computer tomography MW Molecular weight CU Carbohydrate unit NK (cells) Natural killer (cells) CVI Chronic venous insufficiency NSAID Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug CVP Central venous pressure OAC Oral anticoagulation CXR Chest X-ray OAD Occlusive atherosclerotic disease DD Differential diagnosis OCC Occasionally DEF Definition OCC Occurrence DHD Dengue haemorrhagic fever OD Overdose DHS Dengue haemorrhagic shock PA Pulmonary artery DI Diagnosis PAT Pathogen DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation PAT Pathology DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid PCR Polymerase chain reaction DSA Digital subtraction angiography PE Pulmonary embolism DVT Deep vein thrombosis PEP Post exposure prophylaxis EBV Epstein Barr Virus PET Positron emission tomography ECF Extracellular fluid PFO Persistent foramen ovale ECG Electrocardiogram PG Pathogenesis EEG Electroencephalogram PI Protease inhibitor EF Effects PID Pelvic inflammatory disease EHEC Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli PM Pacemaker ELISA Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay PMC Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis EN Enteral nutrition PN Parenteral nutrition ENT Ear Nose & Throat PNH Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria EP Epidemiology P.O. Per os ESP Especially POSS Possibly ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate PPC Phenprocoumon ET Aetiology PPH Pathophysiology EU European Union 9 PPSB Prothrombin proconvertin Stuart-Prower factor SVT Supraventricular tachycardia antihaemophilic factor B SYM Symptoms PRG Prognosis SYN Synonym PRO Prophylaxis TAA Thoracic aortic aneurism PTCA Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty TCA Tricyclic antidepressants PTH Parathyroid hormone TEA Thrombendarteriectomy PTS Post Thrombotic Syndrome TEE Transoesophageal echocardiography PTT Prothrombin time TH Therapy RA Rheumatoid arthritis THR Total hip replacement RBBB Right Bundle Branch Block TIA Transitory ischaemic attack RES Reticular Endothelial Syncythium TOA Thrombangiitis obliterans RF Rheumatoid factor TOS Thoracic Outlet Syndrome RNA Ribonucleic acid TPHA Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutinin RS Raynaud’s Syndrome TPN Total parenteral nutrition RV right ventricular TSH Thyroid stimulation hormone S.C. Subcutaneous TURP Transurethral resection of the prostate SE Side effects UFH Unfractioned Heparin SIADH Syndrome of inadequate ADH secretion URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection SK Streptokinase US Ultrasound S.L. sublingual UTI Urinary tract infection SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus UV Ultraviolet SOB Shortness of breath VF Ventricular Fibrillation SPECT Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography VT Ventricular Tachycardia SR Slow release VUR Vesico-ureteric-renal reflux SR Sinus rhythm VV Varicose veins ST Stage VZV Varicella Zoster Virus STD Sexually transmitted disease WHO World health organization SU Sulfonyl urea Y Find more medical abbreviations at www.medizinische-abkuerzungen.de Find more general abbreviations at www.acronymdb.com www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/cgi-bin/acronym 10 VI. E N D O C R I N O L O G Y Internet infos: www.dgae-info.de; www.endokrinologie.net; www.diabetes.cme.de www.aace.com; www.endosociety.org DIABETES MELLITUS ("sweetened with honey") [E14.9] Internet infos: www.diabetes-deutschland.de; www.diabetes-webring.de; www.diabetes-world.net; www.diabetes.ca; www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de; www.diabetes.org Def.: Diabetes mellitus is a group of heterogenic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, which is caused by a defect either in the insulin secretion, the insulin effects or by a combination of those two. Ep.: Prevalence of manifest diabetes is age dependent: Age < 50 y. 1 - 2 %, age > 60 y. circa 10 %, age > 70 y. up to 20 %. > 90 % are type 2 diabetics and circa 5 % are type 1 diabetics. In the USA 4 % of the obese juveniles are type 2 diabetics! The number of type 2 diabetics in a population increases with the extent of overnutrition. Aetiologic classification : (WHO and ADA = American Diabetes Association, 1997) I. Type 1 diabetes: E cell destruction, which leads to absolute insulin deficiency A) Immune mediated Special form: LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes (with onset) in adults): Type 1 diabetes with manifestation in adult age (> 25 y.), in which insulin deficiency develops rel. slowly. In the first 6 months no insulin requirement, detection of GAD-antibodies. B) Idiopathic (infrequent in Europe) II. Type 2 diabetes: 3 causes of various degrees: An Insulin resistance, a secretory defect of the ȕ-cells or a progressing apoptosis of the ȕ-cells. III. Other specific types: A) Genetic defects of E cell function (autosomal dominant pathway): „Maturity-onset
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