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Multilateral Peace Operations and the Challenges of Organized Crime
SIPRI Background Paper February 2018 MULTILATERAL PEACE PROJECT SUMMARY w The New Geopolitics of Peace OPERATIONS AND THE Operations III: Non‑traditional Security Challenges initiative CHALLENGES OF was launched with support from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, co‑sponsored ORGANIZED CRIME by Ethiopia, and in continued partnership with the Friedrich‑ jaÏr van der lijn Ebert‑Stiftung (FES). This phase of the initiative seeks to enhance understanding I. Introduction about peace operations and non‑traditional security Multilateral peace operations are increasingly confronting a set of challenges such as terrorism interrelated and mutually reinforcing security challenges that are relatively and violent extremism, new to them, that do not respect borders, and that have causes and effects irregular migration, piracy, which cut right across the international security, peacebuilding and organized crime and environmental degradation. It development agendas.1 Organized crime provides one of the most prominent aims to identify the various examples of these ‘non-traditional’ security challenges.2 perceptions, positions and There are many different definitions of organized crime depending on the interests of the relevant context, sector and organization. The United Nations Convention against stakeholders, as well as to Transnational Organized Crime defines an ‘organized criminal group’ as stimulate open dialogue, ‘a structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time cooperation and mutual and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes understanding by engaging key or offences . in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other stakeholders and mapping the material benefit’.3 However, this definition is not unchallenged. -
Wolfsberg Group Trade Finance Principles 2019
Trade Finance Principles 1 The Wolfsberg Group, ICC and BAFT Trade Finance Principles 2019 amendment PUBLIC Trade Finance Principles 2 Copyright © 2019, Wolfsberg Group, International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and BAFT Wolfsberg Group, ICC and BAFT hold all copyright and other intellectual property rights in this collective work and encourage its reproduction and dissemination subject to the following: Wolfsberg Group, ICC and BAFT must be cited as the source and copyright holder mentioning the title of the document and the publication year if available. Express written permission must be obtained for any modification, adaptation or translation, for any commercial use and for use in any manner that implies that another organization or person is the source of, or is associated with, the work. The work may not be reproduced or made available on websites except through a link to the relevant Wolfsberg Group, ICC and/or BAFT web page (not to the document itself). Permission can be requested from the Wolfsberg Group, ICC or BAFT. This document was prepared for general information purposes only, does not purport to be comprehensive and is not intended as legal advice. The opinions expressed are subject to change without notice and any reliance upon information contained in the document is solely and exclusively at your own risk. The publishing organisations and the contributors are not engaged in rendering legal or other expert professional services for which outside competent professionals should be sought. PUBLIC Trade Finance Principles -
Building Peace at the Nexus of Organized Crime, Conflict and Violent
PolicyFBA Brief Brief 01/2015 BUILDING PEACE AT THE NEXUS OF ORGANIZED CRIME, CONFLICT, AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM INTERNATIONAL EXPERT FORUM ON TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY PEACE-BUILDING BY: CHRISTIAN ALTPETER Organized crime, armed conflict and violent extremism are all becoming increasingly intertwined. Fragility, weak institutions and conflicts provide an attractive environment and breeding ground for illicit networks and extremist organizations and these connected groups can seriously impede peace-building efforts and threaten human security. SUMMARY › Organized crime, conflict, and violent extremism all thrive when any state is weak or its structure is absent. Where there is a lack of security, a want of access to justice, and poor service provision, then organized crime often fills the void by taking over certain functions of the state. › Traditionally, crime and violent extremism have not formed a part of the peace-building agenda but instead have been treated as separate matters for law enforcement strategies. › Dealing with organized crime and violent extremism in countries and societies emerging from conflict requires a multidimen- sional peace-building approach that includes the perpetrators of organized crime and those involved in armed conflict and violent extremism. UN Security Council mandates for peacekeeping operations must be so arranged that they include the fight against organized crime. › Strengthening social cohesion and inclusiveness, trust and legitimacy of the government concerned and its institutions must be at the centre of peace-building strategies, together with realizable peace dividends. › The UN, the EU and other actors must meet such challenges with comprehensive policies and approaches because military, diplomatic or police methods alone will not suffice. -
The Sources of International Law: an Introduction
The Sources of International Law : An Introduction Samantha Besson, Jean d’Aspremont To cite this version: Samantha Besson, Jean d’Aspremont. The Sources of International Law : An Introduction. Besson, Samantha and d’Aspremont, Jean. The Oxford Handbook of the Sources of International Law, Oxford University Press, pp.1–39, 2017, 978-0-19-186026-3. hal-02516183 HAL Id: hal-02516183 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02516183 Submitted on 28 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AN INTRODUCTION Samantha Besson and Jean D’Aspremont* I. Introduction The sources of international law constitute one of the most central patterns around which international legal discourses and legal claims are built. It is not contested that speaking like an international lawyer entails, first and foremost, the ability to deploy the categories put in place by the sources of international law. It is against the backdrop of the pivotal role of the sources of international law in international discourse that this introduction sets the stage for discussions con- ducted in this volume. It starts by shedding light on the centrality of the sources of international law in theory and practice (II: The Centrality of the Sources of International Law in Theory and Practice). -
SAMPLE NOTES from OUR LLB CORE GUIDE: Contract Law Privity Chapter
SAMPLE NOTES FROM OUR LLB CORE GUIDE: Contract Law Privity chapter LLB Answered is a comprehensive, first-class set of exam-focused study notes for the Undergraduate Law Degree. This is a sample from one of our Core Guides. We also offer dedicated Case Books. Please visit lawanswered.com if you wish to purchase a copy. Notes for the LPC are also available via lawanswered.com. This chapter is provided by way of sample, for marketing purposes only. It does not constitute legal advice. No warranties as to its contents are provided. All rights reserved. Copyright © Answered Ltd. PRIVITY KEY CONCEPTS 5 DOCTRINE OF PRIVITY Under the common law: A third party cannot… enforce , be liable for, or acquire rights under … a contract to which he is not a party. AVOIDING THE DOCTRINE OF PRIVITY The main common law exceptions are: AGENCY RELATIONSHIPS ASSIGNMENT TRUSTS JUDICIAL INTERVENTION The main statutory exception is: CONTRACTS (RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES) ACT 1999 44 PRIVITY WHAT IS PRIVITY? “The doctrine of privity means that a contract cannot, as a general rule, confer PRIVITY rights or impose obligations arising under it on any person except the parties to it.” Treitel, The Law of Contract. Under the doctrine of privity: ACQUIRE RIGHTS UNDER A third party cannot BE LIABLE FOR a contract to which he is not a party. ENFORCE NOTE: the doctrine is closely connected to the principle that consideration must move from the promisee (see Consideration chapter). The leading cases on the classic doctrine are Price v Easton, Tweddle v Atkinson and Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridges & Co Ltd. -
Legal Position Agreement with Personal Guarantee at Bank Medan Branch
Legal Position Agreement with Personal Guarantee at Bank Medan Branch Vincent Leonardo Tantowie, Willy Tanjaya, and Herman Brahmana, Elvira Fitriyani Pakpahan Magister of Notary, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Jl. Sekip Simpang Sikambing, Medan, Indonesia Keywords: Legal Agreement, Guarantee and Personal Guarantee. Abstract: In providing credit facilities, all banks always refer to the Loan to Value of the credit value. The value of the collateral provided is in the form of material guarantees, whether installed on a KPR, KPR, Fiduciary basis or Pawn and Cessie. If there is a lack of guarantee value that is relaxed by the internal and external assessment team, the Bank always asks for additional guarantees in the form of personal guarantees (personal guarantees) or company guarantees (company guarantees). This must be watched out for by bankers or legal officers of a finance company where if a company or individual has provided personal guarantees for a debt from a certain debtor, then it must be given strict provisions, that the guarantor must also be accompanied by a material guarantee. 1 INTRODUCTION this note, attention is paid to the importance of structuring the details of claims and the Banks as a company engaged in finance, all banking consequences for which employee claims are activities are always related to the financial sector, formulated incorrectly. Possible solutions available so talking about banks is inseparable from financial to employees in terms of both general law and problems. Banking activities that are the first to raise statutory are investigated (Barnard, 2010). If we funds from the wider community known as banking look deeper into the business activities of banks, in activities are funding activities. -
Bougainville Peace Agreement >> Table of Contents >> Bougainville Peace Agreement
Peace Agreements Digital Collection Bougainville Peace Agreement >> Table of Contents >> Bougainville Peace Agreement Bougainville Peace Agreement Signed at Arawa 30 August 2001 Introduction and Outline This agreement is a joint creation by the Government of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea and Leaders representing the people of Bougainville ("the Parties") to resolve the Bougainville conflict and to secure a lasting peace by peaceful means. It is intended to further the objectives of The Burnham Truce, the Lincoln and Ceasefire Agreements and other agreements and understandings between the parties. This Agreement will be implemented through consultation and co-operation, and will form the basis for drafting constitutional amendments and other laws in order to give legal effect to this Agreement. The Bougainville Parties will work through the autonomous Bougainville Government when it is formed. The Agreement has three pillars. They are as follows. 1. Autonomy The Agreement provides for arrangements for an autonomous Bougainville Government operating under a home-grown Bougainville Constitution with a right to assume increasing control over a wide range of powers, functions, personnel and resources on the basis of guarantees contained in the National Constitution. 2. Referendum The agreement provides for the right, guaranteed in the National Constitution, for a referendum among Bougainvilleans’ on Bougainville’s future political status. The choices available in the referendum will include a separate independence for Bougainville. The referendum will be held no sooner than ten years, and in any case no later than fifteen years, after the election of the autonomous Bougainville Government. The actual date of the referendum will be set taking account of standards of good governance and the implementation of the weapons disposal plan. -
World Peace Through Law
Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 2 Number 1 Spring Article 3 May 2020 World Peace through Law Charles Rhyne Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation Charles Rhyne, World Peace through Law, 2 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 1 (1972). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Denver Sturm College of Law at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],dig- [email protected]. WORLD PEACE THROUGH LAW CHARLES RHYNE* In view of the realities of today's world, man cannot live in isolation if he expects to live in peace. The world situation must be everyone's concern; each of us must act, collectively and individually if we are to avoid the total destruction which threatens world peace. We live in a world all of us know more about, think more about and worry more about than ever before. Age old bar- riers of time and distance are gone; the lives of all peoples are inextricably intertwined. For instance: international trade was affected by the United States' enactment of a 10'/; surcharge on imports; the outbreak of war between India and Pakistan in December, 1971 affected everyone almost immediately as has the continuation of the Middle East conflict; states and peoples will be vastly affected by China's presence in the U.N. Since no one nation can by itself control drugs, money, en- vironment, pollution, weather, airplane hi-jacking, poverty, hunger, disease and many other subjects of considerable con- cern to the world community, transnational cooperation has be- come, in fact, a necessity. -
Equity in the American Courts and in the World Court: Does the End Justify the Means?
EQUITY IN THE AMERICAN COURTS AND IN THE WORLD COURT: DOES THE END JUSTIFY THE MEANS? I. INTRODUCTION Equity, as a legal concept, has enjoyed sustained acceptance by lawyers throughout history. It has been present in the law of ancient civilizations' and continues to exist in modem legal systems.2 But equity is no longer a concept confined exclusively to local or national adjudication. Today, equity shows itself to be a vital part of international law.' The International Court of Justice--"the most visible, and perhaps hegemonic, tribunal in the sphere of public international law" 4-has made a significant contribution to the delimitation,5 development of equity. Particularly in cases involving maritime 6 equity has frequently been applied by the Court to adjudicate disputes. Equity is prominent in national legal systems and has become increas- ingly important in international law. It is useful, perhaps essential, for the international lawyer to have a proper understanding of it. Yet the meaning of equity remains elusive. "A lawyer asked to define 'equity' will not have an easy time of it; the defimition of equity, let alone the term's application in the field of international law, is notoriously uncertain, though its use is rife."7 Through a comparative analysis, this note seeks to provide a more precise understanding of the legal concept of equity as it relates to two distinct systems oflaw: the American and the international. To compare the equity administered by the American courts with that administered by the World Court, this note 1. See sources cited infra notes 10, 22. -
Contract of Guarantee for Non-Shareholder Loans Between
CONTRACT NO. <00000> FORM For information purposes Contract of Guarantee for Non-Shareholder Loans Non-Honoring of a Sovereign Financial Obligation between the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency and [Guarantee Holder] This draft document is subject to MIGA’s approval and as such cannot be considered a contract or an offer to enter into a contract. Only the document executed by MIGA, as approved by MIGA’s senior management and the Guarantee Holder, will contain the terms and conditions that shall bind them. Until this document is executed by MIGA and the Guarantee Holder, neither MIGA nor the Guarantee Holder intends to be bound by its terms and conditions. The terms and conditions of this draft document are distributed to the Guarantee Holder on a confidential basis. [2016 FORMS – OCTOBER 2016] CONTRACT OF GUARANTEE FOR NHSFO CONTRACT NO. <00000> Contract of Guarantee for Non-Shareholder Loans Non-Honoring of a Sovereign Financial Obligation Table of Contents Part I – Special Conditions .............................................................................................................. 1 Part II – General Conditions ............................................................................................................ 5 Article 1. Application and Interpretation .................................................................................... 5 Article 2. Definitions .................................................................................................................. 5 Article 3. Non-Honoring of a Sovereign -
Self-Proving Wills by Judon Fambrough
JULY 2012 Legal Issues PUBLICATION 2001 A Reprint from Tierra Grande Self-Proving Wills By Judon Fambrough Historically, Texas recognized three types of wills. The first was an oral will, sometimes called a nuncupative will or deathbed wish. Because of their limited application, oral wills made (signed) after Sept. 1, 2007, are no longer valid in Texas. The two other types are still Hvalid. A will written entirely in the deceased’s handwriting is known as a holographic will. A will not entirely in the deceased’s handwriting (typi- cally a typewritten will) is known as an attested will. Figure 1. Self-Proving Affidavit for Holographic Will THE STATE OF TEXAS COUNTY OF ____________________ (County where signed) Before me, the undersigned authority, on this day personally appeared ____________________, known to me to be the testator (testatrix), whose name is subscribed to the foregoing will, who first being by me duly sworn, declared to me that the said foregoing instrument is his (her) last will and testament, that he (she) had willingly made and executed it as his (her) free act and deed, that he (she) was at the time of execution eighteen years of age or over (or being under such age, was or had been lawfully married, or was a member of the armed forces of the United States or of an auxiliary thereof or of the Maritime Service), that he (she) was of sound mind at the time Self-Proving Holographic Wills of execution and that he (she) has not revoked the olographic wills need no wit- will and testament. -
Peace Officers on Campus
Peace Officers on Campus 1. Who are peace officers? Texas Code of Criminal Procedures (TCCP), Article 2.12 lists peace officers as including, but not limited to the following: a. Sheriffs and their deputies b. Constables and deputy constables c. Marshalls or police officers of an incorporated city, town, or village d. Rangers and officers commissioned by the Public Safety Commission and the Director of the Department of Public Safety e. Officers commissioned under Texas Education Code (TEC) §37.081 f. Law enforcement agents of the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission 2. What authorizes the Board to employ police officers? TEC §37.081 authorizes the District’s Board of Trustees to employ security personnel and commission police officers. It is the Board’s responsibility to determine the jurisdiction of police officers employed by the District. 3. What is the jurisdiction of Katy ISD police officers? Board policy CKE (LOCAL) specifies this jurisdiction as follows: “…all territory within the boundaries of the District and all property, real and personal, outside the boundaries of the District that is owned, leased, or rented by or otherwise under the District’s control.” 4. What authority and powers do District police officers have? Katy ISD police officers, by policy, have the authority to: Katy Independent School District Peace Officers on Campus Administration, Governance and Legal Affairs, May 2018 1 of 6 g. Protect the safety and welfare of any person in the jurisdiction of the District and protect the property of the District. h. Enforce all laws, including municipal ordinances, county ordinances, and state laws, and investigate violations of law as needed.