Tranquillity Mapping: Developing a Robust Methodology for Planning Support
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Tranquillity Mapping: Developing a Robust Methodology for Planning Support Technical Report on Research in England, January 2008 (revised) Centre for Environmental and Spatial Analysis (CESA) Participatory Evaluation and Appraisal in Newcastle upon Tyne (PEANuT) In collaboration with Bluespace environments, Durham Landscape Research Group (LRG). Tranquillity Mapping: Developing a Robust Methodology for Planning Support (2008) To Reference this Report Jackson, S., Fuller, D., Dunsford, H., Mowbray, R., Hext, S., MacFarlane R. and Haggett, C. (2008). Tranquillity Mapping: developing a robust methodology for planning support, Report to the Campaign to Protect Rural England, Centre for Environmental & Spatial Analysis, Northumbria University, Bluespace environments and the University of Newcastle upon on Tyne. Project Manager Sue Jackson MLI www.Bluespaceenvironments.co.uk Consultation Exercise PEANuT Participatory Evaluation and Appraisal in Newcastle upon Tyne, Ellison Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST Tel: 0191 227 3848 Fax: 0191 227 3519 [email protected] Data Analyst Ross Mowbray AEIMA [email protected] GIS Analysts Dr Helen Dunsford Stephen Hext BSc (Hons) Centre for Environmental and Spatial Analysis, Ellison Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST Tel: 0191 243 7155 Fax: 0191 227 4715 [email protected] Deputy Project Manager Dr. Claire Haggett Landscape Research Group, Claremont Tower, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU Tel: 0191 222 6006 Fax: 0191 222 8811 [email protected] ii Tranquillity Mapping: Developing a Robust Methodology for Planning Support (2008) Table of Contents: 1 Summary......................................................................................................................1 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................4 3 Section A, Tranquillity Mapping, Background..........................................................5 3.1 Tranquillity ........................................................................................................................ 5 3.1.1 Qualities, Quality and Indicators................................................................................................ 6 3.2 Literature Review............................................................................................................ 10 3.2.1 The Work of Simon Rendel...................................................................................................... 10 3.2.2 Developing the Methodology for Wales and Scotland............................................................. 11 3.2.3 Bell’s Tranquillity Mapping for Forests..................................................................................... 11 3.2.4 Levett’s Critique ....................................................................................................................... 12 3.2.5 Definitions and Perceptions of a Subjective Experience ......................................................... 12 3.2.6 Mapping the Subjective ........................................................................................................... 15 3.2.7 Experts, Perceptions and People ............................................................................................ 16 3.2.8 People and their Environment ................................................................................................. 17 3.2.9 From the NE to the National .................................................................................................... 18 3.3 Tranquillity Mapping: The 2004 North East Pilot Study.............................................. 19 3.3.1 The Participatory Consultation Exercise – 2004 Pilot Study ................................................... 20 3.3.1.1 Field-based Participation – 2004 Pilot Study ...................................................................................... 22 3.3.1.2 Non-Field Based Participation – 2004 Pilot Study .............................................................................. 23 3.3.2 Findings: What is tranquillity? - 2004 Pilot Study .................................................................... 25 3.3.3 GIS – 2004 Pilot Study ............................................................................................................ 27 3.3.3.1 The Framework for Mapping – 2004 Pilot Study................................................................................. 28 3.3.3.2 Remoteness from People – 2004 Pilot Study ..................................................................................... 29 3.3.3.3 Landscape and Tranquillity – 2004 Pilot Study................................................................................... 30 3.3.3.4 Mapping Land Cover – 2004 Pilot Study ............................................................................................ 31 3.3.3.5 Mapping Visibility of Negative Features – 2004 Pilot Study................................................................ 31 3.3.3.6 Mapping Presence and Visibility of Rivers and the Sea – 2004 Pilot Study ....................................... 31 3.3.3.7 Modelling Openness – 2004 Pilot Study............................................................................................. 32 3.3.3.8 Modelling Skyglow – 2004 Pilot Study................................................................................................ 32 3.3.3.9 Modelling the Impact of Noise – 2004 Pilot Study .............................................................................. 32 3.3.3.10 Putting it all Together – 2004 Pilot Study ....................................................................................... 34 3.3.4 Results – 2004 Pilot Study....................................................................................................... 34 3.3.5 Discussion – 2004 Pilot Study ................................................................................................. 34 3.3.5.1 Reflections on Levett’s Critique – 2004 Pilot Study ............................................................................ 34 3.3.5.2 Defining and Weighting the Variables – 2004 Pilot Study................................................................... 35 3.3.5.3 Tranquillity, Local Areas and Local People – 2004 Pilot Study........................................................... 36 3.3.5.4 Tranquillity Maps – 2004 Pilot Study................................................................................................... 36 3.3.5.5 Benefits of the 2004 Approach – 2004 Pilot Study ............................................................................. 36 3.4 Mapping Tranquillity, 2004 Chilterns Study................................................................. 37 3.4.1 Study Area - 2004 Chilterns Study .......................................................................................... 37 3.4.2 The Participatory Consultation Exercise - 2004 Chilterns Study............................................. 38 3.4.3 Findings - 2004 Chilterns Study............................................................................................... 39 3.4.3.1 Perceived Links to ‘Nature’ - 2004 Chilterns Study............................................................................. 39 3.4.3.2 Tranquillity ‘of the Mind…’ - 2004 Chilterns Study .............................................................................. 39 3.4.3.3 Doing Things - 2004 Chilterns Study .................................................................................................. 40 3.4.3.4 Perceived Human Related Benefits - 2004 Chilterns Study................................................................ 40 3.4.3.5 What is not Tranquillity? - 2004 Chilterns Study ................................................................................. 40 3.4.4 Conclusion - 2004 Chilterns Study .......................................................................................... 40 4 Section B, Mapping Tranquillity, 2006 National Study...........................................42 4.1 The public consultation ................................................................................................. 42 4.1.1 Study area identification .......................................................................................................... 42 iii Tranquillity Mapping: Developing a Robust Methodology for Planning Support (2008) 4.1.1.1 Approach One: Spatially Randomised Selection ................................................................................ 42 4.1.1.2 Approach Two: Purposive Selection................................................................................................... 42 4.1.2 The Approach to Consultation ................................................................................................. 43 4.1.3 The Consultation Work ............................................................................................................ 44 4.1.4 Consultation Findings .............................................................................................................. 48 4.2 Threshold Analysis ........................................................................................................ 51 4.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................