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Infection in Valvata Macrostoma and in Two Leech Species, Helobdella Stagnalis and Erpobdella Octoculata

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Infection in Valvata Macrostoma and in Two Leech Species, Helobdella Stagnalis and Erpobdella Octoculata Master’s thesis Australapatemon sp. (Trematoda) infection in Valvata macrostoma and in two leech species, Helobdella stagnalis and Erpobdella octoculata. Mah Choo Jocelyn University of Jyväskylä Department of Biological and Environmental Science International Aquatic Masters Programme 27.05.2009 2 University of Jyväskylä, Faculty of Science Department of Biological and Environmental Science International Aquatic Masters Programme Jocelyn Mah Choo: Australapatemon sp. (Trematoda) infection in Valvata macrostoma and in two leech species, Helobdella stagnalis and Erpobdella octoculata. Master’s thesis: 28 p. Supervisors: Prof. E. Tellervo Valtonen, Dr. Anssi Karvonen and Dr. Anna Faltýnková Reviewers: Prof. Jouni Taskinen May 2009 Key words: Activity, Australapatemon sp., Erpobdella octoculata, Helobdella stagnalis, Infectivity, Seasonality, Valvata macrostoma. ABSTRACT The infectivity of Australapatemon sp. was examined in three hosts species; Large-mouthed valve snail, Valvata macrostoma, the first intermediate host and two leech species, Helobdella stagnalis (Glossiphoniidae) and Erpobdella octoculata (Erpobdellidae), the second intermediate hosts. Hosts individuals were sampled monthly (May-September 2008) from Lake Konnevesi, Central Finland, from a shallow littoral site (<2 m) and a deep sublittoral site (5-6 m), located ca. 50-60 m apart. 20 individuals of both leech species were each experimentally exposed to 30 Australapatemon sp. cercariae shed by the snails. 1.15% snails were infected with Austalapatemon sp. cercariae while 22.3% with other trematode species (shallow site). Australapatemon sp. did not occur in deep site snail samples. Infection rate between the two leech species was significantly different i.e. higher in E. octoculata than H. stagnalis. There was significant seasonal variation in the prevalence and intensity of Australapatemon sp. in E. octoculata. Experimental results revealed that both leech species were equally susceptible and acted as suitable second intermediate hosts. 75% of the cercariae successfully penetrated and established metacercarial cyst infection. This result indicates that infection difference between two leech species is not a question of evolutionary specificity (genetical) but ecological differences in activity that exists between them. 3 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO, Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta Bio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitos Kalabiologia ja kalatalous Jocelyn Mah Choo: Australapatemon sp. (Trematoda) infection in Valvata macrostoma and in two leech species, Helobdella stagnalis and Erpobdella octoculata. Pro gradu: 28s. Työn ohjaajat: Prof. E. Tellervo Valtonen, Dr. Anssi Karvonen and Dr. Anna Faltýnková Tarkastajat: Prof. Jouni Taskinen May 2009 Hakusanat: Activity, Australapatemon sp., Erpobdella octoculata, Helobdella stagnalis, Infectivity, Seasonality, Valvata macrostoma. TIIVISTELMÄ Australapatemon sp. loisintaa tutkittiin kolmessa väli-isäntälajissa; Valvata macrostoma kotilossa , joka on tämän loisen ensimmäinen väli-isäntä ja kahdessa juotikaslajissa, Helobdella stagnalis (Glossiphoniidae) ja Erpobdella octoculata (Erpobdellidae), jotka ovat toisia väli-isäntiä. Näytteitä kerättiin kuukausittain (toukokuusta syyskuuhun v. 2008) Konnevedestä Keski-Suomessa. Keräys tehtiin kahdelta paikalta, matalasta litoraalista (<2 m) ja 5-6 m syvyydestä. Näiden paikkojen etäisyys toisitaan on n. 50-60 m. Lisäksi altistin kokeellisesti molempien lajien juotikkaita siten, että kukin juotikas altistettiin 30 Australapatemon sp. kerkarialle, 20 juotikasta molemmista lajeista. Australapatemon sp loisinnan prevalenssissa sekä abundanssissa oli merkitsevää vaihtelua kuukausien välillä kaikissa kolmesssa isäntälajissa. Matalasta kerätyistä kotiloista ainoastaan 1.15% oli Australapatemon sp lajin loisimia, muiden imumatolajien loisinta samoissa kotiloissa oli 22.3% . Syvältä kerätyissä kotiloissa loista ei esiintynyt. Loisinta erosi merkitsevästi kahden juotikaslajin välillä (p= 0.02), E. octoculata juotikkaissa loisinta oli merkitsevästi korkeampi kuin H. stagnalis yksilöillä. Kokeellisessa altistuksessa molemmat juotikaslajit olivat yhtä alttiita loisille ja sopivia toisiksi väli-isänniksi. Jopa 75% kerkariatoukista pystyi tunkeutumaan juotikkaisiin ja kehittymään niissä metakerkaria toukiksi. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että luonnossa havaitut erot juotikaslajien loisinnassa johtuvat ekologisita syistä (esim. eroista aktiivisuudessa) eikä eroista geneettisessä yhteensopivuudessa (spesifiteetissä). 4 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................5 1.1. Parasitism ..............................................................................................................5 1.1.1. Digenean trematodes .....................................................................................5 1.2. Valvata macrostoma snails....................................................................................6 1.3. Leeches (Hirudinea) ..............................................................................................7 1.4. Objectives..............................................................................................................8 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................................8 2.1. Study site ...............................................................................................................8 2.2. Sampling of Valvata macrostoma snails and processing of cercariae ..................8 2.3. Sampling of leeches and processing of metacercariae ........................................9 2.4. Experimental exposure of leeches to Australapatemon sp. cercariae .................10 2.5. Statistical Analysis................................................................................................11 3. RESULTS .......................................................................................................................11 3.1. Seasonality and prevalence of Australapatemon sp. cercariae in Valvata snails 11 3.2. Seasonality, prevalence and abundance of Australapatemon sp. metacercariae in Helobdella stagnalis and Erpobdella octoculata .......................................................12 3.3. Experimental exposure ........................................................................................17 4. DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................20 4.1. Parasite seasonality in Valvata macrostoma snails (first intermediate host) ......20 4.1.1. Temperature.................................................................................................20 4.1.2. Host generations ..........................................................................................21 4.2. Prevalence and abundance of Australapatemon sp. metacercariae in Helobdella stagnalis and Erpobdella octoculata, second intermediate hosts...............................21 4.2.1. Differences between the two leech hosts.....................................................21 4.2.2. Seasonality in the abundance of the parasite..............................................22 4.2.3. Parasite aggregation.....................................................................................23 5. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................24 Recommendations for further research...........................................................................24 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................25 References...........................................................................................................................25 5 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Parasitism Parasites make up the majority of species on earth and may outnumber free-living species. Parasitism is one type of the symbiotic relationships that exist between two different organisms. The parasite lives for a reasonable period of its life in or on another organism, the host, from where it obtains food and shelter (Poulin 2007). To cope with their parasitic mode of life parasites show a high level of morphological adaptation and specialization. Parasites are extremely common. It is thus difficult for any free-living organism to escape parasite infection although the infection intensity amongst the host species varies greatly. Parasites rarely kill their host but heavily infected hosts can be more prone to die of additional stress. Some findings have revealed that this parasitic association has some negative effects on the fitness of the host organism by reducing host survival (Hudson et al. 2006) through impairment of feeding and assimilation, growth, fecundity, mediate host vulnerability to predators (Seppälä et al. 2004) and alteration of host behaviour (Holmes & Bethel 1972, Kinne 1980, 1983, Sousa 1983). The biodiversity and natural history of parasites in many systems are still uncharacterized. 1.1.1 Digenean trematodes There are approximately 25,000 species of digenetic trematodes (flukes), the adults and larvae of which parasitize a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Trematode infections are cosmopolitan. The main character of the trematodes is the presence of suckers around the mouth and/or ventral suckers, both for attachment and locomotion. Although the life cycles of some trematode species have been thoroughly studied,
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