Ph.D. THESIS
BEGGARY IN HYDERABAD DIVISION: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
THESIS SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SINDH, FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN SOCIOLOGY
ABDUL JALEEL MIRJAT
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF SINDH, JAMSHORO, PAKISTAN 2019 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work present in this thesis entitled “Beggary in Hyderabad Division: A Sociological Analysis” has been carried out by Abdul Jaleel Mirjat under our supervision. The work is genuine, original and, in our opinion, suitable for submission to the University of Sindh for the award of degree of PhD in Sociology.
SUPERVISOR
______
Dr. Aijaz Ali Wassan Professor Department of Sociology University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan
CO-SUPERVISOR
______Dr. Saima Shaikh Professor Department of Sociology University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan
I
DEDICATION
To the ones who always stood by my side; to the ones who suffered to avail me all sort of opportunities in the walks of life and made it pleasant and comfort, to the ones who nurtured in me the factual love and thrust for knowledge and the above all to the ones who were my paradise on this earth; to my lovely ones for their love and devotion. I dedicate my doctoral work to my late parents. May Allah give them place in heaven (Ameen)!
II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praise goes to Almighty Allah Who is extremely merciful, benevolent and beneficial for the entire World. My heartfelt gratitude is accredited to Almighty Allah for all His blessings upon me. I acknowledge sincere gratitude to my supervisor prof. Dr. Aijaz Ali Wassan, Department of Sociology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. This work would not have been a possible and complete without his constant and continuous assistance, politeness, humble nature, patience, tireless encouragement, valued criticism, a positive feedback and the above all his kind behaviour and devotion. His nice advice, sensitive assistance and outstanding knowledge have been invaluable to me during the whole process of write up. I am also grateful to co-supervisor Dr. Saima Sheikh-Professor, Department of Sociology, for her constructive suggestions and great moral support throughout my studies and research journey. I owe a debt of my gratitude to Dr. Hamadullah Kakepoto-Professor –Department of Sociology, I am grateful to Dr. Ahmad Ali Brohi-Professor, Department of Sociology. I am too grateful to Dr. Rafique Ahmed Chandio –Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. I am highly thankful to Madam Farida Panhwar – Associate Professor, Institute of English Language and Literature. I am too grateful to Dr. Rafique Ahmed Memon –Professor, Institute of English language and literature, University of Sindh, I am extremely thankful Syed Abbas Ali Shah-Assistant Professor, Department of Social work ,university of Sindh for his real support ;I am tremendously thankful to Dr. Naimatullah Shah-Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Sindh, Jamshoro who stood by me in a difficult time; I would never forget his kind support throughout my life; I am mostly thankful to Dr. M. K Sangi –Professor, Institute of English language and literature, University of Sindh Jamshoro. Furthermore, I am really grateful Dr. Nagina Parveen – Professor, Dean Social Sciences for her suggestion, encouragement throughout this exhausting journey of research work and moral support during my studies. I am absolutely thankful to Dr. Bahadur Ali Soomro working at Area Study Center Far East and Southeast, Asia (FESEA) and Javed Ahmed Solangi working at Department of Public Administration for a sincere help during the
III process of research work. I am even thankful to Muhammmad Ali Laghari – Assistant Professor, Department of Muslim History, I am apparently thankful to Madam Muneera Junejo –Assistant Professor –Department of Sociology; I am the very thankful to Madam Zareen Abbasi-Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Sindh, Jamshoro; I am exceedingly indebted to Madam Gazala Panhwar –Associate Professor –Department of Sociology; I am thankful to Dr. Ameer Ali Abro –Associate Professor –Department of Sociology. I am grateful to Madam Hameeda Naerjo –Assistant Professor in Department of Sociology. I am especially thankful to Nizamanuddin Nizamani-Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic culture and comparative Religion, University of Sindh, Hafiz Sibghutullah Bhuto, Assistant Professor –Depart of Islamic culture and Comparative Religion for their support during my studies. I am greatly indebted to Sajan Laghari, Dildar Gadahi Zamir Ahmed Palh for data collection. I am indebted to Syed Riaz Shah, Babar Ali Pathan, Tarique Shaikh for kind co- operation and proper guidance during the study process.
I am too thankful to Zaffurallah Sahitio –Assistant Professor, IBA, Sukkur. I am highly grateful to Amar Ali Joyo for computer assistance. Finally, I would like to become thankful to all my sincere friends and colleagues for their assistance and kind co-operation throughout a period of my studies. In a real sense, without their contribution and assistance this would not be a pleasant experience.
IV ABSTRACT
Pakistan is a rich country, but facing social problems such as illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, crime, ill-education, diseases and beggary for a long time whilst Beggary is a highly growing issue in this country and creating nuisance and disturbance to the public life in a civil society. Beggary is a multifaceted sociological problem particularly in Hyderabad Division-Sindh Province of Pakistan, For sociological perspective; such the study was designed to investigate beggary in Hyderabad Division focusing aim and objectives of the study along with factors which are the main reasons that lead individuals towards beggary. This is a quantitative study in which cross- sectional data is collected from the overall beggars of Hyderabad Division comprising of the nine districts (Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Tando Muhammad, Matiari, Jamshoro, Dadu, Badin, Sujawal and Thatta) by dint of a self-administrative survey questionnaire. The convenience sampling is adopted for targeting the respondents. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) are applied for data analysis. 440 surveys were applied for initial analysis. After cleaning and screening (missing values and outliers’ detection) the data, 402 valid cases were proceeded for final analysis. By applying the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) the results suggest that there is a positive and significant relationship of poverty, unemployment, crime, educational background and specific days with beggary. This study highlights the major factors which promote beggary particularly in Hyderabad Division. This study may provide guideline for state, policy makers, provincial government, NGOs, social welfare department for further knowing and understanding the reasons of beggary and curb beggary to a civil society. Furthermore, it would provide facilities to stop beggars from begging to a human society while accommodating technical work and vocational trainings like tailoring, cleaning, sewing, bee keeping, farming, washing, gardening and so on. The slum areas be cleaned and rehabilitated properly for their settlement. Finally, this study would prove fruitful for scholars, researchers and NGOs sectors for understanding the phenomena of beggary in Hyderabad Division.
Keywords: Beggary, Sociological Problems, Poverty, Unemployment, Specific days, Educational Background, Crime
V TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE ...... I DEDICATION ...... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... III ABSTRACT ...... V
LIST OF TABLES...... XI
LIST OF FIGURES AND GRAPHS ...... XII ABBREVIATIONS ...... XIII
CHAPTER 1 ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 BEGGARY: A GENERAL PHENOMENON ...... 1
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BEGGARY ...... 9 1.2.1 Beggary in Pakistan ...... 10 1.2.2 Beggary in Sindh ...... 11 1.2.3 Beggary in Hyderabad Division ...... 12
1.3 TYPES OF BEGGARS ...... 14 1.3.1 Religious Beggars ...... 14 1.3.2 Physically Mentally Unsound/Retarded Beggars ...... 15 1.3.3 Physically able-Bodied Beggars ...... 16 1.3.4 Professional Beggars ...... 17 1.3.5 Old and Incapable Beggars ...... 18 1.3.6 Child Beggars...... 18 1.3.7 Eunuch Baggers ...... 19 1.3.8 Rat Baggers ...... 19
1.4 FACTORS OF BEGGARY ...... 20 1.4.1 Social Factor ...... 20 1.4.2 Economic Factor ...... 21 1.4.3 Religious Factor ...... 22
1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ...... 23
1.6 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...... 25
1.7 HYPOTHESES ...... 26
1.8 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS ...... 28
1.9 THESIS ORGANIZATION/SETTING/STRUCTURE ...... 29
VI CHAPTER 2 ...... 30
LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ...... 30
2.1 DEFINITION OF BEGGING ...... 30
2.2 CONCEPTS OF BEGGAR ...... 34
2.3 RESEARCH IN BEGGARY ...... 35
2.4 METHODS OF BEGGING ...... 38
2.5 BEGGING BEHAVIOUR CATEGORIES ...... 41
2.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF BEGGARS ...... 42
2.7 BEGGARY AND HUMAN RELIGION ...... 43
2.8 BEGGARY AND HUMAN SOCIETY ...... 48
2.9 BEGGARY AND CRIME ...... 52
2.10 BEGGARY AND POVERTY ...... 53
2.11 TYPES OF BEGGARS ...... 57 2.11.1 Children Begging ...... 61 2.11.2 Able-Bodied Beggars ...... 64 2.11.3 Religious Beggars ...... 65 2.11.4 Physically Handicapped Beggars ...... 65 2.11.5 Mentally Handicapped Beggars ...... 66 2.11.6 Diseased Beggars ...... 66 2.11.7 Eunuch Beggars ...... 67 2.11.8 Addict Beggars ...... 67 2.11.9 Blind Beggars ...... 68
2.12 REASON BEHIND BEGGING...... 69
2.13 REVENUE OF BEGGARS AND BEGGARY ...... 74
2.14 BEGGARY AND SPECIFIC DAYS ...... 76
2.15 GESTURES IN BEGGING ...... 77
2.16 BEGGING NATURE IN BIRDS ...... 78
2.17 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES OF BEGGARY ...... 79
2.18 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ...... 83
2.19 KEY RESEARCH STUDIES ...... 88
2.20 CONCLUSION ...... 97
VII CHAPTER 3 ...... 98
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 98
3.1 RESEARCH PARADIGM ...... 98
3.2 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY ...... 99 3.2.1 Positivism Approach ...... 100 3.2.2 Phenomenological Approach ...... 102 3.2.3 Research Methodology ...... 103 3.2.4 Quantitative vs Qualitative ...... 104 3.2.5 Mixed Method ...... 107
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN ...... 107 3.3.1 Quantitative Research Approach ...... 110 3.3.2 Selection of Quantitative Method ...... 113 3.3.3 Justification for Quantitative Approach ...... 114
3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN IN THE PRESENT STUDY ...... 116 3.4.1 The Purpose of Study: Exploratory Research...... 116 3.4.2 Type of Investigation: Correlational Study ...... 117 3.4.3 Study Settings: Non Contrived ...... 117 3.4.4 Items of Analysis: Beggars ...... 117 3.4.5 Time Horizon: Cross-Sectional Study ...... 118 3.4.6 Population ...... 118 3.4.7 Study Site: Hyderabad Division-Sindh, Pakistan ...... 119
3.5 SCALE DEVELOPMENT ...... 128 3.5.1 Development of Survey Questionnaire ...... 128 3.5.2 Use of Likert Scale ...... 129 3.5.3 Pilot Study ...... 129 3.5.4 Reliability and Validity ...... 130
3.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION ...... 133 3.6.1 Targeted Samples ...... 134 3.6.2 Sampling Method and Size ...... 134
3.7 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ...... 135
3.8 CONCLUSION ...... 135
VIII CHAPTER 4 ...... 136
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 136
4.1 MANAGEMENT OF DATA AND ENTRY ...... 136
4.2 SCREENING OF THE DATA ...... 137 4.2.1 Assurance of Scale ...... 138 4.2.2 Missing Data and Handling ...... 139 4.2.3 Outliers’ Detection ...... 143
4.3 NORMALITY, HOMOSCEDASTICITY AND MULTICOLLINEARITY ...... 146 4.3.1 Normality of Data...... 146 4.3.2 Homoscedasticity ...... 147 4.3.3 Multicollinearity...... 148
4.4 DEMOGRAPHY OF THE RESPONDENTS ...... 149
4.5 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT .... 155
4.6 FACTOR ANALYSIS ...... 156
4.7 LOADED ITEMS DETAIL ...... 164
4.8 CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF MODEL ...... 166
4.9 POPULATION AND SAMPLING ISSUES ...... 171
4.10 DATA COLLECTION AND LANGUAGE ISSUES ...... 173
4.11 MEASUREMENT OF SCALE REFINEMENT AND RELIABILITY . 174
4.12 HYPOTHESES CONFIRMATION ...... 175
4.13 CONCLUSION ...... 178
CHAPTER 5 ...... 179
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 179
5.1 STUDY LIMITATIONS ...... 179 5.1.1 Limited Usage of Factors and Theory ...... 179 5.1.2 Use of Positivist Approach ...... 179 5.1.3 Contextual Limitation ...... 179
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 179
5.3 THE FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS ...... 182 5.3.1 Use of Related Theories ...... 182 5.3.2 Need of Longitudinal Studies ...... 182
IX 5.3.3 Application of Mixed Method ...... 183 5.3.4 Usage of Other Concerned Factors ...... 183 5.3.5 Enlargement of Area ...... 183
5.4 RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL REFLECTION ...... 183
5.5 CONCLUSION ...... 189 REFERENCES ...... 190
ANNEXURE “A” ...... 213
ANNEXURE “B” ...... 214
X LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. 1 THE RELATIONSHIP OF OBJECTIVES WITH HYPOTHESES ...... 27
TABLE 2. 1 KEY LITERATURE ...... 89
TABLE 3. 1 RELIABILITY STATISTICS ...... 131
TABLE 3. 2 INDIVIDUAL FACTORS’ RELIABILITY...... 131
TABLE 4. 1VARIABLES AND THEIR CODING ...... 137
TABLE 4. 2 LIKERT SCALE’S OPTIONS RANGES ...... 138
TABLE 4.3 MISSING VALUES DETECTION AT ITEM-LEVEL ...... 140
TABLE 4. 4 MISSING VALUES AT CONSTRUCT-LEVEL ...... 142
TABLE 4. 5 MISSING PATTERN (CASES WITH MISSING VALUES) ...... 142
TABLE 4. 6 UNIVARIATE OUTLIER’S DETECTION THROUGH Z SCORES VALUE ...... 144
TABLE 4. 7 MULTIVARIATE OUTLIERS’ DETECTION ...... 145
TABLE 4. 8 TEST OF NORMALITY...... 146
TABLE 4. 9 KURTOSIS AND SKEWNESS...... 147
TABLE 4. 10 TEST OF HOMOGENEITY ...... 148
TABLE 4. 11 PEARSON CORRELATION FOR OBSERVING MULTICOLLINEARITY ..... 149
TABLE 4. 12 DEMOGRAPHY OF THE RESPONDENTS N=402 ...... 151
TABLE 4. 13 RELIABILITY STATISTICS...... 155
TABLE 4. 14 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS’ RELIABILITY 155
TABLE 4. 15 KMO AND BARTLETT’S TEST OF SPHERICITY ...... 157
TABLE 4. 16 COMMUNALITIES OF THE LOADED ITEMS ...... 158
TABLE 4. 17 TOTAL VARIANCE EXPLAINED ...... 160
TABLE 4. 18 FACTOR LOADINGS ...... 162
TABLE 4.19 LOADED ITEMS’ DESCRIPTION ...... 165
TABLE 4. 20 OVERALL FIT INDICES ...... 169
TABLE 4. 21 REGRESSION WEIGHTS ...... 170
TABLE 4. 22 SUMMARY OF HYPOTHESES TESTING ...... 170
XI LIST OF FIGURES AND GRAPHS
FIGURE 2. 1 CONCEPTUAL MODEL DEVELOPED BY THE RESEARCHER ...... 86
GRAPH 4. 1 BOX PLOT ...... 144
GRAPH 4. 2 SCREE PLOT ...... 163
FIGURE 4. 1 PATH MODEL SHOWING COVARIANCE AMONG DV & IVS...... 167
FIGURE 4. 2 PATH MODEL SHOWING HYPOTHESIZED PATHS ...... 168
XII ABBREVIATIONS
AMOS Analysis of Moment Structures
BERY Beggary CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis
CFI Comparative Fit Index
CR Critical Ratio
CRME Crime
CUND Cultural Background
Df Degree of Freedom
DV Dependent Variable
EDND Educational Background
EDON Education
EFA Exploratory Factor Analysis
FA Factor Analysis
FAPE Family Type
GEND Gender
GFI Goodness of Fit Index
H Hypothesis
IDs Independent Variables
ILO International Labour Orgnization
IV Independent Variable
KMO Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin
K-S Kolmogorov-Smirnov
MOME Monthly Income
N Total Population n Number of respondents
XIII NFI Normal Fit Index
NGOs Non-Government Organizations
PCA Principal Component Analysis
PHCE Physical Appearance
PLTH Place of Birth
POTY Poverty
PRMS Present Marital Status
REON Religion
RMSEA Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
SE Standard Error
SEM Structural Equation Modelling
Sig. Significance
SPSS Statistical Package of Social Sciences
SPYS Specific Days
TLI Trucker- Lewis Index
UNET Unemployment
UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
VIPs Very Important Persons
α Cronbach’s alpha
χ2 Chi-Squire
XIV CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter offers a brief scope and background; the aim and objectives of a study; the types of beggars; the factors of beggary; statement of problem, the significance of a study, hypotheses development and thesis structure.
1.1 BEGGARY: A GENERAL PHENOMENON
The World is extremely confronting with innumerable social problems such as crime, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, low quality of food; ill-education, ill- health, beggary and the unavailability of basic amenities of livelihood. Moreover, beggary is obviously a big issue and creating nuisance as well disturbance to the public life in a civil society. According to Oxford dictionary: “Beggary indicates that individual of a civil society is in a dire need for survival strategy while “Beggar’ or cadger is a person who lives by asking people for money or food”. Beggary is a social problem of civil society which takes place on account of human physical needs for maintaining their livelihoods. Hence forth, such the human needs are based on food, money and shelter for sustaining the basic amenities of life. The term ‘beggary’ is often applied synonymously with begging in a similar way on the different studies. As study by Reddy (2013). Begging /beggary as a social event is a problem for a human society. Begging is the same term for beggary indicating social issue of civil society. Begging instead of beggary is attained with term panhandling focusing on such a situation whenever a deprived person acquires for essential materials like money, food and clothing in order to cope with the fundamental facilities of life (Shah, 2011). A study of Tirumalaiah (2004), the public gives alms as a part of religious ceremony. Furthermore, for satisfaction of devotional drives even the able bodied beggars can also earn money for survival strategies in a human society. Begging/beggary around the religious spots being a more profitable as they need to spend only a little time at the gates of such the pious places for acquisition of valuable materials from the devotees and frequent visitors. Beggary is often used synonymously with begging that stands for destitute, malnourished, unemployed, the extreme form of poverty;
1 unoccupied and negotiated exchange somewhere between a gift proper and market transaction involving a transient relationship of obligation of giver to receiver on a suitable way. Beggary primarily is indicative of extreme poverty and the total failure on the part of a person to maintain successfully through definite means of production and source of revenue (Sarkar, 2007). Beggary is a crucial matter of a civil society combating structural injustices in human society and livelihood. The problem of beggary/begging is associated with mandatory roots of poverty like low income, high unemployment, high rate of population growth, fast-rising cost of living, high rates of population growth, inappropriate public policies, displacement and continuous rural-urban migration (Demewozu, 2005).
Begging is linked with religious tradition since classical literature of Tamil revealed that begging is on account of religious aspect through causes, connotations, and situations of classical Tamil literature commenced in the pre- Christian epoch. Begging is usually concerned with such the activities as destitute and poverty (MOLSA, 1992). Beggary has been studied with respect to sociological perspective pertaining to the issues of homeless persons in a civil society (Anderson, 1961; Hope and Young 1986). As the concept of beggary or begging may be abstracted as an act of asking charity/alms as a means of survival and livelihood in a civil society not based on any single reason concerned to begging (Bhat, 2013). Beggary is an outcome of the basic needs as the most one is poverty which gives birth to all others social problems in a civil society. Poverty is the most frequent precipitant of the problem of beggary. Beneath poverty lies the widespread scarcity of resources needed to lead a proper life. Beneath that lies a socio-economic system becoming more concentrated with the evils of urbanization owing to migration and displacement of a mass of human beings who have nowhere else to go but to the streets. Beggary is deep rooted in human culture while religious belief encouraging begging for making pleasant Allah dint of such the practice of Alms-giving, on such a way, beggars are encouraged and moved to beg at the religious places for charity sitting at the gates of religious mosques, temples and churches as per routine work. Later on, beggary has become professional activity for such the persons in a civil society being physical fit and mental sound; likewise they avoid earning in a lawful way in human society. Such
2 the people learn methods and tricks for acquiring money through practice of begging from public and pay homage at such the places (Khan et al., 2013).
Beggary is an outcome of the various issues like poverty, climate change, and failure of social institutions bringing out social disorder in a civil society in a shape of street begging (Namwata et al., 2012). According to report of ILO (2004), beggary is an urban phenomenon for economic activity. Beggary stands for poverty-stricken, destitute, idle, uninhabited, and famished pattern of life. Begging is based on exchange of a proper gift between receiver and giver on the basis of transient relationship covering obligation of giver and receiver on such a slot. Hence, beggar possesses an ability to acquire a gift of thing by dint of coercive subordination from the public. Similarly, destitution is the risky form of poor. However, poverty and poor are intermingled with each other and occurring in socio-economic framework. Begging is generally a common complex social problem with excessive level. Moreover, it is less realized and noticed at all aspects of domain. Beggary is inclined with charity; the problem of beggary has not made yet such a subject for in-depth scientific analysis. The studies stressing on beggary is longing for socio-cultural and economic aspects (Khan et al., 2013). Beggary is a sign of social disorder and the broad practice of alms-giving by individuals and institutions through that the infirmity, vulnerability or social insufficiency of the beggars have been required to be alleviated while the reason of beggary is the cumulative magnitudes of population through which workers moved from a residing place and unable to find any sort of subsistence or employment due to physically unfit like deaf, mute, handicapped, and displaced individuals, overall such the individuals resort to begging (Mukharjee, 1945). According to Kumarappa (1945), beggary is coercion upon orphan and waif persons who are physically impaired, disfigured and defaced so as to incline to beggary for earning livelihood. Beggary is an outcome of socio-cultural and economic aspects of a depressive society. Albeit the main reason of beggary is a long term illness, poverty, disease, lack of income, physically inability, hereditary factor, breakup down of family, religious inspiration, unemployment, commercial perspective, natural calamity, social insecurity, mysterious disaster etc. (Shawkatuzzaman, 1990). Beggary is a socio-economic problem of a civil society. Beggary is an outstanding social issue in social milieu for human society
3 depending on a means of earning and getting money for survival factor and provision of shelter in human society. Likewise, beggary is a profitable trade for such the individuals who find it as like personal, professional and future career for survival perspective. Beggary is growing at alarming rate in a human society. It is a social fact that all religions of world exhort people to give charity in the name of God /Allah, and this is a good sign of human being to be a closer to God/Allah whereas people contribute and give charity to the needy persons of a civil society because all religions are to help and give the charity which is an essential element narrated on religious books, once such the individuals initiated at depending on charity /alms, the then such the persons avoid doing any sort of work and start living on others’ income and resources which is an entirely curse for a civil society. Beggary is an offence as well menace for human beings in a civil society; it generally degrades and stigmatizes human life, and being concerned with enumerable problems like false jobs, hidden business, secret employment; suburbanization, and the development of other social problems in developing societies. Begging is like a means for adaptation to the environmental domain for survival and fitness in a civil society. Meanwhile, it is a reaction of the poor person who is willingly making it the manifest as well an opposite to his/ her feeling of pitifulness, and struggling for hopelessness. According to Mortimer (2005), begging on the streets that stand for asking of money without being any sort of an exchange of human service and support. Furthermore, it is a clear that beggars on streets are for acquiring money from others. Henceforth, such the individuals having nothing to do any kind of service and supported without any hard as well soft work. Money is a dire need of poor people while beggars are given without any work done for it they might be paid and supported. Beggars need money that is useful and profitable for them. A study by Olawale (2007), acknowledged that begging is such the practice of person for imploring of kindness and sympathetic expression from well-to do donors and well-wishers of civil society to regularize the enumerable functions of a civil society like an enhancement and survival factor in a civil society. However, Begging for beggars is a daily routine task while impinging sympathetic and humble appeals before others. Meanwhile, Human society is divided on two subtypes- rich society and poor society focusing on the status of individuals in a human society the then, beggars make the different
4 sympathetic appeals to the persons like rich ones of a civil society on the sympathetic ground for charity. Begging is generally considered as an anti-social behavior and action for a civil society. Therefore, the public look worried because of it, and at the same time lacking values and norms of a civil society. It is obviously clear that beggary is not given as such the importance and values in a civil society, and that is against social norms and tenets in social milieu of a civil society. Henceforth, individuals who involve in beggary having no more values among other individuals of a civil society and the beggars are supposed to be worthless and good for nothing in a human society. Lynch (2005), acknowledged that beggary is a social issue which is attained with psychological consequences such as an unpleasant issue in the domain of social structure and the inferiority complexity factor of social structure in social milieu of a civil society. Beggary on other words, is concerned with human mind acceptance within a human society while it is a strange in the domain of social structure because begging is complex structure of a society, and indicates inferiority complex situation of beggars in social milieu of a civil society resulting of psychological factor that makes beggars beg in a civil society. Ahamdi (2010), viewed that begging takes place because of increasing poverty and unemployment among the members of families counted as a specific reason which may resort people and children towards beggary. Poverty is a burning issue of a civil society. Hence forth, individuals who are poor and they are not given any work for survival strategies in a civil society; they take up to begging. Irrespective to this, unemployment leads an individual to beg in a civil society nevertheless, they are sound and fit for work while they are not assigned any sort of work with respect to their skills and failures in life which make man begin surroundings. Likewise, poverty and unemployment are such the factors which resort the individuals to begging. In addition to this, beggary is also linked with such the individuals who may be penniless, having vulnerable wounds on bodily composition and helpless in a civil society either being separated from their respective family members and parents or uninhibited or bereaved, and start living on the different places like on street, slum areas and the ignored avenues for making a temporary and permanent stay along with such the hurdle and hindrance in their lives in spite of horrible circumstances. Beggary develops a basic ground for individuals in order to beg and adopt it owing to poverty. Lewis (1959), viewed
5 that somewhat unusual public problems which develop such a situation of beggary through separation and segregation from the families and parents driving individuals towards beggary. At the same time, individuals assist the families and parents through beggary because of vulnerable and impoverished persons of a society. Beggary is a means of survival strategies in social milieu of a civil society that is why the individuals beg on at every street of village and city, meanwhile keeping comfortable for a short stay if they may get late during begging process for a long time; and found slumbering at such the avenues acquiring security for lives and items acquired from the public. Beggary depends on charity. Hence forth, charity narrated in all religions of the world because it makes to assist human beings who have no more aid in this world. Such the pious religions teach human being to lead a balanced life in a civil society. A study by Behravan (1991), beggary is treated as social matter meanwhile, Islamic wordings for beggars find quite the different perspective way as Islam permits the individuals to give charity those who are needy and deserving it in a real sense. Beggars are assisted owing to the directions and instruction given through the pious writings in religious descriptions. Alms –giving is a good sign of individuals to support others on a proper way. According to Sobhani (2008), beggary among the children is a problem of street children because a few children find work like cleaning and washing the glasses of cars as well vehicles and get a labor of work whereas the others go for begging. Hence forth, such the children belong to the disorganized families; it is a clear from the facts that begging is a problem of street children if they have no work to do the then, they beg at every place of streets. A study conducted by Najafi el al. (2004), found that beggary is associated with behavior in conflict with ethical rules of human society. Beggars have no values and lacking moral and ethical education. A civil society is based on norms and tenets that may be maintained properly. However, beggary is an issue of unethical behavior of individuals in a civil society. It has become routine work of beggars and adopted it as behavioral way which is comprised of unethical norms producing the criminal activities within a civil society. According to the perception of Mukharjee (1945), beggary is a sign of social disorder along with traditions of alam –giving to individuals like disable, helpless and destitute persons for maintaining and sustaining of life. Therefore, beggary takes place when families are broken up and
6 having disharmony among their members, and other categories of persons like, disfigured, deaf, mutes, blind, physically handicapped and mentally unsound engage in beggary. Furthermore, Beggary occurs due to poverty, unavailability of labour, lack of reasonable housing for individuals; the effect of alcohol and substance abuse; the family flop and unfavorable activities (Carter, 2007). According to Anderson (1961), begging happens to such the problems like poverty, unemployment, flaws of personality, lack of regular labor, the shortage of industry, awful crisis in a life of the person, human discrimination at any level. Hence forth, such the socio-economic conditions generate to beggary. There are other reasons for increasing beggary like collapse of agricultural production in rural side; social disorder political uncertainty, religious disharmony, lacking ethics among communities, rural to urban migration, down fall the performance of feudalism and a famine condition. Such the components resulted beggary in a civil society (Gillin, 1929). A study by Bromley (1981), Begging assists that beggar donor is inclined to develop relationship among the social welfare policies through interesting impact along with moral and social issue of begging. Therefore, the relationship between beggar and donor is maintained by dint of social policies. It is a social issue and affected on morality and personality of beggars. Adedibu and Jelili (2011), studied the different aspects of begging along with the identifications as well classifications through urbanization, land use and social cultural perspective with respect to the different categories of beggars whilst beggars are identified and classified on the basis of socio- cultural background; and they use land where they sit for begging and mostly present at the urbanized areas therefore, the majority of people have been residing on such urbanized locales. Thus, urbanization brings the overpopulation that produces paucities and deficiencies on human resources, and lack of materials as insufficient of food and shelter resort individuals to beg on a depressive society. Beggars adopt the different methods and tricks of begging so as to get charity and other items from the public. Goyal (2005), in his study, viewed regarding the nature of urban society in accordance with social norms and aspects of the different groups of beggars, and their behavioral strategies that beggars develop to sustain their lives in complex situations of urban society. Apparently, beggary has not been originated recently, tracing out the originality of it, making quite a difficult in history when it came
7 into being on the World first time being practiced among human being while many studies gave clues that it was non-existent in ancient societies where small groups of relatives used to live together and like to support one another, and it was financial support, mutual aid, self-protection and security for the tribe, communities or even the whole family. The phenomenon of begging is closely connected with private property. It is because of rich people who possess private property that they get and accumulate just for own survival strategies in a civil society whereas the persons having nothing for eating and sustaining in a civil society owing to such reasons; they resort to begging in human society. Henderson (1904), and Ottaway (1975), acknowledged that beggary as a noble act in a civil society, and pointing out the early civilized decades, alms- giving was considered as a sacred task for individuals of a civil society, and begging being treated like an honorable deed. Ancient religious feast being comprised of alms- giving as a ritual and ceremonial practice of such those days, but this practice being checked out due to the different reasons like slavery, polygamy, prostitution, vassalage and clientage. MOLSA (1992), conducted a study that begging is the result of the different factors such as poverty, physical disability, cultural factor, national destruction, civil war, evil habits, family heritage, uncontrolled rural to urban migration; psychiatric disabilities, disorders and so on. Beggars can be seen on the various streets, churches, mosques temples, marketplaces as well public spots. Even though they knock on peoples’ car windows, and appear on their very doorsteps. It is not in such the manner that the people inside vehicles - cannot see them the then, they seldom notice such the beggars. In the presence of such scenario in a civil society; there is judgment for needy persons to be assisted through charitable organizations as well general public support for the reasonable and genuine on the basis of the priorities pertaining to the deserving bodies rather than undeserving ones. Stone (1984), explained that begging is for undeserving individuals along with the basic needs like the need for food, housing, and clothing in the eye of public, but undeserving persons for public are as lethargic or choose not to work. Jelili (2006), acknowledged that begging as the act of asking people for money, food, clothes and gifts as well charity; it takes through organization of individuals on the basis of mutual begging. While beggary resorts the individuals for begging in the public. Begging is for getting the various things which an
8 individual needs in a civil society; beggars are organized and in co-operative ways for begging. Sometimes, beggars demand the different items as shelter, food, clothes and other necessary things for survival strategies in a civil society.
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BEGGARY
Beggary is almost presented at every part of civil society of the World, albeit the authentic preliminary period is unknown since the creation and formation of the World. Historically, as early as the written word appears, and the references to begging being symbolized with such the references pertaining to disabled beggars. As history witnesses in a Sumerian clay tablet from 2400 BC, a supplication to a powerful lord starts with the statement “Thy city lifts its hand like a cripple, O my lord Shu-Sin” (Ostler, 2005). Such the references of beggars and begging are found within the Bible in Greek, Chinese and Roman history as well in the chronological records of various other main civilizations (see Holy Bible New Living Translation, 1997). Usually, in traditional societies, the needs of vulnerable individuals who cannot provide for themselves- are first met by family, extended family or through group action within the communities. If such the resources being ruined, many traditional societies having as the next step like the planned sources of social and economic support through clan groups, religious groups, organizations, associations or other conventional groups. Such the type of assistance is often focused on as needs basis whereas everyone is an aware of the history and needs of a particularly vulnerable individuals or household as the resources being exhausted, if the individuals or household have the more requirements than can be met with local resources, or if the individuals are not willing to go with to the expectations for receiving such the resources, the then begging may become an opportunity for the persons in human society. Begging is an activity which allows an individual to call upon people with whom he or she has no close attachment for small donations in order to meet the basic needs and amenities. It is a mechanism for the community confirmation regarding its very poorest members who would not go hungry. Beggary is generally present in civil society since before the dawn of the recorded history. Throughout human history; popular culture has been replete with stories and folklore about beggars who have taken an advantage of the system while making more money as compared to other
9 persons who have real jobs. Such the individuals compose the various stories of non-disabled individuals pretending to be disabled in order to acquire money through begging. Henceforth, this simplifies that making oneself disfigured for begging is looking common and becoming cultural aspect of beggars. This is a simple way to make money from the public (Doyle, 1892; Al-Harazi, 2006; Kumarappa, 2007; Srivastava, 2008; Swiss Info, 2009; Borland, 2009). Begging is an ostensibly a laying of one’s needs before men instead of before God. Man becomes slave before other men because of needs and Allah has created man and has to fulfill the basic needs of man, but man blows before man for money and physical needs; it is better to blow before God. The concept in Sufism for begging is like this that a person should blow before Allah. He is benefactor for Sufi. Furthermore, He is agent of Allah. Ali (1957), viewed of begging is a permissible for deprived people as well fellows. Thus, charity may be given deserving inhabitants of a civil society. The Prophet (Peace be Upon Him) himself exhorted for soliciting charity for others (Najib, 1984). Begging has taken place in the most societies around the world though the domination and exact form varying region to region. Begging had been noticed in Greece about 8th to 6th countries ago among the early Middle Ages and the byzantine era (Johnny, 2008), viewed that the pro-Islamic intellectuals opposed beggary as a way of making a living; they were against begging. But the history of world witnessed that beggary was prevailing on such the epochs. Toksari (1994), viewed about beggary that Muslim societies were against begging and directed to abolish it while the individuals adopt it as professional completely. Muslim societies failed to eradicate it instead of various precautions.
1.2.1 Beggary in Pakistan
Pakistan is a rich country in natural resources and supporter of other countries in the world albeit this country confronting with enumerable issues that hurdle the country to go ahead, unfortunately among such the issues. Thus, beggary is a burning issue and beggars are everywhere at the different places like at the gates of mosques, restaurants, religious shrines, tourist places, street corners, cinemas in a great number begging from dawn to dusk and increasing day by day in the country. Beggary has turned into a profitable business, day’s journey, a means of
10 daily income, easy method of collection money and useful items; service without tough and hard work; reliance on others’ resources for survival strategies in Pakistani society. Pakistani society is traditional and religious society. Henceforth, Alms-giving being practiced since the creation and establishment of the country that is why all kind of beggars present among the provinces of Pakistan. Beggars always remain a public sight throughout the country and being seen at every place of the country while the law remains mostly dormant. Over the past few decades; the number of beggars has been increased vastly. According to contemporary estimations, there are somewhere between two and twenty-five million beggars in Pakistan (Ali, 2005; Kazmi, 2008). Beggary is generally social problem of Pakistan and all sorts of beggars being seen engaged in beggary.
1.2.2 Beggary in Sindh
Sindh is an agricultural rich province of Pakistan although the individuals from rural to urban sides facing social problems such as unemployment, poverty, illiteracy, ethical values, social disorganization; unexpected death of family; lack of skills and technical tasks; lack of general and scientific education; unawareness in the walks of life, ill-health, natural famine condition, natural flood, lack of service in a civil society; coercion and pressure of family; the failures in life; ignorance of public; and unavailability of the basic resources pertaining to survival strategies in a civil society. Therefore, beggary is a general problem in Sindh Province –Pakistan. For beggars, there is no hurdle and hindrance for beggary among all districts of the Divisions of Sindh: Begging for beggars is a means of survival strategy in a depressive society and a means of livelihood in a civil society while the practice and habit of begging leads to individuals to become habitual and professional beggars in human society the then, such the persons apply artificial methods beggary within surroundings and far way regions of Sindh. Meanwhile, it is mostly realized that the administration is made salient for such the matter to control an issue of begging everywhere of province. Thus, article 3 of the Constitutions confirmed that the state shall make assured the eradication of all forms of oppression and exploitation. According to Section 7 of the Vagrancy Act 1958, the police have power to control and stop begging. Besides, innocent and inexperienced children coerced to begging by organizations,
11 parents and remained unaware of the pleasant life. At the same time, it is not allowed such the innocent children for beggary since the section 49 of Sindh Child Act 1955, also prohibits child begging, and making it as a punishable act the then coercion and pressure of beggar mafia turn to beggary for squeezing money from the public in the form of charity whereas mafia organizations encourage such children to earn money. Begging is associated with illiteracy, unemployment, poverty while the government of Sindh should take a step against such an issue providing the basic amenities of life while imposing the legal punishment and functionalizing the laws for stoppage of beggary from Sindh. At the same time, poor and needy persons be provided social protection so as not to go for begging. Nevertheless, construction and rehabilitation suitably be designed for beggars, Government authorities should keep controlling over mafias which kidnap children and use for begging purpose (Shafique, 2015).
1.2.3 Beggary in Hyderabad Division
Hyderabad Division is the second rich administrative Division of Sindh Province and comprised of nine districts 1) Hyderabad, 2) Tando Allahyar, 3) Tando Muhammad, 4) Matiari, 5) Dadu, 6) Jamshoro, 7) Thatta, 8) Badin and 9) Sujawal. As at the same time, many facilities are present for individuals so as to spend a pleasant life through lawful earnings and systematic work for every moment of life. Meanwhile the Division is facing an issue of beggary and the different type beggars like young, old, aged, diseased, natural and artificial handicapped; mentally unfit, physically sound and others at the different venues like Educational ,Commercial and Religious places of every district of Hyderabad Division, creating a nuisance for the public and begging since dawn to dusk playing with emotions and sentiments of public through the application of tricks and methods of begging whenever anyone asks the reason of begging ;Such the individuals claim that begging is for treatment, poverty, hunger, diseased, survival, money ,meal, unemployment, lack of labour, skills and dearth of basic amenities of lives. Likewise, others incline to beg due to some personal and private and tragedies like coercion and pressure of family as well mafia organization henceforth, such the failures and incapacities exhort to earn livelihood by begging. Beggary is an obvious social stigma in modern and civilized society of Hyderabad
12 Division. Prevention and proper laws for beggary has not yet been designed to curb beggary in Hyderabad Division and stoppage the different tricks and methods of beggars for acquisition of money and other items from the public of Division. Beggary is an act of asking for charity and enhancing a lucrative business. Thus, the beggars of the different nature like infants, young men, with bandaged arms, middle-aged disabled women and men, barefoot children and old people; eunuchs as well others being busy in begging on the different areas of every district of Hyderabad Division. Beggars sometimes create an awkward situation by holding the arms before public and urging for charity when someone avoids giving charity, the then beggars use offensive or abusive language against such a person. Thus, such professional beggars get charity as the real deserving beggars being ignored in Hyderabad Division. However, the deserving beggars should be assisted so as to have smooth and satisfactory life in a civil society. However, a number of beggars being increased in Hyderabad Division day by day; and making it professional and seasonal job, mostly in the holy months and other religious days for getting money and fulfilling worldly needs. As for normal days; the individuals earn in hundreds or thousands. Hyderabad Division is a big platform for beggars and roaming at the various venues for beggary and takes a rest nearby places or at a distance for passing night after a journey of beggary. Likewise, beggars are seen begging at all spots of Division such as restaurants, big shopping malls, bus stops, public and private universities; outside the schools, colleges, churches, temples, shrines, tombs, hospitals, marriage halls, ceremony gatherings, mosques, inside government as well as private offices. Moreover, beggars seem physically as well mentally perfect and can do any sort of work to earn something through some labour, but individuals prefer begging and introduce the different trends for begging while narrating strange stories for getting sympathy and acquiring money and means for survival and maintenance of life. Beggars pass a day’ time the free of cost at every place of Hyderabad Division. Meanwhile, the individuals have temporary huts at slums, and some on rent for time being. A part from this, such the persons stay close to cities for visiting such the places frequently without any transport and get charity easily place to place. Similarly, others from villages are to beg and acquire money and food for children. After that, such the individuals go back to their respective families. Furthermore, the
13 ratio of beggars is multiplied time to time at rural and urban levels of Division. Beggary is a source of income for beggars of Hyderabad Division. The then, individuals earn handsome money by dint of begging while roaming from spot to spot with innumerable purposes. Though a living style looks a very simple as the persons do not spend the earned money for any pleasant occasion and celebration in their lives. Subsequently, such the individuals take bath and wash clothes nearby canals and free of cost water availability as well the donated food of rich for children or other persons of a civil society. For treatment, individuals move nearby medical stores for medicines. First of all ,sharing the information regarding diseases the then, store keepers facilitate with low cost medicines rather than moving to special doctor but , in rare case, a few visit to real doctor for treatment in a proper way. Migrated beggars of other districts deposited the earned money at local places like owner of cabins, manager of hotels and Imam of Mosques and the most truth worthy persons for the fixed days or months as such the individuals intend to go their respective villages after a long stay at cities of the Division.
1.3 TYPES OF BEGGARS
The phenomenon of beggary assumes the variety of forms and various types of beggars who are classified into prominent types of beggars as given below: -
1.3.1 Religious Beggars
The people of Sindh province belong to the different religions like Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam that permit to lead a proper life by applying the tenets of respective religions. Beggars are naturally n gifted with charming voices and utterance of religious hymns and songs. As the mendicant way of life depends on the religions for acquiring valuable and precious profits through the tactics, Overall, beggars having the various castes ,communities and tribes of different religions like Muslims and non-Muslims as well Christians found sitting at the gates of mosques ,churches, temples, old and big graveyards ,the different busy points and mazars of saints as well as Dargah of the various pirs for getting charity from the public who often visit such the venues for their spiritual needs in
14 order to lead a peaceful life in a civil society. Henceforth, human society is connected with the different religious tenets with the value of renunciation and self-negation and with respect to the devotees of such the practices. Religious beggars are from the different religions especially sing in marvelous mood or recite a piece of verse from the holy texts along with religious interpretation in order to motivate the public for charity on the basis of such explanation and expression making a sentimental appeal so as to gain sympathy by such an appeal. Meanwhile, beggars use the paraphernalia of saffron robe, wood-bead-necklace; bowl in hand; written stuff for any work pertaining to religious matters; religious attires; spiritual interpretation and explanation. At the same way, the common people dole out money, food and grains to such the religious beggars. However, there are many physical fit individuals looking like a common person in a nature, but showing a religious expression through communication and resorted to religiously minded orthodoxy. Religious beggars often use the traditional songs and recite poems for begging in civil society.
1.3.2 Physically Mentally Unsound/Retarded Beggars
Human society is coped with the different categories of people. Hence, the mentally handicapped persons who are unfit for being as a proper member of a civil society; such the individuals are neglected on the matter of employment. Mental handicapped persons signify such as serious or insanity forms of mental disorder persons of a civil society and depend on others’ resources owing to the unsound in the nature. Individuals need support in the form of charity from the public. Such kind of the individuals resort to beggary owing to the feeble-minded and suffering from mental disorders and signifying an intelligence quotient low a specific level plus a specific shortage in traits leading to social inefficiency by determining factors in constituting mental defective conditions in the nervous system and the different component of the body; the feeble-minded may be divided into the microeephalic (having abnormally small skull), the hydrocephalic (having enlarged skull and usually water in the brain), of such the persons. Likewise, on the basis of educational possibilities, the feeble-minded are classified into as per requirement factors like asylum care, custodial life and perpetual custody; long apprenticeship and colonial life under safety; and training for the
15 vocation skills. Additionally, mental defectives are categorized into three main groups like morons, idiots and imbeciles. Such the mentally defectives comprise a large proportion of the destitute, immoral, delinquent and criminal population within a civil society that transfer the defect to the respective descendants. Thus, the public have less interest in the problems of such mentally defective persons. In fact, such the individuals being made supremely ignorant to the present issues of the feeble-minded beggars, while the persons being yet more ignorant as well apathetic and suffering from cerebral disorders such as melancholia, maniac- depressive psychosis, dementia praecox, paranoia and so on. A part from this, mentally disorder persons are harmful for a civil society because of being imbalanced in mental domain. In addition to this, mental approach is disease and noticed among persons of human society. In a similar way, for the individuals there is less respect and attentions by the members of a civil society. Afterward, the individuals resort to beg for charity like other beggars in the civil society. Sometimes, the public feel fear in giving charity such the individuals because of doubt to use a strange or abusive language with public.
1.3.3 Physically able-Bodied Beggars
The overall, beggars engage in beggary in a civil society. Beggary is a smooth and easily service for getting money and benefits from the public of a civil society .Albeit, such the individuals are physically fit and can do any sort of service in spite of being sound and fit in physical structure while such the persons do not feel any kind of shame and shy on begging in a human society. However, the public even chant the individuals for right path and avoid begging in a civil society by imparting the pieces of advice so as to get any work and earn and not to beg within human society ,the then, such the individuals use harsh and abusive language making the troubles for public in a civil society: Meanwhile, the individuals even refuse to accept a handsome job of an attractive wages or salaries; and avoid getting any honest work from public. The individuals have no strategies for life and never try to work like others. There are many reasons that the able- bodies individuals beg and realizing that due to hard work and more work; such the individuals being paid very less as compared to usages of energies
16 and skills, beggary is source for earning money more and more as compared to any honest work.
1.3.4 Professional Beggars
There are certain communities and clans in Hyderabad Division who have adopted begging as profession from a generation to generation. Whilst it has remained as traditional practice carried out for a long time. Professional beggars being counted as the members of certain communities of the different castes and tribes leading a nomadic life for existence as well as survival strategy and earn the livelihoods by making people pleasant through singing, dancing or performing acrobatic feats; the Individuals are either physically unable or mentally disinclined to do any sort of work and would only make begging constantly. Hence, the individuals considered as professional beggars. Hyderabad Division is replete with professional beggars applying the tricky methods and strong communication skills so as to stimulate the public for charity. In fact, professional beggars of Hyderabad Division making enough money in order to set up the own small business such as flower vegetable, grams, pen and other materials and house wares selling -rice shops along with the usual profession of begging. While some members of the families go for sales; others go out begging whereas each responsible member takes one’s turn for beggary. The same way, professional beggars beg because of a long practice of beggary. As a peculiar psychological domain indicates that a single penny earned by begging individuals would not get food or buy clothes while procured money through begging and single pie is accumulated until the death that remained for a time being as source of wealth. Thus, individuals lead a hand-to mouth, wretched, sordid existence in naked poverty and starvation, and finally die leaving behind the thousands of rupees to become a property of others. Art of beggary never dies in a few communities who have been begging for a long. At the same time, such the individuals urge own children to do the practice of begging in a civil society, and children as they grow the then, they become habitual of begging in public and become professional beggars in Hyderabad Division.
17 1.3.5 Old and Incapable Beggars
Beggary is assistance for those who have no one to take care at the very old age. Life is journey of man on this world for the next world; Old and incapable people failed to get assistance from the respective families; thereof , individuals beg in a civil society due to physical disabilities, weakness, handicaps, ill-health, blindness, dumbness or bodily damaged and other types of physical disorganizations among such the persons leading to beggary. In fact, persons beg for survival strategies in a civil society while developing sympathy and compassion in the heart of the public so as to give alms. Besides, such the persons being suffered from chronic illness such as tuberculosis, leprosy, venereal diseases, skin diseases, heart condition and others. Chronic diseases need the prolonged medical treatment and proper nourishment for that individuals are often compelled to resort to private charity and cannot get treatment at any well costly hospitals because of insolvent at old age and unable to do any work at any place of Hyderabad Division. For survival perspective; persons resort to begging in a civil society in Hyderabad Division.
1.3.6 Child Beggars
Children are the great assets for a nation because nation expect from a lot of things in the future. Likewise, children engage in begging instead of being educated. For food and money, children beggars are seen at public places of Hyderabad Division like creational, religious, educational, commercial and others. However, children go for begging at the various places and initiate begging from dawn to dusk; and staying on the streets for asleep and feeling pain in legs and entire bodies. Children beg because they are forced to do that is against the will and interest. However, coercion and pressure of parents and mafia organizations get involvement children into the various activities. On such a way, child beggars have more chances of getting money from public on the basis of sympathy and innocence that is why the parents exhort children to beg whole day in a civil society. A child begging is an unpleasant issue and violation in rules of human rights in a civil society. Hence forth, pursuing children for begging is heinous for physical, mental and psychological development
18 of children. The then, children grow and feel burden in civil society joining the different activities that leading to criminal organizations in a civil society.
1.3.7 Eunuch Baggers
Eunuch Beggars are usually recognized as HIjras/ khawajasaira comprising such individuals like transgendered male, transsexual persons and the people of third sex living with the very low income, resources and low status in a civil society. Normally, real Hijras are neither female nor male. In addition to this, a gender is supposed to be closer to Almighty by the public Allah. During the era of Mughal Empire, Hijras worked as cooks, bodyguards, and messengers whereas others depend on performing of the various activities and ceremonies to earn livelihood from the public the activities. In addition to this, the activity of begging and sex work counted during pre-modern times still such the individuals often take on a profession roving on the different roads or places trying money from public using the strange styles, gestures, profane language and sexual expression for money Apparently, the individuals present religious ceremonies during the holy days. Furthermore, such the persons sing and dance at weddings at the time of birth of babies at any one’s homes as being informed through any authentic source. Apart from this, individuals perform suggestive sexual dance at the time of ceremonies. Meanwhile, the public render money owing to mythological spirituality. Now the then, the individuals go for begging at a specific time as day’ timing looks suitable for beggary while the most of time found taking a rest at Madi (Residing place of Transgender), while begging takes place in form of pair or group while in rare case alone; as beggary is a profitable task and survival strategy in a depressive society.
1.3.8 Rat Baggers
Rat mouse children beggars are rarely seen in a civil society seeking alms from the public having a particular composition of head looking like a rat mouse for that recognized as rat beggars. Whereas on the other way, counted as “RATS OF SHAH DAULA” historically, Daula Shah was saint and possessed spiritual power if any woman had no child and remained barren meanwhile prayed at shrine of Daula Shah for child ; the then, such a woman would fertile and leave the first child in service of the saint while all the subsequent children were born with a
19 head similar to that of mouse likewise, the couple seeking the pleasant blessing of saint leaving born the children as donated to the shrine of saint that is why the individuals are known as rat of shah Duala. As a story of rat children pertaining to Shah of Duala; and children are sold to beggars’ mafia on the different rates having damaged mental power and deformity. Rat mouse children beggars supported on the basis of sympathy from public in a civil society.
1.4 FACTORS OF BEGGARY
Broadly, there are three main factors of beggary such as social, economic and religious which resort individuals to beg in a civil society for survival strategies. The brief discussion of such the factors is summarized below: -
1.4.1 Social Factor
Beggary takes place owing to social disorders like the collapse of joint family, injustice in family; negligence of the parents and friends; rural and urban migration; lacking essential facilities of living, quarrel in family members, anomie, social and cultural variance, community ineffectiveness, tribal segregation, and imperfect socialization and others. As the break-down of joint family results a large extent exodus, and deteriorate the long-established family structure bringing the modifications in civil society, and lacking of conveniences in joint family system and negligence of other social institutions as well predicament in social milieu that resort to beggary. Such the slots bring to worries, uncertainties, anxieties, insecurities and the existence of the anomie conditions for migrants which lead to the persuasion of beggary. Social disorganization is again issue of beggary resulting social variation and industrialization for significant disorder in social institutions and organizations. The social institutions are concerned with the different categories of persons like aged, lepers, orphans, feeble, lunatics, divorces, deprived, windows, socially handicapped, and others found in a state of disorder lacking of the fundamental facilities of social life Apart from this, the uncertainty and mental torture incline to beggary; the persons slowly develop habit of begging leading to professional beggars, meanwhile, disorganized family focuses on a part of relationship within a civil society affecting the pattern of behaviors and strategy
20 of activities whenever any disruption within family members ,especially in the case of social issues that lead to a breakdown of the family resulting the inclination towards beggary. Beggars of such the families live as isolated life, and gathered at specific occasions. Hence, the individuals beg at distance from one another. A part from this, due to lack of parental control such the persons resort to beggary because the parents do not have the necessary control over the children. Mothers usually go for work. As a result, children can switch to energy in any direction. Failure in life and lack of control on children move to wander the various places leading to beggary in a civil society.
1.4.2 Economic Factor
Beggary is a means of getting economically rich and sound in a civil society; it is lucrative business for individuals without any hard work and honest labour while individuals beg due to several reasons such as poverty, unemployment, unawareness, illiteracy, disfigured physically, lack of labour, down- trodden family setup and others. Such the issues lead economic positions weaken in a civil society. Generally, poverty is the main issue which brings individuals to live on a miserable condition, and exhorting individuals to beg so as to support the families in a civil society. Likewise unemployment resulted begging due to failure of individuals for any labour. The then, the individuals move to beg for survival strategies. Meanwhile, unemployment and poverty cause to beggary. Furthermore, beggary is a profitable business and individuals can earn enough money to make it as a career instead of doing honest labor. It implies that Beggary is associated with the economic condition. As the result of bitter economic condition under certain circumstances that motivate people towards beggary, and such the conditions are production of poverty, illiteracy migration, underemployment, landlessness, calamity or famines and innumerable other conditions whenever the individuals have dearth of such the opportunities, the then the individuals resort to begging and support the families in such a way.
Migration aspect from rural and urban is developing a strong income and more earnings because villages resulting less chances and opportunities. In cities, the individuals resort to beggary because of down fall of economic condition in social
21 life. A person begs because of being unemployed or underemployed in the public. Beggary demoralizes the value of human being and exploits character in a civil society because of economic factor.
1.4.3 Religious Factor
Religions of a world are created for human beings and give guidance to mankind in order to lead a perfect life on the world. The concept of provision and help at the nick of time to deprived ones which is given at every book of religion in the form of reality, generosity, values, charity, humanity, respect, support and supervision to others. Such the elements are recited by the religions of a world. The phenomenon of beggary is attached with religion owing to charity factor. While such a sort of religious sacredness is connected with alms. Beggars depend on charity, and supported by the public on the basis of religious sentiments based on religious facts acquiring money from the public through such a practice. God- fearing people give money. However, the public generally give beggars during the different ceremonies like birth time of child, marriage ceremony, the holy months of a year, religious gatherings, specific days, at worship places such as temples, churches, mosques, shrines, tombs and dargahs of any saint or pir. Such kind of support based on sympathetic approaches it is a good sign of human being on the Globe .Sympathetic approaches make people give charity to needy people like old, disabled, innocent children and feeble people of civil society .Such an attitude among the public for helping others is the outcome of religious factor while beggars use the name of religion in order to fulfill their own unlawful means, and begging through the simplification of the different prayers for around religious places. Some beggars follow religious roles; and offer prayers to the individuals of a civil society (Jelili, 2009). Such beggars lead life through the application of religious norms and laws that are real figure for a balanced life. Any human religion does not permit people to get of others’ income, and make social life miserable before others. Beggars beg by dint of melodious voice through singing and saying pleasant religious compositions before others.
22 1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Hyderabad Division is a rich Division of Sindh-Pakistan. Beggary is a sociological problem of the individuals who resort to begging for survival strategies in a civil society of Hyderabad Division. Beggary is the outcome of multifaceted problems of individuals and lack of assistance and essential facilities pertaining to the walks of life. Beggary stands for the different reasons like occurrence of unwanted conditions in life, need and demand, money for treatment of family members; setup a short term business; assisting the family; feeding children; collecting coins in shape of money; earning livelihoods; generating revenues per a day and other genuine socio-economic conditions leading individuals to beggary in Hyderabad Division (MOLSA, 1992; ERDA, 2007; Teweldebrhan, 2011). For the problem of beggary in Hyderabad Division, a definite research on beggary and beggars is carried out to investigate beggary as sociological problem of Hyderabad Division, and the individuals involved in begging full time or part time busy in earning money and getting other gifts in shape of charity from the public of Hyderabad Division. Such individuals are being confronted social problem for that beggary and begging organization assisted in Hyderabad Division. The then, individuals gradually become professional beggars through the activities as well practice of begging, and start depending on others’ income for livelihood and survival strategies in a civil society of Hyderabad Division. Beggary is social stigma and disorganization in a civil society of Hyderabad Division. There are a lot of opportunities to spend a decent life through a lawful earnings rather than depend on begging and acquiring the basic facilities like food, shelter, health care , education, and develop the infrastructure that is a compulsory for the dream of a happy and prosperous life, irrespective to it the uneven distribution of economic resources among the population coupled with illiteracy, crime , ill-health, injustice among individuals, poverty, unemployment, hunger, illiteracy, lack of vocational skills and unconscious concerning to complexities of life and overall, remained a reality of social milieu in civil society of Hyderabad Division. Beggary is a social problem for the public of Hyderabad Division because of fast increasing beggars in a civil society; the beggars apply the various tricks and methods for money and other items from the public. Such beggars beg through the different manners like lonely, pair and groups at the various places voluntarily or involuntarily in the
23 Division of the Division. Others feel shy and shame having no the practice of begging, but unwanted issues appeared in the life moving towards beggary. Henceforth, the result of social disorganization and futile economic policies, social stigma, inequalities, ignorance, uneven distribution of resources; lack of proper opportunities, the absence of responsive relief system, coercion and pressure of mafia organizations and others components concerned with beggary in Hyderabad Division. Beggars practice beggary as per routine work from dawn to dusk for money from the public of Hyderabad Division on account of such the reasons and narrating the strange and unbelievable stories as well false wordings for sake of assistance and prompt support to remove the worries of social life, and good for nothing people resort to beggary. Apart from this, the able-bodied like men and women, with no special objectives of advancement of knowledge taking to begging. Beggary resulted the lack of occupation, migration rural-urban problem, marital status and social class as well under umbrella the concept of charity in the religions through the phenomenon of beggary. Beggars are being multiplied every time and creating nuisance, offence and disturbance for the public of Hyderabad Division. Furthermore, the increasing growth of urbanization and the excessive density of Hyderabad’s population have caused problems such as suburbanization, hidden unemployment, false jobs, and the development of social problems such as begging in city environments. Since suburbanites, slum dwellers, rural migrants are mostly poor and unemployed, some make a living by engaging in false jobs like selling drugs and cigarettes, smuggling and illegal activities. Others suffering from severe fanatical poverty that resort to begging. Henceforth, beggary is resulted of the factors like social disorganization, increasing migration; the appearance of abnormal in human bodies; the large density of population and lack of service in a civil society of Hyderabad Division.
24 1.6 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of a present study is to investigate beggary in Hyderabad Division. On the basis of such the aim following objectives were developed.
Objective 1: To find out a relationship between poverty and beggary in Hyderabad Division
Objective 2: To find out a relationship between unemployment and beggary in Hyderabad Division.
Objective 3: To highlight the relationship between specific days and beggary in Hyderabad Division
Objective 4: To find out a relationship between crime and beggary in Hyderabad Division
Objective 5: To analyze a relationship between educational background and beggary in Hyderabad Division.
25 1.7 HYPOTHESES
H1: Poverty has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
H2: Unemployment has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
H3: Specific days have a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
H4: Crime has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
H5: Educational background has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
For more understanding the relationship between objectives and hypotheses are given below in Table 1.1
26 Table 1. 1 The Relationship of Objectives with Hypotheses
S.No Objectives Hypotheses
1 To find out a relationship between Poverty has a positive and poverty and beggary in Hyderabad significant relationship with Division. beggary.
2 To find out a relationship between Unemployment has a positive unemployment and beggary in and significant relationship with Hyderabad Division. beggary.
3 To highlight the relationship Specific days have a positive and between specific days and beggary in Hyderabad Division. significant relationship with beggary.
4 To find out the relationship Crime has a positive and between crime and beggary in Hyderabad Division. significant relationship with beggary.
5 To analyze the relationship Educational background has a between educational background and beggary in Hyderabad positive and significant Division. relationship with beggary.
27 1.8 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS
Pakistan is currently facing social problems such as illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, ill-education, diseases and beggary. Meanwhile, beggary is highly growing issue in the country and making futile and disturbance to lives of the public in country. Beggary is a socio-economic problem in Pakistan, and has assumed a shocking proportion on Pakistani society particularly in Sindh province. Keeping in views such a serious and main problem, the purpose of present study is to investigate the factors which may cause beggary in Hyderabad Division from sociological perspective. The study was conducted in Hyderabad Division (Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Tando Muhammad, Matiari, Jamshoro, Dadu, Badin, Sujawal and Thatta) the results suggest that there is a positive and significant relationship of poverty, unemployment, crime, educational background and specific days with beggary. This study highlights the main factors which promote beggary particularly in Hyderabad Division. This study may provide guideline for state, policy makers, provincial government, NGOs, social welfare department for further investing beggary and stoppage beggary from a civil society. Furthermore, it would provide facilities to stop beggars from begging in a depressive society accommodating technical work and vocational trainings like tailoring, cleaning, sewing, bee keeping, farming, washing, gardening and so on. The slum areas be cleaned and rehabilitated properly for the settlement. Finally, this study would prove fruitful for scholars, researchers and NGOs sectors for investigation of the phenomena of beggary in Hyderabad Division. At the last, a study may contribute in the literature of poverty, unemployment, beggary and crime particularly for Pakistani context.
28 1.9 THESIS ORGANIZATION/SETTING/STRUCTURE
This doctoral thesis is comprised of five chapters as the sketches of such the chapters as mentioned below: -
Chapter 1: Introduction – This chapter highlights a scope and background followed by aim and objectives of the study. Furthermore, the chapter describes study context and respondents, methodology and methods used, the study contribution and finally thesis structure.
Chapter 2: Literature review and conceptual framework –This chapter reviews on the existing literature on beggary as sociological analysis in Hyderabad Division begging and beggary due to the various reasons buried behind it.
Chapter 3: Research methodology- This chapter provides a sketch about the methodology and methods applied in this study. It discusses step by step organized techniques like population, sampling, survey questionnaire, data collection procedures, pilot study and variables
Chapter 4: Results and discussion- This chapter covers demographic structure and the results of data analysis through multi-tests and confirmation hypotheses testing through discussions of the various studies.
Chapter 5: Summary/Conclusion and Recommendations
This chapter is based on conclusion and direction covering need, usage and application of area for future research work.
29 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Having set out the context and the situation of the present study in the previous chapter. Thus, this chapter discusses the overall review of literature on the topic: Beggary in Hyderabad Division: As sociological analysis. Further, it would also review the relevant domain literature of beggary in lieu with the various methods and strategies; behavior and nature; the different factors, and types with support of the various contexts. Firstly, the chapter presents the research in beggary. For this study, it would highly illuminate how beggary is investigated in the vast literature. Hence, the chapter also offers insight into the literature showing the relationship of specific days, unemployment, poverty, educational background and crime with beggary found as the specific reasons of beggary.
2.1 DEFINITION OF BEGGING
As explained by the Oxford Dictionary (2001) begging aims to ask for the various items including money, food, clothes in form of charity or gift. Hence, as stated that begging is not the specific to persons. In a similar fashion; beggars are seen at human societies or in the countries. Additionally, corporate begging is related to the organization and look for charity from house to house for begging with notions including vagrancy, mendicancy, and panhandling that resulted as city beggars. Meanwhile, the word “panhandling” covers the idea for asking people of money, food and so forth. Besides to this, vagrancy and mendicancy for the religious members’ perspective to begging as found jobless homeless, wanderers and vagabonds. “When a person has a discernible impairment, it is taken for granted by others that the individual cannot subsist, and has to subject on the meticulousness of his/her parents or the welfare of the community sometimes, deprived of opportunity and steeped in ignorance, some disabled persons themselves seem to believe so” (ILO, 2004).
In a simple term, begging defines for request of money lacking any exchange of services (Fitzpatrick and Kennedy, 2000). Hence, begging points out an enquiry of charity or alms as given out of compassion to the poor (Macdonald, 1972).
30 Furthermore, the reality of begging as shown the main reason of human societies through the various studies. Thus, it is quite the difficult to explore out the suitable definition of begging. Moreover, beggary is associated with an entire solicitation being seen throughout the social world while the rudimentary concept which indicates that it stands for an act of asking for food, money, shelter and other necessary items from the pedestrians and passers-by on the basis of the various activities including of selling and advertising small items: postal cards, gum, flowers, rings and washing vehicles stated as a camouflaged form of begging. Thus, begging displays the resemblance with an activity of labour that gives extreme worries. The concept of begging becomes quite the difficult to define appropriately that begging activities as organized by mafias or the groups (Adriaenssens and Hendrickx, 2011). Begging is an outcome of the various reasons including of culture, poverty, physical disability, national disaster, bad habits, drug, family heritage; alcohol and gamble usage; unchecked rural to urban migration; and psychiatric impairments and disorders (Adedibu, 1989; MOLSA, 1992; Carter, 1998; Hanchao, 1999; Demewozu, 2005; Carter, 2007; Ogunkan and Fawole, 2009; Adedibu and Jelili, 2011; Namwata et al., 2012). In the deficiency of any resources of and survival strategies and livelihood; and many persons as compelled to begging temporarily and permanently (Demewozu, 2003).Begging stated as a sign of extreme poverty, and is means for helpless poor persons, while so many poor are not resorted to begging. Hence, all poor and needy persons are not beggars. This problem as realized and sorted out the significance through re- examination (Adedibu, 1989). As stated by Lynch (2005), Beggary stands for “the solicitation of a voluntary unilateral gift, most often money, in a public place,” Beggary is a global problem in developing countries as resulted of the various facts over the times. As poverty is mainly recognized as the genuine reason and component of it and other elements including of mental illness, physical disability; social security inadequacies; drug and alcohol application; and gambling as well as others factors contributing such the problem (World Bank, 2000; Ogunkan and Fawole, 2009; Namwata et al., 2011). Beggary takes place due to extreme poverty, enough unemployment; the over population and the less support of government (Cross, Seager, Erasmus, Ward, and O’Donovan, 2010). Begging is a broad phenomenon as found everywhere in both developed and
31 developing countries. Beggary is a profession without the application of mental and physical strength as made mandatory for earning one’s bread with assistance of the sympathetic behavior showing to the public as being the destitute people of human society. Beggary associated with variety of other phenomena, and focused on monetary activity as the source of survival and sustenance in a human society (Dean and Gale, 1999). Beggary highlights the public entreaty for money, food, or other items with little or nothing of worth given in return to the potential benefactor (Lee and Farrell, 2003). Beggary stated as an active and vocation that associated with asking for money and other items because of poverty and lacking of the entire resources for survival strategies and livelihood in human societies. Whenever any person fails to acquire any kind of task in a society, the then, such a person initiates begging for being survival and alive in surroundings. It is a quite concerned with humble appeal to human beings for the assistance in a society. Moreover, the individuals live in the miserable conditions owing to social issues found as the main reasons for begging, and suggesting a solicitation of an unpaid one-sided gift in a public place (Lynch, 2005).Beggary as focused on communication between Receiver and donor like soliciting persons including pedestrians and passers –by as per routine work. Beggary brings out the irritated situations among the passers- by and pedestrians for charity (Kennedy and Fitzpatrick, 2001; Collins and Blomley, 2003). MOLSA (1992).Beggary stated as a method of making livelihood through acquisition of incomes from other people through human appeal and sympathetic sayings for charity despite having sound health, age and proper economic conditions. Encyclopedia of Social Work (1968) Begging is related with charity while beggars wander and find out individuals for money, charity and necessary items. Beggars have bankrupt conditions and depend at living on others’ resources for survival strategies. The many beggars lack shelter and home and living on open sky roof or in slum conditions. Beggary is concerned with solicitation for charity including of money and food. Meanwhile, beggars as highly oppressed figures of unstable socio-economic conditions because of the degraded life and very low status in society. Beggars are the deprived figures of human societies on account of the various factors including of poverty, destitute, economic deficiencies, negligence and others. Beggars are the familiar part of urban society, and seen in a huge number roaming and seeking out
32 alms from the public at the different localities. Parting with this, in the United States, word, “panhandling” is used for begging purpose. Panhandlers stand for vagrants, mendicants, cadgers and beggars. Scott (2002) stated that someone who applies the different strategies like stretching hands and holding bowels for accumulating money recognized as beggar in a human society. Word “Fakir” for beggar in Sindhi language, Bhikari for Urdu language and in English as a person who asks for money and relies on sympathetic appeal to others for charity and numbered as beggar. Furthermore, the other words including the impoverished, wretchedness, misery and ill-health of person as related with beggar in society. Kozlowski (1999) Begging is associated with public locales where beggars are free in speech, but Government may bring the regulations and provisions for that and these beggars as found at public parks and rush area. According to Lankenau (1999), “panhandler” word applied for beggar as a person who is continuously making appeals for items including money, food and others for personal use through the face to face conversation with unfamiliar individuals without rendering any services and exchanging of items as received by beggars. Fitzpatrick and Kennedy (2000) suggested that begging stands for asking money for own self from the public without any services in return for such the payment. Kerala Prevention of Begging Bill (2006), as indicated that begging ascertained with soliciting or getting charity in the public venues on the basis of the diseased, deformity, and wounded body by natural and artificial incapacitated figure. Begging as related with the solicitation of alms in a public venues due to manufacture of injury on body and wound on body for charity from people. According to Arnold (2006) that “begging involves solicitation of a gift, usually a small sum of money, by someone for that individual's personal use on the basis that the recipient does not have another source of income or that the other source of income is inadequate to feed/house the recipient and dependents”. Adriaenssens and Cle (2006) “begging as the informal economic activity performed in a public space, consisting of a receiver asking in a clearing noticeable way, a gift for one’s own benefit without offering anything in return”. Beggary merely maintains a person’s worthwhile survival strategies and its milieu concerned with mafia making the practice of begging for sake of alcohol and drug abusive (Swanson, 2007; Kennedy and Fitzpatrick, 2001). Deed of begging is a separate phenomenon
33 from other notions and logically strategic plan (Hardin, 1990).Beggary takes place due to abject poverty, social segregation, destitute, road drinking; pennilessness, deprivation, irregular slumbering; and uninhibited situations. Beggary is an action carried out for alcohol and drug addiction by homeless and itinerant persons (Johnsen and Fitzpatrick, 2010). Beggary as concerned with street children and young ladies from rural regions of country as these individuals migrated and settled for begging, in order to improve their social lives and remove the wretched circumstances through begging accumulating material (Swanson, 2007).
2.2 CONCEPTS OF BEGGAR
Broadly, each and every country of the social world including the developed or underdeveloped as given own way the definition of beggar like European vagrancy act acknowledged in Encyclopedia of social work (1968) “A beggar means any person of European extraction found asking for alms when he has sufficient means of subsistence or asking for alms in a threatening or insolent manner or continuing to ask for alms of any persons, after he has been required to desist.” Anderson (1961) ascertained that beggars indicate such a group of persons who are migratory in nature, displaced and unpremeditated workers. Thus, many persons as involved in this job, and some beg for a genuine fact, others for the religious reasons and the remaining individuals for socio-economic conditions”. Free Encyclopedia (Wikipedia, 2012) defines “Begging is a practice whereby a person obtains money, food, shelter or other things from people they encounter by request.” As stated by Stark (2002) that individuals resort to beggary due to paucity in economic resources and dearth of the items including drugs, alcohol and food. Dodger (2005) opinioned as beggar “a person who spends a significant infinite of time on the streets or other public areas, and who has no accommodation or is in hotel accommodation, or supported housing and will have a substance misuse issue, and or a mental health issue or have a chaotic history” Beggars found as the deprived and unfavorable segment of human society; and lacking of the basic amenities of social life (shelter, health, food, and protection).Beggars recognized as the inevitable parts of human societies. Beggary recognized as a worldly issue of the developed and developing countries. Parting with this, beggars as categorized in a human society including the handicapped in physical structure; old people in ill
34 health; the blind artificial or natural; retarded people, children and even the able bodied persons. Many individuals resort to beggary because they are unable to get on with live in a normal passion due to disability, poverty or other reasons. These individuals live on alms as failed to find out a proper way and initiate depending on others’ income. AsShakespearean work related to beggars that they become problem for society. Beggary is an issue for the public, government the developed and developing countries of social world (Jordan, 1999; Lynch, 2005). A beggar is generally viewed as ‘a person who publicly and regularly requests money or goods for personal use in a face-to-face manner from unfamiliar others without rendering a readily identifiable or valued consumer product or service in exchange for items received’ (Lankenau, 1999). A beggar is “ugly face of the nation’s capital” (Vetticattil and Krishnan, 2002). Beggars found as the obstacles to smooth flow of public traffic. Beggars stated as encroachers of the public land and trespassers (Ramanathan, 2008). Such the person who makes solicitation for alms from receivers for sustainable livelihood is called beggars.
2.3 RESEARCH IN BEGGARY
Explicitly and implicitly; the research task is an attempt to probe into beggary in Hyderabad Division: A sociological Analysis. However, this study is based on quantitative method, and data as collected through the survey questionnaire. Further, the study revealed that poverty, unemployment, educational background, crime and specific days. Besides to this, there remained the non-availability of items and lacking of money, suffering from the various diseases and others while these facts and factors related with beggary in society. In a similar fashion, beggary recognized as an organized business for persons including children, young, old, able, disable, and sound, unsound and other categorized persons. In fact, Hyderabad as urbanized rapidly, and many people migrate due to social problems and lack of resources from rural sites daily. Urban locales of Hyderabad Division which allures these individuals of rural Sindh to find any sort of work for survival strategy in society. Thus, the migrated people, flood –affected and itinerant people take up the residency in Hyderabad Division for the reasons. Simultaneously, these persons supported by the various NGOs, philanthropists, well –wishers and wealthy citizens of the Division. Despite such the support, the
35 individuals resort to depend on the others’ assistance for survival and move to beggary in the Division. Thus, the research would explore out the specific reasons; methods, categorizations, and nature of beggary with respect to economic conditions, common activities; food shortage matter; residential places; dressing style of beggars. Many beggars have been seen stretching out his/her hands to another for money and other items. Beggary broadly stated as an outcome of destitution and poverty; further, it is a strategy to acquire necessary items and other profitable things from others and get rid of poverty and bad circumstances through developing sympathy in the hearts of people for support (MOLSA, 1992). Begging is technique for earning one’s livelihood and making one’s resources stronger on the appearance of the obvious reasons including of ill- health, old age, and economic conditions. The Encyclopedia of Social Work in India (1968) acknowledged that beggary is associated with charity factor and beggars recognized as charity pursuer people through mobility and would earn livelihood acquiring money for survival strategy in human society. Many beggars are homeless living under abject poverty level including of dirty huts and under open sky roof. Beggary is associated with solicitation for money and food on street and the other locales of Hyderabad Division. Beggars stated as the tattered persons of society because of the unbalanced social system of living standards. Hence, city environs provide the various opportunities for it. For beggar, the different words applied as vagrant, panhandler, mendicant and vagabond for charity within the different domains and collects money holds the hands before others in a society (Scott, 2002). Beggars rest on charity and get sympathy from others for money and food because of deprived conditions. Beggary is profitable task for professional and non-professional beggars of the different castes or tribe people of Hyderabad Division seen at the recreational places, commercial regions, religious spots, busy areas, educational centers; health centers, transport venues, rich people residency places and begging with melodious sounds, making the public be attentive and supportive for charity and money through the different strategies including of crawling ,limping crouching, kneeling and imploring; some with the hands together as though in prayer, using symbolic sympathetic language for begging. Besides to this, they, however, show the various appearance as amputated part of body, blindness, deafness, diseased body, paralyzed position
36 of body, bandaged body and leper conditions for extracting money on sympathy basis. Hence, these practical techniques can develop an element of pity and humanity among public for assistance. Beggary is a universal issue of the world. Beggars are seen at every place including of railway station, super markets, mosques, churches, commercial areas, restaurants and others. Beggary is connected with strange and unethical behavior; deviant behaviors criminal behavior of the individuals resorting to theft, vices and vandalism (Adedibu, 1989; Adedibu and Jelili, 2011; Namwata et al. 2012). According to Jordan (1999), deviant behavior causes impairment and producing innumerable problems. Beggars are involved in the various activities for own benefits due to deviant behaviors. Begging is significantly clear in Great Britain main cities and developed countries. Chinese cities embodied with the worst forms of beggars who have destroyed cities of the world (Hanchao, 1999) whereas Government of such the countries have attention for begging as compared to third world countries (Adedibu, 1989). Begging is a social issue, and concerned with negative impact upon social and physical environments (Jelili, 2006 cited by Namwata et al., 2011). According to Adedibu (1989) Begging has produced a big colony of beggars and attain the benefits through overstretched workforce. Beggars use the specific land for begging and staying for short times (Ogunkan and Jelili, 2010). Beggary located in urban society wildly, the many regions in urban are replete with the various beggars and get money (Namwata et al., 2011). Beggars spread in urban area for the more chances of money and other items. Begging remained as a serious problem and seen in many urban areas. According to Bromley (1987), advanced societies investigated begging as social issue due to the presence of many beggars in a society whereas systematic struggles were highly carried out for such a problem. Begging is the vicious for a society and a threat for social survival of humanity, and human environmental as well as commercial set up (CRISIS, 2003; Ogunkan and Fawole, 2009).Beggary is an issue for individuals and bringing out demean, disgrace, bother, damage and dehumanization in society (Rowntree, 2000; Lynch, 2005).Beggary is constantly the matter. Thus, developing and becoming public policy through wide-ranging media transmission as well the dissertation (CRISIS, 2003; Lynch, 2005). Begging treated in separate manner in terms of Islam and sociology (Behravan, 1991). According to Sobhani
37 (2008), begging is concerned with street children doing the different services including of making clean the glasses of various vehicles. Thus, these children need money from owners for a little work. Children are from disintegrated families and support the families. Beggary exists in the central part of urban areas as a huge population of beggars has the greater chances for charity from the public. Street children and street begging is common in urban zones (Shekighenda, 2006 cited by Namwata et al., 2011). Najafi et al. (2004), as stated that begging is related with behavior in combating with the moral doctrines that should be blocking/constraining crimes. Begging as a habitual professional for charity is measured as a nice deed of human qualities as per Hindu tradition. Charity is exhorted in Religion for human support and set out from the miserable conditions (Dhruvasan, 1963). Beggars need the various items including of clothing, money, food and other materials for survival in society. Begging presents a negative image on specific places and conceived as suggestive greater societal problem (Clapper, 2012). Begging is indeed an act to find and halt individuals at streets/ the roads for money and food (Bose and Hwang, 2002; Collins and Blomley, 2003).Begging recognized as anti-social behaviour and found less bearable in the residential public. Carter (1998), begging is the symptom of awesome for individuals including of children, male and female; jobless, young, old mothers with children, mentally unsound; drug abusive groups; racial and ethical persons and others. Beggars often have bad criminal record along with crime fatality rates (Scott, 2002). According to Lee and Farrell (2003) that begging is associated with deviant motive and abject poverty. Begging is an outcome of self-induced, selected conditions, and beggars are helpless in society. Beggary is concerned with the persons for charity in society (Wilson, 1991; Esmonde, 2002).
2.4 METHODS OF BEGGING
Begging is a social problem of society and beggars apply the various tactics to motivate and get proper attention of public for charity and other items. Some beggars on the way to stop the individuals and may bow at feet for charity. Besides to this, these persons have bowels on hands for charity. Beggars use religious hymns and utter nice melodious voices for sympathy in the hearts of pedestrians and passers-by for charity. Others have taken specific portraits and narrating the
38 different stories with public in humble ways for charity. Sometimes, individuals have been taunted and denied to support for charity. Generally, beggars appeal people in humble ways that take place in a passive mood (Carter, 2007).Beggars apparently request for money in a submissive manner using the variable methods for begging such as the bowels on hands; play cards on hands, printed materials; specific gestures for interest and intention; signals and signs; melodious hymns as well religious poems and verse in submissive moods for charity. Beggars pursue the apologized styles in the most ways, but sometimes, these persons have antagonistic nature in rare in society that is not constructive method of begging. Ostensibly, beggars realized that hostile way results the wrong outcome, and stop them from public and police in the future from begging (Scott, 2002; Schafer, 1998; Carter, 1998). Begging sometimes, resulted on the action of denial of the pedestrians avoid giving charity through the frequent demands on the basis of harsh gestures taunting public. Hence, Beggars produce nuisance for a public. According to Scott (2002), begging is related with variable behavior. Beggars show the effective method for motivating and enticing public for charity. Some specific methods for begging mentioned as the below:-
a) Silent method of begging: Beggars show the specific temperament of being silent at begging times whether they look fit or disfigured in their physical structure, but for charity, they remain silent wherever they sit or locate; they show any spot on body having unhygienic diseases for charity on basis of sympathy extending their hands for charity and appealing them for money for treatment. Public may look at ill-health as they support them due to such the strange conditions. b) Religious poetic method of begging: Beggars beg through singing hymns, Islamic expression other religious poetry loudly in the public including deep emotional and motivation for the alms. Beggars mostly sing on streets because of many people present who can assist them. A part from this, Blind beggars usually sing religious songs or have with them recorded religious songs whenever they move on streets for begging; they have such the recorded sounds that help them. c) Demanding method of begging: Beggars are practical persons; they know the day timings for begging and earning sufficiently; they demand for a
39 breakfast in morning; they demand for lunch at night at midday as they see any stranger taking at hotel; they use demanding feature for begging: they sometimes have the prepared materials for public that may be concerned any issue for the assistance. d) Aphoristic method of begging. Beggars use the maxim and proverbs for begging as people may understand and realize philosophy of life and on the basis of such the virtue words; the public support them. e) Artistic method of begging: Beggars indicate the variety of skills and artistic approach to public including of making dance to monkey snack or bear and other animals; they sometimes dance themselves. Furthermore, they sing or gamble for acquiring money that is why they perform in a society; they are professional beggars’ progeny making the practice of these actions in human society. f) Deformity method of begging: Beggars are naturally or artificially looking disfigured in bodily composition as they stand or sit for begging; many pedestrians and passers-by pay charity or alms due to deformity and bad condition of body. They are seen at public places including of transport venues, luxurious spots, markets, hotels, railway stations, and religious places, commercial venues, recreational places and others. g) Pictorial method of begging: Beggars carry with them religious pictures, saints’ portraits and appealing pictures. They overall comprise of religious sketches and saints ‘pictures showing the scenarios of the judgment day indicating the downfall and successful aspect of human being on the Earth for getting the public sympathy for money. Thus, they capture the minds of lookers and bring out the sympathy for charity. h) Child-taking method of begging: Female beggars mostly take child on lap for begging on the name of child who looks hungry for a long time. Child is an important source for begging in a society and public feel pity on child to impart alms to mother of the children. i) Drum beating method of begging: Beggars take drum and soft clothes for collection of money making rounds on street to street, city to city and chanting voices for charity. These beggars seldom appear in public places;
40 and have specific dressing and style for charity. Besides to this, they even sing religious songs. j) Bowing method of begging: Beggars first have glance at public, after that, directly bowing on feet for charity until unless the persons may give money. The then, beggars stand up and become normal. Thus, the method shows inclination of beggars to family members’ children for pocket money. k) Items selling method of begging: Beggars go on streets of village and city for begging as per routine; they have the variety of items for selling if such items are not sold properly. The then, they beg at the same village and the city because as they have dire need of money at that moment. In this way; they use such the method in begging in society. l) Gesturing method of begging: Beggars apply the gestures as they may call nearby persons using words more formal style to motivate persons. Thus, they use gestures for this method. m) Talkative method of begging: Beggars continuously talk for charity narrate the various strange stories so as they entice the minds of hearers finally, people of civil society give charity beggars. n) Islamic Gazals utterance method: Beggars utter softly Islamic Gazals in public for charity using the melodious and pious utterance. o) Supportive method of begging –This method helps the most of disabled beggars who get an assistance from able-bodied person for begging and carrying them from venue to venue. . p) Individual method of begging: Beggars move lonely for charity; they personally ask for money from others and making separately request for money and other kind assistance. q) Cluster method of begging: Beggars found in form of cluster moving through entire city locations and begging together at every spot of city with specific dressing style. They are seen at public locales for charity.
2.5 BEGGING BEHAVIOUR CATEGORIES
The present research represents three different begging behavior categories as mentioned the below:-
41 1) Passive begging technique referring to such persons who either sit or stand in one spot with a sign alerting passers-by so that they need money. It is also a possible to include an extended hand towards passers-by as a passive begging technique.
2) Active begging technique specifying to such the individuals who pursue passers-by and asking for money, but who are easily put off when refused. Moreover, they do not employ any forms of position over strategy.
3) Aggressive begging technique citing to obtaining money from members of the public through the firm strategy and hostile behavior or speech. Hence, aggressive technique as attained with a fear and discomfort along with manifest of criminal assault. Furthermore, for this technique does not cover other street income being generated activities. Such the activities are based on like drug dealing, prostitution, pavement art and others.
2.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF BEGGARS
Whilst beggars confront with the social problems including unemployment, poverty, sanitation lack of electricity; lack of money for marriages of sons and daughters; dearth of potable water; lack of proper housing; non-availability of ration card; various diseases homeless; illiteracy, criminality, drug usage, mental illness and others that are core statements related to beggars in a civil society while malnutrition, ill-health and dearth of socio-economic matters resorting individuals to beg and maintaining social lives in a society. The style of beggars either they live in rural slum areas or they prefer to live on urban slum regions; they have the same mentality approach and the patterns of living style. Cities avail more opportunities including of educational success; business point of views; meanwhile they could not get benefits from such things. Likewise the obvious components indicate the characteristic values of begging as concerned with actions and occasions internality (Davidson, 1980) albeit internality way of begging is made an apparent through communicative skills and identifying the characteristic approach of beggars through the connections between givers and gainers for the basic needs. Beggars go for satiating such needs and make practice of begging along with the different activities. Smith (2005), acknowledged that the dominant
42 motive for the beggar to involve into begging for a fiscal matter which is not be returned back and receiving the assistance and aid for family. Begging is based on the comfortable financial activity and existing at free standing of the renowned state procedures (Castells and Portes, 1989; Portes and Haller, 2005) whereas casual peculiarity signifying that begging takes up to outside state regulation (Sassen, 1999). As legal body of regulation for beggars is no more present that imparts the information regarding beggars and how to maintain behavior for the income to acquire the financial assistance and beggars have no issue with any one’s land; they have easily approach for begging with informality. Begging is a basic means of feeble and poverty-stricken people for survival strategy in civil society (Jordan, 1999). Many beggars found at the open and common public places for fiscal activities for fulfilling their needs (Wardhaugh and Jones, 1999). Beggary is generally happening at urban eras. Furthermore, It indicates associations between receiver and giver on the basis of non-reciprocal setting through such a way, and supposing that the real gift relationship between receiver and giver have taken place, but alms are not realized as part of gift relationship in the existing literature (Offer, 2003; Caille, 2006).Beggary is an exchange on basis of relationship between giver and receiver in a civil society.
2.7 BEGGARY AND HUMAN RELIGION
All religions of the social world encourage human beings for alms- giving to needy people as a good sigh of humanity in a civil society. However, the doctrines of charity vary from religion to religion and every religion of world is based on own principles, norms, values, directions, instructions and knowledge. Every individual is free for own religion and teaches an individual how to behave with others in a society. Besides to this, Islam focuses on charity and it does not permit the individuals to begging (Ogunkan, 2011). Beggars are in fact willing to entice approximate all religious devotees of human society (Kamat, 2007). Misconception for begging indicates that religion is merely for human assistance and spiritual needs, and prohibited begging. Begging counted as kind of aid or assistance and support from others (Ayagi, 1997). Islam emphasizes for sadakah and zakat that are compulsory for those people who are feeble and weak in conditions. Begging is promoted in a society because of these facts including of
43 zakat and sadakah. Such ratification leads the peoples’ thinking for begging and encouraged through Islamic facts. Ogunkan (2011), viewed that zakat and sadakah be given by able –Muslims to needy persons while Islam does not allow for begging. Mudanssir (2010) acknowledged that Islam just allows lawful earnings based on legal and descent way of livelihood. Some specific Hadithes and Qur’anic verses teach that Islam does not encourage begging at any cost in society “(And you) unto (such of) the needy wholly wrapped up in God’s cause, are unable to go about the earth (in search of) livelihood. He who is unaware (of their condition) might think that they are wealthy, because they abstain (from begging); (but) thou canst recognize them by special mark they do not beg man with importunity....” (Qur’an, surat 2, verse 273). Hadith of the last Prophet (Peace be upon him) discouraged begging and warned in these words: “I swear by Allah that it is better for you to take his rope and gather firewood on his back than to come to a man and beg him whether he gives or refuses to give” (Ogunkan 2011). Islam clearly narrated that begging is not allowed, but at the same time encouraging wealthy people to help needy and poor in real sense and not to ignore it. According to Iliffe (1987), religion is a blessing for man from God/Allah and gives the favor and support to mankind, if societal disorder and failings in societal hierarchy take place; resulting the various confusions and complexities for human beings that bring worries and disturbance; and make them feeble in this way, only God’s bestowed religion -helps human being on the Earth; religion is for purification of soul and comprehending complexities of life. Gentle and God – fearing people always help at the neck of time. God –is sustainer, helper and maintainer; Supreme of all for the Universe. All religions of world including Muslim, Hindu, Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism are indeed for human beings and focusing on the practice of giving –alms/ an act of charity. Besides to this, Western society focusing on the Muslim societies exhorted on charity for disabled persons as counted as moral standard for a kind support for human beings. Devlieger (2010) viewed that in the ancient time; Judaic concepts for beggars remained a very negative and connected with biblical perceptions, and denoting that such the individuals are cursed by God. Bible is a pious religious book, and gives guidance to man that one should earn on an honest way rather than depending on others’ assistance. God has bestowed the innumerable qualities to human being, and
44 religion gives the true path to man (see Holy Bible, King James Version, 2011). Religion is for development and guidance of human beings as to seek out the right direction on this world; further, it gives a curse for dishonest earnings and replying on others’ income for survival in a society. Religion does not allow man to beg and solicit door to door. Beggary perceived as curse in religion, it is not righteous for people; religion exhorts to help the poor and incapacitated people on the humanitarian grounds whereas rich people have wealthy status in society; and have to give the poor people due to religious perspectives. God bless those who care poor in the difficulties and consider poor .Islam is religion of Muslim- living in the world ,and guiding to lead a balanced life and focusing on a lawful earnings throughout life ,but lazy and timid people avoid working hard for sustaining and maintain their basic values of survival strategies on the human society; but, they divert their actions towards illegal practice of getting meaningful material for survival and existence on society: they are degraded and their images tarnished in a society and they resort to begging in order to vanish dignity and prestige. Charity in religion reasons the individuals for beggary, and beggars are helped by people due to religious instructions as provided in sayings and the holy books. In Islam, Friday is a pious and sacred day with respect to other days meanwhile beggars are paid more and more on this specific day by people after or before Friday’s prayers, the then poor people incline towards begging due to such the reason. Beggars collect money and obligatory materials on specific days including of Eid days, Friday day, Holy days, Easter day, Fair days, specific nights and others. Such the days and nights are especially important for beggars; they wait the whole year for such the days and nights to come, and people would give them and acquire God’s sympathy through provision the basic amenities of social lives to beggars (Jelili, 2006). Islam narrates the different aspects of social life for human being including of bravery and generosity that found among the Muslim, and generous people who give a help to people on the name of Allah in the form of zakat. In Islam, Sadaqa, Fitra, and the value of generosity as sustained by hadith and Quranic verses. Sadaqa is a charitable act of worship, and applied in the Quran to cover all kinds of charity for the deserving ones helped in the form of sadaqa that is a good act for every Muslim as encouraged to give to the deserving and needy persons of a civil society. According to Ayagi (1997) Alm-giving is a good
45 symbol for services of human being. In general sense; man is born for man’s help and care. If anyone is not spending his /her life on an appropriate way, he /she may be helped for having genuine issues. Islam however, gives an emphasis that the rich and balanced people of a society who should assist the deserving and needy ones; and avoid encouraging begging. In fact, Islam believes on the economic way of life referring a lawful earning and honest labour by which an individual can sustain his/ her life successfully and without breaching religious tenets and order. The holy Quran highlights on begging in the most unfavorable terms; as it describes below: “(And give) unto (such of) the needy wholly wrapped up in God’s cause, are unable to go about the earth (in search of) livelihood. He who is unaware (of their condition) might think that they are wealthy, because they abstain (from begging); (but) thou canst recognize them by special mark they do not beg man with importunity” (Quran, Surat 2, verse 273).
The Islamic interpretation of the above verse does not permit the individuals for begging in a human society whilst it is prohibited in religious doctrines and avoidance of begging and exhorting the individuals to find a work for spending a legal life. Man is supreme creature of Allah and those who are rich; they should support needy ones and halt them from begging. Furthermore, it is a heinous for people of a society that Hadith and sayings of the Last Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him) are full of instances and explanations discouraging Muslims from begging. For Muslims; it is obligatory to help any poor person at the time of difficulties, and history of Islam is replete with innumerable explanations and suggestions for people how to lead a life. The story of hakim Ibn Hizam- a poor companion of the Prophet (Peace be Upon Him) who went him to beg three times. The Prophet of Islam (Peace be Upon Him) in each occasion granted his request, but on subsequent occasion, the Prophet of Islam (Peace be Upon Him) discouraged him from begging telling him that “the upper hand is better than the lower hand”. The Prophet of Islam (Peace be Upon) admonished his followers saying: “I swear by Allah that is better for one of you to take his rope and gather firewood on his back than to come to a man and beg him whether he gives or refuse to give.”
46 The Holy Quran once again gives the warnings to individuals not to follow such the illegal way (devil spirit) especially in our struggle for survival: “O you, who believe, eat from good and lawful things we have provided the earth for you and never follow the footsteps of the devil spirit (shay tan). Verily, he (devil) is a plain enemy to you” (Quran 2: 176). The verses of the Holy Quran give a clarity in explanation and expression for the value of man who has faith and constant belief on wordings of Allah and such the individual has to earn livelihood legally, if he has selected the devil’s path that is based on unlawful way of earnings and connected to begging which is not allowed by religious doctrines for individuals of a society; It is an ill-way of getting money and depending on others’ property. Allah has opened the doors for the entire human kind of social world, and created the various professions for such the individuals to maintain and sustain their social lives; they can acquire legal earnings rather than resorting to begging. For such the individuals, begging is considered as the devil’s path. Therefore, It is illegal work where individual is under custody of devil action and having no shame and shy for begging. Beggary is the prohibited action, and having obvious objects as stated that one should not beg and no need of begging in a society while it is illegal task which is not allowed to carry on by individuals (Ramanathan, 2008). As stated by Mudanssir (2010), those things which religion of Muslim does not permit and one should not follow it because it is a devil path for an individual and illegal way of life. Muslims are discouraged from begging through the evidences and instructions as directed by the Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him) and Hadith. However, beggars beg in spite of warnings as instructed them not to beg, but to earn in a lawful way and feed your children from honest labour. despite the fact that Some Muslims still have practices of begging and made it Islamic culture and depending on Zakat, sadaqa, fitra as well as the other stuffs. Such the persons who have given proper knowledge of begging that it is not allowed to individuals to earn money without any hard work whereas for beggars begging is not hard task; it looks quite an easy that beggars earn a lot per a day stretching hands before others in the name of Allah. A study by (Saeed, 2007), acknowledged that the regulation of begging within a religious arena to worldly sphere linked with sympathy and consisting of the regulation of begging through religious. Religion, in a broader sense, is comprised of laws and providing an infrastructure to any
47 believer’s life. Religion encourages the almsgiving to the deserving poor people and all poor are not all beggars among them, a few people beg as a result of religious beliefs, but as a consequence of poor socio-economic position leading these individuals to beg in civil society. It is an obvious that religion resorting people to give charity for sack of humanity those who have a dire need of help, and exhortation for assistance. Man is created to help each other in civil society. It is an essential service of mankind to support in form of charity. In fact, human religion is for services of human beings on this social world.
2.8 BEGGARY AND HUMAN SOCIETY
Beggary is a social issue of the developed, underdeveloped and developing countries in the social world. However, beggary is a fast growing issue of Pakistani society. Parting with this; Sindh is facing such an issue for a long time. Beggary is also related with the profitable materials including of donation, charity and gift. Beggars apparently request for money, meal and the basic amenities of livelihood in a civil society (Wikipedia, 2012). Sindh province being a rich in countless resources in Pakistan as confronted with a problem of begging for many decades. Ostensibly, the province is multi-lingual and multi-cultural and the beggars from other provinces as settled for begging in this province. Hyderabad Division as comprised of nine districts- the second hub region of Sindh – is replete with the all categories of beggars employing tricks, methods, techniques, nature and behavior. Hyderabad Division - has remained as source of survival strategies, earnings and the provision of basic facilities to needy persons of a civil society. In this manner, Beggars are poverty-stricken figure and financial embarrassed persons of a society; they beg from one place to another for the existence and survival strategies at the various locations of Division. Professional, seasonal other beggars are at majority as compared to genuine ones on society; they narrate a strange stories and untrue things to people so that the people may not disturb in begging. Hyderabad Division – is consisted of the different attractive and captivating places for beggars including railway stations, shrines, tombs ,parks, malls, public hotels, schools, universities, banks , marts, ancient places ,old graveyards, colleges, hospitals and slum areas as well as the others. Beggars are seen residing at distance –prefer living unnoticed areas including of slum and
48 dirty. Apart from this, a few of beggars have the rented areas and lacking the basic facilities. In modern era, beggary is not appreciated job for individuals, and considered as curse for sensible and sound persons of a society. Thus, beggary brought the various changes in civil society and made nuisance for the general public. Beggary is embodied with the various reasons including of poverty, unemployment, physical inability; long term illness, disease, religious inspiration; and habit of heredity; breakdown of family and marriage; religious inspiration; social insecurity; commercial mentality, and natural disaster. Shawkatuzzaman (1990) strongly recommended that beggary is amalgamation of the various reasons including unemployment, poverty, and domestic problems. Poverty leads to the unbalanced life. Individuals resort to beg in this way. Besides to this, there are professional beggars by hereditary found in a civil society and they acquire the habit of begging that transferred them from fathers, mothers and ancestors. The children of these individuals become used to begging with the respect to their parents. These children realize the parents’ involvement in begging. Thus these children make the practice begging in a society. A study by Mukharjee (1945), beggary is concerned with disorganized system and the individuals disintegrate in a society. Beggary is an outcome of the social disorganization and disintegration among individuals of a society. The custom of alms-giving by public and institutions to these individuals as categorized persons including disable, helpless, disfigured, diseased or social inadequate and needy ones depend on others’ income and utilize the income for own survival and supportive strategies. Beggary takes up due to disorganizations of family members. However, the joint family system and breakup down of parental families resort to begging. Culturally deformed and disfigured people take up to beggary because of unfit for work and they rely on charity from others. Beggary is a social problem of the human society. Begging is briefly recognized as “panhandling” pertaining to the deprived and needy ones who ask for money or material benefits and the basic facilities of life including of food, clothing and shelter (Shah, 2011). As stated by Lewis (1966) that beggary is related with impoverished conditions and related with family members including parents and other members of the family for survival strategies. A study by Anderson (1961), classification of begging into six main conditions including the first unemployment and seasonal task; second lack of industries; disfigured like
49 mentally deficiency ; lack of vocational skills and training as well persistent disease problem; third flaws of personality like feebleness in mind; inferiority complexity and geocentricism; fourth crime, misconduct and domestic issues; fifth discrimination among racial and national present at service opportunities; and last six shows the intention for gaining new experiences. Thus, the classification pointed out beggary and the individuals of these qualities resorting individuals to beg at every corner of region in the public place. A part from this, people join beggary due to several risky situations and the different various reasons. Najafi et al. (2004), in the studies, as acknowledged that begging is a behavior in conflict with ethical principles of a society as preventive crime. Beggary is associated with annoying behavior and unethical values. Beggary is social crime in society. A study by Ado (1997) Beggary is global urban issue of the entire world. Besides to this, social stratification is found at every region of the world. Begging is matter of survival and profitable job in society (Fabrega, 1971; Smith, 2005), stated that beggars are of the different categories including of poor, needy ones, disabled, homeless, professional nomadic, deaf, dumb, mentally retired, vagabond, blind and spiritual beggars. The different sorts of beggars have the different methods and styles to comprehend nature of persons for beggary. Apart from this, Spiritualism is an element for ratification of soul. Soul is the supreme and natural element of human body imparting a proper guidance for a perfect life on the earth. Spiritual beggars avoid worldly -pleasures and enjoyment. Therefore, they escape from imaginary world, and move towards the world of realities. For them, begging is sign of humbleness and sympathy and depending on will of Allah. Hence, the general public pays them on the name of Allah. Begging is a practice for beggars in a society and continuous begging making them train and become professional beggars likewise, professional beggars do not feel any sort of guilt and shame on begging : they feel proud being beggars from generation to generation. Begging is in their inheritance and maintains their lives. Begging is professional job and practice as per routine work (Hanchao, 1999). Begging represents the general idea of asking the general public for means of survival including of money, food, shelter. Thus, mendicancy and vagrancy concerned with begging. Mendicancy is an art of begging the basis of religious interpretations sharing with others and narrating religious stories and ideas with the public. A part from this, vagrancy
50 stands for begging as the practice of homeless, jobless, wanderers and vagabonds leading to beggary in a society. Beggary gives birth to social vices, diseases environmental nuisance and resort to potential criminals. Beggary does not enhance the values, personality and positive behavior among the people and bringing bad reputation on one’s character and losing the personality of person due to the social evils, and societal nuisance. However, beggars possess latent or physical potentials, but they are unable to utilize such the strategies. On the other words, these beggars depend on any support from welfare organization or any human communities. Beggary is an easy and time–consuming job for beggars and making it journey free of cost as well labor without hard task. It takes place very fast and becomes vast on society. According to Adedibu (1989), beggary is a main factor and way out for the needy people of a society. Beggary is spreading like disease on society. Poverty-stricken persons are vastly increasing as per the expensive of daily usage items. The people become poor when the prices of items go up: they feel that it is beyond their approach to buy such the items the then, they resort to beggary. Hence, poor persons are born to suffer and move for beggary. Kennedy and Fitzpatrick (2001), acknowledged that begging is associated with homelessness, physical disability and heinous conditions of individuals the then, promoting begging in a society. Individuals scattered being disable and homeless in a civil society. According to Hara (2012), the most of beggars are for begging and carrying babies along with them as the source for getting sympathy and pity from public and nearby persons for charity through the mercy of children. It is a trick for begging, and the parents use their children to earn a lot of money. Similarly, children are assets for begging in society. A study by Yusuf (2012) viewed that beggary is affiliated with the organized gangs and involved in some criminal activities and trained for criminal activities in a society. Beggars are hired for criminal activities, and joined groups of criminal people who are real culprit of a society, and disguising the appearances whenever they commit the criminal tasks in a society. Global March (2012) reported on child beggars that is quite an ugly, dehumanizing and criminal aspects of an exploitation. It does not enhance the latent skills of children and lead to the worse and dark side of lives or ebb on life of children: they roam for begging. Child begging is the same like child labour. The children’s age is not for begging and labour; they have to acquire
51 knowledge and skills, and get education, but parents urged children to go for begging in a society. Thus, children are exploited through the misconduct, malpractices and mandatory actions of parents push them for beggary in a society. Children are innocent creature of Allah; they are blame less and blooming generation in human society. In this way, Children are made ugly, deformed, exploited and dehumanized because of begging. They are made criminals. Besides to this, the real skills and the abilities these children have not brought under utilization and beneficial for society. Henceforth, beggary develops a big drawback for children in human society.
2.9 BEGGARY AND CRIME
Beggary is emerged as a business under a strong mafia of beggars involving the various terrorist activities. Beggarsas found as engaged in drug business and minting money illegally in a civil society (Robbar, 2011). Beggary connected with ill-action and maiming children to make them beggars in streets (Daily Star, 2010). Crime is a horrible element and causing destruction in a society; it occurs owing to lacking check and balance in a society and it brings out a heavy loss and vanishes human feelings. Criminals are made, not created. It is in fact that individuals are made criminals and practice of criminal activities in a society. Beggars are familiar with situations for begging due to the presence of public. Gloria and Samuel (2012) shared observation that beggars are in form of the organized groups for begging in cities employing the different methods showing cards concerning to the lives, printed illegal stuffs, posters indicating to religious interpretation and solutions of social problems acquiring money and applying the strategies. Parting with this, criminal groups practice these activities to ruin livelihood of common people and having no solutions for factual problems. According to Wilson and Kelling (1982), the government authority is bound to cope and control the criminal beggars in society for safety purposive. Beggars involved in crime and use of cocaine and others criminal activities that produce the threats to a society. Kelling and Sousa (2001) claimed that crime is a basic reason for demoralizing standards of the people in a society and making society corrupt, immoral, illness, disorder and leading individuals to beggary. Beggars adopt criminal way of getting money from the general public of a society. Crime
52 is behind beggary if beggars get opportunities; they join criminal side for begging. In this way, human society runs through disorder and criminality. Harcourt and Ludwig (2006) stated the victimization of the public through beggary and crime resorting individuals to commit a crime due to poverty and bring the deviant behaviour in a society. Beggary develops such the deviant behavior among individuals due to criminal behaviour that push such the persons to beg on a society and live on disorganized way. Nevertheless, the individuals of civil society resorted towards beggary through different associations; they use beggars for their own objects, and providing the trainings for beggary. They become professional beggars, the then they resort to criminality and have network of their own choices that help them to do any crime in a society; they are organized through such a network operating it on specific areas. However, people often associate begging with crime. A study by Chatterjee (1918), people exploit poor people in a society– tempting them worldly pleasure and providing them basic amenities of lives in human society; they are easily motivated to involve the criminal activities which move them to a criminal business of making money brining to professional ways for becoming criminals in a society. Hence, criminal activities related to nomadic and homeless individuals as produced the difficulties in the shape of begging and committing crime under the curtain of beggary in society. According to Yusuf (2012), beggary is linked with crime, and some beggars given an employment by the different organized groups and urging to take a part into criminal activities on the adjoining areas of cities. The Public generally do not feel any doubt of them; they resort to commit criminal actions for money for any task. Beggary develops such a deviant behavior among the general public. Disorganized way and criminal behavior exhort individual to beg among people of society. Beggars concerned with a professional network and criminality. A study by Chatterjee (1918) begging and crime connected to each other in a society. Criminal people work like beggars; they gradually become professional in the tasks.
2.10 BEGGARY AND POVERTY
Poverty is social problem like beggary in a human society. Beggary and poverty are associated with each other. Poor remain poorer, but rich get richer on society. Beggars beg on account of poverty; they have various tactics for begging as they
53 make journey for beggary everywhere and try to settle on such the places which are near to the locations so that they easily approach for huts or homes; therefore they find smoothly in the tasks of begging; they have no business with any politician and other groups. However, they interact with other beggars freely in a society. According to Schafer (2007), beggars joined beggary journey owing to poverty factor and drug addiction. A study by Onoyase (2010) that beggary takes place due to these factors food, shelter, monthly fixed allowance, and well developed schemes for survival strategy in society. Thakker et al. (2007), acknowledged the most of beggars counted are professional in the nature and repeated habit of begging from time to time representing the legacy of family and other beggars show psychiatric illness in the family and poor attitude of family members lacking fully the significance and status among others in a society. Professionalism is an outcome of the inheritance coming from generation to generation, and the same type of practice being applied by the progeny. Professional beggars are given due values as compared to deformed and disfigured beggars because they are practical and sound in beggary as the practice and trainings provided by family. As stated by Rafiuddin (2008), that alms /charity is basically for the improvement and proper assistance of beggars so that they may not scatter and disorganize among others. Negligence and non-availabilities of facilities resort individuals to beg in a society. Jafri (2005) conducted a study on begging that the most people are engaged on begging for earning handsome money. Beggary is spreading a very fast in society resulting valuable amount of money without a specific work and planning. Beggary is closely connected with poverty as World Bank (2000) report indicating that over 45% people live underneath poverty level while about two third (2/3) of being highly poor. Poverty prevails on both sides: rural and urban of country producing many social ills in society. Beggary takes place because of social issue. The psychological effect of poverty on individuals resort to begging that ruins self-respect and dignity of person in society. According to Gans (1995), beggary like poverty is basically main reason, and poverty-stricken persons maintain the lives by dint of beggary. Beggary is main reason for survival strategy because of an abject poverty. Begging is the suitable tactic and source of reducing poverty. Ogunkan (2009) viewed on begging as a result of poverty. Beggary is affiliated with specific factors of a
54 society focusing on the fulfillment of social, religious and economic obligations. Beggars are assisted through the religious obligations covering the concept of giving alms to poor, destitute, disfigured needy individuals and beggars. Begging is an outcome of religious ceremonies. Beggary provides employment opportunities to these poverty-stricken persons of society. Furthermore, some of the individuals take to beggary as a profession being physical fit employing the different methods for alms from the public. The existence of beggary also produces job opportunity for some members of a society. Thereof, beggars along with the children roam at the various places for charity. They train the children and make acquaintance with every scenario of a society along with techniques and styles of begging and employing such the strategies of motivation to the general public for charity depending on others for clothes, money and shelter. According to Esan (2009), beggars remained as essential figure for human society making peoples’ life more colorful and pleasant providing the various activities including of singing, dancing, and performance at circus show, narrating religious composition that is why they receive more attention from the public. Religion is actually for understanding human life on this earth, and giving the guidance for smooth journey on this social world for the next one; it is created by Allah for mankind, beggars have realized that people of the entire social world- have religious knowledge, direction and education: they are of good nature to help poor people like beggars. All religions of social world teach people to have generosity in the walks of life, and give others what Allah has blessed you with bounty wealth; it is a social and religious act to assist someone at very essential time. Uddin, Aktar and Sultana (2014), viewed that beggars are assisted by the public on account of the religious sentiments and traditional mind set society. Beggary is concerned with poverty-stricken and penniless persons assisted on the basis of sympathy and compassion. These persons include of beggars, poor and needy persons (Macdonald, 1972 cited in Uddin, Aktar and Sultana, 2014). Beggars possess the infirm bodies and need to spend social lives. Beggars depend on others’ will, care, charity and assistance. As stated by Ramanathan (2008) that the rights and reformation of laws pertaining to beggars are obligatory for suitable life. History is replete with laws for the improvement of human life. There are no up gradations in the matter of social life. Beggary and beggars be reformed, the acts for begging
55 be applied.. There should be constitutional framework regarding the activities of beggars. However, there is the exact and common rules that be imposed in a society for beggary. Otherwise, beggars would be multiplied and increased day by day everywhere in Hyderabad Division.
According to Mukherjee (2008) stated beggars carry out the specific program of precaution and care, management and settlement. However, the different categories of beggars lack the facilities. Laws as functionalized properly in a civil society. State should provide work for beggars to promote the livelihood and organize the various programs for improvement and handling the persons who depend on begging. Beggary is an artificial business of people and the different types and ages of persons resort to begging for the various purposes. As children made coercion to beg in spite of unfamiliar the aim of begging. The most of children are brought from country side for begging and given the trainings and taught a lesson of begging for charity. Al-Helal and Kabir (2013) proposed that begging represents a profitable business on account of mafia support that assign drug addiction, abduction and use of alcohol abusive a role of exchange with other mafia in ambit of other mafia as beggars need money for such a task removing poverty. Beggary is concerned with socio-economic and cultural realities. At the same time, individuals are compelled to beg and the then, become the habitual of begging for accumulating money (Uddin, Akter and Sultana, 2014), begging is as a lucrative professional job for individuals to earn money, but beggars failed to make the children well-educated and they deposit the earned money at local places including of hotel, cabin and trusted person of society/mosque. Professional beggars have a great experience of understanding mind and nature of common people – can give charity, and make them happy through prayers; they make it routine job (Malik and Roy, 2012). Beggary is seen at the all parts of social world. The most of destitute, homeless and drug addiction persons resort to begging, and other categories people of society like isolated and excluded person of society; they find themselves unfit in society and they incline towards beggary. Begging is unwanted and undesirable an outcome of a society. Begging is a source of income and the humiliated way of earning money (Driscoll and Wood, 1998 cited in Uddin, Aktar and Sultana, 2014) beggars beg due to these reasons including of poverty, ignorance, lack of self-esteem, crime, specific days, illiteracy
56 unemployment that pushed people to begging. However, persons are not by birth beggars, and society makes them beggars if they are not provided the requirements and facilities; they face many social problems that give a birth to beggary. Illiteracy is like candle without light. Education is an essential for human being; it is third eye of man on this world, and can civilize human being: it gives a way to human being how to live and behave with other members of a society while illiteracy is such a vista indicating darkness for life. It gives nothing, but life remains the whole futile and does not make one’s life bright and colorful: it gives sadness, worries and tortures for life, such the elements bring people to wards beggary; they have no work due to illiteracy the then, they beg and start living on begging. A stated by Afsar (2000), begging concerned with specific variation within socioeconomic conditions focusing on unsound, mental retard, deformed body, physical disability, religious sentiments and natural calamities. Other factors pertaining to begging included as migration, poverty and natural calamities like earthquake, flood and environmental changes (Ahmadullah, 1962). The categories of beggars including mentally retard, professional beggars, disabled, able body beggars, physically unfit beggars classified as they resort to begging. Poverty produces miserable conditions of the individuals in a society. Beggars enjoy low- standards of livelihood and social evaluation. Beggary is a kind of desolation and individuals adopt as a means of money. Beggary is resulted of the overall mismanagement of entire economy and social structure and the presence of poverty cycle (Narayan and Petesch, 2000).
2.11 TYPES OF BEGGARS
Beggary is a social problem of the entire social world. Beggars are mainly categorized with respect to nature, methods and classifications that divided into the different types including religious beggars, able-bodied beggars, physically handicapped beggars, mentally unsound beggars, child beggars, professional beggars, eunuch beggars and seasonal beggars and others. Beggars beg due to the physical and mental structures for alms in a society. However, beggars get assistance being physically disabled; mentally unsound; aged, orphan by birth and destitute. Beggars depend on charity.Types and classifications are made limited as per emerging countries. According Tucker (1923) that beggars classified into three
57 groups – hoboes standing for migratory workers, tramps for migratory non- workers and bums stationary non-workers. This looks some extent quite the different classifications of beggars- migratory and non-migratory; causal and seasonal operative workers, but word “Bums” covering such the category of persons who have no home and use drugs and alcoholics. The categorized persons including of aged, unemployed, down trodden persons resort to begging in a civil society. According to Anderson (1961) Beggars’ classifications including of non- able bodied, able –bodied are present at the majority in cities at specific places whereas physically sound seen at free movement at every region of cities and have estimation of journey of beggary as per day. Apart from this; able bodied have no issue in travelling anywhere. They adopt the various names with respect to their visits for the different cities. The Encyclopedia of Social Work in India (1968) categorized beggars are such the persons who beg because they have obtained the very old age and failed to get any sort of work . Others beg because they are naturally unfit and disable by birth or may sudden attack of diseases which resort them to begging. The most of handicapped children beg due to unfit in structures. Able bodied beggars are seen begging in a society because they fail to get any job in a society either they are underemployed or unemployed, or they are inclined to beggary for earning livelihood. Cama (1945) investigated that beggars are classified into fifteen types making stimulus social workers for probing into the matter of the various beggars presenting in India and action be taken for rehabilitations and provision of the basic amenities of these beggars. Gupta (1945) classified beggars into eight and seen at pilgrim places and at the heart of cities; these beggars included as the handicapped, maimed, blind, destitute, homeless, religious mendicants, diseased and lepers who infected by the different diseases. Apart from this; able bodied and idle persons move for begging for survival plan in a civil society. Moorthy (1959); Jha (1979), classified on the basis of physical structures and appearances as comprised of physically disabled, diseased body, able bodied, mentally unsound and religious mendicants.Varma (1970) categorized beggars into four types as religious mendicants and professional beggars spend a part time job to begging on the respective eras. Religious beggars depend on mendicancy; they may sometimes drive rickshaws or find work in the factories for the supplement of the income required for living purpose. The
58 disabled, helpless, destitute, diseased, lethargic, criminal and professional beggars; they beg either individuality or in organized way. Chaudhari (1987) categorized beggars with respect to the style, technique, nature and method of begging and focusing on the age matter, physical structure and common appearances. Begging nature depends on the beggars’ mind that can be regular and casual for begging. The most of beggars go for begging lonely; they go regular and causal. They sometimes beg at weekend on streets; beggars have the different age including child age, middle age and old age. Physical features based on the disability as well being able –bodied. According to a report prepared by MOLSA (1992), the beggars divided into three types- the first type of beggars comprised of the old age, disable and destitute; they obtain charity nearby mosques, churches, temples, public venues and rural side. The second – orthodox religious candidates and professional beggars noted as Hminas or lalibelas. The third type of beggars included religious bent of mind and priests having holy portraits for asking charity on the hands for the different reasons behind it. Jelili (2009), classified the beggars into destitute and deprived beggars; casual and unskilled beggars; vagrants, old age beggars and criminal beggars. Esan (2009) classified beggars into four types –reasonable beggars and psychological beggars; they apply such a language to betray and bemoan simple people sharing useless and useful talks and lies under the shadow of religion. Beggars may be found out the different places including of the holy shrines, restaurants and picnic points, street beggars seen singing on the streets and selling items as stickers and fans providing services. Professional beggars beg employing the different tricks and finding out the affluent persons for assistance. Beggars are present at the various places of the populated regions for charity. According to Clapper (2012), beggars are of the different types including the exiled individuals from the respective homes, physically affected individuals; ill condition of health; drug addicts, the victimized persons and mentally retarded. Beggars ask for charity from well- to do people of society. The most of beggars of the different physical structures including dumb, disable, lame deaf and blind as well lepers are found sitting at road sides for charity. Beggars have look upon nearby people and passers-by for urgent and prompt support on the basis of sympathy. Religious beggars priests, pundits, sadhus and faquirs being seen at the various surrounding shrines and pilgrim places for alluring the public attention
59 with the strange deeds for charity. Even small children resort to begging on the presence of disability, sickness, destitute homeless and other failed to find out any sort of work being laziness in a civil society. The then, they practice of begging leading towards professionalism. Professional beggars are seen at the majority in the bazaar of cities and produce the emotional cries for charity. They memorize the specific verses from the holy texts. Furthermore, religious songs produce sympathy and appeal for charity and the broken hand and disfigured persons on specific carts for charity found as sitting at main location of the public places. Such the deformities made the beggars crawl and creep on road for begging so the passersby feel pity on them and give charity. Orphan, destitute, small children, homeless, disable, mentally retarded people, diseased and old age go for begging. Some lethargic individuals resort for begging and others sing songs repeating before listeners for charity in a decent style. In addition to this, physically sound and fit persons resort to begging like profession. These individuals remain lazy in nature, and unwilling to earn honestly in a society. Other beggars work for gangsters and disguise in the shape of handicapped or disabled found at the various places along with women and young babies on the laps as they find a chance and involve in theft, crime and kidnap the very young children. Besides to this, modern beggars having well-dressed and the most of time go on journey by the different vehicles by travelling and getting charity from passengers sharing ideas that collection of charity is for orphans, admitted wife, and the family members. Broadly, beggars are present into two types – professional and non-professional beggars. Non –professional beggars feel shame in begging and can hardly bear the expensive of social lives; they even do not ask everyone for help; they have own respect in a society. Furthermore, genuine people realize that they have real problem for that they beg. Non –professional beggars are the outcomes of social conditions. Professional beggars are highly tricky persons; they earn the livelihood by begging and feeling lethargic in any hard work; they loot public by dint of mockery, artificial deeds and actions. They even take a child to show for charity. Thus, beggars make life futile of citizen and found every signal of roads, streets of cities demanding money from public of cities. Such the categories of beggars seen at highways and vexing people for charity. A few beggars go for business of selling narcotics. Beggars work as spy and move for the peoples’ homes /houses
60 to know the real property of the persons and work as informative as well detective of others as to rob or steal the valuable things from the family house. Professional beggars need money for survival of children on the basis of pity and humanity. the children are used for begging purposes; they are not sent to schools for better education and bright future; they belong to the different castes and tribes the then, children slowly involve into the different activities. They sooner become professional beggars. Further, the classification of different beggars is given below:
2.11.1 Children Begging
Children are assets of nation, but it may look a strange whenever anyone sees the very young children and needing money or food from the public. These children as supposed to get education in schools or play on ground rather than begging in society. Children remain busy in begging, and public noticed these children (Taher, 2006). Child begging focuses on under the age of eighteen year boys and girls involved on begging owing to physical and psychological impairment (Ansari, 2006).Child beggars are seen in the different public places including busy markets, urban parks and transport routes. Some children initiate begging on the streets, but in rare cases, these children stay to pass night on the streets ultimately (UNICEF report, 2009). The UNICEF defines street children belong to the street. Children live and make homes on such the street for a rest purpose. Children demand for food, drink or other small items. Additionally, children begging is generally connected with street children who are known as severely deprived figures and lack such things including the adequate services the provision of portable drinking water, sanitation, shelter, education, health and proper nutrition as well usable items. They start living on lane or streets; they are especially recognized as street children (Black, 1996). However, the entire human beings are born liberal and equal in human rights and dignity in a society. In 1948, the UN General Assembly passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights referring in article 25 regarding childhood as declared like this: "special care and assistance” (Rahul, 2000; Kolosov, 2002). Child begging is a curse for human society staining the entire image of the country. Begging is the practice of imploring others for the favour and kindness for money without any expectation and exchange. Children
61 beggars are generally seen in public places including of urban park, rash area, transport service, and the different places. They ask for the different items including food, water and other things. A part from this, beggary is an easy way of getting money from people without providing any sort of human services. Apart from money, these children may also ask for food, drink or other variety of small items. Beggary linked with money minting technique. Fitzpatrick and Kennedy (2000), Children are the adolescent and blooming generation having less than 18 years of age. Child begging is the begging in which boys and girls under the age of 18 years go for begging an account of psychological and physical and coercion. Ansari (2006), children resort to begging for the different factors like parents being poor or having lost somewhere in society and may be died owing to sudden death of a family. For these reasons, children go to begging for money as they have no alternative resources irrespective to begging. Alms- giving is a gentle practice for assistance to poor children on specific days including Monday, Thursday, Friday, Eid days and other ceremonial and religious days. Besides to this, children involved in begging for charity; children possess the unlimited stores of energy, will, potential capability, zeal and enthusiasm and having the skills to alter the destiny of the nation. If a society found as careless and carefree about children, and failed to educate in a proper and productive manner. These children are made violent and destructive in society. Children incline towards the various social evils including drug addiction; child labor child marriage; child abusive and beggary. Social evils hinder the appropriate development of children. Beggary is heinous for children ruining social life. Furthermore, children in appearances look quite the innocent and cruelty of a society resorts to beggary. Parting with this, female beggars found carrying babies on laps taking the outside of homes and hutsfor begging and showing lovely children to the general public and beseeching for money for the sons and daughters who had nothing to take since morning looking hungry. According to Tanvir (2001), women with babies on laps go for begging in streets of villages and cities. These babies may or may not belong to them, but they carry for charity. Children have no experiences of long journey with parents for such an occupation; they are on mercy of parents; therefore, parents use them for illegal way of getting charity. Beggary among children is a social problem within a social structure. Henceforth, parents are ruthless and lack
62 the feelings for children on laps under heavy heat of sun. Life has no values for children on laps. Such the children on journey of begging come to closer to the nature of begging. Sometimes, it seems that these children are not real of them; they have no sympathetic feelings to save children’s life. The parents of children claiming issue of poverty is a main reason behind children begging at the various places of cities (Ramanathan, 2008). Beggary is a hug issue of a society as small children and old person are seen begging. Old people beg for survival. Small children beg for unemployment. Children are quite the innocent having no experience of real life and confront with crucial behavior and interest of parents for begging. However, begging produces irritation among public. Children beggars are of the different types including seasonal, occasional, part time, and full time with the obvious features such as disability, dumbness and deafness. For children, it is a crime and punishable act. The legal constitution applied to save children from begging and abolishing child begging from a society. Government machinery is for development and safety of human beings. Huda (2010) cited in Uddin, Aktar and Sultana (2014), in spite of efforts taken by Govt machinery for children – failed to provide the rights for the better life. Beggary is dangerous diseases for young generation of society. Children do not know poverty, humanity and life experience; it has made children’s mind as slave. As stated by Cherneva (2011) children the very innocent in lieu of life trafficked and urged to beg on the various streets and assigned to begging through the specific features looking like beggars for charity from the public on the basis of ill-natured, handicapped and deformed bodies captivating the public for charity. Nonetheless, children beggars finally get charity through the practice of appealing to the public for money by praying and uttering melodious voices for conformity of humanity. Children beggars are commonly present among individuals of a civil society although children are sometimes paid money by common people, and others may ignore and not give and pay whatever money the children acquire from the public. Beggary is lucrative job and children involved for money. Child beggars are real asset for the parents in such a valuable job (Cama, 1945).Children simply resort to begging for acquisition of money on the basis of sympathy of the public. The then, these children slowly become professional beggars. At the meantime, the most of mothers isolated from hubbies and their children acquired nature of begging due
63 to negligence of family. Apart from this, such the innocent children sometimes are abducted and used for the matter of begging, and looking like showpiece for captivating and spellbinding the public for charity. Besides from this, mature beggars depend on the earned money of children. Moreover, they have ill-fated and there is a solid network to operate the business in human society (Raja, 1989). Specific plan for elimination of child beggars is not formulated for better survival. Children beg due to the different facts and reasons intending to leave homes and huts as well residing places for begging as the career. Likewise, children resort to beggary due to the different reasons including negligence, mistreatment, and sudden death of family. Apart from this, the family members involved in drug addiction or narcotics and other ill-fated activities; children have no chances for a balanced life. Keeping in views, sometimes specific and hidden organizations carry out such the children from streets and use for begging purpose. Children in looks are like this-shoeless, uncombed, unbathed, uncleansed clothes, big nails, and a strange smell in body approaching at the various places for charity and selling something under the pretense of items including of toys, pictures and nick –necks and others (Cama, 1945).
2.11.2 Able-Bodied Beggars
Beggars as categorized due to the physical structure and able –bodies. They are such types of beggars who look physically fit in a civil society and do not do any sort of work and depend on beggary in spite of strength and physical sound body and can do any work; they give priority to beggary. According to Jha (1979), medically fit beggars are at a large group among the public places for begging on account of unemployment and poverty; they slowly become professional beggars. On the other hands; they go for begging and start depending on begging for the existence and survival strategies in society. The presence at large number in a society resulted of a heavy loss of human beings. Raja (1989) investigated that physically fit beggars look sluggish and roam at the various parts of cities: they avoid getting any suitable work for subsistence of life. In spite of pestering and coaxing public for charity; they simply have economical issue that make the deprived figure in society. If any person of a society providing any payable services; they deny accepting it because they are earning handsome money by
64 begging (Cama, 1945).The individuals made confrontation with economic conditions and entangled with feeble status. Unemployment pushes the individuals towards begging in a society; and they have no any proper training for begging in a society (Raja, 1989). Beggars take no responsibility in doing any work properly like authentic citizen, but they are heavy burden on a society.
2.11.3 Religious Beggars
Beggars categorized as per nature of earning and begging in a civil society. Religious beggars exist at the religious venues of the Division. Such types of religious beggars are seen at religious places including temples and mosques, and they beg from the persons who visit for prayers, and using the religious sayings for charity (Raja, 1989). Religious beggars shun the worldly pleasures as well luxurious life. They depend on charity in the form of, money and meal for survival strategy. Religious beggars intend to worship of Almighty Allah who is real Creator of mankind and a universe. Religious beggars contemplate the whole time renouncing the worldly power, pleasant and possession of wealth. Such the beggars resort to begging without any pattern of embarrassment and frustration at shrines and pilgrim places. However, the religious beggars are auspiciously settled at such the places to worship of Allah. Charity is nice deed of man to assist needy persons of a society, but indiscrimination as developed an issue in distributing of alms among the individuals. Many people are homeless and living on slum era due to the bad nature, Furthermore, it is a horrible for the human health. As in 1945, India had population of millions of Muslims and Hindu and the religions enhance the contest for formation of vagrant legal proceedings, but settlement of matters of mendicants have not yet been solved whereas two heads of both religions liaised with Government, and other social work system for issues of beggars. Such the beggars recognized as Yogi, Faqir, vairagi and darvesh and dressed up with wood –bead-necklace, robe and possessed with cups on hands in India (Cama, 1945).
2.11.4 Physically Handicapped Beggars
Beggary is noticeable issue of civil society, and categorized beggars present at every corner of locales. The disfigured beggars as assisted on the appearance of the infirmities in the structure. Nonetheless, individuals of sensibility nature
65 having a great care and feelings and they are not given any sort of work in a society and resort to begging (Raja, 1989). Throughout the human history, human beings bestowed with nature of kindness and sympathy. An ethical attitude of human being is to support another and they settle problems through the actions of support and elimination the appearances of poverty (Gore, 1959).
2.11.5 Mentally Handicapped Beggars
Beggary is crucial problem of human society while categorized beggars resort to beggary for survival of fitness in human society. Mentally retarded beggars are part of human society. Actually, mentally retard individuals confront with mental issue including debility in mind that is present in the nervous structure and other human body such as feeble-minded categorized into the micro cephalic and hydrocephalic, the first one indicates to abnormality in skull and second for extended skull embodied with aquatic in brain. Such the beggars are having the defective in structure sitting on the places urinating and eliminating wastes at the same place meanwhile the flies, germ, mosquitoes, lice and other dust hovering on the bodies. After all, nobody pays an attention towards such the individuals instead of the spoiled conditions and even hospitals do not avail any sort of facilities for treatment properly. At last, government state should have keen interest for recovery of health and provision of the facilities.
2.11.6 Diseased Beggars
Beggary is critical issue of a human society and beggars are categorized on account of physical structure and mentally retarded status in a society. The diseases produce pain and worries in individual’s life. Actually, diseased beggars are suffered of the various body parts due to diseases including epilepsy, leprosy skin spot, tuberculosis and other advanced diseases in spite of that beggars wander and beg for sake of charity on streets. It would be a nice task if nationwide programs take interest in solving such the matter of human diseases. Common weakness among the individuals who have less chances of food, milk, fruits and other items for recovery of energy and health; they resort for such items towards beggary. Old age is an issue of beggars because they are not liked and cared by family people in house or at homes as per usual way; they have more difficulty in
66 life for that they beg in a society. Old age causes weakness in the bodies, and makes unable to work and earn properly in a society. In fact, children ignored and disregarded such age of parents. The parents entangled with the different diseases due to negligence of children and lack of money for treatment at hospital, and dearth of strength in body finally resort to begging in a society. Diseased bodied beggars create nuisance in society because they show artificial diseases to the public covering body parts with bandage on the parts of body .sometimes, such beggars have false bandage making the public fool for money that is technique of begging in a civil society.
2.11.7 Eunuch Beggars
Beggary is the overall social issue of society. Eunuch beggars are the part of a society; they beg because they are not given the opportunities like other people in a civil society. They beg for survival strategies; they are involved into the different activities including sex work opportunities; sexual cavort; suggestive dance at ceremonies and other tricks in a civil society. Furthermore, the beggars are present at every busy area and begging on specific times not the whole day like other beggars; they demand money from public if any one does not give them the then, they apply the various tricks for motivation of people using gestures and expressions for charity. Bose and Hwang (2002), investigated through study that beggars like homeless and panhandlers live in abject poverty. Eunuch beggars are not given the assistance through any sector, but the issue of poverty leads such beggars towards the different activities for begging to survive among others in a civil society.
2.11.8 Addict Beggars
Beggary is a specific issue of human society. Beggars are increasing owing to the innumerable facts that resort to individuals to beggary. According to Lee and Farrell (2003), the public gives charity to beggars and support them. They utilize money for specific matters including drugs and drinks. Drugs and alcohol developed temperament and habit as per application on daily basis for such the things; the individuals need money and beg in the public places.Bose and Hwang (2002), conducted study regarding money earned by beggars and utilized for
67 addiction of drugs and alcohol that is prime source of begging. The second need they have for food and shelter if they use such money for home and maintain their home by such charity: they may improve their social lives .it would be positive step of them to build own careers. A part from this, money is for illicit need of the individuals in a civil society. According to Clapper (2012), the majority of addicted beggars have been creating the disturbance and nuisance for public because it is quite difficult to know a real needy person for charity; it went quite confused for giving money to the addicted people. Beggars are assisted in the form of food and shelter. According to Narayan and Petesch (2000) beggars are of two types focusing on such a profession due to unaffordable capacity imparting education to family and suffered ill-health. Other type of beggars is an outcome of staunch poverty, addicted, isolated, disfigured and helpless in society. Thakker et al. (2007) beggars possess a historical record of journey because of compulsion of begging from time to time and having poor families that make them isolated from other members of family in a society due to such the conditions the individuals resort to begging in a society. Beggars through practice of begging become professional beggars, and follow specific instructions and guidelines as they narrate their matters with own heads of union and stay at one locale for begging. However, religious concept of charity leads the individuals towards professional begging. Such the individuals keep waiting the day to come for charity and the religious followers support in provision of items so as the beggars run houses smoothly (Kamat, 2007).
2.11.9 Blind Beggars
Beggary is a complex problem of human society and categorized beggars wander for charity so as to survive safely in a civil society, Beggary is for survival matter among other members of civil society. Blind persons get assistance through begging in civil society. Blind beggars are mostly helped by physical fit persons on the different places including the streets, gateways of main cities, entrance of town, cities and other locations. They are given charity on sympathetic basis that may be gifts or other means for survival in a society. On other side, poverty among the blind beggars may be reduced and through the practice of begging; blind persons are traditional and still continuous for a long a time. It is awesome that
68 they depend on living on such a way in a society (Mbeki, 2004). Blind Beggars have inclination towards for singing as symbolic deed and spending spiritual life on the world. Blind man depends on singing as matter of begging because they support their family through such the earnings. Music is taste of soul; they sing melodious song and avail tranquility to the soul and pleasant life of the others in a civil society. According to Devlieger (2010), blind beggars apply the societal infrastructure within human society for acquiring charity from the people. Furthermore, they become recipient in society; they are supported on account of such disability (Deegan, 2010). Adugna (2006) street beggars have usually been characterized in terms of the capabilities and incapacities embodied on how they make their living from the streets. But such the individuals have no more common physical impairment such as disabilities and deformities. The most of time, beggars live on streets; they may sleep at street. They come back from begging of the whole day and find the same place better where other families of beggars take rest at night after begging. The most of them are abandoned or made abandon by own families along with children; they make rest at the same streets either permanently or temporarily. The condition of the incapacitated persons resulted fruitless in a civil society because of jobless. On this way, they resort to begging, particularly in developing countries that being predestined (Awori, 1992).
2.12 REASON BEHIND BEGGING
Broadly, beggary covers the different reasons in civil society that individuals resort for begging. According to Anderson (1961), Human circumstances and intentions for individuals make homeless in a common way, as in specific term they resort to become beggars in society. Thus, there are main five reasons leading them to begging in society. the first comprised of unemployment and occasional work, second issue of physical and mental imbalance, seasonal illness as well misfit of industry along with no more vocational training, third faults in one’s personality like weakness in mind, problem of inferiority; fourth issue with family members, away from social life moving towards diverse side of life , fifth inequality in status and society racial and national differences and sixth facing new experiences and having longer desire and excitement. Such factors and elements lead individuals to begging. Human life is amalgamation of overall
69 materials. Man is greedy in his nature that pushes to do a strange job in public as the report of MOLSA (1992), the specific motives of the most beggars being inclined to depend on the practice begging due to the reasons including old age, unemployment, disability, destitution, paucity of money, lack of medical treatment, loss of money being robbed suddenly, kept for long time at any place have been reported the main reasons making the individuals beg for survival strategy in a society. However, begging is an issue of urban settings and concerned with the various issues including of poverty, lacking of service, no more work for individuals ; usage of alcohol drinks and the practice of abusive action that bring clash in family. The then, family moves towards breakdown; they can’t sustain their lives in society if they are provided employment, proper training for any task, affordable houses, food; shelter and control of alcohol usage. In this way, social life of individuals may be improved. Street beggars are nuisance for human society and produce negative concept in the minds of people passing nearby and develop fear among people (Carter, 2007). Beggars have the different problems such as poverty, disfigured structure cultural difference; bad nature, disaster, wars, family inheritance, religious support, migration, disorder and feebleness in minds that resort to begging (Ogunkan and Fawole, 2009; Namwata et al., 2012). Beggary constantly takes places in a society due to dearth of livelihood and the most of individuals resort to begging but, some take up it permanently while others temporarily (Demewozu, 2003). Begging is associated with the different demographic factors and compositions concerning the patterns of beggars as the informal social relationships finding out the choices of the friends. Such the factors signify educational level, religion, basic role and background of beggars along with body structure (Carter, 1998; Demewozu, 2005). Beggars are seen at the different streets and found begging due to the various social problems such as unemployment, food, high rate of housing; drug addiction; mental disease; alcohol addiction; migration from rural-urban; breakdown of family and others related to begging, but if they are provided the individuals; they easily become equal and lack of such items these individuals resort to begging. According to the Mukharjee (1945), beggary is a sign of social disintegration and the pervasive tradition of alms-giving by people, and the organization through that the disfigured, merciless and helpless, social inequality and meagerness resorted the individuals to begging.
70 Besides to this, human society is embodied with such the maladjustment and bitter conditions of life that lead the individuals towards beggary. According to Hanchao (1999), the factors are responsible for begging including of diseased body, local and national disasters; civil war; disfigured, evil habit; family inheritance. Social problems are core issue of individuals that lead the individuals to begging in human society. Adedibu (1989) narrated the factors related to begging such as unemployment, human religious belief; old age, poverty, lack of love and care of parents; migration lack of education; lacking of resources; paucity of food and homeless. Individuals of the human society who confront with such the matters and they move to begging in a civil society whereas the most of people have problem of homeless on account of feeble conditions in a human society (CRISIS, 2003).Beggary is the main issue in human societies meanwhile the practice of begging is the outcomes of the different factors such as religious sentiments; illiteracy, and joint family system; custom of giving charity; mental derangement; overpopulation disable and other reasons. Such the factors and causes which give birth to begging in human societies. Apart from this, other causes such as the socio-bio- economic and religious factors behind are also responsible for begging in the societies. Besides to this, economic reasons including the lack of profitable business; the prevailing of poverty; lack of employment that make social lives of the human beings imbalance in a society. Poverty is a compelling element for individual towards begging in human society if any individual has no proper availability of support and means to assist the one’s family members. Employment is a growing issue and heavy burden on society. As once, an individual fails to get any employment in human society. The then, he/she resorts to begging in such a society employing the practice of begging among individuals and become the professional beggars for sake of money and charity. It is a simple way of getting money from individuals for survival in human society. Beggary is an outcome of the different factors such as the breakdown of family system; disintegration of family; conflict in community; traditional practice; and clash in social relationship; deviant behavior and strange patterns of social lives. However, the parents are well-wishers of children who sacrifice the entire essential things for the causes of their children whenever there is no response and care for these children from the parents. Such the children feel strange in human society and
71 move for the various actions and deeds such as crime, snatching items that resort for begging. Meanwhile, they move from one place to another for quenching their thirst that they possess as per survival matters. Thus, children start a bad journey of social life and go for wrong directions that produce the various tastes for earning money through begging. Professional beggars are well- aware of begging strategies: they are trained since their birth time and adolescent age. Begging is present in their in hereditary motives. Begging as biological sense is concerned with imperfection in the physical structure and suffering from the various diseases incurable and chronically damaged that resort such the individuals begging in human societies. Disability is a biological factor among human beings; they are not assisted by the respective family members during such the difficult times; they leave home and go for begging. Religious factor is based on alms –giving that is matter for those who are poor and depend on charity as means for survival in human society. On this way, beggary is encouraged in the public and the individuals go for begging because they have been facing the innumerable social issues that resort to begging in a civil society. However, beggary is counted as an essential way of leading life; they beg for family members. As children come to know the present job of the parents; they feel guilty for the time being, meanwhile looking on their earnings these children move for begging and roaming everywhere in human society. These children easily become the professional beggars in human society. Henceforth, it is actually taking place in human society in the absence of resources which are obligatory for survival in human society. Thus, they beg because they are suffering from these matters including the orphanage, old age, hungry, destitute and so forth. Generally, it has been investigated that sudden accidents of people as they lost their body parts and failed to do any sort of job without these parts of human body; they are not given any work for earning to survive in a human society, and they move for begging due to loss of such the body structure .In real sense, they were not beggars, but they have recently joined begging for survival in human society; they are supported by the individuals in human society. Begging is a means for survival and the way of earning in human society; they resort to begging in this manner. Aged people are not supported within the deprived community; they resort to begging; they are seen at many places of cities. Therefore, they depend on charity that is given them
72 by the public for their needs as they deserve and would be supported in this way. Hence, physical damaged in human body that make inferior individual in society; they have no support from the family; they depend on begging in society as the family members have less feelings for caring and giving love properly. Begging develops the negative image in the perception of the public because there is availability of rich resources in universe for the individuals. Beggars are increasing in maximum numbers in society and they are becoming a social illness among people of human society. Begging is transferable factor from one generation to another for sack of money and survival purposes. Government and other machineries failed to cope with this matter of begging and should provide them any kind of work for marinating and sustaining their social lives. Poverty once eradicated, the then, begging may be reduced. Thus, it brings human being towards begging. Diseased beggars are properly given the treatment in human society by government and other supporting agencies once they become healthy; they make start living life as normal man and find honest job in society. These beggars roam for money everywhere at everyplace of society; they are mostly found at streets because people are at the majority on streets and may easily get charity and money from them. Begging is collectively associated with these all factors. Beggars are begging for making economically strong in society, and they get support from religious interpretation and motivating notions of the public for charity so that the public assist in this way. They maintain their social lives through begging; they urged to the public for the assistance to survival strategy (Gore et al., 1959). Begging is due to poverty and religious orientation among the people of society. Begging is concerned with the religious orientation. (Raj, 1983), the concept of charity in human religion narrated through religious orientation that gives direction for assistance in human society. Charity is stated an obligatory for these categories such as old, destitute, helpless individuals of society and counted as noble act for human beings to give charity on sympathetic basis. The givers may consider an act of kindness or make pardon to Allah for misdeeds through giving charity to beggars. All religions of social world are created in the favour of human beings; the concept of charity is directed at each book of the all religions of social world. Islam directs human beings to support poor people of human society in the form of charity, Christianity, Hinduism and other religions exhort to
73 assist those who they have no the resources for survival in societies. The affordable individuals should support the poor that is trust for Allah’s bounty. Beggary is an outcome of such the issues including disintegration of rights; imbalance distribution of resources and natural causes including the famines, earthquakes and floods. Besides to this, scientific production has brought the great changes in societies and providing new methods for understanding of social lives and push individuals for migration and availability of work at cities as they migrated if they find no more after migration; they move for begging in human society and they prefer living at slum locales. Diseased body is useful for begging. Thus, individuals resort to beggary due to non-availability of means for survival and the absolute insolvency. They find it an easy way and means of livelihood. It is necessary for individuals that there is dire need for maintaining social life. Further, poverty and lack of means make individual beg in society. Beggary is taking place as people find that they are not given any service and job; the social lives of these people become quite the difficult that is why such the individuals depend on beggary.
2.13 REVENUE OF BEGGARS AND BEGGARY
Beggary is a fruitful task for individuals for the generation of revenues. It is a convenient way of acquiring money without any legal work in a civil society. However, the persons resort to beggary on account of the various reasons in a depressive society including the impoverished conditions; coercion of criminal mafia and smooth journey of a day. Human society failed in lieu of support such types of the persons who lead the depressive social lives due to the lack of money, food, shelter and necessary items for residence in this social world. Beggary supports these individuals to beg for the more profit from a civil society relying on income of others so as to develop own revenues through such an action. Male beggars earn handsome amount of money per a day, but more money is given on specific days of a year for a separate celebration including Friday prayers, Easter day, Eid and holy days; a religious nights or any big day in a year, the beggars are paid more due to mercy of Allah owing to these specific days which support the individuals for beggary in a civil society. At a common day; every beggar earns more than one hundred and on some specific days; they earn more than five
74 hundred or more than one thousand rupees. The people of civil society make their lives pleasant by imparting them charity whereas female beggar earns more money as compared to male beggars; they earn more than five hundred per day from the public so as to generate more income from the public of a civil society meanwhile disabled or blind beggars earn more on the basis of sympathetic appeal for help in this way. Such the beggars prefer taking money rather than depending on other items such as food, clothes and goods as given by the passers-by for a prompt assistance. However, they ignore such the items and give less importance as compared to money and their income starts from 200 to 1000 thousand per at minimum and maximum level per a day, but they get more on special days approximately 500 hundred or more than it. Respectively, begging is classified into two specific ways such as full time beggary, and the part time beggary. Full time beggary results of the whole times begging irrespective involvement of family people and friends and engage the whole times in beggary for sake of fulfillment of social needs. They utilize money independently. Parting from this, the part time beggary focus on extra income acquisition based on professional activity to run house /home. At the same time, the members of the whole family assist such the person for sake of money as such an individual resorts to begging. Beggars sometimes, utilize such the earned money for personal matters including of drinks, smokes, games chewing and getting other pleasant items. Thus, they usually move to the approachable eras from their respective venues to some specific locale their homes at evening. Parting with this, they sometimes return back to their native villages, and engage themselves in other income generation work such as domestic services; agriculture work petty work engaging in other income generative activities including the agriculture labour; domestic service and other petty tasks. Beggary is often the primary source of income for beggars of Hyderabad Division, and they are found at the various streets of the division. They willingly or unwilling beg everywhere and at each place of the division. Besides this, as noticed that forced beggary is a common among professional beggars urging children to leave their respective homes for beggary and bring out something for them. However, children even do not utilize money of begging for own benefits and they become victims of the various criminal activities. Children involved in beggary owing to coercion of parents or genuine issue of poverty. In
75 a simple sense, children involved in beggary including the girls, and boys so as they generate revenues. However, they beg and stay till evening. The families appreciate their role and duty for begging and give them encouragement and inspiration pertaining to beggary. Nevertheless, forced beggary is a profitable business for individuals of human society. Thus, it produces much more revenues for family through such the practice and performance in a society.
2.14 BEGGARY AND SPECIFIC DAYS
Beggary is a profitable and practical job for beggars. The families and the various individuals who remain engaged and involved in such the task of begging and they resort to beggary for making money and bringing out the happiness within the social life. These beggars have utensil like mud cup or steel cup as well other supporting things on which they keep money of begging or photograph of saints sitting at gate of the holy places of saints for asking a gift of money on specific holy days (Kaushik, 2014). Such the beggars carry the photographs of saints concerning to the different religions like Muslim, Hindu or Christian found sitting at the gate of mosques, temples and churches for a gift of money from devotees of such the saints meanwhile these individuals somehow look able in structure in physical bodies and do not seem real beggars while on the names of such saints they earn a huge amount of money on the pretext of beggary from the visitors. Beggary is a deep rooted problem in Indian culture while religious faith is associated with begging because of making pleasant Allah through such an act of assistance to beggars by dint of Religious support the then these beggars move to religious places for beggary and become a professional beggars in spite of being physical and mental sound in apparent composition of bodies and keep waiting for festival occasion awaiting for getting more money from public as devotees of such the religious places whether it is a mosque and temple (Khan et at., 2013). Begging is linked with old traditional practice coming since thousand years counted as a noble for getting a higher goal in Christianity for acquiring peace and scarification (Brown, 2007). Christmas (Christ day) is an essential day in Christian religion that is known as specific day, the beggars are assisted on such a religious occasion.
76 2.15 GESTURES IN BEGGING
Gesture is a type of language for expression feelings and ideas in order to notice and point out someone in a society. For man, gesture indicates signal in walks of life whereas for birds it represents need and demand from the parents for survival perspective. Hasson (1994) stated that gesture is like a cue or hint as any feature in the environment, living and non-living beings, for individual, it is concerned with action and guidance in the walks of life, begging is an action of beggars and gestures assist beggars to beg on the different styles. Gestures are basic elements among human beings, animals and birds and applying such the gestures as sign of begging. However, gesture in literally sense, stands for communicative purpose with one another in a human society. In addition to this, begging is attuned with gestures. It is just like behavioral way of begging in a society that how people would realize and understand the genuine problems of beggars in a civil society, and it is spontaneous way of motivating people through language of gestures. Beggars have vivid notions and tactics of controlling situations by dint of gestures. Furthermore, they have a comprehensive style of attracting people through the different sign of the gestures and expression so as to captivate individuals’ mind in a civil society. A part from this animals use gestures for communicative purpose applying the different types of behavioral like physiological and morphological signals in order to interact with one another, and conveying reliable information. According to Smith and Harper (2003), Animal signal points out gestures with respect to structure or act which alter behaviour of other organisms significantly. Animal gesture is comprised of the receiver’s response to the signal of signaler and alternation and response of behaviour to one and other. The application of gestures is connected with communication among people, animals and birds. Beggars communicate with the public through the application of gestures for sake of charity, and it is wholly related with behavior. Basically, in animal society, gestures are applied as a source of language for communication with other animals. Birds even use gestures at the time of need like finding water for quenching thirst, crying and calling for others, storage food anywhere when they see. They cry for others in order to gather. The young ones of birds depend on their parents to provide them with means and resources for survival and existence in surroundings while drawing the attention of the parents, the very young ones beg by calling
77 noisily, yawning and jostling for a point close to the parents for food, begging is also present among such the creatures, and it indicates that such the living creature depend on begging for survival in society (Kilner and Johnstone, 1997), viewed that behavioral way is totally concerned with life and assisting the very young ones so as to bring close parents and giving information parent about the circumstances of off spring. Such the behavior is connected with begging, and applying to capture the parents through such the begging signs. Meanwhile the offspring and parents have proper understanding of such the issues and would be no gap between such the figures and parents may give due response to the off spring. It is natural selection pattern for communication and adopting the method of begging through while using such the natural section way so as to realize and communicate and acquire information regarding factual life and others in a society. Begging depends on gestures, communication and expression. However, sharing sentiments through gestures pointed out that begging for animals and birds stand as source of survival, communication and way expression the notions in environs.
2.16 BEGGING NATURE IN BIRDS
Birds are attractive creature of Allah. Meanwhile birds utter specific sign for communication in surroundings. Such signs in the form of gestures studies in the birds. However, begging is at the initial level coordinated behavior among birds that comes out after hatching an offspring and applying for attention to the parental ones. While such the young ones acquire the response from parents and depending on for survival in environmental settings. Meanwhile, such the gestures utilized for food and interaction with others. Furthermore, it is for the survival and growth in a society. The style of gestures is basically natural because they have natural selection for it, and making the demand notice throughout such the style. Birds possess such the type of nature for survival and alive among others in environs. Apart from this, such the technique has been practiced by birds of world. Nevertheless, it is the way of begging among birds for necessary survival in the locality (Starck, 1993). The offspring birds move for begging whenever hunger and satiety measured with respect to the external tactile cues. However, it has generally been found among the offspring birds that they adopt it survival and
78 fulfillment of the desires and hunger while it be controlled by the dint of gestures that is the noticeable sign of the life. Clifton et al. (1988) offspring grow older and get a huge experience through learning and influence of begging behavior. Birds learn through communication and acquire the experience of solving issues by dint of begging behavior (Kedar et al., 2000). As begging is important for growth and survival of birds, the natural selection gives courtesy to the growth of such the behavior. Birds for food acquisition use the various types of auditory, visual, tangible and chemical signals for getting parental attention towards them. These birds use the different begging gestures in order to entice parents attentive by calling for necessary action as felt per the desired needs (Price and Ydenberg, 1995), birds with the different begging gestures and postures noticed to gain parental food resources. This is an essential for the survival in the milieu of atmosphere. According to Macnair and Parker (1979), parents are responsible for allocating shelter and food resources in relation to offspring ;they have to avail till they grow up and stand own way , and the parents play a passive role in feeding the young ones while displaying the greatest begging intensity ,Such an intensity is noticed among offspring of birds Begging behaviour discloses the levels of offspring condition, and parents are expected to actively distribute food to offspring with the greatest need of offspring . Parents are key sources for offspring in order to provide the all facilities and amenities to the young ones that is why they receive all sort of things from the parents. They can receive food from parents (Kacelnik et al., 1995) that begging behaviour has impact on the needs of offspring. A part from this, begging behavior is associated with needs and demand for survival perspective in ecosystem, and parents are fundamental source for accumulating and providing the basic items of life to young ones (Price and Ydenberg, 1995). Begging behavior is embodied with gestures and signals. As they apply gestures and signals for needs and protection so that they may get survival and existence in surrounding.
2.17 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES OF BEGGARY
Beggary is socio-economic issue of human society. Beggary is a universal issue in both developed and developing countries of world while beggars have been found in human society since the initial of ancient time and beggary taken place
79 throughout the world. A part from this, nature of begging varies to country to country of the world. Majority of people resort to beggary in a civil society because they are unable to maintain the lives in a normal way owing to disability, poverty and other human matters. Furthermore, they have no other path to lead life except charity. Furthermore, beggary is the practice of beseeching others for charity in the form of money and other gifts without any anticipation of exchange. Beggars existed in public spaces like busy markets, urban parks and transport routes. Henceforth, they only not beg money but also ask for drink, food cigarettes and other necessary items. Beggars are the poorest of the poor and the most unfavorable fragment of the society and living in such a disadvantaged circumstance that they are even not capable to achieve the basic needs of life (food, shelter, health and protection). Begging has now become an occupation since no mental and physical effort is applied to earn one’s bread which is based on the sympathetic behaviour for aid to the needy people of a society; beggars are the deprived persons of a society, but the most of them apply the tactics in order to acquire money without the performance of physical works while such the beggars are of the various structures like old and ill in health, retarded and handicapped bodied, able and physical fit bodies and the small children whereas poverty and population growth lead towards beggary because they have dire need of energy , food ,shelter and the failure in provision of such things, the individuals resort to begging. However, poor persons failed to acquire such necessary things for standard of life while socio-economically backward poor people of the lower stratum of society adopted such the activity of begging for earning the few pieces of bread for survival strategy in atmosphere. Beggary is attained with socio- economic issue of the different countries of world; it is the result of such issues like fast growing population, joint family, high unemployment ratio, low earnings and wages, constant migration of people for survival purposes, family conflict, flood and famine and high cost of housing (Mesfin, 1999). The instable conditions in social life and social structure lead individuals to begging in a society (MOLSA, 1992). Begging is soliciting or receiving charity from public venues on account of injury, deformity, wound and sickness as result of clash with other persons or injured of animals may be natural (Tripathi and Arora, 2010). Begging is the practice of beseeching others to grant a sympathy and favor in form of a gift or
80 money with little or no expectation of exchange. According to study by (Namwata et al., 2011), outcomes of begging and future of begging concerned with application of language at the time of begging. Khan et al. (2013) acknowledged that beggars confronting the socio-economic problems as lack of money, electricity, ration card, proper housing, portable water and sanitation. A part from this, others like poverty, unemployment and no more money for son’s or daughter’s marriage affecting from various diseases confronting such the problems. Furthermore, they have other requirements like health treatment, food and shelter for survival in society. Sarap et al. (2013) studied the involvement of begging activities of beggar by birth and timing of begging from morning to evening is supposed to be an exact time for receiving money and alms from donors meanwhile the most of beggars use the direct method of begging and a few of them make visit places for begging while the rest of beggars travel by vehicles like bus, cart and cycle as means of transportation for the sake of begging. Namwata et al. (2012) studied the types of street beggars and factors which influence begging activities dividing into four kinds viz beggars of streets, beggars on streets, beggars in streets and beggars of street families spending night on streets along with their families after whole day begging at the various places and come in contact with families for rest at night instead of issues like unemployment, sudden death of family, poverty , family disintegration and physical challenges . Adugna (2006) viewed that street beggars are commonly categorized on the basis of abilities and disabilities staying on streets for a short or long time settled as member of society might be born on such streets or left the family people on account of the different reasons. This way a great attachment produced for such the streets (Menka et al., 2014) studied the financial life of beggars and deprived aspect of life and maintenance as well sustenance in spite of prevailing poverty lacking the basic facilities involving in begging for economic issue as per routine and beggars may be suffered from psychiatry and other disorders (Sarap et al., 2013). The assessment of beggars’ problems and reasons behind begging such as lethargy, illiteracy, unbearable conditions, residency matter, customs and traditions whereas such social and economic issues lead to begging in a society as old age matter even move for begging. Salami and Olugbayo (2013) studied the indigenous begging activities and lacking internal knowledge of migration and
81 health issue as well fiscal growth and proper treatment of diseases that beggars spreading in a society that may be covered by health workers for stopping in a society. Namwata et al. (2012) focused on study of human feelings and lives of such street beggars and the survival on urban sides along with the expression regarding begging which was not suitable for beggars while begging was supposed to the very dissipated activities, but they get the basic needs through the practice of begging that is a source of survival for beggars. Beggars are vulnerable persons of a society and have imbalanced socio-economic problem in a society; they are counted as degraded and lowest figures of society creating chaos in a society for common people and residents of the various places. Begging is concerned with poverty, but a few persons inclined to begging due to poverty while the remaining individuals should not be considered as beggars in spite of being poor. Poverty indicates begging in society (Adedibu, 1989). Individuals facing many issues in a society due to certain circumstances compelled a person for begging so as to sustain him /her. While some push factors resort individuals to beggary due to the factors like poverty, unemployment, disability, destitution, drug addiction, family conflict, social or economic adversities. Such the factors produced beggars and leading the individuals to beggary while some pull factors like relaxed source of income without any difficulty and problems through they accumulate wealth. Beggary is considered as socio-economic problem of a society. Meanwhile, individuals in a society beg owing to such the problems. Begging is the main issue of society and defined as asking for money without any return of services (Fitzpatrick and Kennedy, 2000). Beggary is associated with social problems of unemployment, poverty, less standard of livelihood, low socio-economic condition. Beggary is socio-economic problem of a society. The majority of people live below poverty. Furthermore, they have no adequate food and money to maintain a perfect life; they tend to beg for survival and existence in a society. Reiman (1984), in his writing like “The Rich get Richer and the Poor get Prison” viewed the whole world is based on the stratified society. Rich are enjoying and poor being suffered due to socio-economic factors, and failed to combat with such the issues signifying injustice with poor. Begging is a complex, complicated, ambivalent phenomenon (Saeed, 2007) viewed those religious instructions and secular laws enhanced the regulation and illumination of beggary in a civil society.
82 Religion encourages alms-giving to poor while all poor are not at all beggars, among them a few people beg as a result of charity concept given in religion but on consequence of socio-economic positions which lead them to beg at the public places. Furthermore, it indicates that religion supports for charity for sack of humanity those who have a dire need of assistance for survival in human society. It is a great job for human being to serve human being in the form of charity. Religion is actually created for human beings and secular Laws for maintaining and sustaining one’s life in a society. Rolnick (1962) opined that each individual within the stratified class system has own position with respect to socio-economic conditions. Begging is a critical issue in human society while the attitudes of public for alms have not yet been altered. Wardhaugh (2012c), individuals of the slum areas or hailed from rural side like having no land; poverty prevailing and inclined to beggary. Moorthy (1959) that the rural urban migration and lack of basic human facilities lead individuals towards beggary whereas the individuals have no availability of work and no more opportunities for survival so they move to cities for begging. The disfigured people incline to begging at majority in cities because cities have great attraction where such the people easily beg without any hindrance and people give charity on the basis of sympathy and humanity. Cities possess lot of services like railway station, airport, bus service, tramways international markets, banks, colleges, private and government schools, factories, mosques, shrines, temples, hotel, gambling and drinking spots and transport services. Such the items developed the interest and need among individuals so as to go for begging in a civil society. Sarap et al. (2013) viewed regarding beggars’ problems and the reasons in a society like illiteracy, traditions, laziness, poverty, old age and rituals along with conditions of locale. Finally, factors resulted beggary in a human society.
2.18 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Beggary is a social problem of human society, and producing nuisance and disturbance for a common people. Furthermore, it takes place owing to human physical dire needs through that individuals maintain social life in human society. Beggary is a crucial issue of combating structural injustices in a depressive society and expanding livelihood. It also represents panhandling that focuses on such a
83 situation whenever a deprived person acquires for essential materials like money, food and clothes in order to cope with the basic amenities of livelihoods. Broadly, issue of beggary is associated with roots of poverty such as low income, high unemployment; high rate of population growth; fast-rising cost of living; inappropriate public policies and continuous rural urban migration. Apart from this, Pakistan is a rich country, but confronting with social problems as illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, crime, ill-education and diseases. In spite of overall problems, beggary is a highly irritating issue of the country and resulted annoyance and disorder in the walks of life for the public of the country. Beggary is a multifaceted sociological problem particularly in Hyderabad Division-Sindh Province of Pakistan. According to Bose and Hwang (2002); Carter (2007) that panhandling gives birth to beggary in a society while the majority of beggars living under abject poverty. In accordance with that Ogunkan (2009) strongly recommended that begging is a huge social problem that is actually a product of poverty. Poor people resort to begging due to poverty in a civil society (Amman, 2006). A street begging is an outcome of poverty (Namwata et al., 2011). There is also positive and significant association of beggary with crime. A study of Lynch (2002) revealed that begging is due to criminal activity like theft, drug dealing or prostitution. Furthermore, it is owing to gangs’ involvement for money concerning to criminal organization in Bangladesh (Yusuf, 2012).The crime in form of organized gangs of women for material being poor to commit crime of begging in cities (Gloria and Samuel, 2012). An organized crime taking in city through kidnapping and use such the children to commit the crime in city (ILO, 2004). Beggary is an organized begging that specifies the beggars involved in illegal activities (Kazmi, 2008). Organized mafia working for past decades along with criminal aspect veiled in form of begging reported in child tracking for working in organized forced begging (Kirchofer, 2010).In a same mode, the lack of education also remains a major factor for beggary in the society. The dearth of education facilities created crucial slot that leads to begging (Swanson, 2005). More recently Seni (2017) strongly stressed that lack of basic education to children and role of parents lacking of self-reliance not revitalizing the basic education among children. The street children have no access to education and deprived of human basic rights and development (Sarker et al., 2016). The unemployment is a
84 major cause of beggary which motivates homeless towards beggars. Owing to sudden changes in masses leading to unemployment resort to beggary (Anderson, 1961; Shawkatuzzaman, 1990; Demoze, 2003). Begging is a result of socio- economic problem where unemployment is one of them due to it beggary taking in a society (Menka and Hassan, 2013; Khan et al., 2013). Religious factor in form of charity pushes individuals to depend on others’ assistance on the specific days (Ahmed, 2004). Begging reaches its weekly on peak of Fridays (Jelili, 2006). Street begging is plasticized through religious stuffs shown on specific days. In Pakistan, Zakat is a form of charity and beggars are given on specific days of year for such factor, individual gets charity (Seoharwi, 1984).
The above related literature demonstrates that poverty, crime, specific days, lack of education and unemployment are the protagonist factors of beggary in the different contexts (Jelili, 2006; Ray and Paul, 2011; Menka and Hassan, 2013; Khan et al., 2013; Stones, 2013; Sarker et al., 2016; Seni, 2017). However, in Pakistani context no any study is found in literature in which researchers have an integrated way to investigate poverty, unemployment, specific days, crime and educational background particularly in Hyderabad Division of Sindh, province. Based on such factors, the researcher developed the following conceptual model (Figure I) for investigating beggary in Hyderabad, Sindh.
85
Poverty
Unemployment
Educational background BEGGARY
Crime
Specific days
Figure 2. 1 Conceptual Model Developed by the Researcher
Beggary is a highly growing issue in this country and creating nuisance as well disturbance to the public life in a civil society. According to Bose and Hwang (2002); Carter (2007), in Canada, panhandling gives birth to beggary in a society while the majority of beggars living under extreme form of poverty. In accordance with that Ogunkan (2009) strongly recommended that begging is a huge social problem that is actually a product of poverty in Nigeria. In the context of Nigeria, poor people resort to begging due to poverty in a civil society (Amman, 2006). In Tanzania, a street begging is an outcome of poverty (Namwata et al., 2011). There is also positive and significant association of beggary with crime. A study of Lynch (2002) revealed that begging is due to criminal activity like theft, drug dealing or prostitution in India. On the other hand, Begging is owing to gangs’ involvement for money concerning to criminal organization in Bangladesh (Yusuf, 2012). Gloria and Samuel (2012) examined that the crime in form of organized gangs of women for material being poor to commit crime of begging in cities. In Pakistan, beggary is associated with an organized crime taking in city through kidnapping and use such the children to commit the crime in city (ILO, 2004). Pakistani beggary is an organized begging that indicates the beggars involved in illegal activities (Kazmi, 2008). In the developed regions, including Australia and
86 USA organized begging is connected with crime and exploiting beggars in civil society. Organized mafia working for past decades along with criminal aspect veiled in form of begging reported in child tracking for working in organized forced begging (Kirchofer, 2010). In a same mode, the lack of education also remains a major factor for beggary in the society. In Toronto dearth of education facilities created crucial slot that leads to begging (Swanson, 2005). More recently Seni (2017) strongly stressed that lack of basic education to children and role of parents lacking of self-reliance not revitalizing the basic education among children in Tanzania. The street children have no access to Education and deprived of human basic rights and development (Sarker et al., 2016). In London, the children of urban slums are severely deprived of the right to education and as resort to beggary (Ray and Paul, 2011). Apart from that, the unemployment is a major cause of beggary. Unemployment motivates homeless towards beggars. Owing to sudden changes in masses leading to unemployment resort to beggary (Anderson, 1961; Shawkatuzzaman, 1990; Demoze, 2003). In African society, people resort to beggary owing to unemployment (Stones, 2013). Begging is a result of socio- economic problem in India where unemployment is one of them due to it, beggary taking in a society (Menka and Hassan, 2013; Khan et al., 2013). Ahmed (2004) pointed out that religious factor in form of charity pushes individuals to depend on others’ assistance on specific days in Saudi Arabia. In Nigerian context, begging reaches its weekly on peak of Fridays (Jelili, 2006). Street begging is plasticized through religious stuffs shown on specific days. In Pakistan, Zakat is a form of charity and beggars are given on specific days of year for such factor, individual gets charity (Seoharwi, 1984).
87 The above literature clearly mentions that beggary is a multifaceted sociological problem which pushes the people towards an intolerable circumstances. The major reasons of beggary are poverty, unemployment, specific days, educational background and crime. Based on such the factors, the researcher developed the following hypotheses for investigation in Hyderabad, Division of Pakistan.
H1: Poverty has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
H2: Unemployment has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
H3: Educational background has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
H4: Crime has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
H5: Specific days have a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
2.19 KEY RESEARCH STUDIES
1) In order to investigate beggary so many relevant studies were reviewed from the different contexts of world including Europe and Asia. From them, key studies are given below on:
88 Table 2. 1 Key Literature
S. No Title/topic Author (s) Year Region Key Factors Findings
1 The Hobo: The Sociology Anderson 1961 London Unemployment and Unemployment motivates of The Homeless Man beggary homeless towards beggars. 2 The beggars of a Jha 1979 India Beggary and poverty Able-bodied beggar’s pilgrim’s city: population increased due to anthropological, poverty in repressive society. sociological, historical and religious aspects of beggars and lepers of Puri, Varanasi 3 Islam Ka Iqtisadi Nizam Seoharwi 1984 Pakistan Specific days and Zakat is a form of charity and Beggary beggars are given On specific days of year for such factor, individual gets charity. 4 Begging and Poverty in Adedibu 1989 Nigeria Specific days and Religious centers attract for Third World Cities: A Beggary daily incomes to individuals. Case Study of Ilorin 5 Social Welfare Survey- Shawkatuzzaman, 1990 Unemployment is a specific 2nd Part (Social Problem Bangladesh Unemployment and reason of beggary. of Bangladesh and Social beggary Welfare Program-in Bengali) 6 Begging for change Lynch 2002 India Beggary and crime A study revealed that begging is due to criminal activity like
89 theft, drug dealing or prostitution 7 Income and spending Bose and Hwang 2002 Canada Beggary and poverty Majority of beggars living patterns among under extreme poverty panhandlers. Canadian Medical Association Journal 8 Begging as a survival Demoze 2003 Ethiopia Unemployment and Owing to sudden changes in strategies: Conferring beggary masses leading to with the poor at the unemployment resort to Orthodox religious beggary. ceremonial day in Addis Ababa 9 Role of Zakat and wqaf Ahmed 2004 Jeddah Specific days and Religious factor in form of in poverty alleviation Beggary charity pushes individuals to depend on others’ help on specific day. 10 A rapid assessment of International 2004 Pakistan Beggary and Crime Beggary is connected with an bonded labour in Labour organized crime taking in city domestic work and Organization (ILO) through kidnapping and use begging in Pakistan these children to commit the crime in city. 11 Begging for Dollars in Swanson 2005 Toronto Beggary and education Dearth of education facilities Gringopampa: created crucial slot that leads Geographies of Gender, to begging.
90 Race, Ethnicity and Childhood in the Ecuadorian Andes 12 Begging as a means of Demewozu 2005 Africa Specific days and The Orthodox Religious livelihood: conferring Beggary Ceremonial days (days of the with the poor at the Saints) and places and the orthodox religious temple environs are the stages ceremonial days in Addis where the beggar population Ababa exhibit their skills as actors and dramatists pertaining to specific days. 13 Environmental and Jelili 2006 Nigeria Beggary and poverty Poverty –ridden people resort Socio- economic to begging in society. Dimensions of Begging in Ilorin and Ogbomoso 14 Street Begging: Exposing Amman 2006 Nigeria Beggary and poverty As the result of poverty poor the Bankruptcy of people resort to begging, Blatant Paying of Lip poverty is a main factor Service. begging in civil society. 15 Environmental and Jelili 2006 Nigeria. Specific days and Begging reaches its weekly on Socio- economic Beggars peak of Fridays. Dimensions of Begging in Ilorin and Ogbomoso
91 16 Panhandling: do Carter 2007 Candia Beggary and poverty Panhandling gives birth to municipal by-laws beggary in society. effectively address the problem? 17 Begging and Almsgiving Weiss 2007 Ghana Unemployment and Increasing social issues in in Ghana: Muslims beggary Ghanaian society due to Positions towards employment resort to beggary. Poverty and Distress’ 18 Issues concerning Kazmi 2008 Pakistan Beggary and Crime Pakistani beggary is an beggars and Beggars organized begging that :The professional indicates the beggars involved Parasites in illegal activities in context of city in Pakistan 19 Socio – economic Ogunkan 2009 Nigeria Beggary and poverty Begging is a product of Implication of Begging poverty. in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. 20 Organized Begging in Kirchofer 2010 Asustria Beggary and crime Organized begging is Vienna: Austria, connected with crime and Right-Wing Propaganda, exploit beggars in society. Benevolent Necessity, Illicit Business, Human Smuggling or Human Trafficking
92 21 Dynamics of Street Namwata et al 2010 Tanzania Beggary and poverty Street begging is an outcome Beggars and Begging of poverty. Life in Urban Areas of Central Zone Tanzania: 22 Trafficking in Persons United states 2011 USA Beggary and crime Organized mafia working for Report – Pakistan department of State past decades along with criminal aspect veiled in form of begging reported in child tracking for working in organized forced begging. 23 Bottlenecks in the Access Anangisye 2011 Tanzania Beggary and Education Owing to in access to the basic to Primary Education in education children resort to Tanzania: The struggles begging because of poor of vulnerable school socio-economic slot of their children in Makete parents. district 24 Development Policies for Nawaz 2011 Sweden. Beggary and Education Street children involved in Street Children in begging because of no Bangladesh – A Special education and lacking parents. Emphasis on Education Program. 25 Still on the street – still Ray and Paul 2011 London Beggary and Education The children of urban slums short of rights: Analysis are severely deprived of the of policy and right to education and as resort to beggary.
93 programmes related to street involved children.
26 Snatched childhood Yusuf 2012 Bangladesh Beggary and crime Begging is owing to gangs’ involvement For money concerning to criminal organization. 27 The Prevalence of Street Gloria and Samuel 2012 Bulgaria Beggary and Crime Crime in form of organized Begging in Nigeria and gangs of women for material the Counseling being poor to commit crime of Intervention Strategies begging in cities. 28 Patterns of Street- Yusuf et al 2012 Nigeria Specific days and Street begging is plasticized Begging, Support Beggary through religious stuffs shown Services and Vocational on specific days. Aspirations of People Living With Disabilities in Ilorin, Nigeria 29 Problems of Beggars: A Khan et al 2013 India Beggary and education The modern need for such case study individuals is based on education which brings a change in life. 30 .psycho-social Stones 2013 South Africa Unemployment and In African society people exploration of street beggary resort to beggary owing to begging unemployment.
94 31 Begging is a curse on Menka and Hassan 2013 India Unemployment and Begging is a result of socio- society Beggary economic problem. 32 Regional analysis of Khan et al 2013 India Unemployment and Among social problem in various places of begging Beggary India unemployment is one of them due to it beggary taking in society. 33 Street- begging in cities: Jelili and Mnitp 2013 Nigeria Specific days and c and Christian scriptures cultural, political and Beggary explaining the values of socioeconomic questions charity to needy ones. 34 Education and Health Sarker et al 2016 Bangladesh Beggary and Education Street children have no access Status of Child Beggars to education and deprived of in Sylhet City, human basic rights and Bangladesh development. 35 Causes and Effects of Seni 2017 Tanzania Beggary and education Lack of basic education to Begging Style Involving children and role of parents Children as Guides in lacking of self-reliance not Dodoma Municipality, revitalizing the basic Tanzania: Liability in education among children. Basic Education Access 36 Begging in the City: Owusu-Sekyere et 2018 Ghana Beggary and poverty Begging has increasingly Complexities, Degree of al become a socially and Organization, and economically constituted Embedded Risks process that mediates how they deal with poverty and livelihood challenges. The beggars are also daily exposed
95 to risky encounters but without any protection. 37 Socio-Economic Khan 2018 Pakistan Illiteracy, Lack of Basic Majority of beggars was found Disparities among Needs and Beggary illiterate and resided in rented Beggars in Different house in the study area. They Locations of District were also deprived from safe Lahore_Pakistan drinking water, ownership of house, electricity and educational facilities. 38 Is street Begging a Result Abalo 2018 Kampala/Uganda Begging, Poverty Begging is a serious social of Poverty, Budding problem with grave Trade, or The development implication for Manipulation Of Kampala city and the national Sentiments By Some economy because beggars Vested Interest Groups?: contribute nothing apart from Exploring Street Beggary begging. Begging leads to social relegation of the city and life of beggars as well as subject them to stigmatization.
96 2.20 CONCLUSION
This chapter comprised of the reviewed literature in beggary with respect to various studies pertaining to beggars, beggary, behavior of beggars, characteristics of beggars, types of beggars, gesturing in begging, nature of begging and birds, Beggary and crime; beggary and human society, beggary and poverty; beggary and human religion; socio-economic issue of beggary and key studied at world level concerning to beggary discussed in this chapter for investigating the reality of beggars and beggary in a civil society. In the last, some relevant studies were presented in tabular form. Such studies supported to the researcher for finding such a research problem and understand fundamental factors which may affect the beggary particularly for Pakistani context.
97 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The overall, this chapter particularly signifies out clarity and application of research methodology in research work. Henceforth, the chapter is properly organized under main titles: research paradigm, research philosophy, positivism approach, phenomenological approach, research methodology, research design, type of study, universe, sample size, method of sampling, method of data collection, analysis of data, pretesting, coding, tabulation and statistical methods of data analysis meanwhile, such a meaningful description is given as below:-
3.1 RESEARCH PARADIGM
Albeit the term “paradigm” has been taken from the Greek word “paradeigma” which refers to pattern whereas such the word (paradigm) was initially produced by Kuhn (1962) and used for the conceptual frame work along with a proper model so as settle the problems. Furthermore, it describes the different meaningful concepts, factors and issues which are attained with the interactive methodological procedure tools and techniques (Kuhn, 1977) that focuses on the manufacture and composition; form and frame work of academic and scientific values, notions and statements. Henceforth, the word “paradigm” is explained for such a strategy of research that acquired through set of norms like values, beliefs and statements. The research paradigm carried by three particular regions: ontology, epistemology and methodology (Blanche and Durrheim, 1999). The first ontology strategy is attained with remark of construction and nature of the universe that makes familiar the apparent form and significance of reality (Wand and Weber, 1993). At the same time, it focuses on individual’s worldwide perspectives presenting the specific norms of the fact. Whereas the second epistemology strategy points out specification of association and nature between a researcher and comprehension the human nature as per knowledge acquired through distinguished methods and techniques of probing and investigations (Hirschheim, Klein and Lyytinen, 1995). At the last, methodology strategy presenting how a
98 researcher sensibly resorts to trace out whatever he /she believes that can be recognized.
3.2 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY
Simply, philosophy refers to specific comprehensible to the basic concepts of any particular strategy along with ethical and justifiable tactics while a research strategy focused on such the method that assists to accumulate and conduct the analysis of the prominent truth. In nutshell, research philosophy is attained with such the domain acquired for improvement and enhancement of knowledge constructed by researcher, and philosophical strategy supports to trace out a research method being confirmed for a task in a research field by researcher for the preference and selection of research method meanwhile the specific and indicative domains focused by professionals and researchers (Burke, 2007). However, it is a particular asset for affirming transparency of the outcomes by dint of such research at the onset. The second domain pointing out the interactive strategy covering approach and attitude of a research whereas the third displays which assists to comprehend the research quick along with context and slot. Albeit such the strategy leads researcher to grasp with the different philosophical intricacies and reasons in the research field exploring the various methods and assessment patterns for the materials like the acquisition and analysis of the data through such the strategies and techniques. Obviously, philosophy overwhelmed with the multifarious strategies such as objectivism, positivism, empiricism subjectivism, pragmatism as well realism and others. A part from this, positivism is generally regarded as empiricism while objectivism and realism as interpretivism as well pragmatism, subjectivism and functionalist (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2006). In the similar mode, positivism strategy is attuned with a quantitative method. Irrespective to it, interpretivism is attached with qualitative strategy. A study by Galliers (1991), stated that a research illustrates two essential philosophies that being imparted due importance in the Western science’s convention and custom, the first as interpretive (recognized as antipositivist) the second positivist (regarded as a scientific uncertainly). Hence, positive domain is manageable, quantifiable and reasonable within the entire universe (Knox, 2004), for a deeper comprehensibility and vividly in the
99 research (Remenyi, Williams, Money and Swartz, 1998). Irrespective to it, phenomenological strategy declares out such a position that a researcher is an interior section of the whole strategy and regarded as expressive issue in the research field. At the outset epoch, Morgan and Smircich (1980) stated that social science is embodied with two specific strategies like positivist and interpretative. Meanwhile the positivism domain indicates the meaningful purpose owing to self- motive of human manner which is not initiated to human mind (Morgan and Smircich, 1980; Dyson and Brown, 2005). However, such type of strategy illustrates the doctrine in disclosing the meaning truth meanwhile the whole knowledge remained unapproachable. Furthermore, as per a way, data can systematically be identified and endorsed between independent observers (Dyson and Brown, 2006). Hence, an empirical test is attained with the utilization of inductive and deductive methods so as to examine such the hypotheses that developed on the essence and foundation of the scientific theory. (Morgan and Smircich, 1980). Irrespective to it, impretivism regarded as epistemological strategy resulting out the necessity of researcher’s perspective, the disparity between human beings and the respective positions – recognized as social actors (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). Hence, researcher feels necessity of applicable slot in research task that resorts to the different subjective issues within the global for recognizing and comprehending on specific manners the world enthusiastically. At the end, the distinct type of philosophies like realism (interpretivism, subjectivism), positivism (objectivism), pragmatism and functionalist (Saunders et al., 2006) as the particular research inscribed in the Western science’s convention. Whereas an interpretivist regarded like antipositivist as well positivist considered as a scientific circumstance (Galliers, 1991). Therefore, the research focuses on the positivist domain in order to obtain the constructive knowledge of philosophical domain.
3.2.1 Positivism Approach
Meanwhile, a historical perspective; positivism indicates such the specific norms like tradition, custom, convention and main values. Notwithstanding, human society presents the concept of the positivism covering logical and meaningful conclusion. Furthermore, it is made confirmed that positivist approach is highly
100 valuable and profitable for social sciences (Hirschheim, 1985). Therefore, such the perception is not obviously supported by Alavi and Carlson (1992) meanwhile it is stated that the entire empirical curiosity of knowledge set up the positivist domain. Henceforth, physical and natural sciences fundamentally are supported with positivism. Moreover, the various men of the letters mostly highlighted positivism being meaningful approach on account of informative formation and structure regarding the research methodologies (Kuhn, 1970; Remenyi and Williams, 1996). In nutshell, positivism domain elucidates the philosophical notions entangled with social facts and keeping in the view that notion, reflection and logic cover such a help for getting the human behavior. Real knowledge is acquired through the mind’s experiences which is availed through observation and experience. Such the meaningful notions and observations are clearly associated with scientific knowledge embodied with the realties while such the realities are sustained by the positivist domain (Walsham, 1995b). Henning, Van-Resburg and Smith (2004) valued the aforementioned notion that positivism is concerned with origination of facts and indicating it empirically. The positivist approach is generally recognized as the functionalist approach that apparently explains the facts and computable outcomes. Concerning to such the approach, the most of studies generally help to test the theory along with extrapolative comprehension of phenomena (Myers, 1997). On this way, the objective is noticed by the researcher to predict such the common shapes of human action separating from historical and cultural context. Morgan and Smircich (1980); Dyson and Brown (2006) suggested that as social sciences studies concerning the positivism is comprised of quantitative approach or statistical analysis of such the data. Hence, for an assessment of the scientific method and the knowledge procedure made systematized and applied in the research by the positivistic theorists and by the dint of quantification for enhancing the accuracy between parameters and their descriptions however, the positivism domain is such a strategy that gives a way for data reliability which helps in data collection and application of approachable theory for construction of hypothesis with respect to testing and confirmation of such hypothesis fixing the measurement techniques with ostensible social faiths. This approach is focused on reliability, validity, facts, logic empirical values and measurement and experience attached with quantitative methods with association
101 with surveys, experiments and statistical analysis (Blaikie, 1993; Saunders et al., 2007; Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). The specific motive followed by categorization and scientific measurement which the positivist approach having associated with the behavior of individuals (Hatch and Cunliffe, 2006). Masses generally have faith on realism as it is perceived through the objective perspective point of view.
3.2.2 Phenomenological Approach
As a phenomenological approach is encompassed with oral, graphic, description that includes diagrams as compared to numerical or statistical format (Remenyiet al., 1998; Robson, 2002). Apparently, it is concerned with a study of “phenomena” or presences of items that is found in knowledge (Encyclopedia, 2008). In the similar way, the phenomenological approach is related with the present experiences for rare people regarding the phenomena or notion (Creswell, 2005). While the phenomenology covers profound knowledge, perceptions and thoughts by application of inductive (qualitative) research methods such as explanations, observations and interviews (Lester, 1999). It is clarified that the specific methods of data collection are essential in a research field (Aspers, 2004). As the opinions of persons and experiences acquired through own perspective point of view through phenomenological tactics (Lester, 1999). Nieswiadomy (1993) stressed that phenomenology is philosophical method that focuses on learning as a tiny figure of subjects which have general linkage with building up models of sensibility and models. A study by Denscombe (2005), the different critical knowledge is related with phenomenological approach like intensive rare explanations reasonably analysis and dearth of scientific stability (Denscombe, 2005). A part from this, phenomenology is commonly does not embody with a large populated representative which may give birth to enquiries and judgment, exploration and generalization concerning the populated samples. The phenomenological research is the most time employing (Remenyi et al., 1998). In this regard, organization and elucidation of the data constructive format is quite to be vanish thoroughly in the meantime, the approach is associated with familiarity of human behavior (Saunders et al., 2007). In this way, it is entirely contradictory to the positivist approach due to stress on human behavior besides that two
102 important motives -isolating the phenomenology from positivism. At the start, phenomenology is based on particular standpoint avoid thinking of universe’s objective standpoints and certainty of positivism envisages while the other factor is data collection method on the basis of qualitative domain in a normal way as compared to quantitative domain (Remenyiet al., 1998). Another contrast is that phenomenology emphasizes on preconception, elucidation and description. Furthermore, the very scientific and genuine research emphasize on objectivity, measurement and analysis while non-positivism approach is swiftly stated as feeble or obligatory fault of phenomenology.
3.2.3 Research Methodology
A present study is obviously based on the quantitative methodology and covering the quantitative methods for data collection and analysis of data to present numerical values to assist the hypotheses developed for such the study. Research methodology is convincingly acknowledged as a plan of instructions and guidelines for conducting research and focusing reasonably on research methodology- is comprised of a whole research while research needs its proper methodology in a complete manner. A study by Sarantokas (1993), research methodology stands for scientific methods which possesses ethics and rules as per guidance for selection, framework, strategy, process and application of methods as instructed through research model. Besides this, research methodology is based on a set of instructions in lieu of scientific investigation (Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992), keeping in view that research methodology that is applied for research in the field of natural and social sciences like quantitative and qualitative and mixed method whether it is scientific research or social science, meanwhile such the methods utilized for scientific research such as qualitative, quantitative and mixed method. Henceforth, as stated by Creswell (2003), quantitative research covers quantification of knowledge, data acquisition, and aimed at the various statistical tests as accept or reject. “Alternative knowledge claim”. Research methodology of any researcher is mostly weighed through the selection of research methods that are useful and meaningful for research work which makes it sound. For it specific procedures and measurement are required in the matter of selection and the present study is based on the conceptual knowledge and vast literature.
103 Hence, with the support of conceptual study; the hypotheses have been framed as to show the association between criterion (dependent) and predictors (independent) variables by the dint of realization and acknowledgment of rationalization as well justification. Research methodology is usually known as the systematic approaches based on research instructions, strategies and research techniques for piloting research on the aforementioned context while the research methodology is centered for signifying the research issues by reviving the aforementioned research task concerned on the topic with the enhancement of one or more hypothesis, formatting the research design, expressing and illuminating the sample and collecting data, analyzing and inferring the data and lastly working for the research report. Tischler (1996) and Collis and Hussey (2003) acknowledged that research methodology is connected with the common approach -proposed by the researchers to inspect the topic of their research from data collection to the analysis of the data. A study by Dornyei (2007) a researcher on the prior basis is fully equipped and aware of rules of research methodology and various research strategies and technical aspects of a research; if failures in such materials result the flaws in study likewise, it is an obligatory l for a researcher to recognize the methodology of such the study which can be firmed by the research aim and research questions of such a study being covered (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Hughes and Sharrock (1997) acknowledged that the specific research issues are counted as the important concern of researchers who select the suitable strategies and techniques for dealing with such the matters. Hence, Research methodology is employed for many purposes in such the studies. It covers the rules, techniques, and methods of data collection and analysis of data, empirical values of research work with respect to the nature of research topic covering the suitable directions for guidance of research for given text replete with materials assisting the hypotheses for given context of research. In this research study, material is measured through such the strategies and techniques with the application in the field of research task.
3.2.4 Quantitative vs Qualitative
Research design is comprised of quantitative and qualitative strategies. Researcher applies such the strategies on account of techniques, topics, measurement,
104 samples, methods, universal of study, nature of objectives and accuracy, reliability and validity of materials for research. On the other hand, there are studies which having the main two components like quantitative and qualitative. According to Dornyei (2007) viewed the two transparent ways in research methodology as they are distinguished in the process of data having nature of exploration of numerical and non –quantitative domain; they have isolated notions and approaches of the two different world and develop alternative sense. Moreover, such the specific philosophies lead towards the term of determining the Universe and making construction of sense (ibid, 1989; Dorneyi, 2001b). A study by Weber (2004) acknowledged regarding the model of research that covers such as Ontology and Epistemology, and the first is concerned with the positivists who have belief on reality which is isolated from other whosoever go for observation whereas the second explains positivists who apparently attempt to develop information pertaining to reality seemed beyond human perception meanwhile objective and independent reality develop a path for human knowledge. In research purpose where positivists ponder over the aim of research be based on qualities and existence of researcher as independent for research method positivists have tendency to utilize field experiments, laboratory experiments and surveys as well the desired research method. Reality factor in research is as that positivist’s constructive belief and a descriptive plan of a researcher is based on the truth as any one goes to mapping such the reality which is beyond approach of human mind. The element of validity in research where the positivists strive for acquisition of data in order to get measurement of reality which possesses other structures such as internal validity, external validity, construct validity and statistical inference validity. The focused Reliability for it the positivists believe that whatsoever the outcome of a research may be reproduced by researcher while dearth of reliability is generally concerned with such the elements like researcher’ mistakes and errors, irregularities in research work and process, mismatch in contextual task for it a research as carried out, and mistake in judgment as well measurement (Weber, 2004). Hence, the qualitative and quantitative domains enlighten the way of constructive approach, the strategy for gathering of data and analysis, broad and conceptual knowledge in such the study (Dornyei, 2001a). According to Kuhn theoretical perspective or paradigm selection focus on general
105 settlement inside scientific societies which both elucidates as natural and social sciences pertaining to the subjective approach through interpretative domain. A study by Creswell (2003), quantitative methodology is grounded on positivism epistemology, objectivism ontology, unbiased axiology/voluntarism, and deductive methodology. While Bryman and Bell (2007) elucidated the quantitative research strategy focusing on the deductive technique which scientifically represents statistical data analysis procedures so as to expose relationship(s) among such the components in the contexts of the various studies. Irrespective to it, the qualitative technique represents such the methods that are taken from the hypotheses and theories through signifying the explanation, description, and comprehension such the slots behind the components (Creswell, 2003; Klein and Myers, 1999). The above all, qualitative research develops the capacity inside the researcher how to investigate, perceive and interpret to social reality that is not dormant. But, moveable with respect to time frame work (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The incentive need for application of a quantitative research is an essential for such the study as per the fitness of the methods for social and natural sciences research tasks. Hence forth, it assists a researcher in order to inspect and determine the reliability and validity of the prior research theoretical proposals along with hypotheses which highly rely on empirical and computable strategies (Patton, 1990; Blumberg, Cooper and Schindler, 2005). Irrespective to it, the qualitative approach is not supposed to be selected for an unreliable approach for the present study and not applied in the future research task. Meanwhile, a qualitative research strategy represents whenever a researcher tries to find out multi-purposes like disclosing and description of human changes scenarios in the purposive modes in the natural milieu of society. On the other words, such the method is tallied as the more useful and reliable method in the research task as some extent the previous research literature exposes to illuminate the constructs with respective to associations (Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2000; Gilbert, 2001). Furthermore, such the study constructed through the application of suitable literature exposing the vivid relationships between components required to discover the significant data with support of numerical tests (Collis and Hussey, 2003), such the facts cannot be obtained by qualitative methods. Conceivably, as in case of the present study, a qualitative method was quite a possible on the basis of formation and
106 production of scientific and hypothetical estimations as well observations and meanwhile such the requirement of validations and relations that is covered through positivist domain based on quantification technique of quantitative strategy. A study by Creswell (2003) acknowledged that justification of hypothetical simplification and suggestions in theoretical attempt, exposed in business and social studies embodying with the quantitative method which can be examined statistically. Indubitably, qualitative strategy covers a reliable method pertaining to individual and group studies, and giving allowance to researcher to investigate within a natural milieu, and developing such the theories, and responding the queries that resort to comprehend and tackle the hurdles in solving such the problems through the studies (Yin, 1994; Creswell, 2003; Cassell and Symon, 2004). Meanwhile, the previous studies resulted irrelevant to the present research.
3.2.5 Mixed Method
Mixed method research approach states that such the strategy is based on the amalgamations of research domains like qualitative and quantitative in accordance with data collection and level of the analysis of such data on logical manners like organized and sequential questionnaire as well the interview studies (Dornyei, 2007). Reams and Twale (2008) acknowledged regarding the mixed method approach is an essential for disclosing information without prejudice, enhancement accuracy and validation of data with constructive conclusion. However, mixed method is particular constructive for inferring to the productive sense (McCracken, 1988; Bell, 1999; Dornyei (2001b); Lamb (2007); Lau (2009). Such acknowledgment supports to comprehend the application of the mixed method furthermore in professional meetings and conference.
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN
For the present study, survey technique was applied for acquisition of data whereas the samples remained steady during the whole process of research. Research design points out the importance of the various measurements in such the process of research and embodied with the entire elements of research without any biasness
107 and mistakes as well lack of misrepresentation. Research design embodied with such the strategy which assists the research process by dint of research methodology in order to involve the strategy of data gathering, analysis of data and developing interpretation. However, research design covers the theoretical frame work along with strategy meanwhile a researcher is keenly to give responses of particular queries or examine the constructive hypotheses within particular resources and time framework (Bhattarcherjee, 2012). In the similar way, a good researcher understands logic of technique, items and method of research design so as to bring out reliability and validity of the data. Furthermore, researcher has choice of freedom for selection in case of research design. However, research design is an inclusive strategy which comprised of the rules and regulations for whole research regarding strategies and plans developed by a researcher. Furthermore, this exposes the need and demand of a research that required as what is obligatory to do, why, how when, where, how, with whom and how with and others. Therefore, such the study is comprised of the interrogatory words for comprehension of logic regarding the main research for the entire procedure and collection of data and data description of constructive research design (Dronyei, 2001a). Research design assists to describe the main issues, techniques and strategies; boundaries and limitation in lieu of the distinctive inquiry methods in regard with analysis strategy. However, the main purpose of selection concerning to research design is mandatory for the present research procedure and it goes to make research work smoothly and successfully in case of selection for research that is sound and valid as the researcher knows well the matter and make correct selection in such the point of views (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). A study by Neuman (1997) stressed on research design covers the sequence of the strategies and steps unveiling the mode for response of the research questions which are compulsory for the hypotheses. According to Sekaran (2000) hypothetic deductive method commences with a literacy work theoretical context, hypotheses development and reasonable deductions as the consequences of such a study. The present study is concerned with research design on the basis of hypothetico- deductive domain comprised of a research model through the study of the different literature work with assistance of a step by step on succession of completion through the previous work (Sarandakos, 1993). Henceforth, research procedure
108 initiated with reviewing of the vast literature that is requisite to researcher for bringing conscience and vigilant in the field of research, and by the application of such techniques, the research gap was noticed that had been covered through the study of literature taking step by step, the conceptual framework was developed was for testing the empirical values. Epistemologically, conceptual model is mainly tested in order to get confirmation of the research hypothesis for that quantitative data is obligatory in this way while the positivist philosophical domain has been seen monitored for data assembled, on the other way, such data even gathered through the survey questionnaires associated with the positivist (Miller and Brewer, 2003). In the similar way, the quantitative domain encloses with survey questionnaires that possess the sequences of questions relating with variables, and the application of Likert scale is supposed to judge the individual’ behavior and attitude in the respect research plan, for such the research work; the survey questionnaire was developed to cover sociological analysis of beggary through quantitative methodology along with full scale data collection. Therefore, the reliability of Likert scale is a highly considerable while a huge ratio of questions is likely to answer by respondents (Oppenheim, 1992). Presumably, the reliability of survey questionnaire is based on such a plan through that the result gained by test and measurement (Merriam, 1988). Pilot study was utilized in order to check the validity and reliability of such the survey instrument at the initial stage and the matter of verification of validity of such the instruments like internal homogeneity, stuffs and linguistic approach in questionnaire; techniques and timing for filling the items mentioned on questionnaire importantly leading such the study towards generalization (Campbell, 1966). On this way, self- administrative developed copies of survey questionnaire were dispatched to the field professional experts and highly learned professors for the verification in order to test the validity with respect to reliability by confirmation of interior uniformity through Cronbach’s Alpha. Besides, the relationships among the variables through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 24.0 version, have been confirmed by Pearson’s correlations. As research design is comprised of two approaches like qualitative and quantitative approaches, in the present study, a research follows the procedure of quantitative approach for data collection and analysis. Such the research study measures the relationship between dependent
109 and independent variables. According to Gilbert (2001), the positivism paradigm utilizes deduction, initiating with hypotheses. Hussey and Hussey (1997) defined the normal process under a positivistic paradigm is to study the literature to establish an appropriate conceptual and construct hypothesis. There are certain reasons to adopt a quantitative approach for data collection from Hyderabad Division on beggary for research work. As such a study helps to find out to the relationship between the variables and the facts and nature of beggary. It is comprised of a survey questionnaire in order to collect the data. This study was conducted in Hyderabad Division of Sindh from where data was acquired while keeping the numbers of the samples of beggars like professional beggars, disable beggars, children beggars and religious beggars and others. For analyzing such the data, statistical measures were applied to test the hypotheses in relation to independent Variables in positivist and post-positivist approaches are used to constitute hypotheses which are numerically measured by experiments (Creswell, 2003).
3.3.1 Quantitative Research Approach
Quantitative research approach focuses on data acquisition process that initially obtained from numerical data and the then, analyzed through statistical methods at the beginning level as the main instance including of survey research embodying with a questionnaire the then, analysis covered through statistical software like SPSS (Dornyei, 2007). Albeit quantitative research was simply started for procedure of investigating in scientific way for response in the field of natural science during the 19th century (Dornyei, 2007). Henceforth, the advancement in statistics and scientific strategies supported through the application of quantitative method during the 19th century within a broad field of social sciences (ibid, 2007). Meanwhile, Social sciences reached at seasonable and capable levels of research on human beings at both levels like ‘individual’ and ‘social level’ scientifically (ibid, 2007). In lieu of application psychometric dimension and measurement with respect to survey studies, the theory of questionnaire is based on quantitative methodology in the social sciences (ibid, 2007). “The quantitative research domain possesses models, viewpoints and categories briefly explained with respect to numerical or statistical data gathered
110 in order to find out the association among the categories in a modern era as earlier to be expected by researchers” (Dornyei, 2001b). A study by Lazaranton (2005) acknowledged through a survey on 524 studies where he had observed and come to know that eighty-six percent of the research papers being quantitative, thirteen percent on qualitative and one percent mixed method. Henceforth it is made clear that quantitative method is subjugated over other method in the field of research. Quantitative approach is based on the numerical representation as well as manipulation of observations aiming at describing and explaining of the phenomena that those observations reflect. It is applied for wide variety of natural and social sciences like psychology, physics, geology, biology, sociology. In addition to this, according to Cohen et al. (2011), quantitative research is defined as social research focusing on empirical methods and empirical statements typically; empirical statements are disclosed in numerical terms, and another factor in quantitative research covering empirical evaluations. Empirical evaluations are illustrated as a form which helps to find out the degree regarding a main policy and program scientifically that fulfills or does not fulfill a specific norms and standard. However, Creswell (2003), stated a short definition of quantitative in this sense describing such the strategy covered through collection of data the then, analyzed statistically the application of such the method (in particular statistics). The quantitative approach uses ‘observations that are converted into discrete units that can be compared to other units by using statistical analyses’ (Maykut and Morehouse, 1994). Such the domain describes the variables focusing on logical scale in the form of numerical strategy (Dornyei, 2007). Creswell (2003) states that a quantitative domain represents the investigator who basically applies post-positivist owing to enhancement of knowledge (i.e., effect and reason thinking, reduction to particular variables and hypotheses and questions, usage of observation and measurement, and the test of theories), that focuses on such the strategies of inquiry like experiments and surveys, and collection of data on basis of the planned apparatuses that yield statistical data. A quantitative approach describes quantifications and analyses the data given through a deductive approach in order to examine a relationship between research work and theory. Burrell and Morgan (1979), stated that quantitative research helps to describe and foretell about social occasion on the basis of regularities and
111 occasional relationships between basic components in the social milieu of social world. Such the method is fruitful as per an aim of research focusing on the occurrence of frequency in such the research. According to Gilbert (2001), as per the confirmation regarding validity and reliability of social facts inside human society can be numerically analyzed for production and explanations pertaining to the operation of social world. According to Cavana et al. (2001) quantitative design initiates with assistance the theory as per the construction of hypotheses with support of collection and analysis of such the data the then, acceptance and rejection of the developed hypotheses. According to Bryman (2004) quantitative domain covers the application of huge sample and simple data sets consisting of data usage and some comparable variables through that the results be generalized as per acquisition of the samples from overall population. Meanwhile such the research helps to accumulate the statistically data and analysis. However, such the way is not for qualitative method where as there is not obligatory that data be based on numerical way, and it cannot be analyzed as per usage of the mathematical methods. Whereas the case of analysis on mathematically approach leads the individuals to think of the usage of such the method in research, therefore, the people resort to use such the quantitative method, and it is mostly observed within the context of quantitative studies. Furthermore, it is some extent a misapprehension on account of usage of the proper data analysis instruments regarding an appropriate research design with respect to data acquisition tools. Nevertheless, the application of statistics for analysis of the data is an essential component in quantitative research, but it develops the individuals’ worries and complicated due to mathematics that makes the individuals perplex and irritation lack of numerical knowledge for such the study. Henceforth, quantitative research is an important for acquiring statistically data so as disclose a specific criterion and particular phenomenon with respect to specific questions as per the requirement of appropriate responses on the basis of quantitative methods. Remarkably, quantitative research is usually associated with the measurement of the social facts. Meanwhile quantitative research along with questionnaires explores quantities within some matters so as to determine numerical values and results of social facts in social world. Simply, quantitative researchers have the opinions regarding facts and reality of the universe that can absolutely examined
112 with respect to proper guidelines through the process of data acquisitions along with analysis in the social world.
3.3.2 Selection of Quantitative Method
Mainly, the quantitative methodology presented a specific role of investigation among the strategies during the 19th and 20th centuries. Henceforth, the present era , the quantitative techniques being embodied with the multidimensional standards in the field of research work comprising of the different factors along with the frequent measureable and factorial designs that cover a huge range of such a situation with respect to time and money. On the other hands, the quantitative domain assists to obtain such a knowledge through the large representatives with respect to the generalization and decision. However, the quantitative methodology selected for the present study owing to a few specific reasons in lieu of such the method. A part from this, through such the method that represents social fact of social world and human behavior along with attitude setting out the specific objectives and strategies of study as per acquisition of information regarding individuals in an appropriate way be investigated and traced out through such the method. Moreover, this approach covers the statistical data collection techniques so as to comprehend human behaviour along with social realities (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). As the collection and investigation of the social facts of human society which is tested through statistical analysis embodying with the reliability and validity being acquired by such the approach that presents the variables, hypothesis and theories (Gilbert, 2001). A study by Burrell and Morgan (1979) opinioned that social world prophecy grounded on relationships with specific components with respect to reasons and predictabilities acquired through the positivist approach and survey questionnaires. Furthermore, survey questionnaires render such the suitable knowledge and information regarding individual’s behavior and attitude as per the structured strategies and performances (Baruch and Holtom, 2008). Meanwhile, the individual’s behaviour and attitude is judged and measured through survey questionnaires by the application of Likert scale that is required for the positivist approach (Miller and Brewer, 2003). Thus, Likert scale is mandatory for acquiring reliability and validity as well a huge number of answers from the respondents
113 (Oppenheim, 1992). At the last, it covers human behaviour and attitude along with psychological and environmental perspective through such the method.
3.3.3 Justification for Quantitative Approach
Exclusively, a study by Lazaranton (2005) opinioned through a survey on 524 studies, and he had observed and realized that eighty-six percent of the research papers being in quantitative techniques whereas, thirteen percent on qualitative and one percent mixed method. Henceforth it is made clear that quantitative method is subjugated over other methods in the research field. The epistemology is highly embodied with human facts and social reasons. Thus, such the research strategy gives an emphasis on the context of realism and application of quantitative methods like social facts in social milieu of social world. Furthermore, it is generally supposed that the social world is comprised of relatively concrete empirical artifacts that can be identified, interpreted, studied and measured through the various strategies which derived from natural sciences. Thus, for the purpose of conducting research on social fact in a civil society of Hyderabad Division, it was felt genuine social problem of the public that beggary is increasing fast in a civil society of Hyderabad Division having the specific purposes and reasons buried behind it that can highly be explored statistically in the context of the research. Thus, such the approach would investigate beggary through quantitatively covering the specific factors and the reasons of begging in Hyderabad Division. Such the fruitful knowledgeable information is acquired through the research method. Thus, the present research was conducted in Hyderabad Division of Sindh in order to investigate the specific factors and reasons of beggary in a civil society of Hyderabad Division. A part from this, social factors resort the individuals to beg among the public in the civil society of Hyderabad Division. As far as the task of data collection and the application for Likert scale in case of acquisition of the results realized an obligatory for such the research work. Hence forth, the reliability of Likert scale is an absolutely valuable owing to a huge ratio of questions that are likely to answer by respondents (Oppenheim, 1992). In the fact, the reliability of survey questionnaire is supported on such a plan so as to acquire the result by dint of measurement and test (Merriam, 1988). Pilot study was adopted in order to check the reliability and validity of
114 such the survey instrument at the initial stage with support of the verification of validity of the instruments such as internal homogeneity ,stuffs and linguistic approach in questionnaire ; techniques and timing for filling the items as mentioned on the questionnaire importantly leading the study towards generalization (Campbell, 1966). Furthermore, self-administrative survey questionnaire was developed, the then dispatched to the field professional experts and highly well-learned professors for the verification so as to test the validity of questionnaire with respect to reliability by confirmation of interior uniformity through Cronbach’s Alpha. Besides from this, the relationships among the variables through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 24.0 version, have been confirmed by Pearson’s correlations. As research design is comprised of two approaches like qualitative and quantitative domains. Meanwhile in the present study, a researcher follows the procedure of quantitative approach for data collection and analysis. Such the research study figures out the relationship between dependent and independent variables. According to Gilbert (2001), the positivism paradigm utilizes deduction, initiating with hypotheses. Hussey and Hussey (1997) defined the normal process under a positivistic paradigm is to study the literature so as to establish an appropriate conceptual and construct hypothesis. There are certain reasons to adopt a quantitative approach for data collection from Hyderabad Division on beggary for research work. Furthermore, this study finds out to the relationship between the variables and human nature as well social facts of the human society. For accumulations and investigations of the social facts that resort beggars to beg among the public of civil society that have been covered through a survey questionnaire for sake of the data collection. The present study was conducted in Hyderabad Division of Sindh, and overall, the samples of this study were the different types of beggars. For analyzing the data, statistical measures were applied so as to test the hypotheses in relation to independent Variables in positivist and post-positivist domains as applied to construct hypotheses based on numerically measurement through the experiments (Creswell, 2003).
115 3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN IN THE PRESENT STUDY
Keeping in views, exploring research sign is applied so as to cover the objectives of such a study. Thereof, exploratory research design concentrates on a whole research process for acquiring in depth knowledge and notions. Furthermore, such a kind of research is for constructing research study. The aim of this study is to construct a strategy for exploration and discovery of new notions and profound insightful knowledge pertaining to that. However, the exploratory research design is a quite flexible for availing chances in lieu of all components of facts and constructs the hypotheses (Kothari, 2004).
3.4.1 The Purpose of Study: Exploratory Research
Broadly, every study of the social world covers the specific aim and objectives. Likewise the present study is grounded on exploratory research design focusing on the research process so as to acquire insight and in-depth of knowledge. Furthermore, such the type of study is more flexible in case of provision of the opportunities in order to cover the all parts of components that designed for hypothesis (Kothari, 2004). In the present study, beggary is a social problem of a civil society and produced disturbance and nuisance for the individuals of a civil society. Thus, the problem of beggary is exposed and explained through such the study and based on exploratory in nature. However, the exploratory study assists the researcher to explain the problem which is availed on hypothesis appropriately. Similarity, the research helps to make work flexible and easy through the inductive approach for data collection and acquisition of knowledge through the application of techniques and strategies so as to bring out the reflection of the findings and result drawn through data process. Henceforth, research work assists to investigate the problem of beggary in Hyderabad Division. In the field of social science, a researcher moves for research work by the dint of organized way in the forms of three groups exposing a researcher how to achieve and find out the issues pertaining to topic while describing a social perspective of it and elucidating the reason of presenting of such an issue. However ,the research studies illustrates the three groups such as exploratory, explanatory and descriptive that possess the overall, specific qualities which are parted from other forms of the research in the
116 research process. Meanwhile, a researcher comes to comprehend many purposes. Part from this, the specific aim counted as principal and dominant (Neuman, 2006).
3.4.2 Type of Investigation: Correlational Study
Broadly, the correlational study is based on the investigation of the problems in the field of research. Furthermore, it assists to specify or retain the constructs/ relation attained with the main problems in research field (Sekaran, 2000; Bordens and Abbott, 2007). However, the present study investigates social problem of beggary along with the constructive aim of beggary in Hyderabad Division throughout the demographic structure and sociological perspective. Meanwhile, the present study helps to point out the relationships between constructs without the exchange process in other items and defines beggary as social problem in a civil society. According to Hair et al. (2006), analysis of research on the basis of covary relationships that requires the simultaneous analysis of the paths together (i.e., multivariate-analysis with structural equation modelling) so the strength of most salient paths would be exploratory. Therefore, due to the nature of the present study, correlational type of investigation is favoured over the causal type of investigation.
3.4.3 Study Settings: Non Contrived
As stated by Sekaran (2000), the present study is comprised of correlational type of investigation in the field study covered through non-contrived settings while the casual studies focusing on lab experiments in contrived settings. However, as per the justification for the present study, the present study investigates beggary in Hyderabad Division: sociological perspective through correlational study. Hence forth, the main purpose of this study would be on non-contrived.
3.4.4 Items of Analysis: Beggars
Beggary is a social problem of a civil society whereas the categorized beggars are items of such a society. For this study, beggars are unit of analysis to investigate the social facts of beggary in Hyderabad Division. On the other words, beggars
117 are items for analysis perspective while the study by Sekaran (2000), the items of analysis are concerned with accumulation level of data at the time of successive data analysis period. However, the value of such the items selection assists in constructing time frame for developing the problem statement (Creswell, 2003). The purpose of research objectives for the present study; it is an obligatory for a researcher to undergo for investigation of a social problem of beggary with respect the factors that resort the individuals to beg among the public of Hyderabad Division. Henceforth, the research question points out beggars to be the items of analysis.
3.4.5 Time Horizon: Cross-Sectional Study
A study by Sekaran (2000) cross-sectional (one-shot study) is a such type of research journey that takes place once time for acquisition of data which might get either weeks or months for the present study, the cross-sectional design is employed due to the aim and nature of the present study that is grounded on the exploration and investigation of beggary as sociological problem through the application of multivariate analysis techniques. Henceforth, for the present study, the cross –sectional design is an applicable strategy so as to cover a large sample within a short span of time meanwhile a researcher has not to be perplexed awaiting a number of years in lieu of change in dependent variables through a deep investigation and abyss of knowledge (Bordens and Abbott, 2007).
3.4.6 Population
The population of a present study was acquired from Hyderabad Division. Henceforth, Hyderabad Division is comprised of nine districts like (1) Hyderabad District (2) TandoAllahyar (3) Tando Muhammad (4) Matiari (5) Dadu (6) Jamshoro (7) Thatta (8) Badin (9) Sujawal .Beggary is a social problem within such the districts, and the beggars earn money and acquire other utilizable items through the various tricks and methods of begging in a civil society. Beggary is a lucrative and profitable job for beggars in the human society. The beggars of Hyderabad Division feel fit for such the task of begging in a civil society rather than earning money through legal honest work. However, the beggars are from
118 both sides –rural and urban background for beggary In Hyderabad Division as per need and charity of the public.
3.4.7 Study Site: Hyderabad Division-Sindh, Pakistan
Hyderabad Division is the second largest hub of Sindh, and highly suitable place for residency and maintenance of social life among the other individuals of Pakistan. Broadly, Division is comprised of nine districts of Sindh (1) Hyderabad (2) Matiari (3) Tando Allhayar (4) Tando Muhammad Khan (5) Thatta (6) Sujawal (7) Dadu (8) Jamshoro (9) Badin. The whole Division is abundant with innumerable types of beggars roaming through the entire Division. Thus, beggars are everywhere and of every age at every place in Division utilizing methods and tactics of begging in Hyderabad Division. However, Hyderabad Division is rich in every perspective that is why the most of people are being settled on daily basis from rural regions for survival strategy meanwhile the beggars are multiplied and seen at urban as well rural regions of Hyderabad Division. Furthermore, such the beggars remain busy in earning money and other item as per charity on daily basis from the public of the Division. Therefore, such the beggars stay at the different locales of the Division. Bearing in mind that every district of the Division has the specific places along with tombs, historical places, graveyards, parks and others for beggars from where they get charity on the pretext of real and fake stories sharing with the public.
3.4.7.1 Hyderabad District
Historically and culturally, Hyderabad is an ancient and the second largest city of Sindh. Meanwhile the history of the city originated from the history of Neroon who was Sindhi ruler from whom the name of city was obtained as Neroon Kot. Meanwhile, Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro traced out such an ancient city (Neroon Kot) during Kalhora dynasty in 1757, and he remained as the chief of the city till 1843. The then, such the city conquered and ruled by British Government on account of the battle with Talpurs, Hyderabad was under rule of British Government of India till 1947, as per partition of Sub-continent, Pakistan was created and population brought a great changes in the city. Thus the majority of native Hindu communities migrated to India in the place of the majority of
119 Muhajiris settled as refuge in this city. Hence forth, such the migrated Muslims had nothing to maintain the basic livelihood as they had lost every valuable thing in India, but at the initial level such individuals stayed at campus the then, violence commenced between the Local Hindu and Newly settled Muslims in Hyderabad city. However, the lifelong inspiration and intention of Hindu communities was to remain in Sindh. As per such riot uprising, the Hindu communities intended to settle on any safety place for better socio-economic prospective in India. Hyderabad is rich city of Sindh, and hub of the different zones like industrial, commercial, agricultural, educational, social, religious and political and others. However, there are the different factories, sugar mills, textiles, cement factories, production of the various items for daily life such as plastic, mirror, ice, soap, pottery, tanneries, hosiery, handicrafts, gold and silver items, embroidered task and others. Whereas the present study states that Hyderabad district is recognized as rich in resources like commercial places; historical venues; ancient graveyard, tombs of the saints, health and educational centers, transport locales; and others where the categorized beggars are for charity all the times from the earlier morning to the late night. However such the categorized beggars are seen at the every place of city. Mostly the beggars are present the said locales like the shrines of saints, commercial markets; hospitals, railway station; handicraft zones gold and silver task; ornamented silks, lacquer ware, embroidered leather saddles, glass bangles while time of agriculture production like millet, fruit, cotton, rice and others. Apart from this, Hyderabad consists of four talukas like (1) Hyderabad city, (2) Hyderabad Rural, (3) Latifabad and (4) Qasimabad. Hyderabad city attracts the individuals for survival strategy in a civil society. Beggars are the part of such the city. The beggars remain busy in acquiring money and charity from the public on basis of appeal of humanity and sympathetic words for sake of assistance in a civil society. The city remained as survival source for the beggars through the whole lives in social perspective.
3.4.7.2 Tandoallahyar
Historically, Tando Allahyar was the town and set up by Mir Allahyar Khan Talpur the then, the Qila was made in (1804). Indeed, the old name of town at ancient time pronounced as qunday je wasi. During Mir’s government, the
120 majority of people settled in this town. After that The British Raj came into power and established railway station for agro-trading with other parts of Sindh In 1906.Bearing in mind that kacho Qila was used for administrative correspondence and other reasons by British Government. In 1933, British –Emperor worked on the process of canal construction for sake of agricultural system in city. A part from this, the majority of Hindu communities used to reside in the city before partition of Indo-Pak so there was a huge population of Hindu communities in the city. After that the migrated Muslim communities settled in the place of Hindu communities. At that time the city was counted as commercial and agricultural places for the individuals of such the city. Hindu communities along with English People worked for betterment and progressive of the city. Tando Allahyar is rich city of Sindh while city indicated that well-developed infrastructure and beautiful greenery in the form of the various gardens and other commercial places as well sugar mills for the individuals of such the city. A part from this, city remained a center for the religious and spiritual education to simple and God –fearing people, and had great personality in the past shrine ancient folk wisdom and sufi poet Watayu Fageer; mystic poet of Sindhi Literature and originator of Qafi poerty- Misri Shah buried in Nasarpur, Shah Inayat a classical mystic buried in Shahpur; the ancient grave yard of Aghamani in Chambar city; the temple of Bab Ramdevji Rama –Pir like a symbol of Hindu –Muslim unity and other historical and commercial places of the city. Tando Allahyar consists of four talkulas like (1) Tando Allahyar, (2) Chamber, (3) Jhando and (4) Mari. In spite of rich district of Division, the people of low –income background resort to beggary in the whole district; They leave huts and temporary residency and move to the busy eras so as they may get charity and necessary items for survival strategy among others in the civil society. Beggars stayed for a few days at the same places after huge earnings; they resort to settled at the next places and connected with other families of the beggars. However, they looked hasty in earning money from the public and avoid sitting with other people of the civil society. The most of beggars have no vehicles expect being disfigured in physical structures, and journeyed on the foot as per routine. The most of pleasant occasion’s celebration in the districts attract the beggars for charity perspective, and presented the different performance for sake of charity from the public of district.
121 3.4.7.3 Tando Muhammad Khan
Broadly, Tando Muhammad khan was newly established the district of Hyderabad Division. However, Tando Muhammmad Khan is regarded as agro-based district .Tando Muhammad basically founded by Mir Muhammad khan, and he was renowned personality of Sindh. While Talpur dynasty remained from 1783 to 1843 in Sindh. Henceforth, Tando Muhammad Khan district is comprised of the three talukas - (1) Tando Muhammad Khan (2) Bulri Shah Karim (3) Tando Ghulam Hyder. Traditionally, the district is a rich in the design of production of the valuable items and materials like Farasi, Kaashiand Sindhi Ajrak cultural exposing Sindhi traditional culture originated from Moen Jo daro civilization. Actually Ajrak is used for some customs in Sindh at the time of marriage and departure of human soul from physical world spreading on dead body. However, it is also used for other customs like function, marriage and as gifts exchange any one for whom you have a great veneration in a heart. Ajrak presents a symbol of the Sindhi culture and traditions. Meanwhile the people of the city work on the Ajrak for survival and earning money. As the most widely language is spoken such as Sindhi, Urdu, Punjabi, Saraiki Balochi, Gujrati and Pashto as well other local languages. While sugar mills, flour mills, and rice mills and other manufacturing machines are located at this district and shrine of Shah Karim Bulri waro and other shrines of saints and graveyard. However, at the time of Mala/Uris (fair) of the different shrines in district; beggars appear on such the occasions for their activities; they first of all perform ziarat of such the saints the then, they sit at specific place and initiate begging and remain stable at the same places; such the beggars are treated properly and earn money from the visitors who visit for purity of souls at the shrines. Albeit district is quite rich in resources, but poverty factor resort the individuals to beggary. However, beggary is the means of survival and dealing the different issues of living in a civil society. The city parks and other busy regions are the venues of beggars as they stay for charity and take rest at night. Beggars even are seen at every corner and place of the city; they are begging for own sake and accumulate money; and other items: beggary supports in this regard and begging place to place to gain the worldly things applying the tactics of begging when they see a huge of people at public places.
122 3.4.7.4 Matiari
Matiari is a newly created district from Hyderabad and awarded the status of a district. Previously, it was taluka of Hyderabad. While the word Matiari is derived from muthal of Mat-yari which means the relation with pots made of mud, clay to keep water cool and serve people who came from outside. Historically, this region was ruled by different dynasties, including the Soomras (1024-1351), the Summas (1335-1520), the Arghuns (1520-1650), the Kalhoras (1657-1783) and the Talpurs (1783-1843). When Britain invaded the subcontinent, General Charles Napier, a commander in the British Army, defeated the Talpur dynasty and conquered Sindh in 1843, and was appointed as the first Governor General of Sindh. The district is the very rich in the field of agriculture and irrigated through canals and the river. Indus River flows alongside the western border of the district, such the district has hardly any barren lands and other manufacturing usable things for human beings. The district comprised of the great saints like the tomb of Makhdoum Noah; Tomb of Shah Abdul Latif Bhati and other tombs. It is also famous due to the different materials and items like ice cream, kashi, ajrak (a Sindhi dressing) and Sindhi handicraft.The population consists of the different people of castes, creed and communities along with the various languages. Meanwhile, Jamia Masjid Matiari is the ancient Masjid of Matiari approximately 500 years old. The great saints of the Sindh like Shah Abdul Kareem and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai passed a considerable time in the prayers at such the historical mosque. Moreover, the district is the place of so many saints and historical places while the most of beggars wear a specific style of beggary in a civil society. Such beggars are supported easily by the visitors and the beggars stay and spend the whole time at such the places with the visitors. Whenever the visitors are at the majority inside the shrines the then, the most of beggars found at every place of the shrines for charity and other usable items
3.4.7.5 Jamshoro
Jamshoro is a newly created district, and located on the West bank of Indus River about 18 kilometers from Hyderabad. The region was ruled by the different dynasties, comprising of the Soomras (1024-1351), Summas (1335-1520), Arghuns (1520-1650), Kalhoras (1657-1783) and Talpurs (1783-1843). After the
123 independence of Pakistan, in 1947, the district borders with Dadu district in north, Thatta district in south and Karachi in south west. A part from this, it was separated from Dadu district in 2004. The district is recognized as the gate-way to the Indus Valley which is world –famous for the civilization and rich cultural heritage; civilization, historical places, ancient shrines and graveyards; educational zone and health-centers for the public. A part from this, Ranikot is regarded as the Great Wall of Sindh and the World’s largest fort in connection with the hilly tracks and Laki ranges, merging with the Khirthars. Amri- is an ancient archeological site for visitors; Sehwan, being a well-known for devotees and public; Mancher Lake- the largest fresh water lake in the region. However, district consists of four talukas namely (1) Kotri, (2) Manjhand, (3)Thana Bula Khan and (4) Sehwan. The weather prevailing in the district remains hotter in summer, but cooler in the winter, naturally district is rich in resources like limestone, gravels and marbles while producing crops such as cotton, rice, sugarcane, maize, barley pulses oil seeds, grams and others. Industrial zone is presented having approximately 160 factories. However, the district is comprised of the three main universities like of University of Sindh, Mehran university of Engineering and Technology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Science; cadet college Petaro, Pak -Turk International School and College and other government schools and colleges. While the social life of people depend on labour in such the factories whereas other depend on livestock such as buffaloes, sheep, goat camel ,horses mule and domestic poultry. Furthermore, it consists of old graveyard of Sewhan and tomb of Qalandar Lal Shahbaz. However, district represents the different shrines and categorized beggars with the different styles as they stayed for temporary or permanent for a short and long period. However, the population of district consists of Muslims, Hinduism and others. Furthermore; such the communities speak the different languages like Sindhi, Baluchi, Urdu, Pashto, Saraiki, Punjabi, Bihari, Brahui and others. Beggars are from the different background and visit the various parts of the district for charity. The religious places and specific days witness that beggars on such the days rushed for charity and enjoyed among the public and devotees of such the saints. Beggary is counted with singing at such the shrines meanwhile the most of beggars sing a religious and other spirit –based songs before audiences for sake of charity.
124 3.4.7.6 Sujawal District
Sujawal is an historical populated city, and a new created district of Sindh Province. Sujawal is comprised of talukas: - (1) Sujawal, (2) Kharochan, (3) Mirpur Bathoro, (4) Jati and (5) Shah Bander. Sujawal is an agricultural city with a few industries. Sujawal is a multi-community and ethnic city of the different sects and religions. Sujawal is an actual name acquired from resident, Sujawal Khaskheli -loyal servant of 19th century Sindh ruler Mir Fateh Ali Khan. However, Sujawal Khaskheli was a fisherman of Maanjar village besides being a royal servant accurately predicted birth of a son to Mir Fateh Talpur who rewarded him with land and precious jewels and renamed Maanjar as Sujawal. Meanwhile the climate of Sujawal during winter is cold while summer is a bit hot as well humidity due to being closer to Arabian Sea. Meanwhile, the lakes of Sujawal are a resource of survival for the migratory birds of Russia and Siberia. Furthermore, Beggars are local persons of a district and easily present at every corner of the district, the female beggars find with babies roaming the different places for charity from the public. Mostly at the Friday, the beggars are seen at the gate of mosques, parks and other busy areas.
3.4.7.7 Badin
Badin is a rich district of Hyderabad Division, and embodied with oil, gas, and other natural resources and connected with the ancient Indus Valley. The climate of the district is humid and moist in summer while due to certain changes in the climates cold weather initiated in the district. Prime Minister, Mr. Zufiqar Ali Bhutto. Upgraded as a district in 19752, Furthermore, the district consists of five talukas, namely; (1) Badin, (2) Matli, (3) Tando Bago, (4) Golarchi and (5) Talhar. Badin district is divided into two distinct economic zones: (1) agricultural and second (2) mixed- fishing and agriculture based population. The entire land of the district is irrigated by water of Sukkur and Kotri barrages. The majority of population is Muslim while the main castes include of Syed, Soomra, Talpur (Mir) Leghari, Memon Mandhra, Chandio Sheedi, Mallah, Noohani and Bhurgri. Many Baloch races are settled at scattered places of the district. The Hindu population of Badin district falls roughly into three main classes such as Lohanas, Kolhies and Bheels in addition to small portion of Brahmans. Sindhi and other languages
125 are spoken in the district. There are numerous shrines of the saints where annual festivals are commonly organized by respective devotees. Such the annual fairs, besides being reflective of the local culture are also the great source of the entertainment for people of the district. There are tombs and shrines of great saints like Lawareen Ja Lal, Saman Sarkar and others are located at this district while glancing over the history of saint Syed Shah Sarkar Saman-famous and known as “Larr Jo Laal” in other words, Pir of roosters who belonged the 20 th century but till today a lot of devotees visit shrine to pay homage and fulfill their vows; they have roosters on their hands showing the main features of a saint as per saying of devotees that saint himself had a great and fond and love for roosters. Thereof, the devotees started the scarification of roosters on the shrine of saint by cooking rice and servicing the poor people and devotees of saint. At the time of fair, there usually come a lot of beggars for charity and homage at such the various shrines of district Badin. The most of people who visit the shrines at the district seem the very simple and humanitarian in their nature; they give on the basis of humanity, and knowing the social issue of society at the same way; they purify their need that man is here to help other and bow before the aims and purposes of living in the world. Beggary is common inside such the shrines. However, beggars are provided items free of costs by public. The most of the devotees bring rice and other eatable items as per completion of due desires during the time of prayers at such the shrines. Furthermore, devotees of the shrines pay money to such the beggars as per charity and prayers of the beggars for the individuals
3.4.7.8 Dadu District
Dadu is the district of Hyderabad Division, and officially recognized as district in 1931. Henceforth, it comprises of five talukas: (1) Johi (2) Dadu City (3) Khairpur Nathan Shah (4) Dadu-rural (5) Mehar. Meanwhile, the majority of population is Muslims and others communities in the district, Apart from this, Sindhi, Brohi, Saraikai, Balochi, Urdu and other languages are spoken in the district. The most of castes are there like Panhwar, Qureshi, Solangi, Sheikh, Siddiqui, Qazi, Brohi, Jamali , Khushkh , Lund ,Rind and Others. The natural beauty of Gorakh Hill station along with the different mountainous places like Kirthar ranges embodied with limestone, gravel, salt marble, storage of lime and the main coal mines too.
126 Besides to this, the district has agricultural system which assists to produce crops and items like cotton,rice, sugar cane and other items for daily life. Recently a new bridge during rein of Musharraf Govt was constructed for joining Dadu with Nawabshah and Naushehro Feroz as to cover other parts of Sindh and having a railway connection for other parts of Sindh. Furthermore, the variety of culture prevailing in the district owing to the different communities and geographical features with respect to physical structure and the different languages be spoken; they represent the culture of District and the most of rural culture and imitated from Balochistan side and they have specific food and own way of dwelling; they consume food like rice, wheat, butter, curd, milk, fruit, vegetables and others. The people of mountainous side ; they prefer to take milt , jowar, peas ,dairy product , spicy things, food made of mutton, pulses and other vegetables; they have different dress with respect to seasons and locations like living in the city having own way of dressing and at the village , the male and female belonging the mountainous sides possesses the specific dressing, distinguishing the dressing style of Hindu communities that stand quite an isolated from the remaining individuals of district. Beggary is common at specific places of district such as at the shrine of Lal Qalander, Tomb of Baba Salauddin, Khudabad mosque and other places. Beggars beg and the then, other rush era of district where as they may get a lot of response and money as well the basic items for residing purpose. They earn a lot by dint of begging at every spot of district. The Shrine of Qalandar attracts a lot of beggars who pay homage and stay for a short and long period the then, they depart to other cities of district nearby. Beggars are also often in research of vast number of people where they are present there they go and beg as they accumulate a lot of money and complete their criteria of begging at such venues per day for getting proper amount of money and other items from people
3.4.7.9 Thatta District
Thatta is an ancient city and the district of Hyderabad Division representing the archeological sites, Indus delta and old monuments. Thatta is certainly recognized as Rome in Pakistan. Thatta is historically has served as a center of literature, religious ideologies and socio political clashes. However, the graveyard of Makli as the world heritage and largest cemetery as well various monumental tombs was
127 built between the 14th and 18th centuries. Apart from this, during the 17th century Shah Jahan Mosque was built. Thatta was ruled through the different empires in the history and was connected with Delhi at the time of Mughal Empire, meanwhile the king Shah Jahan resided at Thatta. During the stay at Thatta, he assisted in construction of Shah Jahan Mosque that completed at the rein of Aurangzeb Empire. Thatta had business with the different countries of World like Musqat and Oman and others. Furthermore, it was center for textile business and other production in the past. Beggars are seen at every historical place of Thatta all the times for charity and other profitable items from the public of a civil society.
3.5 SCALE DEVELOPMENT
3.5.1 Development of Survey Questionnaire
Meanwhile, survey questionnaire is developed as per acquisition of an appropriate information and knowledge in research task so as to investigate the hypotheses. Thus, survey questionnaire is enthusiastically designed for data collection process in the research field. The present study is grounded on investigation of sociological analysis of beggary in Hyderabad Division through positivist domain. Therefore, it is absolutely for data gathering and demonstrating valuable choices of the respondents as given in the Likert scale (see Annexure. B). The present research further examine the nature and intention of beggars in a civil society along with the specific factors like social, economic and religious that resort the individuals to beggary meanwhile strategy was developed for the investigation and examination of such the individuals in a civil society (Ajzen, 1991; Robinson et al.,1991). In the similar way, dependent and independent variables extremely emerged whereas the cross-sectional study randomly applied for the data collection from overall beggars of Hyderabad Division including on five sections like A and B. Moreover, the section “A” covers the sketch of demography that indicates the different items which are to be identified and filled by asking and comprehending the respondents properly. The section” A” is comprised of gender like male, female and other relevant items, age; its below average or above average ; religions:- Islam , Hinduism and Christianly , Cultural background :-rural as well urban; family type:- nuclear , joint and extended , Place of birth:- Hyderabad ,
128 Tando Allahyar , Tando Muhammad Khan , Matirari , Dadu , Jamshoro, Badin, Thatta and Sijawal and physical appearance-medically fit, disable and others, educational background; literate or illiterate and monthly income-below or above average (See Annexure. A).
3.5.2 Use of Likert Scale
Likert scale comprises of a series of the specific statements along with the entire descriptions focusing on the main target (individual, group of the individuals, concept or an institution), Henceforth, the respondents are queried to expose such the range as they agree or disagree with such items by determining one of the answers extending from strongly agree to strongly disagree (Dornyei, 2003a). The then, the scale utilized, each rejoinder preference is committed to a number for scoring goal (Dornyei, 2003a). Moreover, rare researchers prefer to utilize a figure of response precedence for such the matter that the certain respondents may apply the medium type (neither agree nor disagree not sure or neutral) to shun from an actual option. Succeeding Dornyei, 2003a), I applied a Likert scale and utilized number like (e.g., strongly agree=5 and strongly disagree=1; agree=4; neither agree nor disagree=3; Disagree=2. As it indicates a self-report research that covers both interview and questionnaire instrument for acquisition of data. On the similar way, this requires that quantifiable knowledge which is acquired from the respondents selected from population or being considered as sample for research.
3.5.3 Pilot Study
Pilot study is mandatory factor for data acquisition procedure and respondent’s trivial–scale experimental process that covered through it (Neuman, 1997; Monette, Sullivan and De-Jong, 2002). It is an appropriate method of testing the questionnaire before making the process of data collection in research field of social sciences (Isaac and Michael, 1995). Such the pre-testing of the survey questionnaire gives confirmations to researcher regarding research task which may be developed through the various factors like simplicity and easiness for work, time –consuming frame work , smoothly achievement and soft way for data acquisition (Kriel, 2006). Besides this, the important aim of pilot study is to test hypotheses and sanction for checking numerical or statistical analysis process so
129 as to reduce errors and issues as well outlays taken to way –out apparatuses. Apart from this, it determines reliability and validity of items. The present study was carried out to evaluate the capacity of the reliability. While the test of Cronbach’s alpha reliability applied for the confirmation of validity of questionnaire so as to make avoidance of unnecessary and unwanted research that takes place due to invalid survey questionnaire. A part from this, such questionnaire was developed and rectified after finding out common grammatically mistakes in writing it. After that it had been consulted with experts and professors for the amendments and modifications as per suggestions entertained well. This way questionnaire was developed properly while researcher himself realized such mistakes which were found during research task.
3.5.4 Reliability and Validity
Fundamentally, social sciences cover an immense field of research, and quantitative research that signifies the predictabilities of errors and mistakes in social sciences (Kerlinger, 1964). At the same time, it is concerned to trace out reliability in the field of research and included of desirable measurement of the variables in the quantitative research. A study by Yin (1994), acknowledged that reliability in a research field is acquired through incessant research on the basis of outcome and consequence of cyclical research as per achievement of high level of reliability by dint of measurement with application of the different strategies. Meanwhile, high level of reliability is obtained with support of standard measurement in a research work (Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson and Tatham, 2006). As if the results of research work are not acceptable the then, it is a quite difficult and inconsistent to test hypotheses for the relationships between the variables of such a research. After that the results seem unreliable and signifying the accurateness in skills and work for research with application of the same method and obtained the same result through consistency and repeated action in research work while making a surety. A part from this, the description of such the element’s misapprehension, ambiguity, and dearth of clarity, appropriate instructions and notions are not appreciated with respect to adequate indicators which are extreme intimidation to reliability at the time of data acquisition (Kerlinger, 1964). At the same way, Robson (1993) stressed on mistakes and
130 personal prejudice that infirm the reliability of data process, meanwhile subjective prejudice and mistakes focus on utterance of own desired result within unspecific framework of time with acquisition and analysis of data. For such the matter, pilot study was employed for the present study and prior to the entire method of data collection so as to escape from the low validity. For assuring the reliability (internal consistency) among the items, Cronbach’s alpha (α) was employed. The overall reliability is noted like 0.823 (Table. 3.1).Thus, the reliability of the individual’s factor was within the acceptable ranges (Table 3.2).
Table 3. 1 Reliability Statistics
Total N No. of items Cronbach's Alpha (α)
38 30 0.823
Table 3. 2 Individual factors’ reliability
Factor N Cronbach’s alpha (α)
Beggary 38 0.810
Poverty 38 0.782
Unemployment 38 0.813
Educational background 38 0.789
Crime 38 0.876
Specific days 38 0.829
Furthermore, validity in research work highlights the results as per description of the action research in a real and an appropriate manner (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Broadly, research for validity is comprised of specific two domains like internal and external validity. Furthermore, an internal signifies that variants’ presences in dependent variable noted due to the variants in independent variables (Abernethy, Chua, Luckett and Selto, 1999). On the other hand, it is pointed out that which sort of competency level put into use for data collection during such a research process
131 (Ryan, Scapens, and Theobald, 2002). Moreover, a researcher acquires capability and level of self-reliance through internal validity with comprehension and development of a process for successive life (Reige, 2003). Whereas an external validity describes an important norm in quantitative research (Ryan et al., 2002). Meanwhile, it exposes common results by dint of model put in use for collection of data. Such the outcomes prepared generally with respect to other representatives along with setting of time framework. Similarly, it shows the linkage with results as per fact of generalization. In contrast to this, as the three reasonable issues which alarms the external validity of a quantitative study. Such intimidations present population, time and validity wherein validity is covered by knowledge of provision population. Time for validity describes the outcomes of such a particular study that is based on generalization (Ryan et al., 2002) an external validity insists upon the work of experimenter and signifying fallacious interpretations of sample data for other individuals focusing on extra slot, future and past conditions. Yin (1994) viewed that speculative notions estimated through the researchers who had measured through the productive validity. Meanwhile the prolific of validity is concerned with framework and structure of a factual life. Belson (1986) acknowledged that there are the main two methods for assessment of validity of survey questionnaire at the initial manner which indicates that respondents have perfectly completed the questionnaire whereas the other attained with failure of the respondents who did not get back the questionnaire filled the same questionnaire sent back without filling from the respondents. According to Hussey and Hussey (1997) stressed that there is a contrast between phenomenological and positivistic domains while in positivistic domain the validity generally rests on hazardous and low while such a risk is grounded on the exactitude in measurement. Nonetheless, generalization is concerned with the consequences which are acquired on the basis of information from one item from others (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). As question indicates the incorrect notions at the same such knowledge is considered to be of low validity. In the present study, validity was assured by confirming the design and format of questionnaire through the assistance of field experts or university professors. Meanwhile, the experts assured about the format, design and connection of the items with the respective factors.
132 3.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
However, data acquisition is an essential in research task, as it is meant to contribute to researcher for a better comprehension and examination of a theoretical framework (Bernard, 2002). It then, gets of the essence by opting for the manner of acquisition the data and the then data would be sorted out for proper judgment, especially as per dearth of analysis and improperly data collection (Bernard et al. 1986). Research embodied with the type of population, sample size, data collection techniques, and analysis and key results. Furthermore, it is attained with the validity of non-random technique and the reliability of respondents. For this research work, data was collected from four hundred and two beggars of Hyderabad Division with assistance of survey questionnaire. While tentative information acquired though such the survey questionnaire. The beggars were properly heard and shared the complexion and difficulties they face in the walk of life. However, each district of Division is confronting with the issue of beggary and the categorized beggars who are available at the different places of Division like creational places, religious places and busy spots several times the researcher visited to collect data from the categorized beggars of the Division. However, the beggars are the persistent visitors of each spot of urban and rural sides of the Division. However, such the beggars have specific timings and situations for beggary in Hyderabad Division. As per the acquisition of data; the beggars were humbly and friendly treated the then, acquired the response of such the questions that noticed the most essential for research work which being carried out in Hyderabad Division. Nevertheless, the questionnaire was incorporated with the status, income, issues, educational background of beggars, and other aspects of being beggars in the civil society of Hyderabad Division. As the responses of the categorized beggars that was noted as normal during research process, some extent, other felt fear and confusion. Meanwhile, clarity regarding fear and confusion made smoothly as per negotiations and descriptions behind survey questionnaire the then beggars responded simply. In this way, data was collected from the beggars of Hyderabad Division. However, at the initial level, it remained as challenging issue for researcher in the field of research.
133 3.6.1 Targeted Samples
The targeted respondents of the main survey were the categorized beggars of Hyderabad Division. However, beggars being the representative samples from the entire population along with the categorized beggars involved in beggary for the different reasons. After that the confirmation of techniques had been applied for analysis of data with respect to the confirmatory aspects and multi-variances analysis (Powpaka, 1998). However, the questions are comprised of social relationships of items; the demographic knowledge and factors for acquisition of data from the respondents. Nevertheless, a survey questionnaire remained essential tool for data acquisitions in particular during World War I and World War II, the then brought into the more usages since 1970 (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). The beggars of nine districts of Hyderabad Division (Hyderabad, Matiari, Tando Allhayar, Tando Muhammad Khan, Thatta, Sujawal, Dadu, Jamshoro and Badin) made targeted samples for the present study.
3.6.2 Sampling Method and Size
Moreover, the convenience sampling method was applied for targeting the respondents. Henceforth, the application of such a technique made a research work easily without any payment and penalties due to the presence of the beggars at every location of Hyderabad Division. For that this sampling technique being the most accessible and affordable to carry out such the research task. Similarly, the present study focuses on the convenience sampling method as per the approachable respondents easily at every location of Hyderabad Division. For the present research, the respondents of the aforementioned population participated in such the study for sake of data acquisition conveniently. In other words, this sampling method involved getting participants wherever the respondents are availed suitably. This method is for gaining primary data regarding the issue of beggary. Mainly, this proves to be effective at the time of exploration stage of the research area conducting the pilot data collection pertaining to questionnaire design. At initial stage, 440 surveys were filled from the respondents the then, 402 selected for the final study as per screening and cleaning the data.
134 3.7 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Initially, a humble consent was attained and granted from the beggars of Hyderabad Division regarding fulfillment of questionnaire and keeping the secrets of information as per sharing logic of beggary in Hyderabad Division. However, the beggars were asked politely and gently without any fear and threats; puzzle and worries ; doubt and confusion for such the matter, but kind co-operation, prompt mingling and confidence enhanced the internal feelings in order to share knowledge pertaining to beggary. However, the respondents participated fully. Finally, the whole process went pleasant for investing a social problem of beggary as sociological perspective.
3.8 CONCLUSION
This chapter covered the overall aspects of research work in a field of social sciences. For the present study, a research design was framed along with the different strategies. At the start point, the study presented the research paradigm the then, research philosophy with respect to the different domains such as positivism approach, phenomenological approach and research methodology along with quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods, furthermore, research design was framed for the present study specifying the selection , application and justification of quantitative approach based on the purpose of study like an exploratory research , type of investigation- correctional study, study setting –non- contrived ,items of analysis –beggars , time horizon- cross-sectional study ,population in form of nine districts of Hyderabad Division meanwhile the development of survey questionnaire including of application of Likert scale, pilot study in which reliability and of such the survey questionnaire were calculated. A part from this, method of data collection strategy comprising of targeted sample and sampling method as well sample size was discussed. Finally, the study highlighted the ethical considerations indicating beggars shared information reasonably without any fear and threat as well hesitation. The respondents communicated politely and responded as per requirement of the study.
135 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present chapter, a series of the analytical tests were employed for analyzing the data. The two tools like Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and IBM Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) version 24.0 for windows applied. At initial level, the data was coded, cleaned and screened with the various tests by assuring the suitable and appropriate outcomes. Moreover, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA) being employed for confirming associations of the items with their respective factors. In the last, the proposed hypotheses were confirmed through Structural Equation Molding (SEM) by assuring the influence of independent factors on dependent factor on the basis of regression scores through Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS).
4.1 MANAGEMENT OF DATA AND ENTRY
As preceding such the data into SPSS spread sheet, the items coded through allotting a short code of four letters which represented their related variables (Table 4.1). Apart from this, the demographic variables were also coded. The rows and columns were produced by entering the coding of the variables. The value section of the column was developed from (1) displaying information as a “strongly agree” and (5) for “strongly disagree” with respect to a five-point Likert scale (see Annexure. B).
136 Table 4. 1Variables and their coding
S.No Variable Variable code 1 Beggary BERY 2 Poverty POTY 3 Unemployment UNET 4 Educational background EDND 5 Crime CRME 6 Specific days SPYS 7 Gender GEND 8 Age AGE 9 Present marital status PRMS 10 Religion REON 11 Cultural background CUND 12 Family type FAPE 13 Place of birth PLTH 14 Physical appearance PHCE 15 Education EDON 16 Monthly income MOME
4.2 SCREENING OF THE DATA
Before moving for factor analysis and hypotheses testing, the scrutiny of data is an essential for omitting the miscalculation. However, the inaccuracy factors at time of the data entry entirely muddle up the analysis. Such the miscalculation like missing data, normality linearly, multicollinearity as well outliers of data are generating many turbulences for detecting the consequences from dependent and independent variables (Pallant, 2010). In this respect, the following steps were applied for screening of the data.
137 4.2.1 Assurance of Scale
At the primary stage, the range of options of Likert scale was inspected by using frequency table for reducing the issue of unseen or hidden effects of data (Hair et al., 2006). Such range was observed as minimum=1 and maximum=5. These ranges guaranteed that there was no any problem of high or low value of Likert scale and all values were into the limits of scale settings. Moreover, the options for demographic variables were also confirmed accordingly (Table 4.2).
Table 4. 2 Likert scale’s options ranges
Variables Minimum Maximum range range
Dependent and BERY 1 5 independent variables POTY 1 5
UNET 1 5
EDND 1 5
CRME 1 5
SPYS 1 2
Demographic GEND 1 3 variables AGE 1 6
PMRS 1 3
REON 1 3
CUND 1 2
FAPE 1 3
PLTH 1 9
PHCE 1 3
EDON 1 2
MOME 1 3
138 4.2.2 Missing Data and Handling
The missing of data is a severe problem during the analysis of data procedure. Mostly in social science, there are many common and repetitive motives such as long questionnaire and carelessness of respondents behind the missing data. Such serious reasons of missing data may make many disturbances i.e. lessening in sample size and reduction in the power of statistical tests which may be produced the biased outcome for generalization in the analytical process (Cordeiro, Ortega and Nadarajah, 2010). In addition, it makes difficulties in AMOS for running or estimation of model (Hair et al., 2014). Keeping in views the series of problems of missing, the researcher detected the missing values through missing value analysis on the basis of missing at item level (Table 4.3), construct level (Table 4.4) and missing pattern (cases with missing values) (Table 4.5). As a result, the missing data were below 5% which is less serious (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007) and avoided.
139 Table 4.3 Missing values detection at item-level
Univariate Statistics
N Mean Std. Missing No. of Extremesa Deviation Count Percent Low High
BERY1 440 1.93 1.078 0 .0 0 49
BERY2 440 1.90 .999 0 .0 0 37
BERY3 438 2.43 1.169 2 .5 0 27
BERY4 440 2.36 1.188 0 .0 0 0
BERY5 440 2.18 1.152 0 .0 0 0
BERY6 440 1.93 1.078 0 .0 0 49
BERY7 440 1.90 .999 0 .0 0 37
BERY8 439 2.43 1.166 1 .2 0 26
BERY9 440 2.36 1.188 0 .0 0 0
BERY10 440 2.18 1.152 0 .0 0 0
POTY1 440 2.68 1.380 0 .0 0 0
POTY2 438 2.38 1.391 2 .5 0 0
POTY3 440 2.48 1.367 0 .0 0 0
POTY4 440 2.59 1.424 0 .0 0 0
POTY5 439 2.65 1.471 1 .2 0 0
POTY6 440 2.36 1.433 0 .0 0 0
UNET1 440 2.36 1.358 0 .0 0 0
UNET2 439 2.02 1.166 1 .2 0 0
UNET3 440 2.22 1.183 0 .0 0 0
UNET4 440 2.07 1.236 0 .0 0 0
140 EDND1 440 1.64 1.023 0 .0 0 41
EDND2 440 1.74 1.125 0 .0 0 53
EDND3 440 2.45 1.199 0 .0 0 39
EDND4 440 2.33 1.388 0 .0 0 0
EDND5 440 2.55 1.315 0 .0 0 0
EDND6 440 2.74 1.593 0 .0 0 0
CRME1 440 2.61 1.241 0 .0 0 51
CRME2 440 2.06 1.251 0 .0 0 0
CRME3 439 2.33 1.277 1 .2 0 0
CRME4 440 2.72 1.424 0 .0 0 0
CRME5 440 2.68 1.380 0 .0 0 0
CRME6 439 2.38 1.395 1 .2 0 0
CRME7 439 2.47 1.363 1 .2 0 0
CRME8 440 2.59 1.424 0 .0 0 0
CRME9 440 2.65 1.469 0 .0 0 0
CRME1 440 2.36 1.433 0 .0 0 0
SPYS1 440 2.02 1.381 0 .0 0 0
SPYS2 440 2.11 1.097 0 .0 0 0
SPYS3 440 2.01 1.106 0 .0 0 0
SPYS4 438 2.19 1.222 2 .5 0 0
SPYS5 440 1.87 1.216 0 .0 0 65 a. Number of cases outside the range (Q1 - 1.5*IQR, Q3 + 1.5*IQR).
141 Table 4. 4 Missing values at construct-level
Univariate Statistics
N Mean Std. Missing No. of Extremesa Deviation Count Percent Low High
BERY 437 19.6021 6.32492 3 .7 0 21
POTY 437 13.1720 5.43339 3 .7 0 0
UNET 439 7.1093 2.61843 1 .2 0 6
EDND 440 11.1795 3.89232 0 .0 0 9
CRME 437 22.7053 7.31876 3 .7 0 0
SPYS 438 8.6945 3.01370 2 .5 0 23 a. Number of cases outside the range (Q1 - 1.5*IQR, Q3 + 1.5*IQR).
Table 4. 5 Missing pattern (cases with missing values)
Case # Missing % Missing 12 1 0.2 113 1 0.2 168 1 0.2 238 1 0.2 302 1 0.2 344 2 0.4 417 1 0.2 434 1 0.2 329 1 0.2 440 1 0.2 395 1 0.2
142 4.2.3 Outliers’ Detection
The outliers are identified as the cases which are different from one another. Such differences are mainly gauged by low or high values on a variable or a unique combination of values through numerous variances which mark the opinion which sorted out to the one another (Hair et al., 2006). The existence of outliers can result in non-normality of data and erroneous the statistical results (Kline, 2005; Hair et al., 2006; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). The reasons behind the outliers noted the decline in disclosing the codes for misplacing the significance; improper data entry; incoming reflection of sampling factors that were not component of general public as well intensive significance as compared to standard Division (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). A case with such an extreme value on one variable is a univariate outlier (Hair et al., 2006). A multivariate outlier is a strange combination of scores on two or more variables and distinct from other observations due to high or low scores (Hair et al., 2006). These outliers making huge problems in fitness of model with the data (Field, 2006), so the researcher must be careful from such a serious issue.
Taking into attention, the researcher detected univariate outliers through standardized scores (z scores) which is a significant for identifying case of an outstanding significance on single variant ± ≥ 3.00 (Hair et al., 2006) (Table 4.6) and a graphical method (Graph 4.1) based on box plot which is valuable for recognizing the matter related with a strange amalgamation with respect to intensive significance in twice or more than twice variants (Hair et al., 2006) and permit checking the rubric of sum of the innumerable collection (Pallant, 2010). On the same way, multivariate outliers were confirmed through the Mahalanobis D2 calculation for that level of independence (D2/df) inspected. In this test, if D2/df (degree of freedom) value exceeds 2.5 or p ≤ 0.05 would be framed like potential outlier (Hair et al., 2006).
Consequently, the cases IDs 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 20, 18, 21, 19, 341, 37, 265, 58, 59, 25, 60, 87, 78, 197, 86, 165, 151, 392 and 152 were detected as univariate and multivariate outliers (Table 4.6, 4.7 and graph 4.1) and excluded before taking the further steps of data analysis.
143 Table 4. 6 Univariate outlier’s detection through z scores value
S. No. Variable Case of Standardized outlier values i.e. z-scores > ± 3.0
1 BEGY 165 3.778 151 3.145 2 POTY No case --- 3 UNET 392 3.108 4 EDND No case --- 5 CRM No case --- 6 SPYS 152 3.286 9 3.021
Graph 4. 1 Box plot
144 Table 4. 7 Multivariate outliers’ detection
Count Case of outlier Mahalonobis D2 D2/df P-value
1 413 21.31761 4.26 .00
2 152 20.61364 4.12 .00
3 9 17.09361 3.42 .00
4 170 16.61187 3.32 .01
5 363 16.54566 3.31 .01
6 392 15.83956 3.17 .01
7 214 15.58223 3.12 .01
8 252 15.58223 3.12 .01
9 290 15.58223 3.12 .01
10 176 13.62493 2.72 .02
11 172 13.09082 2.62 .02
12 393 13.03780 2.61 .02
13 163 12.83150 2.57 .03
14 171 12.80398 2.56 .03
15 24 12.59736 2.52 .03
16 412 12.48837 2.50 .03
145 4.3 NORMALITY, HOMOSCEDASTICITY AND MULTICOLLINEARITY
4.3.1 Normality of Data
However, normality is a fundamental notion of the investigation (Kline, 2005) which covered through a standard circulation of data (Hair et al., 2006; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007), measures the deviation of the variants. Suppose, if there being a variation in normal distribution then all statistical tests are valueless and result less because normality is essential to use the F and t statistics (Hair et al., 2006).
However, testing such an important assumption; in the present study the researcher applied Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test and Skewness and Kurtosis test (Peat and Barton, 2005; Oztuna et al., 2006). Such tests noted as prominent as well normally through the application in social sciences on account of the researchers (Thode, 2002). Such tests were also performed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) which is highly recommended (Elliott and Woodward, 2007; Ghasemi and Zahediasl, 2012).
As a result, such the tests (Kurtosis and Skewness; K-S and Shapiro-Wilk) were confirmed the shape of normal distribution (Pallant, 2007) or the presence of assumption normality distribution (Table 4.8 and 4.9).
Table 4. 8 Test of normality
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig. BERY .143 402 .000 .945 391 .000 POTY .128 402 .000 .936 391 .000 UNET .124 402 .000 .949 391 .000 EDND .146 402 .000 .926 391 .000 CRME .103 402 .000 .976 391 .000 SPYS .156 402 .000 .932 391 .000 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
146 Table 4. 9 Kurtosis and skewness
Descriptive statistics
N Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
BERY 402 .846 .122 .741 .244
POTY 402 .675 .122 -.401 .244
UNET 402 .642 .122 -.264 .243
EDND 402 .886 .122 .131 .243
CRME 402 .283 .122 -.575 .244
SPYS 402 .810 .122 .142 .243
4.3.2 Homoscedasticity
Moreover, a notion of homoscedasticity is associated through the implication owing to variation of dependent variants with independent variants. It noted consistency in level for a single variant approximately the similar with the significances over the other variants (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). At the same term, the presumption related with homogeneity variance among variants that termed as prerequisite for manifold regressions (Field, 2006). In the judgment, whereas facts being accumulated the then, homoscedasticity regarded like resemblance within variants (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007) for calculating homoscedasticity, the more obvious and regular strategy being Levene’s experiment of alike way of inconsistency (Hair et al., 2006; Field, 2006; Pallant, 2007). At the same way, Levene’s test Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test, stated the tentative to size of sampling size that regarded as the important in lieu of a huge sampling (Field, 2006). In a consequence, significant values of all the components within Levene’s experiment which does not disclose an existence of extensive non-normality inside of model (Table 4.10).
147 Table 4. 10 Test of Homogeneity
Test of homogeneity of variances
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
BERY 4.676 4 393 .001
POTY 7.918 4 393 .000
UNET 1.693 4 396 .151
EDND 4.602 4 396 .001
CRME 4.870 4 393 .001
SPYS 8.183 4 394 .000
4.3.3 Multicollinearity
The multicollinearity is defined as the highly correlation (above .90) among three or more independent variables (Hair et al., 2006; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). The existence of such assumption is a damaging for the results of regression analysis. It limits the size of regression (R) value as well as makes challenging for understanding the contribution of each individual independent variable (Field, 2006). For detecting the multicollinearity, bivariate and multivariate correlation matrix was computing using Pearson’s correlation (Table 4.11). The results showed that there is no any sign of multicollinearity (Hair et al., 2006).
148 Table 4. 11 Pearson correlation for observing multicollinearity
Correlations
Variables 1 2 3 4 5
1. BERY ---
2. POTY 0.252** ---
3. UNET 0.215** 0.102* ---
4. EDND 0.342** 0.119* 0.151** ---
5. CRME 0.367** 0.432** 0.175** 0.254** ---
6. SPYS 0.319** 0.248** 0.372** 0.018 0.271**
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
4.4 DEMOGRAPHY OF THE RESPONDENTS
The demography of respondents was assessed through frequency and pie chart. The demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status; religion; cultural background; family type; place of birth, education; physical appearance; and monthly income were examined.
Concerning to gender, 47% (n=190) respondents were females and 45% (n=182) respondents were males. 40 % (n=162) respondents were in between the age of 5- 10 years, 22 % (n=92) were above 50 years of age and 21% (n=85) were in between 11-20. Similarly, a majority of respondents 65 % (n=262) were single or unmarried and 26 % (n=106) were married. While the remaining were divorced/widow. 69% (n=280) participants were Muslims, 26 % (n=106) were Hindus and 4% (n=16) were Christians. With a regard to cultural background, 69% (n=280) were rural
149 whereas 30% (n=122) were urban respondents. 49% (n=200) respondents were living in joint family, 39 % (n=160) were living with extended family and 10 % (n=42) were living in nuclear family. Concerning to place of birth of the respondents, 18 % (n=73) were from Hyderabad, 13 % (n=55) were from Dadu and 5 % (n=20) were from Badin. A majority of respondents 72 % (n=290) were medically fit and 17 % (n=72) were disabled. 87 % (n=352) respondents were illiterate while only 12% (n=50) were literate. Finally, 57% (n=230) were earning above ten thousand per month, 25% (n=102) were earning 5-10 thousand per month and 17 % (=70) were earning less than five thousand per month. For more information for frequency, please see Table 4.12 and Pie charts.
150 Table 4. 12 Demography of the respondents N=402
Group Frequency Percent
Male 182 45.3
Gender Female 190 47.3
Others 30 7.4
Total 402 100.0
Group Frequency Percent 5-10 years 162 40.3 11-20 years 85 21.1 Age 21-30 years 12 3.0 31- 40 years 8 2.0 41- 50 years 43 10.7 Above 50 years 92 22.9
Total 402 100.0
Group Frequency Percent
Single 262 65.2 Present marital status Married 106 26.4
Divorced/widow 34 8.4
Total 402 100.0
151
Group Frequency Percent
Islam 280 69.6
Religion Hinduism 106 26.4
Christianity 16 4.0
Total 402 100.0
Group Frequency Percent
Cultural Rural 280 69.7 background Urban 122 30.3
Total 402 100.0
Group Frequency Percent
Nuclear 42 10.4
Family type Joint 200 49.8
Extended 160 39.8
Total 402 100.0
152
Group Frequency Percent
Hyderabad 73 18.2
Dadu 55 13.7
Jamshoro 44 10.8
T.M Khan 40 10.0
Place of birth Matiari 51 12.7
Tando Allahyar 35 8.7
Sujawal 32 8.0
Thatta 52 12.9
Badin 20 5.0
Total 402 100.0
Group Frequency Percent
Physical fit 290 72.1 Physical appearance Disable 72 17.9
Others 40 10.0
Total 402 100.0
153
Group Frequency Percent
Literate 50 12.4 Education
Illiterate 352 87.6
Total 402 100.0
Group Frequency Percent
Less than 5 70 17.4 thousand Monthly income 5-10 thousand 102 25.4
Above 10 230 57.2 thousand
Total 402 100.0
154 4.5 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT
The descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) was done for observing an average information of the distribution. The maximum value for mean was observed as 3.967 (educational background) while minimum range was 2.667 (unemployment). In a similar mode, maximum value of standard deviation was noted as 1.363 (poverty) and minimum range was 1.45 (beggary) (Table 4.14). The internal consistency (reliability of item) of the questionnaire was validated through Cronbach’s alpha (α) reliability. Overall Cronbach’s alpha (α) reliability was 0.842 (Table 4.13). Although, alpha for all variables (dependent and independent) was observed within their acceptable ranges (Table 4.14).
Table 4. 13 Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's N of Items Alpha
0.824 30
Table 4. 14 Descriptive statistics and individual factors’ reliability
Factor N Mean Std. Cronbach’s alpha (α) Deviation Beggary 402 3.908 1.145 0.872
Poverty 402 3.218 1.363 0.889
Unemployment 402 2.667 1.339 0.860
Educational background 402 3.967 1.182 0.852
Crime 402 3.784 1.202 0.882
Specific days 402 3.925 1.313 0.847
155 4.6 FACTOR ANALYSIS
The factor analysis is a procedure through which data can be reducing by controlling amount of measuring items into a smaller set of new composite factors or dimensions or (Rummel, 1970; Gorsuch, 1983). The summary of data is utilized for uniting the individuals’ variables combined collaboratively for linkage of the main proportions (Hair et al., 2006). Through the reduction of data, factor analysis offers completely advanced (recent) section of variants that recognized the less significant as compared to unique numeral thoroughly, somehow, it stands in for original number of variable sets.
Commonly, there are two principle procedures/methods which are used for catching out variables of interest from a set of consistent subsets which are abstemiously independent from each other. Such methods include exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factory analysis (CFA) (Hair et al., 2006; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007; Kinner and Gray, 2010).
However, an aim of exploratory dynamic investigation grounded on entangling with a large figure of factors that describe an association and relationship. Hair et al. (2006) stressed on such the rule of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) inspects the facts while imparting knowledge numerical to such a pollster of potential features that regarded as suitable for the facts and data.
In a present study, the factor loading (FA) carried out for observation regarding the totalities of substances and confirmation of an elementary constitution regarding analysis purposes of variants (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). This technique being common in education research and social psychology (Fabrigar et al., 1999) other field social research sciences of research domain, and leading significant due to investigation of attitude of human beings. The principal component analysis (PCA) made as a basic and the most essential component of multivariate figures (Klinke et al., 2010). On the same mode, such statistics selected for making an untimely elucidations regarding an EFA. However, as per the withdrawal to the most variants on the result of the acquisition of data was finished through PCA. As per such strategy, the initial constituent acquired through the most elevated variant while the final components acquired by the
156 tiniest variant (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). As per such acquisition of ort varimax orthogonal rotational strategy nominated because it is appropriate and familiar strategy to inspect the inconsistencies , greater replicability influence as well the simplification in contrast with slanting rotational strategy (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007; Pallant, 2007). For getting pretty good the outcomes of component analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was employed for measuring the sampling adequacy. The results of KMO emphasized as above the 0.80 (Table 4.15) which are known as great values (Hutcheson and Sofroniou, 1999). Such the values of KMO also concentrating that the relationship between items is statistically significant and suitable for the EFA for providing parsimonious set of factors (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007).
Furthermore, for testing the original correlation matrix null hypothesis noted through Bartlett’s test of sphericity. While the Bartlett’s test of sphericity test having the value like (p < 0.000). “The test is probably to be important with models of the considerable size even if correlations are highly down. Thus, the utilization of such the test being recommended only if there are smaller quantity than, utter, five cases per variable” (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). The values for such test were significant at the level of p < .000 (Table 4.15).
Table 4. 15 KMO and Bartlett’s test of sphericity
KMO and Bartlett's Test 0.850 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.
Approx. Chi-Square 4885.766 Bartlett's Test of Df 402 Sphericity Sig. 0.000
Communalities
Communalities were scrutinized for observing the total variance or difference of actual variants collective with other variants (Hair et al., 2006). However, a variant
157 has nothing to share other variants of communality of 0 (zero) although, a variant having no inconsistencies as per communality of 1 (one) (Field, 2006). The items which show lower than 0.5 (50%) communalities are considered to be weak items (Hair et al., 2006).
In the present study, among 41 substances, but mere items made beneath the communalities as per essentiality of the significance and value 0.5 (Field, 2006). Consequently, the items were consisted of the significance and values of communalities underneath 0.5 had been kept away such the component of analysis. The revised or remaining items and their communalities scores are given below Table 4.16.
Table 4. 16 Communalities of the loaded items
Items Initial Extraction Items Initial Extraction BERY3 1.000 0.633 POTY1 1.000 0.704 BERY6 1.000 0.620 POTY2 1.000 0.731 BERY7 1.000 0.592 POTY3 1.000 0.676 BERY9 1.000 0.632 POTY4 1.000 0.690 BERY5 1.000 0.607 POTY5 1.000 0.705 BERY10 1.000 0.686 CRME5 1.000 0.681 UNET1 1.000 0.709 CRME1 1.000 0.566 UNET3 1.000 0.698 CRME8 1.000 0.576 UNET4 1.000 0.673 CRME6 1.000 0.584 UNET2 1.000 0.757 CRME3 1.000 0.606 EDND1 1.000 0.730 CRME9 1.000 0.622 EDND2 1.000 0.649 CRME2 1.000 0.596 EDND4 1.000 0.804 SPYS5 1.000 0.769 EDND6 1.000 0.728 SPYS3 1.000 0.576 SPYS4 1.000 0.662 SPYS2 1.000 0.785
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
158 Eigen values
Moreover, Eigen values having an association along with an inconsistencies which underlines such the practical factor’s position covering through the strategy of the principal component extraction. Meanwhile the immense factors and aspects are projected through the Eigen values size which had been monitored through the strategy of the principal component extraction (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). The greater than one (1) Eigen values stressed that there is a contribution of a factor whereas, Eigen value of component is less than one assures or highlights that there is no any contribution of a factor (Field, 2006; Hair et al., 2006; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). Concerning with such matter, Hair et al. (2006) strongly recommended for the components of Eigen values and significance more extensive than 1 are important significant components; such the entire components with inherent origins less than 1 being pondered as in-significant and unobserved. In the present domain, the Eigen values observed more extensive than 1 which being essential factor (Hair et al., 2006). Additionally, a whole description of inconsistency along with Eigen values and noted greater than 1 for six factors (Table 4.17).
159 Table 4. 17 Total variance explained
Total Variance Explained
Component Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Rotation Sums of Loadings Squared Loadings Total % of Cumulative Total % of Cumulative Total % of Cumulative Variance % Variance % Variance % 1 6.190 20.634 20.634 6.190 20.634 20.634 4.239 14.131 14.131 2 4.095 13.651 34.285 4.095 13.651 34.285 3.750 12.501 26.632 3 3.410 11.367 45.652 3.410 11.367 45.652 3.495 11.649 38.282 4 2.739 9.129 54.781 2.739 9.129 54.781 2.928 9.759 48.041 5 1.975 6.583 61.364 1.975 6.583 61.364 2.885 9.615 57.657 6 1.636 5.453 66.817 1.636 5.453 66.817 2.748 9.161 66.817 7 .949 3.163 69.980 8 .689 2.296 72.276 9 .672 2.240 74.516 10 .616 2.054 76.570 11 .559 1.863 78.433 12 .525 1.750 80.183 13 .479 1.597 81.780 14 .466 1.554 83.334 15 .449 1.497 84.831 16 .438 1.461 86.292 17 .395 1.318 87.610 18 .389 1.297 88.907 19 .375 1.252 90.158 20 .366 1.220 91.378 21 .333 1.110 92.488 22 .320 1.065 93.554 23 .309 1.031 94.584 24 .293 .976 95.561 25 .270 .899 96.459 26 .240 .801 97.260 27 .233 .776 98.037 28 .216 .719 98.755 29 .203 .678 99.433 30 .170 .567 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
160 Factor Loadings
Factor loadings are considered as very important in the factor analysis. Such represents the clarification of the correlations among items and their respective factors. According to Zikmund et al. (2010) that the acceptance of understandings of the factor that replies on the factor loadings, however, statistical strategy for shortening the findings of factor rotation through factor analysis. Such technique is applied so as to observe the components (items) which display the factors which may group together (Pallant, 2007). In the same vein, Comrey and Lee (1992) classified the factor loadings as 0.71 (50% overlapping variance) are considered excellent, 0.63 (40% overlapping variance) are considered very good, 0.55 (30% overlapping variance) are considered good, 0.45 (20% overlapping variance) are considered fair, and 0.32 (10% overlapping variance) are considered poor. In the current study, range of factor loading remained in between 0.72-0.89 which is well thought-out as an excellent (Comrey and Lee, 1992) (Table 4.18).
161 Table 4. 18 Factor loadings
Rotated Component Matrixa Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 CRME5 0.791 CRME9 0.753 CRME3 0.749 CRME2 0.736 CRME8 0.734 CRME1 0.733 CRME6 0.730 BERY10 0.823 BERY9 0.787 BERY6 0.774 BERY7 0.762 BERY5 0.759 BERY3 0.749 POTY2 0.825 POTY1 0.816 POTY5 0.812 POTY3 0.801 POTY4 0.776 EDND4 0.894 EDND1 0.844 EDND6 0.838 EDND2 0.805 UNET2 0.848 UNET3 0.824 UNET1 0.810 UNET4 0.792 SPYS2 0.826 SPYS5 0.822 SPYS4 0.772 SPYS3 0.720 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations.
162 Scree plot
A description of scree plot is indispensable regarding judgment of a canvasser (Thompson, 2004; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). Such the plot is normally utilized for confirming the utmost numeral of components through Eigen values. Understandably, the components encompassing extensive Eigen values would be excluded. Meanwhile validation grounded on graph of scree plot. As per exclusion, the Scree test is subsequently by scheming inherent origins against majority of components. The construction of the ending curve is utilized for evaluating the disconnected position (Hair et al., 2006) which is decreasing negatively (Tabachnick and Fidell (2007). Eigen value is the highest for the first factor and reasonable other than deteriorating subsequently some extent components before completion of diminutive significance for a final majority of components. In this respect, as per assistance of Scree plot test, the removal components were verified with help of Eigen values (Graph 4.2).
Graph 4. 2 Scree plot
163 4.7 LOADED ITEMS DETAIL
At the initial stage, total 41 items (beggary=10; poverty=6; unemployment=4; educational background=6; crime=10 and specific days=5) were applied for factor loadings. After performing the factor loadings, 30 items (beggary=6; poverty=5; unemployment=4; educational background=4; crime=7 and specific days=4) were loaded above the loading scores of 0.6 (Hair et al., 2006) (Table 4.19). Whereas, 11 items were excluded whose did not load due to values lower that 0.6 or cross loadings (Hair et al., 2006).
164 Table 4.19 Loaded items’ description
Loadin S. No Factor Item code Item description g scores 1 Crime CRME5 Inequality /injustice is the main reason behind crime in society. 0.791 CRME9 Abuse and neglected children commit crime in society. 0.753 CRME3 Non –availability of Educational opportunities is the main reason 0.749 of crime in society. CRME2 Poverty manifestation gives birth to crime in society. 0.736 CRME8 Parental criminality is the main issue of crime in society. 0.734 Lack of financial resources are the main cause of crime in 0.733 CRME1 society. CRME6 Parental inadequacy is the specific reason of crime. 0.730 2 Beggary BERY10 Dearth of basic human amenities is the reason behind beggary. 0.823 BERY9 Poverty takes up individual to beggary in society. 0.787 BERY6 Disability leads you to beg at every spot of society. 0.774 BERY7 Oldness/Childhood and incapable position resort you to beg 0.762 among public. BERY5 Disease/Sickness make you beg at everywhere in society. 0.759 Hereditary Profession is the main reason of beggary in 0.749 BERY3 community. 3 Poverty Non-availability of means for survival is related with poverty in 0.825 POTY2 society. POTY1 Lack of financial aid is the main cause of poverty in society. 0.816 POTY5 Population growth is associated with poverty in society. 0.812 POTY3 Lack of basic essential items like clothing, food and shelter. 0.801 POTY4 Socio-economic pressure is the main reason of poverty among 0.776 people of society. 4 Educational EDND4 Classroom management is essentially related with educational 0.894 background back ground. EDND1 Parental education is the main reason of educational background. 0.844 EDND6 Manners and patterns of living in society is concerned with 0.838 educational background. EDND2 Home background /occupation (family income, language of 0.805 home, activities of family and work method signifying the educational background. 5 Un- UNET2 Unskillful for any work is the main cause of unemployment. 0.848 employment UNET3 Difficulty in recruitment procedure is the main reason of 0.824 unemployment. Lack of vocational training is an important reason of 0.810 UNET1 unemployment. Non-availability of work and opportunities are associated with 0.792 UNET4 poverty. 6 Specific SPYS2 I believe that monthly salary day causes beggary in society. 0.826 days SPYS5 Cultural days like Sindhi topi ajrak, uris days of various saints 0.822 and other days encourage beggary in society. SPYS4 Ceremonial days like national, marriage and others days increase 0.772 beggary in society. SPYS3 Religious days like Eid, Diwali, Holy and Chrisms, Moharamul 0.720 Haram, Ramadan days and other days encourage beggary in society.
165 4.8 CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
OF MODEL
The researcher was applied the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for predicting the most of components with particular loadings (Kinner and Gray, 2010). The confirmatory factor analysis encompasses the assemblage of variables jointly on such a specific number of factors so as to test the hypotheses or associations (Hair et al., 2006). The Structural Equation Molding (SEM) was applied for confirming the relationship of independent variables with dependent variable through Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS). This exercise is a frequent and flexible especially in the social sciences perspective (Kline, 2005; Hair et al., 2006). Furthermore, this technique is useful in testing whether proposed model fits with the data or does not.
Assessment of model fit
The researcher reported the chi-square test statistic, some incremental fit indices and some residual based indices which are more essential to test either the data fit with the hypothesized measurement model or not. Initially, the model was run to observe the fitness of the model with the data (Figure 4.2). In addition, covariance among the independent and dependent variables was also confirmed (Figure 4.1).
166
Figure 4. 1 Path model showing covariance among DV & IVs
Note: BERYY=beggary; CRMEE=crime; POTYY=poverty; EDNDD=educational background; UNETT=unemployment, SPYSS=specific days.
167
Then, χ2 (chi-square) was confirmed. The values of χ2 appeared as non-significant (2.744; 2.665, ≥ p 0.005) (Table 4.20). Such values declare that the model is fit with the available (Hair et al., 2006). The values of Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) (0.954) show adequately fit (Value >0.95 good fit; value 0.900.95 adequate fit) (Hair et al., 2006) (Table 4.20). Similarly, the values of Comparative Fit Index (CFI) (0.960); NFI (0.915); RMSEA (0.048) were observed as acceptable ranges (Kline, 2005; Hair et al., 2006). Therefore, all the indicators of the model fit (χ2, TLI, CFI, NFI, and RMSEA were suggested that the model is fitted with data.
Figure 4. 2 Path model showing hypothesized paths
Note: BERYY=beggary; CRMEE=crime; POTYY=poverty; EDNDD=educational background; UNETT=unemployment, SPYSS=specific days.
168 Table 4. 20 Overall fit indices
χ2 GFI NFI TLI CFI RMSEA Model fit CMIN/df
indicators 2.744 2.665 0.941 0.915 0.954 0.960 0.048
Note: χ2 =Chi square; df= degree of freedom; GFI=goodness of fit index; NFI= normal fit index; TLI= Tucker–Lewis index; CFI= comparative fit index; RMSEA=root mean square error of approximation.
Hypotheses testing/interpretation
Maximum Likelihood Estimates method based on regression weights was applied for confirming the relationships among the independent and dependent variables. In such technique, standard error (SE) and critical ratio (CR) were recorded through displaying significant path at the .05 level in which the three asterisks (***) point to significance smaller than .001.
For H1, the path results of regression emphasized (S. E=0.052; C. R=5.744; p= < 0.01) (Table 4.21) that there is a positive and significant relationship between poverty and beggary. Consequently, hypothesis 1 (H1) was accepted. The regression weights for H2 highlighted that (S. E=0.042; C. R=5.392; p= < 0.01) (Table 4.21). Therefore, hypothesis H2 was supported. In a similar way, the regression weights for the H3 revealed that (S. E=0.048; C. R=6.277; p= < 0.01) (see Table 4.21). Hence, H3 was supported by the data. The regression scores for the hypothesis 4 underlined that (S. E=0.022; C. R=5.473; p= < 0.01) (Table 4.21). As a result, hypothesis H4 was accepted.
With a regard to final hypothesis 5 (H5) the outcomes of regression pointed out that (S. E=.032; C. R=7.322; p= < 0.01) (Table 4.21). Thus, the final hypothesis (H5) was also accepted by the data. For more information and understanding the details of the regression weights of each hypothesized factor showing path and overall summary of hypotheses and their description is given below in Table 4.21 and 4.22.
169 Table 4. 21 Regression Weights
Dependent Independent H.Nos Path Estimate S.E. C.R. P Variable Variables
H1 Beggary <--- Poverty 0.289 0.052 5.744 ***
H2 Beggary <--- Unemployment 0.239 0.042 5.392 ***
H3 Beggary Educational <--- 0.248 0.048 6.277 *** background
H4 Beggary <--- Crime 0.108 0.022 5.473 ***
H5 Beggary <--- Specific days 0.488 0.032 7.322 ***
Table 4. 22 Summary of Hypotheses testing
S.No Hypotheses Results
H1 Poverty has a positive and significant relationship with Accepted beggary.
H2 Unemployment has a positive and significant relationship Accepted with beggary.
H3 Educational background has a positive and significant Accepted relationship with beggary.
H4 Crime has a positive and significant relationship with Accepted beggary.
H5 Specific days have a positive and significant relationship Accepted with beggary.
170 4.9 POPULATION AND SAMPLING ISSUES
Generally, Population is a basic bunch of entire components (Gilbert, 2001), this study representing the elements of population and made targeted from the entire population, this research was conducted in nine districts of Hyderabad Division comprising of the positivist approach as the sample is mandatory requirement for empirical analysis (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). Meanwhile covering such the criterion and application of random sampling for the current study pertaining to beggary in Hyderabad Division. Therefore, the sample size for the present study selected while keeping in mind two main points: (1) as the table of Krejcie and Morgan (1970), providing the suitable sample size (n) embodied on the number of population (N). (2) Sample should be above 200 to perform multivariate statistical technique (Gefen et al., 2000). However, this is a cross sectional study because data once time during research process is acquired and collected through the random sampling approach (Hair et al., 2006; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007), for acquiring the proper response from respondents approximately 440 self- administered questionnaires through description were completed by asking variety of items from beggars of Hyderabad Division while 402 were properly answered by beggars during such the process in order to explore consistent correlation and predictable power of these factors and a large number of sampling was covered (Hair et al., 2006; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). As the opinion of Comery and Lee (1992), a sample size pertaining to 50 - 100 is counted as poor, for 200 fair, for 300 good, for 500 very good and for 1000 as an excellent. Hence forth the present study covering a good sample like 402 out of 440,were properly filled with a proper response from beggars of Hyderabad Division presenting the entire population on basis of voluntary approach to every beggar of Division meanwhile the respondent’s response rate rendering moderate as the missing data in sampling is an essential issue of every research task especially in field of social science research work whereas the various research tools like the utilization of mean weights on the variance (Stevens, 1992) or deletion of the sample (s) which do not respond to any question (Norusis, 1995) being proposed. For the present study the ratio of the missing data was below 5%, considering less serious (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). Moreover, making ensure of good results missing cases’ IDs were deleted (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007) from such the data the then univariate,
171 bivariate and multivariate outliers were detected to avoid the model’s bias and fitness (Field, 2006). As research perspectives, an outlier discloses a distinctive amalgamation of scores across several variables making the observation to stand out from others (Hair et al., 2006). Incorrect data entry, inclusion of observation which are not part and parcel of population, and the failure of specifying codes for missing values may be rendered as real data and the distribution of variable in which the population has extreme values as compared to normal distribution presenting to the specific motives of outliers (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). In a current study, the univariate outliers were detected by standardized scores (z scores), meanwhile it is an essential for identifying the case of an extreme value on a single variable. The standardized value of z score is ± < 2.5 (Hair et al., 2006). Furthermore, in order to trace out the univariate outliers a graphical method embodied with box plot was used. Meanwhile such the technique is mandatory for identifying the issue of an unusual combination of extreme values into two or more than two variables (Hair et al., 2006) and permit to examine the form of scores for the different groups (Pallant, 2010). In addition to it, multivariate outliers were identified. Multivariate outliers are viewed as a case of strange combination of extreme values into two or more than two variables (Kline, 2005). While the application of Mahalanobis D2 measure, multivariate outliers be identified through it an assessment of each observation be covered across a set of variables (Hair et al., 2006; Field, 2006). whereas for the present test, if D2/df (degree of freedom) value exceeds 2.5 in small samples and 3 or 4 or p ≤ 0.05 in large samples, and be indicated like a potential outlier (Hair et al., 2006). To overwhelm on the multivariate outliers, D2/df (degree of freedom) test was employed and the then detecting the multivariate outliers from the data that were acquired from all sort of beggars of Hyderabad Division, and decision pertaining to cases with extreme scores should not be part and parcel of the population the then they were omitted or expelled from the sample study (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). The then deletion of case IDs of missing values, univariate and multivariate outliers, retaining valid questionnaires were 402 out of 440 respectively. Henceforth, the present study covered a good sample of 402 in Hyderabad Division.
172 4.10 DATA COLLECTION AND LANGUAGE ISSUES
Overall, entire problem of data collection sorted out because the majority of beggars were illiterate in a sense of lacking a basic education and dearth of norms and values for a balanced life worth living in a civil society confronting with social problems shared by such problems as asked the reasons of beggary initiated hiding the truth developing a doubt and fear in minds regarding prompt questions a few shared a strange lie and stories of begging albeit had a great confidence within them telling such a thing meanwhile somehow paid in cash to disclose the truth of begging while the hidden truth after a long communication developing confidence as to acquire information of begging. For beggars roamed every places of all nine districts as pleasant journey from time to time asking the people about beggars where such beggars living and how facing problems of life. Some beggars were paying money for temporary stay at such slums era while other beg and comeback at homes. Beggars were feeling timidity during interrogation making an issue not disclosing the reality of beggary but sharing false information making lame excuses at the same time, humble and kind request bring belief in their heart counselling properly sharing the purpose of study to research on beggary as growing matter of a civil society. Beggars avoided telling the truth and giving due information constant appeal giving surety beggars the then confidence enhanced and a sense of understanding and the reality of things came out after a long struggle and provision of surety nothing an obscure thing would happen near future harmful event as the result of such information.
Language was a key issue making thing understand nature of questionnaire while beggars were verbal shared questions transcription into local language time taking situation because beggars were uneducated individuals neither read nor write the then oral communication carried out for such a process.
173 4.11 MEASUREMENT OF SCALE REFINEMENT AND RELIABILITY
The principle idea of a present research was to inspect beggary with respect to the specific factors at nine districts of Hyderabad Division and reasons behind it that resort individuals to beg in a civil society. For such a study, literature on beggary reviewed and on the basis of it, research study was carried out as to indicate the relationship between dependent and independent variables in which beggary has a positive and significant relationship/association with poverty, unemployment, educational background, crime and specific days meanwhile the present research is based on a cross-sectional focusing on deductive approach. For it, the researcher developed self –administered survey questionnaire comprising of the appropriate required information for collecting data from nine districts of Hyderabad Division. A part from this, a pilot study was carried out to check questionnaire’s reliability and validity and the results acquired through a pilot study consisted of 402 samples from nine districts of Hyderabad Division while the internal consistency of items have observed with help of Cronbach’s alpha (α), and Pearson’s correlations tests, indicating positive and significant associations with each other. The validity of survey tool made confirmed by experts of field. The questionnaires were sent to respective field experts for sack of quality judgment and improvement in scale of items of questionnaire in field of research (Hardesty and Bearden, 2004).
In order to obtain the reliability among components (items) that may cause beggary in Hyderabad Division for them a series of tests employed to check reliability of such factors and connect the relationships among independent and dependent variables for it, the different tests like Cronbach’s alpha value and Pearson’s correlations tests, and other statistical tests in case of reliability the then result declared all variables as good internal –consistency (reliability), containing more than 0.6 score.
174 4.12 HYPOTHESES CONFIRMATION
The present study was confirmed the proposed hypotheses in the context of Hyderabad Division of Sindh among the beggars. The description of each hypothesis is given below.
H1. Poverty has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
The path results of regression for H1 proved that there is a positive and significant relationship between poverty and beggary. Consequently, hypothesis 1 (H1) was accepted. Such the positive association between poverty and beggary is accorded with the various scholars like Jelili (2006); Amman (2006) have been found a significant and positive correlation between poverty and beggary in Nigeria, Namwata et al. (2012) in Tanzania, Jha (1979) in India and Bose and Hwang (2002) in Canada. Such results highlighted that the poverty is a main factor which continuously nurtures the beggars in the streets. In this way, the beggary and poverty are associated with each other. Poor remain poorer, but rich get richer on society. Beggars beg on account of poverty. They have various tactics for begging. They make journey for beggary everywhere. They settle on those places which are near to their location so they easily approach for huts or homes; they find smoothly in their tasks of begging. They have no business with any politician and other groups. They interact with other beggars freely in society. Beggars are engaged on begging journey owing to poverty matter particularly in Hyderabad Division of Sind, Pakistan. The street begging which is quite difficult to control it without provision of all basic facilities to beggars while they have been provided food, shelter, monthly fixed allowance, and well developed schemes for survival of them in society. Such facilities would curb the poverty which is actually leading people towards poverty and then the begging in Hyderabad Division.
H2. Unemployment has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
The regression weights for H2 highlighted a positive and significant association between unemployment and beggary. Therefore, hypothesis H2 was supported by the response received from the beggars. These positive relationships between unemployment and beggary are concurred with the studies of numerous scholars
175 such as Shawkatuzzaman (1990) which proved in Bangladesh, Demoze (2003) in Ethiopia, Weiss (2007) in Ghana, Stones (2013) in Africa. In addition to this, the relationship was d by Menka and Hassan (2013) and Khan et al. (2013) in context of India. In simple words, beggary is cause of unemployment in Hyderabad Division of Sindh Province of Pakistan. The begging takes place because of increasing unemployment makes individual beg in society albeit they are sound and fit for work as they are not assigned any sort of work with respect to their skills, failures in life makes man beg in surrounding; it is realized that poverty and unemployment are such the factors that resort the individuals to begging.
H3. Educational background has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
The H3 was about a positive and significant relationship between educational background and beggary. The regression weights for such hypothesis confirmed a positive and significant association between educational background and beggary. Hence, H3 was supported by the data. The similar outcomes were also claimed by researchers like Swanson (2005); Anangisye (2011); Khan et al. (2013) and Seni (2017) in different contexts developed as well as in developing contexts. Beggary is associated with behavior in conflict with ethical rules of human society. Beggars have no values and lacking moral education. Society is based on norms and rules that to be maintained properly, beggary is an issue of unethical behavior of beggars. They beg to get money. Beggars do not feel shame whatever language the people speak them, they have firm decision to beg and get the required need from people The People of Hyderabad Division have a decent opportunity to earn his / her basic necessities like food, shelter, health care and education, develop the infrastructure necessary for the dream of a happy and prosperous life. In a sum up, the educational background is a factor which produces beggars in Hyderabad Division.
176 H4. Crime has a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
The regression scores for the hypothesis 4 underlined a positive and significant relationship of crime with beggary. As a result, hypothesis H4 was accepted. These results are supported by Lynch (2002); Yusuf (2012); Gloria and Samuel (2012). Such scholars revealed that begging is due to criminal activity like theft, drug dealing or prostitution, begging is owing to gangs’ involvement for money concerning to criminal organization and crime in form of organized gangs of women for material being poor to commit crime of begging in cities. However, such the results also consistent with the study of International Labour Organization (ILO) (2004) conducted in Pakistan and found that beggary is connected with an organized crime taking in city through kidnapping and use these children to commit the crime in city. While, Kazmi (2008) proposed that beggary is an organized begging that indicates the beggars involved in illegal activities in context of city in Pakistan. Pakistani beggary is an organized begging that indicates the beggars involved in illegal activities in context of city in Pakistan.
H5. Specific days have a positive and significant relationship with beggary.
With a regard to final hypothesis 5 (H5) the outcomes pointed out that there is a positive and significant relationship between specific days and beggary. Thus, the final hypothesis (H5) was also accepted by the data. These positive and significant connections are paralleled with Seoharwi (1984); Adedibu (1989); Ahmed (2004); Demewozu (2005); Jelili (2006); Yusuf et al. (2012). Such researchers suggested that the orthodox religious ceremonial days (days of the Saints) and places and the temple environs are the stages where the beggar population exhibit their skills as actors and dramatists pertaining to specific days. Furthermore, religious factor in form of charity pushes individuals to depend on others’ help on specific day. Begging reaches its weekly on peak of Fridays.
177 4.13 CONCLUSION
The aim of this study was to examine the factors that may cause beggary in Hyderabad Division, Sindh, Pakistan. For that, different statistical tests such as descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha reliability, Pearson’s correlation, regression, Leven’s statistics, K-S test, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tests were applied for cleaning and screening of the data. In the last, the proposed hypotheses were verified by applying the structural equation modeling. Moreover, the model fitness was also made. The overall findings recommended that there is a positive and significant relationship among poverty, crime, educational background, specific days, unemployment and beggary in Hyderabad Division, Sindh, Pakistan.
Furthermore, population and sampling issues, data collection and language issues, measurement of scale refinement and reliability issues were discussed in detail. In the last, hypotheses confirmation was made in light of different studies of developed as well as developing regions of the world. The reasons behind the positive relationship of poverty, unemployment, specific days, crime and educational background with beggary in Hyderabad were also discussed.
178 CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 STUDY LIMITATIONS
5.1.1 Limited Usage of Factors and Theory
In the present study, a few predictors like poverty, unemployment, crime, specific days and educational background were selected and used for exploring beggary in Hyderabad Division. However, there is no any specific theory applied for investigating the logical facts of beggary.
5.1.2 Use of Positivist Approach
Moreover, the present study is based on a positivist approach for investigating the logical facts of beggary. The self-administrated questionnaire was applied as a main tool for data collection.
5.1.3 Contextual Limitation
The present study is only limited to the areas of the nine districts of Hyderabad Division. The respondents were also from such the areas.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
While bearing in mind the results acquired through analysis and literature of the different studies as the following recommendations proposed.
1. Socialization is an essential strategy for improvement of social life of beggars. Henceforth, a civil society needs development and alleviation of beggary from the human society through participation of individuals to bring awareness among such the individuals involved in beggary. In this way, there is a dire need to spread the education of socialization in a society for removing beggary among the individuals particularly in Pakistan.
179 2. The Government of Sindh-Pakistan should take the measures for poverty alleviation, development of health infrastructure, employment generation, development of educational; basic amenities and facilities and so on making certainty that such the measures would make brightness in a social life of beggars and improve socioeconomic development of population (beggars).
3. Rehabilitation and equalization of opportunities provided for assisting people of special qualities like deaf, dumb and blind in social life meanwhile national development immediately be brought into function for improvement and development of social life.
4. The government should organize vigilant team that work systemically to look after the severe conditions of disable people and provide opportunities on equal basis for maintaining social life like common citizen in a civil society.
5. To eradicate beggary from Hyderabad Division, Sindh, Government should take the measures against social problems like poverty, crime, unemployment, education, malnutrition, environmental pollution, poor hygiene, inadequate prenatal and postnatal care; water borne diseases; accidents of all other types and curbing war, terrorism, outbreak of diseases, communal crises among others that could lead to devastating catastrophe, poverty, hunger, suffering, disabilities of all kinds.
6. State should provide technical assistance and work for sustenance as to remove social issues confronting by beggars which are the main reasons pushing the individuals for beggary in Hyderabad Division.
7. Government should develop agro-based and agro-allied industries at rural era where from poor and needy persons get employment and remain for survival strategies.
180 8. Improve and enhance the literacy level of beggars providing information regarding the projects of poverty alleviation and prompt support through NGOs and government for removal of such slot in a civil society.
9. A special provision based on weekly or monthly for disabled and old age beggars so as they would not resort to beggary.
10. The Government, NGOs, Social Workers and civil bodies should take the measures for elimination of growing social problem of beggary from time to time and keep on checking and curbing beggary from Hyderabad Division.
11. Criminal activities in form of begging that resort the individuals for crime should be traced out and curbed with support of state.
12. Specific days be celebrated without any exchange of materials provision to individuals that develop a habit of begging. Nothing should be spent and given to the individuals of a civil society.
13. Distribution of resources and opportunities like employment, education and others should be on the basis of need and demand of the individuals and control through state.
14. Educational facilities should be rendered all individuals at the similar way in a civil society.
15. Poverty factor should be alleviated which results the individuals towards beggary with support of planning and prompt assistance within due time.
16. Educational set up should be introduced and established at the every populated areas of Hyderabad Division so as to remove illiteracy and habit of begging in a civil society.
181 17. Criminal organizations and mafias should be finished that entangle poverty –stricken individuals for crime in Hyderabad Division.
18. Vigilant agencies and communities should assign a task of looking into matters of the individuals involved into beggary in Hyderabad Division.
19. Criminal persons engaged in beggary be stopped and treated as per law of state and provide an honest work rather than commit crime in a civil society. 20. Provision of job facilities and human education should be enhanced systematically at every place of civil society so as to make social life better rather than involvement in beggary that be worked out for individuals of Hyderabad Division through state and Government of Sindh.
21. Social problem of beggary be sorted out removing social problems like poverty, crime unemployment and others from a civil society of Hyderabad Division.
5.3 THE FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
5.3.1 Use of Related Theories
In the present study, there is no application of specific theories pertaining to beggary or any other predictor. In such domain of beggary /poverty there are many theories like classical and neoclassical theories of poverty, Keynesian/ neoliberal theory, and Marxian/ radical theory that should be applied in future for exploring the linkage of poverty with beggary in Pakistan.
5.3.2 Need of Longitudinal Studies
The base of present study is on cross-sectional data. This may not represent a well behavior of the beggars. In future, more longitudinal studies are required for examination of beggary.
182 5.3.3 Application of Mixed Method
In the current study only deductive / quantitative approach was applied. In a future, mixed method should be applied for getting a more in-depth information and knowledge of the problem. This method would assist to increase the reliability and credibility of the findings through the triangulation of the difference, evidence and results.
5.3.4 Usage of Other Concerned Factors
The current study is limited to a few factors like poverty, crime, unemployment, specific days and educational background for the investigation of beggary. In a similar field, there are many other factors such as ill-health, socialization; basic needs (food, clothe and shelter), issue of dowry for marriage; artificial habit of begging; social environment; social coercion, lack of parental control; injustice in society; human ignorance; parental punishment; social behavior of public; sudden death of parents and separation in society should be focused in future for more investigation the phenomena of beggary.
5.3.5 Enlargement of Area
In the present study, only one Division of Sindh was selected as a study area, for a future study, the other Divisions of Sindh and Pakistan may be covered because in the current study it was observed that the beggars were heterogeneous and the different geographic locations (rural and urban) areas of Hyderabad Division. In future, there is a need to know the more factors which may assist to investigate beggary in other Divisions of Sindh as well the overall Pakistan.
5.4 RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL REFLECTION
Nevertheless, it has remained nice experience through mingling with the categorized beggars who engaged in beggary in Hyderabad Division. Beggary is a social problem for individuals while there were a few persons who had not been beggars, but they came after flood of 2008 as well 2010, and settled in cities, the first they had no work and nobody would like to give work the then, they started begging where they settled and practiced beggary; they acquired handsome money
183 through tricks and methods of begging. As visited the various huts and slums where such the beggars sometimes prepare food for children and own selves, but the most of time; they go to hotels and visiting the various homes of cities and villages for meal and morning tea. The children and women go for beggary while the husbands enjoy the earned money of children and wives for own pleasant purposes like gambling, illegal activities and intoxication. The most of beggars had a cock fight game with others. They stayed at slums and nearby cities so as to beg easily. However, they had a little religious knowledge and no specific prayers places. A part from this, they deposited the earned money to the trustworthy persons like Imam of mosques, owners of cabins, managers of hotels and shopkeepers for safety of money when they leave for the respective homes and huts. As for such the treatment, they avoid visiting the qualified doctors and dispensaries; the beggars just get medicines from local stores telling regarding the facts and pains of diseases. Meanwhile, the prescription and description is narrated by the store keepers instead of real doctors that followed by such the beggars in Hyderabad Division.
Moreover, living style is a simple and poor because they have of dirty bed, clothes and pots. For bath and clothes washing; they often visit nearby canals and stagnant water, they tried there; for empting bowel; they visited a few distance from huts and sometime, they make space there. However, they had a great interest and love for movies watching punctually such movies; they had solar system at huts recently, and they even charge their mobiles through solar system. Moreover, they make quarrels whenever the social workers or philanthropists bring the prepared items of food; they fought to each other due to greediness in nature. The nature of beggary is quite the different in rural sides as compared to urban sides because rural side’s beggars need meal, money, clothes, milk, wheat, tea, curd, vegetables and other usable things while they beg the very politely. Whereas urban beggars mostly demand for money rather than other items; they just ask you please give rupees, for such rupees; the beggars apply the different tricks and methods so as to gain money, and they are sharp-minded in nature and avoid telling the reality of things. Furthermore, they do not explain things easily and having fear for future that may bring a bad result for such the beggars. However, the most of females being engaged in begging as their hubbies avoid doing any sort of labour and
184 honest work in a civil society. For survival perspective, such the women move for begging in a civil society. Meanwhile, the public have sympathy and feelings for females and give the charity more and more as compared to male beggars. As per communication with a lady beggar who concluded that working in any rich person’s residency paying a less salary in month with abusive language, but begging produced a lot of money smoothly without hearing abusive language in a daily routine. Beggars look happy when they come to know any religious day or special occasion on specific time, and individuals might celebrate at the due times; they had more chances of getting money and charity from such the individuals of a civil society. However, the beggar earns more than two hundred rupees per day while in the month of Ramadan; they approximately earn more than one thousand per day because the persons of a society give in the holy month while other days like Friday; they earn a lot of money standing at the gates of mosques, shrines of saints and other religious places; they earn from five hundred to one thousand per a day or more sometimes, less as per routine; they recognized Friday and Monday and Thursday like the lucky days in week for a huge amount of money in the of charity. The Eid day is a sacred day for the beggars; they get more things like food, clothes and special money more than demand and the expectation. On the month of Mahram; the prepared rice (Niaz) given for children. Apart from this, they had simple intoxication like cheap cigarette, ghutuka, manpuri, sopari, naas, naswar and other local intoxications, but in rare cases; they had drinks because it was an expensive to buy and utilize for pleasure of social life. For transport purpose, beggars currently use own chingchi (transport vehicle) from one place to more distance areas of city and village. Previously, they had donkey for transport for personal usage, but some extent, beggars still use donkey for riding purpose at rural area. Moreover, they less use public transport for begging journey. Furthermore, they live a short time at one place the then, move to other places. Remarkably, they had no taste for getting the children educated and refined like other civilized people of human society; they never cry for education; but money is an essential factor for that they would not get educated children and urge children to move for begging and get something for eatable and usable. Likewise, a disable child shared information per day income more than six hundred as per on the rent from the family side to someone else for three months on fixed five
185 thousand while such a child was paid one hundred from the whole earnings daily basis while a huge amount acquired by begging that was gotten by a rented person because child’s family borrowed money from such an individual. In addition to this, two retired persons of public sector involved in beggary owing to insufficient pension that is a hard to run home while the pension was granted per month ten thousand and a large family needs a lot of money for sake of fulfillment the basic items for home so the more money is required as per needs, for an acquisition of such a huge amount of money, beggary solved issue of purchasing items. A labour that lost his legs in accident started begging because having no assistance from family and state. However, the marriage system is quite a strange among such the individuals, they have more arrange marriage rather than love marriage they had the arranged, if any one elopes anyone’s daughter the then; he has to pay money less than fifty thousand or exchange system, the marriage ceremony is quite simple; there is no expenditure in getting marriage, and invitation made specific boundary. Marriage for single person at any level of age is carried out on basis of twenty thousand or more than it. However, a beggar has to buy woman for own marriage on the aforementioned rupees. As per communication and personal wills of beggars; a few beggars preferred hard working and honest earning that is an essential and a decent way of life while begging is a sinful and shameful service in a civil society because lives of beggars pass through worries and complexities on daily basis; they had no pleasant life like others. If there is any work for beggars the then, beggars incline towards such the tasks in a civil society. Nevertheless, beggary is not everything for beggars while there is another responsibility upon the beggars in a civil society. Apart from this, the most of individuals cried that they begged because of lack of work for survival perspective in a civil society, and other had avoided disclosing the reality and reason of beggary. Furthermore, beggary is linked with money. A few beggars are ready to accept penny amount for survival strategy while other demanded that they needed more than ten rupees or one hundred. However, the demanding nature is a common among beggars for acquiring more money from the public. Whereas female beggars mostly carried baby on lap so as they should acquire charity on the basis of sympathy and compassion from the public to assist in such the dire need. Beggars kept changing spots within weeks and months from one city to city and village to village of
186 Hyderabad Division. However, they had no more interest for becoming civilized like others in a civil society. Hence, they need assistance through such the tricks of begging in a civil society. Irrespective to this, child beggars whatever money acquired through begging and counted useless for child beggars because the coercion of parents and mafias that was used such the persons and mafia while the children were quite unaware of roads, and suffered by biting of dogs and taunting of the public. Apart from this, for eunuch person of civil society, beggary is source of income for livelihoods as the individuals kept begging as per need of money for survival in a civil society. Hence, the most of the individuals cried that the family left without any property for survival in a civil society meanwhile at the initial days, begging was quite difficult task the then, being practiced many times for sake of money. Obviously, beggary is heart and soul for survival strategy in civil society. As the individuals involved in beggary found having good observations and judgments in case of the selection the persons for charity in the public through facial expression the then, moved to such the persons; and memorized the nature, behavior and location of the places where they had more chances of getting money and charity that is a profitable place for the beggars. As female beggars carried children of dirty position on lap sitting under the open sky getting sunlight and having no care for children, but demanding money for children who had not taken anything. For the sake of children; something be given so as be fed properly whereas sympathetic nature people donated money while feeling kindness toward such the children. Sometime, a few female beggars begged without Burka (veil), while they moved to other spot, they wore veil so as that they could not be recognized easily. However, they used burka as a trick for charity from the public; they concealed the identifications from others. It noticed that the most of husbands were engaged other activities. Irrespective to begging, sometime, they go for labour; cutting crop; setting a small business, selling the fruits, vegetables and other items. Apart from this; a few communities of professional beggars who had a chief for managing the matters among the community people like marriage, quarrel issue and others while marriage taken place at early ages of the daughters the then, started begging. Apart from this, some communities of beggars stayed living permanent at specific place. Henceforth, they had own residency and place for worship like civilized people of a civil society. Apart from it, a few female
187 beggars having ill-mannered way of begging, they easily attached and worried public demanding money again and again in spite of no more hope of money until unless the person taunted such the female beggars. Moreover, children of beggars had no interest for pleasant life; they were coerced to beg in a civil society for that they had not any chance for playing any game and looked happy like others’ children. They were given target of earning something through begging. Such the children never got anything like fruit, food and other items. Beggars selected specific spots. Sometimes they paid money to local person or any policeman per day from earned money of begging. As one lady cried that if she failed to give fifty rupees, she might be punished for that she had to pay daily fifty rupees to local man and policeman.
188 5.5 CONCLUSION
Pakistan is currently facing social problems such as illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, crime, ill-education, diseases and beggary. Meanwhile, beggary is highly growing issue in the country and making futile and disturbance to social life of the public in the country. Beggary is a socio-economic problem in Pakistan, and has assumed an astonishing proportion on Pakistani society particularly, in Sindh province. Keeping in views, such a serious and major problem, the purpose of present study was to investigate beggary with respect to its factors in Hyderabad Division from sociological perspective. Meanwhile, a quantitative study was applied as per cross-sectional data collected from the categorized beggars of Hyderabad Division (Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Tando Muhammad, Matiari, Jamshoro, Dadu, Badin, Sujawal and Thatta) by dint of a self-administrative survey questionnaire. The convenience sampling was adopted for targeting the respondents. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) applied for data analysis. In a same way, the surveys were made for initial analysis. After cleaning and screening (missing values and outliers’ detection) the data, 402 valid cases proceed for final analysis. As per the application of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) the results suggested that a positive and significant relationship of poverty, unemployment, crime, educational background and specific days with beggary had been traced out such the study. Moreover, the limitations of the study, recommendations were covered. In the last, some future research directions being suggested for the future research tasks.
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212 ANNEXURE “A”
COVERING LETTER
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Subject: Participation in a survey questionnaire about a study of beggary in Hyderabad Division: A Sociological Analysis
Dear ------
I am writing to introduce my PhD study on “Beggary in Hyderabad: A Sociological Analysis”. This research study is being carried out at the Department of Sociology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. It has been approved from Departmental Research Ethics Committee, University of Sindh.
This research involves completion of a questionnaire that comprises questions related to beggary and its factors (poverty, unemployment, educational background, crime and specific days). The participants of this study include beggars of Hyderabad Division.
Thank you for your help and time.
Yours sincerely
Abdul Jaleel Mirjat Dated: 22.01.2016 PhD Student Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Science, Allama I. I. Kazi Campus, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Cell # (+92) 03013583515 E-mail: [email protected]
213 ANNEXURE “B”
Survey Questionnaire
Section “A” Demography: (please tick (√) the relevant box)
1 Gender Male Female Others 2 Age 5-10 years 1 11-20 21-30 31-40 2 41 – 50 above 50 3 Present Marital Status Single 3 Married Divorced/Widow 4 Religion Islam 4 Hinduism Christianity 5 Cultural background Rural Urban 6 Family type Nuclear Joint Extended 7 Place of birth Hyderabad Dadu Jamshoro T.M khan Matiari Tando Allahyar Sujawal Badin Thatta 8 Physical appearance Physical fit Disable Others 9 Education Literate Illiterate 10 Monthly income Less than 5 5-10 thousand Above 10 thousand thousand
Section “B” Dependent and independent variables: (please tick (√) the relevant box) Beggary: The aim of this part is to ask regarding the beggary and its causes. You have been given 5- point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree= 1, agree=2, neutral=3, disagree=4 and strongly disagree = 5. 11 Money is an essential reason of beggary in society. 1 2 3 4 5 12 Unemployment is associated with beggary in society. 1 2 3 4 5 13 Hereditary Profession is the main reason of beggary in community. 1 2 3 4 5 14 Individual does not feel any kind of hesitation while begging at any place. 1 2 3 4 5 15 Disease/Sickness make you beg at everywhere in society. 1 2 3 4 5 16 Disability leads you to beg at every spot of society. 1 2 3 4 5 17 Oldness/Childhood and incapable position resort you to beg among public. 1 2 3 4 5 18 Religious and non-religious attitudes move you towards beggary at masses. 1 2 3 4 5 19 Poverty takes up individual to beggary in society. 1 2 3 4 5 20 Dearth of basic human amenities is the reason behind beggary. 1 2 3 4 5
214 Poverty: This is concerned with the reasons and causes of poverty. You have been given 5- point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree= 1, agree=2, neutral=3, disagree=4 and strongly disagree = 5.
21 Lack of financial aid is the main cause of poverty in society. 1 2 3 4 5 22 Non-availability of means for survival is related with poverty in society. 1 2 3 4 5 23 Lack of basic essential items like clothing, food and shelter. 1 2 3 4 5 24 Socio-economic pressure is the main reason of poverty among people of 1 2 3 4 5 society. 25 Population growth is associated with poverty in society. 1 2 3 4 5 26 Unequal distribution of wealth gives birth to poverty. 1 2 3 4 5 Unemployment: This is associated with assessing the unemployment. You have been given 5- point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree= 1, agree=2, neutral=3, disagree=4 and strongly disagree = 5.
27 Lack of vocational training is an important reason of Unemployment. 1 2 3 4 5 28 Unskillful for any work is the main cause of unemployment. 1 2 3 4 5 29 Difficulty in recruitment procedure is the main reason of unemployment. 1 2 3 4 5 30 Non-availability of work and opportunities are associated with unemployment. 1 2 3 4 5 Educational background: This is related with assessing the educational background. You have been given 5- point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree= 1, agree=2, neutral=3, disagree=4 and strongly disagree = 5.
31 Parental education is the main reason of educational background. 1 2 3 4 5 32 Home background /occupation (family income, language of home, activities 1 2 3 4 5 of family and work method signifying the Educational background. 33 Network of physical, social and intellectual forces signifying the Educational 1 2 3 4 5 background. 34 Classroom management is essentially related with Educational back ground. 1 2 3 4 5 35 Availability of resources being associated with Educational background. 1 2 3 4 5 36 Manners and patterns of living in society is concerned with Educational 1 2 3 4 5 background. Crime: This portion is about the crime. You have been given 5- point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree= 1, agree=2, neutral=3, disagree=4 and strongly disagree = 5.
37 Lack of financial resources are the main cause of crime in society. 1 2 3 4 5 38 Poverty manifestation gives birth to crime in society. 1 2 3 4 5 39 Non –availability of Educational opportunities is the main reason of crime in 1 2 3 4 5 society.
215 40 Dearth of meaningful Employment options are the main cause of crime. 1 2 3 4 5 41 Inequality /injustice is the main reason behind crime in society. 1 2 3 4 5 42 Parental inadequacy is the specific reason of crime. 1 2 3 4 5 43 Parental conflict gives birth to crime in society. 1 2 3 4 5 44 Parental criminality is the main issue of crime in society. 1 2 3 4 5 45 Abuse and neglected children commit crime in society. 1 2 3 4 5 46 Family violence leads the family member of society towards crime. 1 2 3 4 5 Specific days: This part is related with the specific days for the beggars. You have been given 5- point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree= 1, agree=2, neutral=3, disagree=4 and strongly disagree = 5.
47 I believe that an initial day of every week enhances beggary in society. 1 2 3 4 5 48 I believe that monthly salary day causes beggary in society. 1 2 3 4 5 49 Religious days like Eid, Diwali, Holy and Chrisms, Moharamul Haram, 1 2 3 4 5 Ramadan days and other days encourage beggary in society.
50 Ceremonial days like national, marriage and others days increase beggary in 1 2 3 4 5 society. 51 Cultural days like Sindhi topi ajrak, uris days of various saints and other days 1 2 3 4 5 encourage beggary in society.
Thanks for taking your time to complete the questionnaire
216