Ph.D. THESIS BEGGARY IN HYDERABAD DIVISION: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS THESIS SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SINDH, FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN SOCIOLOGY ABDUL JALEEL MIRJAT DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF SINDH, JAMSHORO, PAKISTAN 2019 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work present in this thesis entitled “Beggary in Hyderabad Division: A Sociological Analysis” has been carried out by Abdul Jaleel Mirjat under our supervision. The work is genuine, original and, in our opinion, suitable for submission to the University of Sindh for the award of degree of PhD in Sociology. SUPERVISOR ___________________________________________ Dr. Aijaz Ali Wassan Professor Department of Sociology University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan CO-SUPERVISOR ___________________________________________ Dr. Saima Shaikh Professor Department of Sociology University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan I DEDICATION To the ones who always stood by my side; to the ones who suffered to avail me all sort of opportunities in the walks of life and made it pleasant and comfort, to the ones who nurtured in me the factual love and thrust for knowledge and the above all to the ones who were my paradise on this earth; to my lovely ones for their love and devotion. I dedicate my doctoral work to my late parents. May Allah give them place in heaven (Ameen)! II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise goes to Almighty Allah Who is extremely merciful, benevolent and beneficial for the entire World. My heartfelt gratitude is accredited to Almighty Allah for all His blessings upon me. I acknowledge sincere gratitude to my supervisor prof. Dr. Aijaz Ali Wassan, Department of Sociology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. This work would not have been a possible and complete without his constant and continuous assistance, politeness, humble nature, patience, tireless encouragement, valued criticism, a positive feedback and the above all his kind behaviour and devotion. His nice advice, sensitive assistance and outstanding knowledge have been invaluable to me during the whole process of write up. I am also grateful to co-supervisor Dr. Saima Sheikh-Professor, Department of Sociology, for her constructive suggestions and great moral support throughout my studies and research journey. I owe a debt of my gratitude to Dr. Hamadullah Kakepoto-Professor –Department of Sociology, I am grateful to Dr. Ahmad Ali Brohi-Professor, Department of Sociology. I am too grateful to Dr. Rafique Ahmed Chandio –Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. I am highly thankful to Madam Farida Panhwar – Associate Professor, Institute of English Language and Literature. I am too grateful to Dr. Rafique Ahmed Memon –Professor, Institute of English language and literature, University of Sindh, I am extremely thankful Syed Abbas Ali Shah-Assistant Professor, Department of Social work ,university of Sindh for his real support ;I am tremendously thankful to Dr. Naimatullah Shah-Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Sindh, Jamshoro who stood by me in a difficult time; I would never forget his kind support throughout my life; I am mostly thankful to Dr. M. K Sangi –Professor, Institute of English language and literature, University of Sindh Jamshoro. Furthermore, I am really grateful Dr. Nagina Parveen – Professor, Dean Social Sciences for her suggestion, encouragement throughout this exhausting journey of research work and moral support during my studies. I am absolutely thankful to Dr. Bahadur Ali Soomro working at Area Study Center Far East and Southeast, Asia (FESEA) and Javed Ahmed Solangi working at Department of Public Administration for a sincere help during the III process of research work. I am even thankful to Muhammmad Ali Laghari – Assistant Professor, Department of Muslim History, I am apparently thankful to Madam Muneera Junejo –Assistant Professor –Department of Sociology; I am the very thankful to Madam Zareen Abbasi-Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Sindh, Jamshoro; I am exceedingly indebted to Madam Gazala Panhwar –Associate Professor –Department of Sociology; I am thankful to Dr. Ameer Ali Abro –Associate Professor –Department of Sociology. I am grateful to Madam Hameeda Naerjo –Assistant Professor in Department of Sociology. I am especially thankful to Nizamanuddin Nizamani-Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic culture and comparative Religion, University of Sindh, Hafiz Sibghutullah Bhuto, Assistant Professor –Depart of Islamic culture and Comparative Religion for their support during my studies. I am greatly indebted to Sajan Laghari, Dildar Gadahi Zamir Ahmed Palh for data collection. I am indebted to Syed Riaz Shah, Babar Ali Pathan, Tarique Shaikh for kind co- operation and proper guidance during the study process. I am too thankful to Zaffurallah Sahitio –Assistant Professor, IBA, Sukkur. I am highly grateful to Amar Ali Joyo for computer assistance. Finally, I would like to become thankful to all my sincere friends and colleagues for their assistance and kind co-operation throughout a period of my studies. In a real sense, without their contribution and assistance this would not be a pleasant experience. IV ABSTRACT Pakistan is a rich country, but facing social problems such as illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, crime, ill-education, diseases and beggary for a long time whilst Beggary is a highly growing issue in this country and creating nuisance and disturbance to the public life in a civil society. Beggary is a multifaceted sociological problem particularly in Hyderabad Division-Sindh Province of Pakistan, For sociological perspective; such the study was designed to investigate beggary in Hyderabad Division focusing aim and objectives of the study along with factors which are the main reasons that lead individuals towards beggary. This is a quantitative study in which cross- sectional data is collected from the overall beggars of Hyderabad Division comprising of the nine districts (Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Tando Muhammad, Matiari, Jamshoro, Dadu, Badin, Sujawal and Thatta) by dint of a self-administrative survey questionnaire. The convenience sampling is adopted for targeting the respondents. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) are applied for data analysis. 440 surveys were applied for initial analysis. After cleaning and screening (missing values and outliers’ detection) the data, 402 valid cases were proceeded for final analysis. By applying the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) the results suggest that there is a positive and significant relationship of poverty, unemployment, crime, educational background and specific days with beggary. This study highlights the major factors which promote beggary particularly in Hyderabad Division. This study may provide guideline for state, policy makers, provincial government, NGOs, social welfare department for further knowing and understanding the reasons of beggary and curb beggary to a civil society. Furthermore, it would provide facilities to stop beggars from begging to a human society while accommodating technical work and vocational trainings like tailoring, cleaning, sewing, bee keeping, farming, washing, gardening and so on. The slum areas be cleaned and rehabilitated properly for their settlement. Finally, this study would prove fruitful for scholars, researchers and NGOs sectors for understanding the phenomena of beggary in Hyderabad Division. Keywords: Beggary, Sociological Problems, Poverty, Unemployment, Specific days, Educational Background, Crime V TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................ I DEDICATION ............................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................... III ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................... XI LIST OF FIGURES AND GRAPHS ............................................................ XII ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... XIII CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 BEGGARY: A GENERAL PHENOMENON ........................................... 1 1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BEGGARY ..................................... 9 1.2.1 Beggary in Pakistan ....................................................................... 10 1.2.2 Beggary in Sindh ........................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Beggary in Hyderabad Division ..................................................... 12 1.3 TYPES OF BEGGARS .......................................................................... 14 1.3.1 Religious Beggars ......................................................................... 14 1.3.2 Physically Mentally Unsound/Retarded Beggars ............................ 15 1.3.3 Physically able-Bodied Beggars ..................................................... 16 1.3.4 Professional Beggars ..................................................................... 17